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Lin W, Fonseca Cabrera GO, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Barnhart TE, Mixdorf JC, Li Z, Wu Z, Engle JW. Radiolabeling Diaminosarcophagine with Cyclotron-Produced Cobalt-55 and [ 55Co]Co-NT-Sarcage as a Proof of Concept in a Murine Xenograft Model. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:412-418. [PMID: 38411531 PMCID: PMC10954389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Cobalt-sarcophagine complexes exhibit high kinetic inertness under various stringent conditions, but there is limited literature on radiolabeling and in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using no carrier added 55Co. To fill this gap, this study first investigates the radiolabeling of DiAmSar (DSar) with 55Co, followed by stability evaluation in human serum and EDTA, pharmacokinetics in mice, and a direct comparison with [55Co]CoCl2 to assess differences in pharmacokinetics. Furthermore, the radiolabeling process was successfully used to generate the NTSR1-targeted PET agent [55Co]Co-NT-Sarcage (a DSar-functionalized SR142948 derivative) and administered to HT29 tumor xenografted mice. The [55Co]Co-DSar complex can be formed at 37 °C with purity and stability suitable for preclinical in vivo radiopharmaceutical applications, and [55Co]Co-NT-Sarcage demonstrated prominent tumor uptake with a low background signal. In a direct comparison with [64Cu]Cu-NT-Sarcage, [55Co]Co-NT-Sarcage achieved a higher tumor-to-liver ratio but with overall similar biodistribution profile. These results demonstrate that Sar would be a promising chelator for constructing Co-based radiopharmaceuticals including 55Co for PET and 58mCo for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Lin
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - German Oscar Fonseca Cabrera
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Eduardo Aluicio-Sarduy
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Todd E. Barnhart
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Jason C. Mixdorf
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Zibo Li
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Zhanhong Wu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53792, United States
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2
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Im C, Ahn JH, Farag AK, Kim S, Kim JY, Lee YJ, Park JA, Kang CM. Porphyrin-Based Brain Tumor-Targeting Agents: [ 64Cu]Cu-porphyrin and [ 64Cu]Cu-TDAP. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5856-5864. [PMID: 37851927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate a radioactive metal complex platform for brain tumor targeting. Herein, we introduce a new porphyrin derivative, 5,10,15,20-(tetra-N,N-dimethyl-4-aminophenyl)porphyrin (TDAP), in which four N,N-dimethyl-4-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD) moieties are conjugated to the porphyrin labeled with the radiometal 64Cu. DMPD affected the pharmacokinetics of porphyrin in terms of retention time in vivo and tumor-targeting ability relative to those of unmodified porphyrin. [64Cu]Cu-TDAP showed stronger enhancement than [64Cu]Cu-porphyrin in U87MG glioblastoma cells, especially in the cytoplasm and nucleus, indicating its tumor-targeting properties and potential use as a therapeutic agent. In the subcutaneous and orthotopic models of brain-tumor-bearing mice, [64Cu]Cu-TDAP was clearly visualized in the tumor site via positron emission tomography imaging and showed a tumor-to-brain ratio as high as 13. [64Cu]Cu-TDAP deserves attention as a new diagnostic agent that is suitable for the early diagnosis and treatment of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changkeun Im
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01812, Korea
- Radiological and Medico-Oncological Sciences, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Jae Hun Ahn
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01812, Korea
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Ahmed K Farag
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01812, Korea
- CDN isotopes, Toronto Research Chemicals, Montreal, Quebec H9R 1H1, Canada
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Jung Young Kim
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Yong Jin Lee
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Park
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01812, Korea
- Radiological and Medico-Oncological Sciences, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Choong Mo Kang
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01812, Korea
- Radiological and Medico-Oncological Sciences, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 01812, Korea
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3
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Suárez-García S, Esposito TVF, Neufeld-Peters J, Bergamo M, Yang H, Saatchi K, Schaffer P, Häfeli UO, Ruiz-Molina D, Rodríguez-Rodríguez C, Novio F. Hybrid Metal-Phenol Nanoparticles with Polydopamine-like Coating for PET/SPECT/CT Imaging. