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Production Review of Accelerator-Based Medical Isotopes. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165294. [PMID: 36014532 PMCID: PMC9415084 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The production of reactor-based medical isotopes is fragile, which has meant supply shortages from time to time. This paper reviews alternative production methods in the form of cyclotrons, linear accelerators and neutron generators. Finally, the status of the production of medical isotopes in China is described.
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2
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Milot MC, Benesty OB, Dumulon-Perreault V, Ait-Mohand S, Richard PO, Rousseau É, Guérin B. 64Cu-DOTHA 2-PSMA, a Novel PSMA PET Radiotracer for Prostate Cancer with a Long Imaging Time Window. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080996. [PMID: 36015144 PMCID: PMC9412875 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer imaging and late-stage management can be improved with prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeting radiotracers. We developed a PSMA positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer, DOTHA2-PSMA radiolabeled with 64Cu (T1/2: 12.7 h), to leverage its large imaging time window. This preclinical study aimed to evaluate the biological and imaging properties of 64Cu-DOTHA2-PSMA. Its stability was assessed in plasma ex vivo and in mice. Cellular behavior was studied for up to 48 h in LNCaP cells. Biodistribution studies were performed in balb/c mice for up to 48 h. Dynamic (1 h) and static (4 h and 24 h) PET imaging was completed in LNCaP tumor-bearing mice. 64Cu-DOTHA2-PSMA was stable ex vivo in plasma and reached cellular internalization up to 34.1 ± 4.9% injected activity (IA)/106 cells at 48 h post-injection (p.i.). Biodistribution results showed significantly lower uptake in kidneys than 68Ga-PSMA-617, our reference PET tracer (p < 0.001), but higher liver uptake at 2 h p.i. (p < 0.001). PET images showed 64Cu-DOTHA2-PSMA’s highest tumoral uptake at 4 h p.i., with a significant difference between blocked and non-blocked groups from the time of injection to 24 h p.i. The high stability and tumor uptake with a long tumor imaging time window of 64Cu-DOTHA2-PSMA potentially contribute to the prostate cancer theranostic approach and its local recurrence detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Milot
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Ophélie Bélissant Benesty
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Véronique Dumulon-Perreault
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center (CIMS), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Samia Ait-Mohand
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Patrick O. Richard
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Étienne Rousseau
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center (CIMS), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Brigitte Guérin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center (CIMS), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Correspondence:
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3
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Optimisation of parameters of complete nickel electrodeposition from acidic aqueous electrolytic baths prepared by dissolution of metal powder. J Solid State Electrochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-022-05194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Electrochemical deposition of nickel from aqueous electrolytic baths prepared by dissolution of metallic powder. J Solid State Electrochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-021-05084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA new method of preparation of aqueous electrolyte baths for electrochemical deposition of nickel targets for medical accelerators is presented. It starts with fast dissolution of metallic Ni powder in a HNO3-free solvent. Such obtained raw solution does not require additional treatment aimed to removal nitrates, such as the acid evaporation and Ni salt precipitation-dissolution. It is used directly for preparation of the nickel plating baths after dilution with water, setting up pH value and after possible addition of H3BO3. The pH of the baths ranges from alkaline to acidic. Deposition of 95% of ca. 50 mg of Ni dissolved in the bath takes ca. 3.5 h for the alkaline electrolyte while for the acidic solution it requires ca. 7 h. The Ni deposits obtained from the acidic bath are physically and chemically more stable and possess smoother and crack-free surfaces as compared to the coatings deposited from the alkaline bath. A method of estimation of concentration of H2O2 in the electrolytic bath is also proposed.
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Mieszkowska M, Grdeń M. Electrochemical deposition of nickel targets from aqueous electrolytes for medical radioisotope production in accelerators: a review. J Solid State Electrochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-021-04950-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThis paper reviews reported methods of the electrochemical deposition of nickel layers which are used as target materials for accelerator production of medical radioisotopes. The review focuses on the electrodeposition carried out from aqueous electrolytes. It describes the main challenges related to the preparation of suitable Ni target layers, such as work with limited amounts of expensive isotopically enriched nickel; electrodeposition of sufficiently thick, smooth and free of cracks layers; and recovery of unreacted Ni isotopes from the irradiated targets and from used electrolytic baths.
