1
|
Clever Experimental Designs: Shortcuts for Better iPSC Differentiation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123540. [PMID: 34944048 PMCID: PMC8700474 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For practical use of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) for disease modelling, drug screening, and regenerative medicine, the cell differentiation process needs to be properly refined to generate end products with consistent and high quality. To construct and optimize a robust cell-induction process, a myriad of cell culture conditions should be considered. In contrast to inefficient brute-force screening, statistical design of experiments (DOE) approaches, such as factorial design, orthogonal array design, response surface methodology (RSM), definitive screening design (DSD), and mixture design, enable efficient and strategic screening of conditions in smaller experimental runs through multifactorial screening and/or quantitative modeling. Although DOE has become routinely utilized in the bioengineering and pharmaceutical fields, the imminent need of more detailed cell-lineage specification, complex organoid construction, and a stable supply of qualified cell-derived material requires expedition of DOE utilization in stem cell bioprocessing. This review summarizes DOE-based cell culture optimizations of PSCs, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, which guide effective research and development of PSC-derived materials for academic and industrial applications.
Collapse
|
2
|
Wiegand MJ, Khullar P, Mercuri JJ, Gilbert JL. Synthetic periprosthetic synovial fluid development for in vitro cell-tribocorrosion testing using the Taguchi array approach. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 109:551-561. [PMID: 32946189 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Synovial fluid is dynamic in vivo with biological components changing in ratio and size depending on the health of the joint space, making it difficult to model in vitro. Previous efforts to develop synthetic synovial fluid have typically focused on single organic-tribological interactions with implant surfaces, thus ignoring interplay between multiple solution components. Using a Taguchi orthogonal array, we were able to isolate the individual effects of five independent synovial fluid composition variables: ratios of (1) hyaluronic acid to phospholipids (HA:PL) and (2) albumin to globulin (A:G), and concentrations of (3) hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), (4) cobalt (Co2+ ) and (5) chromium (Cr3+ ) ions on macrophage viability and reduced glutathione production, local solution pH and the comprehensive CoCrMo alloy electrochemical response. While no single synovial fluid variable significantly affected the collective response, HA:PL ratio resulted in the largest impact factor (Δ) on 12 of the 13 measured responses with significant effects (p < .05) on the average macrophage survival rate and electrochemical capacitive state of the CoCrMo surface. Cluster analysis separated significant responses from all trials into three groups, corresponding to healthy, mild, or severely inflamed fluids, respectively; with the healthy synovial fluid composition having mid-range HA:PL ratios with no Co2+ ions, and the severely inflamed fluids consisting of low and high HA:PL ratios with H2 O2 and Co2+ ions. By utilizing the Taguchi approach in combination with cluster analysis, we were able to advance our knowledge of complex multivariate synthetic synovial fluids influence on macrophage and electrochemical behavior at the cell-solution-metal interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Wiegand
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA.,The Clemson University-Medical University of South Carolina Program in Bioengineering, Clemson University, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Piyush Khullar
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA.,The Clemson University-Medical University of South Carolina Program in Bioengineering, Clemson University, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jeremy J Mercuri
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jeremy L Gilbert
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA.,The Clemson University-Medical University of South Carolina Program in Bioengineering, Clemson University, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sedghi M, Golian A, Kolahan F, Afsar A. Optimisation of broiler chicken responses from 0 to 7 d of age to dietary leucine, isoleucine and valine using Taguchi and mathematical methods. Br Poult Sci 2015; 56:696-707. [PMID: 26447759 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2015.1096323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the applicability of the Taguchi method (TM) and optimisation algorithms to optimise the branch chain amino acids (BCAA) requirements in 0 to 7 d broiler chicks. In the first experiment, the standardised digestible (SID) amino acids and apparent metabolisable energy (AME) values of maize, wheat and soya bean meal were evaluated. In the second experiment, three factors including leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile) and valine (Val), each at 4 levels, were selected, and an orthogonal array layout of L16 (4(3)) using TM was performed. After data collection, optimisation of average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were obtained using TM. The multiobjective genetic algorithm (MOGA) and random search algorithm (RSA) were also applied to predict the optimal combination of BCAA for broiler performance. In the third experiment, a growth study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of obtained optimum BCAA requirements data by TM, MOGA and RSA, and results were compared with those of birds fed with a diet formulated according to Ross 308 recommendations. In the second experiment, the TM resulted in 13.45 g/kg SID Leu, 8.5 g/kg SID Ile and 10.45 g/kg SID Val as optimum level for maximum ADG (21.57 g/bird/d) and minimum FCR (1.11 g feed/g gain) in 0- to 7-d-old broiler chickens. MOGA predicted the following combinations: SID Leu = 14.8, SID Ile = 9.1 and SID Val = 10.3 for maximum ADG (22.05) and minimum FCR (1.11). The optimisation using RSA predicted Leu = 16.0, Ile = 9.5 and Val = 10.2 for maximum ADG (22.67), and Leu = 15.5, Ile = 9.0 and Val = 10.4 to achieve minimum FCR (1.08). The validation experiment confirmed that TM, MOGA and RSA yielded optimum determination of dietary amino acid requirements and improved ADG and FCR as compared to Aviagen recommendations. However, based on the live animal validation trial, MOGA and RSA overpredicted the optimum requirement as compared to TM. In general, the results of these studies showed that the TM may be used to optimise nutrient requirements for poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sedghi