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:10705-10718. [PMID: 33635046 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The validation of metal-phenolic nanoparticles (MPNs) in preclinical imaging studies represents a growing field of interest due to their versatility in forming predesigned structures with unique properties. Before MPNs can be used in medicine, their pharmacokinetics must be optimized so that accumulation in nontargeted organs is prevented and toxicity is minimized. Here, we report the fabrication of MPNs made of a coordination polymer core that combines In(III), Cu(II), and a mixture of the imidazole 1,4-bis(imidazole-1-ylmethyl)-benzene and the catechol 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid ligands. Furthermore, a phenolic-based coating was used as an anchoring platform to attach poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The resulting MPNs, with effective hydrodynamic diameters of around 120 nm, could be further derivatized with surface-embedded molecules, such as folic acid, to facilitate in vivo targeting and multifunctionality. The prepared MPNs were evaluated for in vitro plasma stability, cytotoxicity, and cell internalization and found to be biocompatible under physiological conditions. First, biomedical evaluations were then performed by intrinsically incorporating trace amounts of the radioactive metals 111In or 64Cu during the MPN synthesis directly into their polymeric matrix. The resulting particles, which had identical physicochemical properties to their nonradioactive counterparts, were used to perform in vivo single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) in tumor-bearing mice. The ability to incorporate multiple metals and radiometals into MPNs illustrates the diverse range of functional nanoparticles that can be prepared with this approach and broadens the scope of these nanoconstructs as multimodal preclinical imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvio Suárez-García
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tullio V F Esposito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jenna Neufeld-Peters
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Marta Bergamo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hua Yang
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Katayoun Saatchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Paul Schaffer
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Urs O Häfeli
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Ruiz-Molina
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Fernando Novio
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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Goel S, Ferreira CA, Dogra P, Yu B, Kutyreff CJ, Siamof CM, Engle JW, Barnhart TE, Cristini V, Wang Z, Cai W. Size-Optimized Ultrasmall Porous Silica Nanoparticles Depict Vasculature-Based Differential Targeting in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Small 2019; 15:e1903747. [PMID: 31565854 PMCID: PMC6854296 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rapid sequestration and prolonged retention of intravenously injected nanoparticles by the liver and spleen (reticuloendothelial system (RES)) presents a major barrier to effective delivery to the target site and hampers clinical translation of nanomedicine. Inspired by biological macromolecular drugs, synthesis of ultrasmall (diameter ≈12-15 nm) porous silica nanoparticles (UPSNs), capable of prolonged plasma half-life, attenuated RES sequestration, and accelerated hepatobiliary clearance, is reported. The study further investigates the effect of tumor vascularization on uptake and retention of UPSNs in two mouse models of triple negative breast cancer with distinctly different microenvironments. A semimechanistic mathematical model is developed to gain mechanistic insights into the interactions between the UPSNs and the biological entities of interest, specifically the RES. Despite similar systemic pharmacokinetic profiles, UPSNs demonstrate strikingly different tumor responses in the two models. Histopathology confirms the differences in vasculature and stromal status of the two models, and corresponding differences in the microscopic distribution of UPSNs within the tumors. The studies demonstrate the successful application of multidisciplinary and complementary approaches, based on laboratory experimentation and mathematical modeling, to concurrently design optimized nanomaterials, and investigate their complex biological interactions, in order to drive innovation and translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Goel
- Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 53705
| | - Carolina A. Ferreira
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 53705
| | - Prashant Dogra
- Mathematics in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA, 77030
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 53705
| | - Christopher J. Kutyreff
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 53705
| | - Cerise M. Siamof
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 53705
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 53705
| | - Todd E. Barnhart
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 53705
| | - Vittorio Cristini
- Mathematics in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA, 77030
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Mathematics in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA, 77030
| | - Weibo Cai
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Centre, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
- Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 53705
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 53705
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 53705
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 53705
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5