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6
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Khosravifarsani M, Ait-Mohand S, Paquette B, Sanche L, Guérin B. High Cytotoxic Effect by Combining Copper-64 with a NOTA-Terpyridine Platinum Conjugate. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6765-6776. [PMID: 33909440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Terpyridine platinum (TP)-based chemotherapeutic agents target three-dimensional structures on DNA known as G-quadruplexes. We report the rational design and synthesis of a TP conjugate combined with copper-64 (64Cu), the decay characteristics of which include emission of β- and Auger electrons for radiotherapy and β+ particles for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The present experimental studies show that the novel [64Cu]Cu-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (NOTA)-TP is stable, permitting selective killing of cancer cells. The antitumor activity of [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-TP at high apparent molar activity is in the low nanomolar range and 27,800-fold greater than that of natCu-NOTA-TP at 24 h post treatment. These results suggest that this combination of a cytotoxic TP agent with 64Cu has considerable potential for cancer treatment and PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Khosravifarsani
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Samia Ait-Mohand
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Benoit Paquette
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Léon Sanche
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Brigitte Guérin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.,Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center (CIMS), CRCHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
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7
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Lepage ML, Kuo H, Roxin Á, Huh S, Zhang Z, Kandasamy R, Merkens H, Kumlin JO, Limoges A, Zeisler SK, Lin K, Bénard F, Perrin DM. Toward18F‐Labeled Theranostics: A Single Agent that Can Be Labeled with18F,64Cu, or177Lu. Chembiochem 2020; 21:943-947. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu L. Lepage
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | | | - Áron Roxin
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
- BC Cancer 675 W 10th Avenue Vancouver BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of British Columbia 2775 Laurel Street Vancouver BC V5Z 1M9 Canada
| | - Sungjoon Huh
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Zhengxing Zhang
- BC Cancer 675 W 10th Avenue Vancouver BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of British Columbia 2775 Laurel Street Vancouver BC V5Z 1M9 Canada
| | - Rajaguru Kandasamy
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Helen Merkens
- BC Cancer 675 W 10th Avenue Vancouver BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of British Columbia 2775 Laurel Street Vancouver BC V5Z 1M9 Canada
| | | | - Alan Limoges
- TRIUMF 4004 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver BC V6T 2A3 Canada
| | | | - Kuo‐Shyan Lin
- BC Cancer 675 W 10th Avenue Vancouver BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - François Bénard
- BC Cancer 675 W 10th Avenue Vancouver BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of British Columbia 2775 Laurel Street Vancouver BC V5Z 1M9 Canada
| | - David M. Perrin
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
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8
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Roxin Á, Zhang C, Huh S, Lepage M, Zhang Z, Lin KS, Bénard F, Perrin DM. A Metal-Free DOTA-Conjugated 18F-Labeled Radiotracer: [18F]DOTA-AMBF3-LLP2A for Imaging VLA-4 Over-Expression in Murine Melanoma with Improved Tumor Uptake and Greatly Enhanced Renal Clearance. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1210-1219. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Áron Roxin
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Sungjoon Huh
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Mathieu Lepage
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Zhengxing Zhang
- Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - François Bénard
- Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - David M. Perrin
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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9
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Dias GM, Ramogida CF, Rousseau J, Zacchia NA, Hoehr C, Schaffer P, Lin KS, Bénard F. 89 Zr for antibody labeling and in vivo studies – A comparison between liquid and solid target production. Nucl Med Biol 2018; 58:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Mansour N, Dumulon-Perreault V, Ait-Mohand S, Paquette M, Lecomte R, Guérin B. Impact of dianionic and dicationic linkers on tumor uptake and biodistribution of [64Cu]Cu/NOTA peptide-based gastrin-releasing peptide receptors antagonists. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2017; 60:200-212. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nematallah Mansour
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Université de Sherbrooke and Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Centre, Centre de recherche du CHUS (CRCHUS); Sherbrooke Canada
| | - Véronique Dumulon-Perreault
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Université de Sherbrooke and Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Centre, Centre de recherche du CHUS (CRCHUS); Sherbrooke Canada
| | - Samia Ait-Mohand
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Université de Sherbrooke and Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Centre, Centre de recherche du CHUS (CRCHUS); Sherbrooke Canada
| | - Michel Paquette
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Université de Sherbrooke and Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Centre, Centre de recherche du CHUS (CRCHUS); Sherbrooke Canada
| | - Roger Lecomte
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Université de Sherbrooke and Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Centre, Centre de recherche du CHUS (CRCHUS); Sherbrooke Canada
| | - Brigitte Guérin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Université de Sherbrooke and Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Centre, Centre de recherche du CHUS (CRCHUS); Sherbrooke Canada
