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Zhong N, Li L, Yang X, Zhao Y. Analytical Methods for the Determination of 90Sr and 239,240Pu in Environmental Samples. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27061912. [PMID: 35335276 PMCID: PMC8952015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Artificial long-lived radionuclides such as 90Sr and 239,240Pu have been long released into the environment by human nuclear activities, which have a profound impact on the ecological environment. It is of great significance to monitor the concentration of these radionuclides for environmental safety. This paper summarizes and critically discusses the separation and measurement methods for ultra-trace determination of 90Sr, 239Pu, and 240Pu in the environment. After selecting the measurement method, it is necessary to consider the decontamination of the interference from matrix elements and the key elements, and this involves the choice of the separation method. Measurement methods include both radiometric methods and non-radiometric methods. Radiometric methods, including alpha spectroscopy, liquid scintillation spectrometry, etc., are commonly used methods for measuring 239+240Pu and 90Sr. Mass spectrometry, as the representative of non-radiometric measurement methods, has been regarded as the most promising analytical method due to its high absolute sensitivity, low detection limit, and relatively short sample-analysis time. Through the comparison of various measurement methods, the future development trend of radionuclide measurement is prospected in this review. The fully automatic and rapid analysis method is a highlight. The new mass spectrometer with ultra-high sensitivity shows strong analytical capabilities for extremely low concentrations of 90Sr, 239Pu, and 240Pu, and it is expected to develop determination methods with higher sensitivity and lower detection limit.
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Tomita J, Takeuchi E. Rapid analytical method of 90Sr in urine sample: Rapid separation of Sr by phosphate co-precipitation and extraction chromatography, followed by determination by triple quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS). Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 150:103-109. [PMID: 31128496 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A rapid analytical method for determining 90Sr in urine samples (1-2 L) was developed to assess the internal exposure of workers in a radiological emergency. Strontium in a urine sample was rapidly separated by phosphate co-precipitation, followed by extraction chromatography, and the 90Sr activity was determined by triple quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS). Measurement in the MS/MS mode with an O2 reaction gas flow rate 1 mL min-1 showed no tailing of 88Sr at m/z = 90 up to 50 mg L-1 Sr. The interferences of Ge, Se and Zr at m/z = 90 were successfully removed by phosphate co-precipitation, followed by extraction chromatography with a tandem column of Pre-filter, TRU and Sr resin. This analytical method was validated by the results of the analyses of synthetic urine samples (1.2-1.6 L) containing a known amount of 90Sr along with 1 mg of each of Ge, Se, Sr and Zr. The turnaround time for Sr purification from the urine sample and the 90Sr measurement by ICP-MS/MS was about 10 h. The detection limit of 90Sr was approximately 1 Bq per urine sample, which was lower than 15 Bq per urine after a day of intake giving 5 mSv of unplanned exposure of worker limited by Nuclear Regulation Authority of Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Tomita
- Department of Radiation Protection, Nuclear Science Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan.
| | - Erina Takeuchi
- Department of Radiation Protection, Nuclear Science Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
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Thakur P, Ward AL. An Overview of Analytical Methods for in Vitro Bioassay of Actinides. HEALTH PHYSICS 2019; 116:694-714. [PMID: 30908319 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The bioassay of urine and fecal samples has been used since the 1940s to determine an individual's uptake of uranium and actinide elements such as americium and plutonium. Over the years, several analytical separation methods and techniques have been employed for these types of analyses. Analytical separations, ranging from solvent extraction and anion exchange to chromatography, and analytical techniques, ranging from autoradiography to kinetic phosphorescence to fission-track analysis and high-resolution solid-state alpha spectroscopy, have been used at one time or another. Over the last few decades, there have been significant advances in radiochemical separations, as well as an increased use of mass spectroscopy, to determine trace and ultratrace levels of actinides in urine and fecal samples. This review summarizes and discusses developments in radiochemical separation methods and advancements in analytical techniques for actinide bioassay since the early 1940s to the present, followed by a recent development and trend in the bioassay of actinides-particularly in urine and fecal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Thakur
- Carlsbad Environmental Monitoring and Research Center
| | - A L Ward
- US Department of Energy, Carlsbad Field Office
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Tomita J, Yamamoto M, Nozaki T, Tanimura Y, Oishi T. Determination of low-level radiostrontium, with emphasis on in situ pre-concentration of Sr from large volume of freshwater sample using Powdex resin. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2015; 146:88-93. [PMID: 25965870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An improved analytical method was developed for determining of low levels of radiostrontium in environmental freshwater samples. Emphasis was placed to the in situ pre-concentration of radiostrontium with Powdex resin in large volumes (100-300 L) of freshwater samples from many locations without using of deleterious substances such as NaOH and mineral acids. Measuring electric conductivity (EC) of water samples enabled the estimation of the amount of Powdex resin required for quantitative recovery of Sr from the large water samples in the field. The Powdex resin that adsorbed Sr was brought back to the laboratory, and Sr adsorbed in the resin was eluted by 8 M HNO3 together with Sr carrier added. Strontium was radiochemically separated by the cation exchange method for β counting after removal of most of the Ca using Ca(OH)2 precipitation. Through the procedure the Sr chemical yield was 88% on average. This analytical method was verified by analyzing 170 L of water samples with different salinity values, to which a known amount of (90)Sr was added. The detection limits of (90)Sr activities obtained using the 170 L water samples was estimated to be approximately 0.1 mBq L(-1) for a counting time of 100 min. The method was also applied to environmental samples collected from Ibaraki and Fukushima prefectures; their (90)Sr activities ranged from 0.16 to 0.93 mBq L(-)(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Tomita
- Department of Radiation Protection, Nuclear Science Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan.
