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Reyes-Ortega P, Soria-Ortiz MB, Rodríguez VM, Vázquez-Martínez EO, Díaz-Muñoz M, Reyes-Haro D. Anorexia disrupts glutamate-glutamine homeostasis associated with astroglia in the prefrontal cortex of young female rats. Behav Brain Res 2021; 420:113715. [PMID: 34906609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight loss with a notorious prevalence in young women. The neurobiology of AN is unknown but murine models, like dehydration induced anorexia (DIA), reproduce weight loss and avoidance of food despite its availability. Astrocytes are known to provide homeostatic support to neurons, but it is little explored if anorexia affects this function. In this study, we tested if DIA disrupts glutamate-glutamine homeostasis associated with astrocytes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of young female rats. Our results showed that anorexia reduced the redox state, as well as endogenous glutamate and glutamine. These effects correlated with a reduced expression of the glutamate transporters (GLT-1 and GLAST) and glutamine synthetase, all of them are preferentially expressed by astrocytes. Accordingly, the expression of GFAP was reduced. Anorexia reduced the astrocyte density, promoted a de-ramified morphology, and augmented the de-ramified/ramified astrocyte ratio in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), but not in the motor cortex (M2). The increase of a de-ramified phenotype correlated with increased expression of vimentin and nestin. Based on these results, we conclude that anorexia disrupts glutamate-glutamine homeostasis and the redox state associated with astrocyte dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Reyes-Ortega
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro CP76230, Mexico
| | - María Berenice Soria-Ortiz
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro CP76230, Mexico
| | - Verónica M Rodríguez
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro CP76230, Mexico
| | - Eva Olivia Vázquez-Martínez
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro CP76230, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Díaz-Muñoz
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro CP76230, Mexico
| | - Daniel Reyes-Haro
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro CP76230, Mexico.
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Sierra-Paredes G, Loureiro AI, Wright LC, Sierra-Marcuño G, Soares-da-Silva P. Effects of eslicarbazepine acetate on acute and chronic latrunculin A-induced seizures and extracellular amino acid levels in the mouse hippocampus. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:134. [PMID: 25526768 PMCID: PMC4279694 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-014-0134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Latrunculin A microperfusion of the hippocampus induces acute epileptic seizures and long-term biochemical changes leading to spontaneous seizures. This study tested the effect of eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL), a novel antiepileptic drug, on latrunculin A-induced acute and chronic seizures, and changes in brain amino acid extracellular levels. Hippocampi of Swiss mice were continuously perfused with a latrunculin A solution (4 μM, 1 μl/min, 7 h/day) with continuous EEG and videotape recording for 3 consecutive days. Microdialysate samples were analyzed by HPLC and fluorescence detection of taurine, glycine, aspartate, glutamate and GABA. Thereafter, mice were continuously video monitored for two months to identify chronic spontaneous seizures or behavioral changes. Control EEG recordings (8 h) were performed in all animals at least once a week for a minimum of one month. Results Oral administration of ESL (100 mg/kg), previous to latrunculin A microperfusion, completely prevented acute latrunculin A-induced seizures as well as chronic seizures and all EEG chronic signs of paroxysmal activity. Hippocampal extracellular levels of taurine, glycine and aspartate were significantly increased during latrunculin A microperfusion, while GABA and glutamate levels remained unchanged. ESL reversed the increases in extracellular taurine, glycine and aspartate concentrations to basal levels and significantly reduced glutamate levels. Plasma and brain bioanalysis showed that ESL was completely metabolized within 1 h after administration to mainly eslicarbazepine, its major active metabolite. Conclusion ESL treatment prevented acute latrunculin A-induced seizures as well as chronic seizures and all EEG chronic signs of paroxysmal activity, supporting a possible anti-epileptogenic effect of ESL in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Sierra-Paredes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Ana I Loureiro
- Department Research & Development, BIAL - Portela & Cª - S.A., 4745-457, S. Mamede do Coronado, Portugal.
| | - Lyndon C Wright
- Department Research & Development, BIAL - Portela & Cª - S.A., 4745-457, S. Mamede do Coronado, Portugal.
| | - Germán Sierra-Marcuño
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- Department Research & Development, BIAL - Portela & Cª - S.A., 4745-457, S. Mamede do Coronado, Portugal. .,Department Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,MedInUP - Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Department of Research and Development, BIAL, À Av. da Siderurgia Nacional, 4745-457, S. Mamede do Coronado, Portugal.