- a Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture , Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
| | - A Golian
- a Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture , Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
| | - F Kolahan
- b Department of Mechanical Engineering , Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
| | - A Afsar
- c Evonik Degussa Iran AG , Tehran , Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sedghi M, Golian A, Esmaeilipour O, Van Krimpen MM. Application of the Taguchi method in poultry science: estimation of thein vitrooptimum intrinsic phytase activity of rye, wheat and barley. Br Poult Sci 2014; 55:246-52. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.883460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
5
|
Baughman AC, Huang X, Sharfstein ST, Martin LL. On the dynamic modeling of mammalian cell metabolism and mAb production. Comput Chem Eng 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2009.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
6
|
Teng Y, Xu Y. Culture condition improvement for whole-cell lipase production in submerged fermentation by Rhizopus chinensis using statistical method. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:3900-7. [PMID: 17888652 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Rhizopus chinensis CCTCC M201021 was a versatile strain capable of producing whole-cell lipase with synthetic activity in submerged fermentation. In order to improve the production of whole-cell lipase and study the culture conditions systematically, the combination of taguchi method and response surface methodology was performed. Taguchi method was used for the initial optimization, and eight factors viz., maltose, olive oil, peptone, K2HPO4, agitation, inoculum size, fermentation volume and pH were selected for this study. The whole-cell lipase activity yield was two times higher than the control experiment under initial optimal conditions, and four significant factors (inoculum, olive oil, fermentation volume and peptone) were selected to test the effect on the lipase production using response surface methodology. The optimal fermentation parameters for enhanced whole-cell lipase yield were found to be: inoculum 4.25 x 10(8) spores/L, olive oil 2.367% (w/v), fermentation volume 18 mL/250 mL flask, peptone 4.06% (w/v). Subsequent experimental trails confirmed the validity of the model. These optimal culture conditions in the shake flask led to a lipase yield of 13875 U/L, which 120% increased compare with the non-optimized conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Teng
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Rd, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rao RS, Kumar CG, Prakasham RS, Hobbs PJ. The Taguchi methodology as a statistical tool for biotechnological applications: A critical appraisal. Biotechnol J 2008; 3:510-23. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200700201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
8
|
Luo F, Sun H, Geng T, Qi N. Application of Taguchi’s method in the optimization of bridging efficiency between confluent and fresh microcarriers in bead-to-bead transfer of Vero cells. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 30:645-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
9
|
Merten OW. Introduction to animal cell culture technology-past, present and future. Cytotechnology 2006; 50:1-7. [PMID: 19003067 PMCID: PMC3476009 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-006-9009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- O-W Merten
- Gene Therapy Program, A.F.M.-Genethon III, 1, Rue de l'Internationale, BP 60, Evry Cedex 2, 91002, France,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Expression in Pichia pastoris of a recombinant scFv form of MAb 107, an anti human CD11b integrin antibody. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
11
|
Trabelsi K, Rourou S, Loukil H, Majoul S, Kallel H. Optimization of virus yield as a strategy to improve rabies vaccine production by Vero cells in a bioreactor. J Biotechnol 2005; 121:261-71. [PMID: 16153733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Revised: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To improve rabies vaccine production by Vero cells, we have developed a strategy based on high cell density culture and optimization of virus yield. We have first optimized cell growth in spinner flask using a Taguchi's L8 experimental design. We analyzed the effects of the following factors: initial glucose and glutamine concentrations, Cytodex 1 concentration and the regulation of glucose level at 1 g l(-1). We have also investigated the effect of the following factor interactions: Cytodex 1 concentration/glutamine concentration, Cytodex 1 concentration/glucose concentration and glucose concentration/glutamine concentration. Statistical analysis of the collected data pointed to the initial glucose concentration, the regulation of glucose level at 1 g l(-1) and the interactions between Cytodex 1 concentration/initial glucose concentration and Cytodex 1 concentration/initial glutamine concentration as the parameters that affected cell growth. Using the optimal conditions determined earlier, we have studied Vero cell growth in a 7-l bioreactor and in batch culture, and obtained a cell density level equal to 3.6 +/- 0.2 x 10(6) cells ml-1. Cell infection with rabies virus (LP 2061/Vero strain) at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.3 using M199 medium supplemented with 0.2% bovine serum albumin (BSA), yielded a maximal virus titer equal to 8 +/- 1.6 x 10(7) Fluorescent Focus Units (FFU) ml-1. We have also studied Vero cell growth in a 7-l bioreactor using recirculation as a perfusion culture mode during cell proliferation step and perfusion for virus multiplication phase. In comparison to batch culture, we reached a higher cell density level that was equal to 10.1 +/- 0.5 x 10(6) cells ml-1. Cell infection under the conditions previously indicated, yielded 14l of virus harvest that had a virus titer equal to 2.6 +/- 0.5 x 10(7) FFU ml-1. The activity of the inactivated virus harvest showed a protective activity that meets WHO requirements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Trabelsi
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Unit, Institut Pasteur de Tunis 13, Place Pasteur, BP 74, 1002 Belvédère, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|