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Park JY, Song MG, Kim WH, Kim KW, Lodhi NA, Choi JY, Kim YJ, Kim JY, Chung H, Oh C, Lee YS, Kang KW, Im HJ, Seok SH, Lee DS, Kim EE, Jeong JM. Versatile and Finely Tuned Albumin Nanoplatform based on Click Chemistry. Theranostics 2019; 9:3398-3409. [PMID: 31281486 PMCID: PMC6587158 DOI: 10.7150/thno.33143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Albumin is one of the most attractive nanoplatforms for targeted imaging and drug delivery due to its biocompatibility and long circulation half-life. However, previously reported albumin-based nanoplatforms have shown inconsistent blood circulation half-life according to the modified methods, and the affecting factors were not well evaluated, which could hamper the clinical translation of albumin-based nanoplatforms. Herein, we developed a finely tuned click-chemistry based albumin nanoplatform (CAN) with a longer circulation half-life and an efficient tumor targeting ability. Methods: CAN was synthesized in two steps. First, albumin was conjugated with ADIBO-NHS (albumin-ADIBO) by reacting albumin with various molar ratios of ADIBO. The number of attached ADIBO moieties was determined using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF). Second, the desired modalities including azide-functionalized chelator, a fluorescence dye, and folate were incorporated into albumin-ADIBO using strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition reaction (SPAAC reaction). The biodistribution and targeting efficiency of functionalized CANs were demonstrated in mice. Results: The degree of functionalization (DOF) and resulting in vivo biodistribution was controlled precisely using the click chemistry approach. Specifically, the numbers of attached azadibenzocyclooctyne (ADIBO) moieties on albumin, the DOF, were optimized by reacting albumin with varying molar ratios of ADIBO with a high reproducibility. Furthermore, we developed a simple and efficient method to estimate the DOF using UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-vis), which was further validated by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF). The biodistribution of CAN could be controlled by DOF, and CAN with an optimized DOF showed a long circulation half-life (> 18 h). CAN was further functionalized using a simple click chemistry reaction with an azide functionalized chelator, a fluorescence dye, and folate. 64Cu- and folate-labeled CAN (64Cu-CAN-FA) showed effective and specific folate receptor targeting in vivo, with an over two-fold higher uptake than the liver at 24 h post-injection. Conclusions: Our development from the precisely controlled DOF demonstrates that an optimized CAN can be used as a multifunctional nanoplatform to obtain a longer half-life with radioisotopes and ligands, and provides an effective method for the development of albumin-based tumor theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yong Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myung Geun Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo Hyoung Kim
- Division of Pharmaceuticals and Clinical Development, DawonMedax Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyu Wan Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nadeem Ahmed Lodhi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Isotope Production Division, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH), P. O, Nilore, Islamabad
| | - Jin Yeong Choi
- Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Ju Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Radiation Medicine Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Young Kim
- Department of RI Technology-Convergence, Korean Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyewon Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chiwoo Oh
- Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Radiation Medicine Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keon Wook Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Radiation Medicine Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Im
- Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyeok Seok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Soo Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Edmund E. Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Min Jeong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Radiation Medicine Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Baguña Torres J, Yu Z, Bordoloi J, Sunassee K, Smith D, Smith C, Chen O, Purchase R, Tuschl K, Spencer J, Platt F, Blower PJ. Imaging of changes in copper trafficking and redistribution in a mouse model of Niemann-Pick C disease using positron emission tomography. Biometals 2019; 32:293-306. [PMID: 30847690 PMCID: PMC6437134 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-019-00185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick C disease (NPC) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder resulting from mutations in the NPC1 (95% of cases) or NPC2 genes. Disturbance of copper homeostasis has been reported in NPC1 disease. In this study we have used whole-body positron emission tomography (PET) and brain electronic autoradiography with copper-64 (64Cu), in the form of the copper(II) bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complex 64Cu-GTSM, to image short-term changes in copper trafficking after intravenous injection in a transgenic mouse model of NPC1 disease. 64Cu-GTSM is taken up in all tissues and dissociates rapidly inside cells, allowing monitoring of the subsequent efflux and redistribution of 64Cu from all tissues. Significantly enhanced retention of 64Cu radioactivity was observed in brain, lungs and blood at 15 h post-injection in symptomatic Npc1-/- transgenic mice compared to wildtype controls. The enhanced retention of 64Cu in brain was confirmed by electronic autoradiography, particularly in the midbrain, thalamus, medulla and pons regions. Positron emission tomography imaging with 64Cu in selected chemical forms could be a useful diagnostic and research tool for the management and understanding of NPC1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Baguña Torres