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11
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Holland JP, Ferdani R, Anderson CJ, Lewis JS. Copper-64 Radiopharmaceuticals for Oncologic Imaging. PET Clin 2016; 4:49-67. [PMID: 27156895 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The positron emitting radionuclide (64)Cu has a radioactive half-life of 12.7 hours. The decay characteristics of (64)Cu allow for PET images that are comparable in quality to those obtained using (18)F. Given the longer radioactive half-life of (64)Cu compared with (18)F and the versatility of copper chemistry, copper is an attractive alternative to the shorter-lived nuclides for PET imaging of peptides, antibodies, and small molecules that may require longer circulation times. This article discusses a number of copper radiopharmaceuticals, such as Cu-ATSM, that have been translated to the clinic and new developments in copper-based radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Holland
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Riccardo Ferdani
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carolyn J Anderson
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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12
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Ramogida CF, Boros E, Patrick BO, Zeisler SK, Kumlin J, Adam MJ, Schaffer P, Orvig C. Evaluation of H2CHXdedpa, H2dedpa- and H2CHXdedpa-N,N′-propyl-2-NI ligands for 64Cu(ii) radiopharmaceuticals. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:13082-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00932h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hexadentate acyclic chelate H2CHXdedpa and related N,N′-alkylated ligands are radiolabeled with radioactive 64Cu(ii) under mild conditions forming kinetically inert complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina F. Ramogida
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Eszter Boros
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Brian O. Patrick
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
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13
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Couture F, Levesque C, Dumulon-Perreault V, Ait-Mohand S, D'Anjou F, Day R, Guérin B. PACE4-based molecular targeting of prostate cancer using an engineered ⁶⁴Cu-radiolabeled peptide inhibitor. Neoplasia 2015; 16:634-43. [PMID: 25220591 PMCID: PMC4235008 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of PACE4 as a pharmacological target in prostate cancer has been demonstrated as this proprotein convertase is strongly overexpressed in human prostate cancer tissues and its inhibition, using molecular or pharmacological approaches, results in reduced cell proliferation and tumor progression in mouse tumor xenograft models. We developed a PACE4 high-affinity peptide inhibitor, namely, the multi-leucine (ML), and sought to determine whether this peptide could be exploited for the targeting of prostate cancer for diagnostic or molecular imaging purposes. We conjugated a bifunctional chelator 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7- triacetic acid (NOTA) to the ML peptide for copper-64 ((64)Cu) labeling and positron emission tomography (PET)- based prostate cancer detection. Enzyme kinetic assays against recombinant PACE4 showed that the NOTA-modified ML peptide displays identical inhibitory properties compared to the unmodified peptide. In vivo biodistribution of the (64)Cu/NOTA-ML peptide evaluated in athymic nude mice bearing xenografts of two human prostate carcinoma cell lines showed a rapid and high uptake in PACE4-expressing LNCaP tumor at an early time point and in PACE4-rich organs. Co-injection of unlabeled peptide confirmed that tumor uptake was target-specific. PACE4-negative tumors displayed no tracer uptake 15 minutes after injection, while the kidneys, demonstrated high uptake due to rapid renal clearance of the peptide. The present study supports the feasibility of using a (64)Cu/NOTA-ML peptide for PACE4-targeted prostate cancer detection and PACE4 status determination by PET imaging but also provides evidence that ML inhibitor-based drugs would readily reach tumor sites under in vivo conditions for pharmacological intervention or targeted radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Couture
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Department of Surgery/Urology Division, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Christine Levesque
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Department of Surgery/Urology Division, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Véronique Dumulon-Perreault
- Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Samia Ait-Mohand
- Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - François D'Anjou
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Department of Surgery/Urology Division, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert Day
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Department of Surgery/Urology Division, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
| | - Brigitte Guérin
- Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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14
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Multi-Leu PACE4 Inhibitor Retention within Cells Is PACE4 Dependent and a Prerequisite for Antiproliferative Activity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:824014. [PMID: 26114115 PMCID: PMC4465654 DOI: 10.1155/2015/824014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The overexpression as well as the critical implication of the proprotein convertase PACE4 in prostate cancer progression has been previously reported and supported the development of peptide inhibitors. The multi-Leu peptide, a PACE4-specific inhibitor, was further generated and its capability to be uptaken by tumor xenograft was demonstrated with regard to its PACE4 expression status. To investigate whether the uptake of this inhibitor was directly dependent of PACE4 levels, uptake and efflux from cancer cells were evaluated and correlations were established with PACE4 contents on both wild type and PACE4-knockdown cell lines. PACE4-knockdown associated growth deficiencies were established on the knockdown HepG2, Huh7, and HT1080 cells as well as the antiproliferative effects of the multi-Leu peptide supporting the growth capabilities of PACE4 in cancer cells.