| | - Masayoshi Yamamoto
- Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Wake, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1224, Japan
| | - Teo Nozaki
- Department of Radiation Protection, Nuclear Science Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Tanimura
- Department of Radiation Protection, Nuclear Science Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Oishi
- Department of Radiation Protection, Nuclear Science Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
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Adya VC, Sengupta A, Ansari S, Mohapatra PK, Bhide MK, Godbole SV. Application of hollow fiber supported liquid membrane for the separation of americium from the analytical waste. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-1921-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gagné A, Surette J, Kramer-Tremblay S, Dai X, Didychuk C, Larivière D. A bioassay method for americium and curium in feces. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-1804-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Development of a methodology for the determination of americium and thorium by ICP-AES and their inter-element effect. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-011-1589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Sengupta A, Thulasidas SK, Adya VC, Mohapatra PK, Godbole SV, Manchanda VK. Purification of americium from assorted analytical waste in hydrochloric acid medium. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-011-1554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Determination of Pu and U isotopes in safeguard swipe sample with extraction chromatographic techniques. Talanta 2011; 86:99-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Vajda N, Kim CK. Determination of Transuranium Isotopes (Pu, Np, Am) by Radiometric Techniques: A Review of Analytical Methodology. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4688-719. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2008288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nóra Vajda
- RadAnal Ltd., Konkoly-Thege M. út 29-33, Budapest, 1121-Hungary
| | - Chang-Kyu Kim
- Terrestrial Environmental Laboratory, Seibersdorf, International Atomic Energy Agency, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
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Lee CH, Lee MH, Han SH, Ha YK, Kyuseok-Song. Systematic radiochemical separation for the determination of 99Tc, 90Sr, 94Nb, 55Fe and 59,63Ni in low and intermediate radioactive waste samples. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-011-0984-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Lee M, Ahn H, Park J, Park Y, Song K. Rapid sequential determination of Pu, 90Sr and 241Am nuclides in environmental samples using an anion exchange and Sr-Spec resins. Appl Radiat Isot 2011; 69:295-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2010.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Thakur P, Ballard S, Conca JL. Sequential isotopic determination of plutonium, thorium, americium and uranium in the air filter and drinking water samples around the WIPP site. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-010-0684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Lee CH, Joe KS, Kim WH, Jung EC, Jee KY. Sequential separation of transuranic elements and fission products from uranium metal ingots in electrolytic reduction process of spent PWR fuels. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-007-7286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Diamond D, Coyle S, Scarmagnani S, Hayes J. Wireless Sensor Networks and Chemo-/Biosensing. Chem Rev 2008; 108:652-79. [DOI: 10.1021/cr0681187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dermot Diamond
- Adaptive Sensors Group, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Shirley Coyle
- Adaptive Sensors Group, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Silvia Scarmagnani
- Adaptive Sensors Group, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Jer Hayes
- Adaptive Sensors Group, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Tagami K, Uchida S. Rapid uranium preconcentration and separation method from fresh water samples for total U and 235U/238U isotope ratio measurements by ICP-MS. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 592:101-5. [PMID: 17499076 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid method using TRU resin cartridges (Eichrom Technologies, Inc., USA) and quadrupole ICP-MS for total uranium (U) and 235U/238U isotope ratio measurements in fresh water samples was investigated. After U extraction on the resin by sample solution loading, three alkaline reagents, tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH), NaOH and NH4OH were studied for U elution behavior from the resin cartridges and applicability of these eluates was evaluated with respect to direct introduction to ICP-MS. Among the studied eluants, TMAH showed the best results with high U recovery and no counting interferences with internal standard elements such as thallium and bismuth. Moreover, U in water samples was separated from many major and minor elements with the TRU cartridges. Almost all U was concentrated in 10 mL of 0.014 M TMAH in 2 h using 200 mL of water sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tagami
- Office of Biospheric Assessment for Waste Disposal, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan. k
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Lee CH, Suh MY, Jee KY, Kim WH. Sequential separation of 99Tc, 94Nb, 55Fe, 90Sr and 59/63Ni from radioactive wastes. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-006-6835-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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