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Zilin Yu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Jayanta Bordoloi
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Kavitha Sunassee
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - David Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Claire Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Oscar Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Rupert Purchase
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Karin Tuschl
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology IoPPN, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Frances Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Philip J Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
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Baark F, Shaughnessy F, Pell VR, Clark JE, Eykyn TR, Blower P, Southworth R. Tissue acidosis does not mediate the hypoxia selectivity of [ 64Cu][Cu(ATSM)] in the isolated perfused rat heart. Sci Rep 2019; 9:499. [PMID: 30679497 PMCID: PMC6346098 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper-64-Diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) [64Cu][Cu(ATSM)] is a hypoxia-targeting PET tracer with applications in oncology and cardiology. Upon entering a hypoxic cell, [64Cu][Cu(II)(ATSM)] is reduced to a putative [64Cu][Cu(I)(ATSM)]- species which dissociates to deposit radiocopper, thereby providing hypoxic contrast. This process may be dependent upon protonation arising from intracellular acidosis. Since acidosis is a hallmark of ischemic tissue and tumors, the hypoxia specificity of [64Cu][Cu(ATSM)] may be confounded by changes in intracellular pH. We have therefore determined the influence of intracellular pH on [64Cu][Cu(ATSM)] pharmacokinetics. Using isolated perfused rat hearts, acidosis was induced using an ammonium pre-pulse method, with and without hypoxic buffer perfusion. Cardiac [64Cu][Cu(ATSM)] pharmacokinetics were determined using NaI detectors, with intracellular pH and cardiac energetics monitored in parallel by 31P NMR. To distinguish direct acidotic effects on tracer pharmacokinetics from acidosis-induced hypocontractility, parallel studies used lidocaine perfusion to abolish cardiac contraction. Hypoxic myocardium trapped [64Cu][Cu(ATSM)] despite no evidence of it being acidotic when characterised by 31P NMR. Independent induction of tissue acidosis had no direct effect on [64Cu][Cu(ATSM)] pharmacokinetics in either normoxic or hypoxic hearts, beyond decreasing cardiac oxygen consumption to alleviate hypoxia and decrease tracer retention, leading us to conclude that tissue acidosis does not mediate the hypoxia selectivity of [64Cu][Cu(ATSM)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Baark
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Fiona Shaughnessy
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Victoria R Pell
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James E Clark
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas R Eykyn
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Philip Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Southworth
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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8
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Case BA, Kruziki MA, Johnson SM, Hackel BJ. Engineered Charge Redistribution of Gp2 Proteins through Guided Diversity for Improved PET Imaging of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1646-1658. [PMID: 29579383 PMCID: PMC6051758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Gp2 domain is a protein scaffold for synthetic ligand engineering. However, the native protein function results in a heterogeneous distribution of charge on the conserved surface, which may hinder further development and utility. We aim to modulate charge, without diminishing function, which is challenging in small proteins where each mutation is a significant fraction of protein structure. We constructed rationally guided combinatorial libraries with charge-neutralizing or charge-flipping mutations and sorted them, via yeast display and flow cytometry, for stability and target binding. Deep sequencing of functional variants revealed effective mutations both in clone-dependent contexts and broadly across binders to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), insulin receptor, and immunoglobulin G. Functional mutants averaged 4.3 charge neutralizing mutations per domain while maintaining net negative charge. We evolved an EGFR-targeted Gp2 mutant that reduced charge density by 33%, maintained net charge, and improved charge distribution homogeneity while elevating thermal stability ( Tm = 87 ± 1 °C), improving binding specificity, and maintaining affinity ( Kd = 8.8 ± 0.6 nM). This molecule was conjugated with 1,4,7-triazacyclononane,1-glutaric acid-4,7-acetic acid for 64Cu chelation and evaluated for physiological distribution in mice with xenografted A431 (EGFRhigh) and MDA-MB-435 (EGFRlow) tumors. Excised tissue gamma counting and positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging revealed good EGFRhigh tumor signal (4.7 ± 0.5%ID/g) at 2 h post-injection and molecular specificity evidenced by low uptake in EGFRlow tumors (0.6 ± 0.1%ID/g, significantly lower than for non-charge-modified Gp2, p = 0.01). These results provide charge mutations for an improved Gp2 framework, validate an effective approach to charge engineering, and advance performance of physiological EGFR targeting for molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A. Case
- University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Max A. Kruziki
- University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Sadie M. Johnson