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15
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Johnsen AM, Heidrich BJ, Durrant CB, Bascom AJ, Ünlü K. Reactor production of 64Cu and 67Cu using enriched zinc target material. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Fournier P, Dumulon-Perreault V, Ait-Mohand S, Tremblay S, Bénard F, Lecomte R, Guérin B. Novel Radiolabeled Peptides for Breast and Prostate Tumor PET Imaging: 64Cu/and 68Ga/NOTA-PEG-[d-Tyr6,βAla11,Thi13,Nle14]BBN(6–14). Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1687-93. [DOI: 10.1021/bc3002437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Fournier
- Centre d’imagerie moléculaire
de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke
and, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue
North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Véronique Dumulon-Perreault
- Centre d’imagerie moléculaire
de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke
and, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue
North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Samia Ait-Mohand
- Centre d’imagerie moléculaire
de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke
and, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue
North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Sébastien Tremblay
- Centre d’imagerie moléculaire
de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke
and, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue
North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - François Bénard
- BC Cancer Agency Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Roger Lecomte
- Centre d’imagerie moléculaire
de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke
and, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue
North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Brigitte Guérin
- Centre d’imagerie moléculaire
de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke
and, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue
North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
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17
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Fournier P, Dumulon-Perreault V, Ait-Mohand S, Langlois R, Bénard F, Lecomte R, Guérin B. Comparative study of 64Cu/NOTA-[D-Tyr6,βAla11,Thi13,Nle14]BBN(6-14) monomer and dimers for prostate cancer PET imaging. EJNMMI Res 2012; 2:8. [PMID: 22333272 PMCID: PMC3323469 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrin-releasing peptide receptors [GRPR] are highly over-expressed in multiple cancers and have been studied as a diagnostic target. Multimeric gastrin-releasing peptides are expected to have enhanced tumor uptake and affinity for GRPR. In this study, a 64Cu-labeled 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid [NOTA]-monomer and two NOTA-dimers of [D-Tyr6,βAla11, Thi13, Nle14]bombesin(6-14) ] [BBN(6-14)] were compared. Methods Monomeric and dimeric peptides were synthesized on solid phase support and radiolabeled with 64Cu. NOTA-dimer 1 consists of asymmetrically linked BBN(6-14), while NOTA-dimer 2 has similar spacer between the two BBN(6-14) ligands and the chelator. In vitro GRPR-binding affinities were determined with competitive binding assays on PC3 human prostate cancer cells. In vivo stability and biodistribution of radiolabeled compounds were assessed in Balb/c mice. Cellular uptake and efflux were measured with radiolabeled NOTA-monomer and NOTA-dimer 2 on PC3 cells for up to 4 h. In vivo biodistribution kinetics were measured in PC3 tumor-bearing Balb/c nude mice by μ-positron emission tomography [μPET] imaging and confirmed by dissection and counting. Results NOTA-monomer, NOTA-dimers 1 and 2 were prepared with purity of 99%. The inhibition constants of the three BBN peptides were comparable and in the low nanomolar range. All 64Cu-labeled peptides were stable up to 24 h in mouse plasma and 1 h in vivo. 64Cu/NOTA-dimer 2 featuring a longer spacer between the two BBN(6-14) ligands is a more potent GRPR-targeting probe than 64Cu/NOTA-dimer 1. PC3 tumor uptake profiles are slightly different for 64Cu/NOTA-monomer and 64Cu/NOTA-dimer 2; the monomeric BBN-peptide tracer exhibited higher tumor uptake during the first 0.5 h and a fast renal clearance resulting in higher tumor-to-muscle ratio when compared to 64Cu/NOTA-dimer 2. The latter exhibited higher tumor-to-blood ratio and was retained longer at the tumor site when compared to 64Cu/NOTA-monomer. Lower ratios of tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-muscle in blocking experiments showed GRPR-dependant tumor uptake for both tracers. Conclusion Both 64Cu/NOTA-monomer and 64Cu/NOTA-dimer 2 are suitable for detecting GRPR-positive prostate cancer in vivo by PET. Tumor retention was improved in vivo with 64Cu/NOTA-dimer 2 by applying polyvalency effect and/or statistical rebinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Fournier
- Centre d'imagerie moléculaire de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th North Avenue, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada.