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Rocha L, Alonso-Vanegas M, Orozco-Suárez S, Alcántara-González D, Cruzblanca H, Castro E. Do certain signal transduction mechanisms explain the comorbidity of epilepsy and mood disorders? Epilepsy Behav 2014; 38:25-31. [PMID: 24472685 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that mood disorders are highly prevalent in patients with epilepsy. Although several studies have aimed to characterize alterations in different types of receptors associated with both disturbances, there is a lack of studies focused on identifying the causes of this comorbidity. Here, we described some changes at the biochemical level involving serotonin, dopamine, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors as well as signal transduction mechanisms that may explain the coexistence of both epilepsy and mood disorders. Finally, the identification of common pathophysiological mechanisms associated with receptor-receptor interaction (heterodimers) could allow designing new strategies for treatment of patients with epilepsy and comorbid mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Rocha
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Center of Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Mario Alonso-Vanegas
- National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery "Manuel Velasco Suarez", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Orozco-Suárez
- Unit for Medical Research in Neurological Diseases, National Medical Center, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Humberto Cruzblanca
- University Center of Biomedical Research, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Elena Castro
- University Center of Biomedical Research, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
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Dolina S, Margalit D, Malitsky S, Pressman E, Rabinkov A. Epilepsy as a pyridoxine-dependent condition: Quantified urinary biomarkers for status evaluation and monitoring antiepileptic treatment. Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:157-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Xi S, Guo L, Qi R, Sun W, Jin Y, Sun G. Prenatal and early life arsenic exposure induced oxidative damage and altered activities and mRNA expressions of neurotransmitter metabolic enzymes in offspring rat brain. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2010; 24:368-78. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Maciejak P, Szyndler J, Turzyńska D, Sobolewska A, Bidziński A, Kołosowska K, Płaźnik A. Time course of changes in the concentrations of amino acids in the brain structures of pentylenetetrazole-kindled rats. Brain Res 2010; 1342:150-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Radwan NM, El Hay Ahmed NA, Ibrahim KM, Khedr ME, Aziz MA, Khadrawy YA. Effect of infrared laser irradiation on amino acid neurotransmitters in an epileptic animal model induced by pilocarpine. Photomed Laser Surg 2009; 27:401-9. [PMID: 19025405 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2008.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of daily laser irradiation on the levels of amino acid neurotransmitters in the cortex and hippocampus in an epileptic animal model induced by pilocarpine. BACKGROUND DATA It has been claimed that at specific wavelengths and energy densities, laser irradiation is a novel and useful tool for the treatment of peripheral and central nervous system injuries and disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male albino rats were divided into three groups: control rats, pilocarpinized rats (epileptic animal model), and pilocarpinized rats treated daily with laser irradiation (90 mW at 830 nm) for 7 d. The following parameters were assayed in cortex and hippocampus: amino acid neurotransmitters (excitatory: glutamic acid and aspartate; and inhibitory: gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA], glycine, and taurine) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), glucose content, and the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), using a spectrophotometer. RESULTS Significant increases in the concentrations of glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, and taurine were recorded in the cortices of pilocarpinized rats, and they returned to initial levels after laser treatment. In the hippocampus, a moderate increase in aspartate accompanied by a significant increase in glycine were observed in the epileptic animal model, and these dropped to near-control values after laser treatment. In addition, a significant increase in cortical AST activity and a significant decrease in ALT activity and glucose content were obtained in the pilocarpinized animals and pilocarpinized rats treated with laser irradiation. In the hippocampus, significant decreases in the activity of AST and ALT and glucose content were recorded in the epileptic animals and in the epileptic animals treated with laser irradiation. CONCLUSION Based on the results obtained in this study, it may be suggested that nearinfrared laser irradiation may reverse the neurochemical changes in amino acid neurotransmitters induced by pilocarpine.