- University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Benjamin J. Hackel
- University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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9
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Andreozzi EM, Torres JB, Sunassee K, Dunn J, Walker-Samuel S, Szanda I, Blower PJ. Studies of copper trafficking in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease by positron emission tomography: comparison of 64Cu acetate and 64CuGTSM. Metallomics 2017; 9:1622-1633. [PMID: 29063080 PMCID: PMC6205627 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00227k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease can involve brain copper dyshomeostasis. We aimed to determine the effect of AD-like pathology on 64Cu trafficking in mice, using positron emission tomography (PET imaging), during 24 hours after intravenous administration of ionic 64Cu (Cu(ii) acetate) and 64Cu-GTSM (GTSMH2 = glyoxalbis(thiosemicarbazone)). Copper trafficking was evaluated in 6-8-month-old and 13-15 month-old TASTPM transgenic and wild-type mice, by imaging 0-30 min and 24-25 h after intravenous administration of 64Cu tracer. Regional 64Cu distribution in brains was compared by ex vivo autoradiography to that of amyloid-β plaque. 64Cu-acetate showed uptake in, and excretion through, liver and kidneys. There was minimal uptake in other tissues by 30 minutes, and little further change after 24 h. Radioactivity within brain was focussed in and around the ventricles and was significantly greater in younger mice. 64CuGTSM was taken up in all tissues by 30 min, remaining high in brain but clearing substantially from other tissues by 24 h. Distribution in brain was not localised to specific regions. TASTPM mice showed no major changes in global or regional 64Cu brain uptake compared to wildtype after administration of 64Cu acetate (unlike 64Cu-GTSM) but efflux of 64Cu from brain by 24 h was slightly greater in 6-8 month-old TASTPM mice than in wildtype controls. Changes in copper trafficking associated with Alzheimer's-like pathology after administration of ionic 64Cu are minor compared to those observed after administration of 64Cu-GTSM. PET imaging with 64Cu could help understand changes in brain copper dynamics in AD and underpin new clinical diagnostic imaging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Andreozzi
- Division of Imaging Sciences, Kings College London, St. Thomas Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Julia Baguña Torres
- Division of Imaging Sciences, Kings College London, St. Thomas Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Kavitha Sunassee
- Division of Imaging Sciences, Kings College London, St. Thomas Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Joel Dunn
- Division of Imaging Sciences, Kings College London, St. Thomas Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Simon Walker-Samuel
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Istvan Szanda
- Division of Imaging Sciences, Kings College London, St. Thomas Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Philip J Blower
- Division of Imaging Sciences, Kings College London, St. Thomas Hospital, London, UK.
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10
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Shen S, Jiang D, Cheng L, Chao Y, Nie K, Dong Z, Kutyreff CJ, Engle JW, Huang P, Cai W, Liu Z. Renal-Clearable Ultrasmall Coordination Polymer Nanodots for Chelator-Free 64Cu-Labeling and Imaging-Guided Enhanced Radiotherapy of Cancer. ACS Nano 2017; 11:9103-9111. [PMID: 28853861 PMCID: PMC5617799 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Developing tumor-homing nanoparticles with integrated diagnostic and therapeutic functions, and meanwhile could be rapidly excreted from the body, would be of great interest to realize imaging-guided precision treatment of cancer. In this study, an ultrasmall coordination polymer nanodot (CPN) based on the coordination between tungsten ions (WVI) and gallic acid (W-GA) was developed via a simple method. After polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification, PEGylated W-GA (W-GA-PEG) CPNs with an ultrasmall hydrodynamic diameter of 5 nm were rather stable in various physiological solutions. Without the need of chelator molecules, W-GA-PEG CPNs could be efficiently labeled with radioisotope 64Cu2+, enabling positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, which reveals efficient tumor accumulation and rapid renal clearance of W-GA-PEG CPNs upon intravenous injection. Utilizing the radio-sensitizing function of tungsten with strong X-ray absorption, such W-GA-PEG CPNs were able to greatly enhance the efficacy of cancer radiotherapy in inhibiting the tumor growth. With fast clearance and little long-term body retention, those W-GA-PEG CPNs exhibited no appreciable in vivo toxicity. This study presents a type of CPNs with excellent imaging and therapeutic abilities as well as rapid renal clearance behavior, promising for further clinic translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sida Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yu Chao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Kaiqi Nie
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Ziliang Dong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Christopher J. Kutyreff
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Peng Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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11