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18
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Soucy-Faulkner A, Rousseau JA, Langlois R, Berard V, Lecomte R, Bénard F, van Lier JE. Copper-64 labeled sulfophthalocyanines for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in tumor-bearing rats. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424608000078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonated metallophthalocyanines ( PcS ) are second generation photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. Metal-free H 2 PcS are readily labeled with 64 Cu ++ to yield a mixture of sulfonated [64 Cu ] CuPcS suitable for biodistribution studies in tumor-bearing rats by positron emission tomography (PET). Most of the 64 Cu activity was sequestrated within the kidneys (20%ID/g) and liver (12%ID/g) while tumor uptake values remained low (0.2%ID/g). Dissection and counting of individual tissue samples after the 24 h scan confirmed the uptake values derived from the PET images. The procedure can be applied to series of novel PcS to evaluate structure-tumor selectivity relationships as a parameter to select potential agents for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Soucy-Faulkner
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Ave N., Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jacques A. Rousseau
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Ave N., Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Réjean Langlois
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Ave N., Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Véronique Berard
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Ave N., Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Roger Lecomte
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Ave N., Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - François Bénard
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Ave N., Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Johan E. van Lier
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Ave N., Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
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Ait-Mohand S, Fournier P, Dumulon-Perreault V, Kiefer GE, Jurek P, Ferreira CL, Bénard F, Guérin B. Evaluation of 64Cu-labeled bifunctional chelate-bombesin conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1729-35. [PMID: 21761921 DOI: 10.1021/bc2002665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Several bifunctional chelates (BFCs) were investigated as carriers of (64)Cu for PET imaging. The most widely used chelator for (64)Cu labeling of BFCs is DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N″,N'''-tretraacetic acid), even though this complex exhibits only moderate in vivo stability. In this study, we prepared a series of alternative chelator-peptide conjugates labeled with (64)Cu, measured in vitro receptor binding affinities in human breast cancer T47D cells expressing the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) and compared their in vivo stability in mice. DOTA-, NOTA-(1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid), PCTA-(3,6,9,15-tetraazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene-3,6,9-triacetic acid), and Oxo-DO3A-(1-oxa-4,7,10-triazacyclododecane-4,7,10-triacetic acid) peptide conjugates were prepared using H(2)N-Aoc-[d-Tyr(6),βAla(11),Thi(13),Nle(14)]bombesin(6-14) (BBN) as a peptide template. The BBN moiety was selected since it binds with high affinity to the GRPR, which is overexpressed on human breast cancer cells. A convenient synthetic approach for the attachment of aniline-BFC to peptides on solid support is also presented. To facilitate the attachment of the aniline-PCTA and aniline-Oxo-DO3A to the peptide via an amide bond, a succinyl spacer was introduced at the N-terminus of BBN. The partially protected aniline-BFC (p-H(2)N-Bn-PCTA(Ot-Bu)(3) or p-H(2)N-Bn-DO3A(Ot-Bu)(3)) was then coupled to the resulting N-terminal carboxylic acid preactivated with DEPBT/ClHOBt on resin. After cleavage and purification, the peptide-conjugates were labeled with (64)Cu using [(64)Cu]Cu(OAc)(2) in 0.1 M ammonium acetate buffer at 100 °C for 15 min. Labeling efficacy was >90% for all peptides; Oxo-DO3A-BBN was incubated an additional 150 min at 100 °C to achieve this high yield. Specific activities varied from 76 to 101 TBq/mmol. Competition assays on T47D cells showed that all BFC-BBN complexes retained high affinity for the GRPR. All BFC-BBN (64)Cu-conjugates were stable for over 20 h when incubated at 37 °C in mouse plasma samples. However, in vivo, only 37% of the (64)Cu/Oxo-DO3A complex remained intact after 20 h while the (64)Cu/DOTA-BBN complex was completely demetalated. In contrast, both (64)Cu/NOTA- and (64)Cu/PCTA-BBN conjugates remained stable during the 20 h time period. Our results indicate that it is possible to successfully conjugate aniline-BFC with peptide on solid support. Our data also show that (64)Cu-labeled NOTA- and PCTA-BBN peptide conjugates are promising radiotracers for PET imaging of many human cancers overexpressing the GRP receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Ait-Mohand