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Ahmed NAEH, Radwan NM, Ibrahim KM, Khedr ME, El Aziz MA, Khadrawy YA. Effect of Three Different Intensities of Infrared Laser Energy on the Levels of Amino Acid Neurotransmitters in the Cortex and Hippocampus of Rat Brain. Photomed Laser Surg 2008; 26:479-88. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2007.2190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mona Emam Khedr
- Medical Physiology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona A. El Aziz
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Samuelsson C, Hillered L, Zetterling M, Enblad P, Hesselager G, Ryttlefors M, Kumlien E, Lewén A, Marklund N, Nilsson P, Salci K, Ronne-Engström E. Cerebral glutamine and glutamate levels in relation to compromised energy metabolism: a microdialysis study in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007; 27:1309-17. [PMID: 17228333 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytic glutamate (Glt) uptake keeps brain interstitial Glt levels low. Within the astrocytes Glt is converted to glutamine (Gln), which is released and reconverted to Glt in neurons. The Glt-Gln cycle is energy demanding and impaired energy metabolism has been suggested to cause low interstitial Gln/Glt ratios. Using microdialysis (MD) measurements from visually noninjured cortex in 33 neurointensive care patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, we have determined how interstitial Glt and Gln, as a reflection of the Glt-Gln cycle turnover, relate to perturbed energy metabolism. A total of 3703 hourly samples were analyzed. The lactate/pyruvate (L/P) ratios correlated to the Gln/Glt ratios (r=-0.66), but this correlation was not stronger than the correlation between L/P and Glt (r=0.68) or the correlation between lactate and Glt (r=0.65). A novel observation was a linear relationship between interstitial pyruvate and Gln (r=0.52). There were 13 periods (404 h) of 'energy crisis', defined by L/P ratios above 40. All were associated with high interstitial Glt levels. Periods with L/P ratios above 40 and low pyruvate levels were associated with decreased interstitial Gln levels, suggesting ischemia and failing astrocytic Gln synthesis. Periods with L/P ratios above 40 and normal or high pyruvate levels were associated with increased interstitial Gln levels, which may represent an astrocytic hyperglycolytic response to high interstitial Glt levels. The results imply that moderately elevated L/P ratios cannot always be interpreted as failing energy metabolism and that interstitial pyruvate levels may discriminate whether or not there is sufficient astrocytic capacity for Glt-Gln cycling in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Samuelsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Ellenberger C, Mevissen M, Doherr M, Scholtysik G, Jaggy A. Inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in the cerebrospinal fluid of epileptic dogs. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65:1108-13. [PMID: 15334845 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine concentrations of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids in CSF of a large number of dogs with idiopathic epilepsy or genetic epilepsy and to evaluate changes in CSF amino acid concentration with regard to drug treatment and sex. ANIMALS 35 Labrador Retrievers with genetic epilepsy (20 male and 15 female), 94 non-Labrador Retrievers with idiopathic epilepsy (71 male and 23 female), and 20 control dogs (10 male and 10 female). PROCEDURE Collection of CSF was performed > 72 hours after the occurrence of seizures. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate (GLU), aspartate (ASP), serine, and glycine were determined by use of high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. RESULTS CSF concentrations of GABA and GLU were significantly lower in Labrador Retrievers with genetic epilepsy (LR-group dogs) than in control-group dogs or in non-Labrador Retrievers with idiopathic epilepsy (non-LR-group dogs). The GLU-to-GABA ratio was significantly higher in LR-group dogs than in non-LR-group dogs. CSF concentrations of GLU and ASP were significantly lower when all dogs with epilepsy (non-LR- and LR-group dogs combined) were compared with control-group dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A decrease in CSF concentrations of GABA appears to play a role in the pathogenesis of genetically determined epilepsy in Labrador Retrievers. However, this decrease in CSF concentrations of GABA may also be a consequence of seizure activity. The GLU-to-GABA ratio may prove to be a useful indicator of genetic epilepsy in Labrador Retrievers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ellenberger
- Division of Clinical Neurology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Cuéllar-Herrera M, Velasco M, Velasco F, Velasco AL, Jiménez F, Orozco S, Briones M, Rocha L. Evaluation of GABA system and cell damage in parahippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy showing antiepileptic effects after subacute electrical stimulation. Epilepsia 2004; 45:459-66. [PMID: 15101827 DOI: 10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.43503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system and neuronal loss were evaluated in the parahippocampal cortex (PHC) of patients with intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) who received subacute electrical stimulation and showed antiepileptic effects. METHODS GABA tissue content, GABA(A) and benzodiazepine (BZD) receptor levels, as well as neuronal density were determined in PHC of five patients (ESAE group) with an MTLE history of 14.8 +/- 2.5 years and seizure frequency of 11 +/- 2.9 per month, two (40%) of them with mesial sclerosis. This group demonstrated antiepileptic effects after subacute electrical stimulation (130 Hz, 450 micros, 200-400 microA), applied continuously during 16 to 20 days in PHC. Values were compared with those obtained from patients with severe MTLE (history of 21.7 +/- 2.8 years and seizure frequency of 28.2 +/- 14 per month) in whom electrical stimulation did not induce antiepileptic effects (ESWAE group, n = 4), patients with MTLE in whom no electrical stimulation was applied (MTLE group, n = 4), and autopsy material acquired from subjects without epilepsy (n = 4 obtained from three subjects). RESULTS The ESAE group demonstrated high GABA tissue levels (219%), as well as a significantly higher cell count (58.5%) when compared with the MTLE group. The ESWAE group showed enhanced BZD-receptor levels (38%), whereas their values for GABA tissue levels and GABA(A) receptor were similar to those obtained from the MTLE group. CONCLUSIONS It is suggested that subacute electrical stimulation of PHC is more effective in patients with less severe epilepsy, an effect associated with a high GABA tissue content and a low rate of cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manola Cuéllar-Herrera
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Center for Investigation and Advanced Studies from IPN Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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Expanding the Circle 1975–1999: Sulfur Biochemistry and Insights on the Biological Functions of Taurins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46838-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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