- Centre d'imagerie moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th North Avenue Sherbrooke, Qubec, Canada, J1H 5N4
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Anderson CJ, Ferdani R. Copper-64 radiopharmaceuticals for PET imaging of cancer: advances in preclinical and clinical research. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2009; 24:379-93. [PMID: 19694573 PMCID: PMC2794299 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2009.0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper-64 (T(1/2) = 12.7 hours; beta(+), 0.653 MeV [17.8 %]; beta(-), 0.579 MeV [38.4 %]) has decay characteristics that allow for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and targeted radiotherapy of cancer. The well-established coordination chemistry of copper allows for its reaction with a wide variety of chelator systems that can potentially be linked to peptides and other biologically relevant small molecules, antibodies, proteins, and nanoparticles. The 12.7-hours half-life of 64Cu provides the flexibility to image both smaller molecules and larger, slower clearing proteins and nanoparticles. In a practical sense, the radionuclide or the 64Cu-radiopharmaceuticals can be easily shipped for PET imaging studies at sites remote to the production facility. Due to the versatility of 64Cu, there has been an abundance of novel research in this area over the past 20 years, primarily in the area of PET imaging, but also for the targeted radiotherapy of cancer. The biologic activity of the hypoxia imaging agent, 60/64Cu-ATSM, has been described in great detail in animal models and in clinical PET studies. An investigational new drug application for 64Cu-ATSM was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States, paving the way for a multicenter trial to validate the utility of this agent, with the hopeful result being FDA approval for routine clinical use. This article discusses state-of-the-art cancer imaging with 64Cu radiopharmaceuticals, including 64Cu-ATSM for imaging hypoxia, 64Cu-labeled peptides for tumor-receptor targeting, (64)Cu-labeled monoclonal antibodies for targeting tumor antigens, and 64Cu-labeled nanoparticles for cancer targeting. The emphasis of this article will be on the new scientific discoveries involving (64)Cu radiopharmaceuticals, as well as the translation of these into human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Anderson
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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21
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Yang CT, Sreerama SG, Hsieh WY, Liu S. Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Macrocyclic Chelator with 3-Hydroxy-4-Pyrone Chelating Arms and Its Complexes with Medicinally Important Metals. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:2719-27. [PMID: 18281940 DOI: 10.1021/ic7022506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Tong Yang
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Subramanya G. Sreerama
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Wen-Yuan Hsieh
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Shuang Liu
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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Vāvere AL, Lewis JS. Cu-ATSM: a radiopharmaceutical for the PET imaging of hypoxia. Dalton Trans 2007:4893-902. [PMID: 17992274 DOI: 10.1039/b705989b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Copper(II)-diacetyl-bis(N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone), Cu-ATSM, labeled with a positron emitting isotope of copper ((60)Cu, (61)Cu, (62)Cu or (64)Cu) has been shown, in vitro and in vivo, to be selective for hypoxic tissue. In silico studies have explored the mechanism of its hypoxia selectivity, and clinical studies with this agent have shown non-invasive imaging data that is predictive of a cancer patients' response to conventional therapy. This Perspective discusses the evolution of Cu-ATSM, how its selectivity can be improved upon, and where this metal-ligand platform could be taken in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Vāvere
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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23
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Cauchon N, Langlois R, Rousseau JA, Tessier G, Cadorette J, Lecomte R, Hunting DJ, Pavan RA, Zeisler SK, van Lier JE. PET imaging of apoptosis with 64Cu-labeled streptavidin following pretargeting of phosphatidylserine with biotinylated annexin-V. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2006; 34:247-58. [PMID: 17021816 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-006-0199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In vivo detection of apoptosis is a diagnostic tool with potential clinical applications in cardiology and oncology. Radiolabeled annexin-V (anxV) is an ideal probe for in vivo apoptosis detection owing to its strong affinity for phosphatidylserine (PS), the molecular flag on the surface of apoptotic cells. Most clinical studies performed to visualize apoptosis have used (99m)Tc-anxV; however, its poor distribution profile often compromises image quality. In this study, tumor apoptosis after therapy was visualized by positron emission tomography (PET) using (64)Cu-labeled streptavidin (SAv), following pre-targeting of apoptotic cells with biotinylated anxV. METHODS Apoptosis was induced in tumor-bearing mice by photodynamic therapy (PDT) using phthalocyanine dyes as photosensitizers, and red light. After PDT, mice were injected i.v. with biotinylated anxV, followed 2 h later by an avidin chase, and after another 2 h with (64)Cu-DOTA-biotin-SAv. PET images were subsequently recorded up to 13 h after PDT. RESULTS PET images delineated apoptosis in treated tumors as early as 30 min after (64)Cu-DOTA-biotin-SAv administration, with tumor-to-background ratios reaching a maximum at 3 h post-injection, i.e., 7 h post-PDT. Omitting the administration of biotinylated anxV or the avidin chase failed to provide a clear PET image, confirming that all three steps are essential for adequate visualization of apoptosis. Furthermore, differences in action mechanisms between photosensitizers that target tumor cells directly or via initial vascular stasis were clearly recognized through differences in tracer uptake patterns detecting early or delayed apoptosis. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the efficacy of a three-step (64)Cu pretargeting procedure for PET imaging of apoptosis. Our data also confirm the usefulness of small animal PET to evaluate cancer treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Cauchon
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Centre and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Di Bartolo N, Sargeson AM, Smith SV. New 64Cu PET imaging agents for personalised medicine and drug development using the hexa-aza cage, SarAr. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:3350-7. [PMID: 17036125 DOI: 10.1039/b605615f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The success of positron emission tomography (PET) in personalised medicine and drug development requires radioisotopes that provide high quality images and flexible chemistry for a broad application. 64Cu is arguably one of the most suitable PET isotopes for imaging with the evolving target agents, but there are not many appropriate chelating agents for 64Cu and this has limited its wider application. The bi-functional chelator, SarAr is known to bind 64Cu2+ quantitatively (i.e. one metal per ligand present) and rapidly (<2 min) at 10(-6) M over a range of pH (4-9). In this paper the conjugation of SarAr to the whole and fragmented antibody is described. Conjugation of the SarAr to the protein does not impair its coordination of the 64Cu. It complexes the 64Cu2+ rapidly, quantitatively and essentially irreversibly at pH 5. Animal studies show that the 64Cu-SarAr-immunoconjugates maintain their specificity for the target and are stable in vivo. Also, SarAr is a platform technology, is easy to use in a kit formulation and is readily adaptable for the wider application in 64Cu PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Di Bartolo
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), PO Box 1, Menai 2234, NSW, Australia
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25
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Smith SV. Molecular imaging with copper-64. J Inorg Biochem 2004; 98:1874-901. [PMID: 15522415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2003] [Revised: 05/30/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is expected to change the face of drug discovery and development. The ability to link imaging to biology for guiding therapy should improve the rate at which novel imaging technologies, probes, contrast agents, drugs and drug delivery systems can be transferred into clinical practice. Nuclear medicine imaging, in particular, positron emission tomography (PET) allows the detection and monitoring of a variety of biological and pathophysiological processes, at tracer quantities of the radiolabelled target agents, and at doses free from pharmacological effects. In the field of drug discovery and development, the use of radiotracers for radiolabelling target agents has now become one of the essential tools in identifying, screening and development of new target agents. In this regard, (64)Cu (t(1/2)=12.7 h) has been identified as an emerging PET isotope. Its half-life is sufficiently long for radiolabelling a range of target agents and its ease of production and adaptable chemistry make it an excellent radioisotope for use in molecular imaging. This review describes recent advances, in the routes of (64)Cu production, design and application of bi-functional ligands for use in radiolabelling with (64/67)Cu(2+), and their significance and anticipated impact on the field of molecular imaging and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne V Smith
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Private Mail Bag No. 1, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia.
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