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Bandara N, Sharma AK, Krieger S, Schultz JW, Han BH, Rogers BE, Mirica LM. Evaluation of 64Cu-Based Radiopharmaceuticals that Target Aβ Peptide Aggregates as Diagnostic Tools for Alzheimer's Disease. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12550-12558. [PMID: 28823165 PMCID: PMC5677763 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents that detect amyloid plaques containing amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide aggregates in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients have been successfully developed and recently approved by the FDA for clinical use. However, the short half-lives of the currently used radionuclides 11C (20.4 min) and 18F (109.8 min) may limit the widespread use of these imaging agents. Therefore, we have begun to evaluate novel AD diagnostic agents that can be radiolabeled with 64Cu, a radionuclide with a half-life of 12.7 h, ideal for PET imaging. Described herein are a series of bifunctional chelators (BFCs), L1-L5, that were designed to tightly bind 64Cu and shown to interact with Aβ aggregates both in vitro and in transgenic AD mouse brain sections. Importantly, biodistribution studies show that these compounds exhibit promising brain uptake and rapid clearance in wild-type mice, and initial microPET imaging studies of transgenic AD mice suggest that these compounds could serve as lead compounds for the development of improved diagnostic agents for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilantha Bandara
- Mallinckrodt
Institute of Radiology, Washington University
School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, Washington University
School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, United States
| | - Anuj K. Sharma
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Stephanie Krieger
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, Washington University
School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, United States
| | - Jason W. Schultz
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Byung Hee Han
- Department
of Pharmacology, A.T. Still University of
Health Sciences, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kirksville, Missouri 63501, United States
| | - Buck E. Rogers
- Mallinckrodt
Institute of Radiology, Washington University
School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, Washington University
School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, United States
| | - Liviu M. Mirica
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Hope
Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington
University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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12
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Gao F, Sihver W, Jurischka C, Bergmann R, Haase-Kohn C, Mosch B, Steinbach J, Carta D, Bolzati C, Calderan A, Pietzsch J, Pietzsch HJ. Radiopharmacological characterization of ⁶⁴Cu-labeled α-MSH analogs for potential use in imaging of malignant melanoma. Amino Acids 2016; 48:833-847. [PMID: 26643502 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) plays an important role in melanoma growth, angiogenesis and metastasis, and is overexpressed in melanoma cells. α-Melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and derivatives are known to bind with high affinity at this receptor that provides the potential for selective targeting of melanoma. In this study, one linear α-MSH-derived peptide Nle-Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-NH2 (NAP-NS1) without linker and with εAhx-β-Ala linker, and a cyclic α-MSH derivative, [Lys-Glu-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Glu]-Arg-Pro-Val-NH2 (NAP-NS2) with εAhx-β-Ala linker were conjugated with p-SCN-Bn-NOTA and labeled with (64)Cu. Radiochemical and radiopharmacological investigations were performed with regard to transchelation, stability, lipophilicity and in vitro binding assays as well as biodistribution in healthy rats. No transchelation reactions, but high metabolic stability and water solubility were demonstrated. The linear derivatives showed higher affinity than the cyclic one. [(64)Cu]Cu-NOTA-εAhx-β-Ala-NAP-NS1 ([(64)Cu]Cu-2) displayed rapid cellular association and dissociation in murine B16F10 cell homogenate. All [(64)Cu]Cu-labeled conjugates exhibited affinities in the low nanomolar range in B16F10. [(64)Cu]Cu-2 showed also high affinity in human MeWo and TXM13 cell homogenate. In vivo studies suggested that [(64)Cu]Cu-2 was stable, with about 85 % of intact peptide in rat plasma at 2 h p.i. Biodistribution confirmed the renal pathway as the major elimination route. The uptake of [(64)Cu]Cu-2 in the kidney was 5.9 % ID/g at 5 min p.i. and decreased to 2.0 % ID/g at 60 min p.i. Due to the prospective radiochemical and radiopharmacological properties of the linear α-MSH derivative [(64)Cu]Cu-2, this conjugate is a promising candidate for tracer development in human melanoma imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wiebke Sihver
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Christoph Jurischka
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cathleen Haase-Kohn
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Birgit Mosch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jörg Steinbach
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Davide Carta
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Jens Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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13
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Torres JB, Andreozzi EM, Dunn JT, Siddique M, Szanda I, Howlett DR, Sunassee K, Blowera PJ. PET Imaging of Copper Trafficking in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer Disease. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:109-14. [PMID: 26449834 PMCID: PMC6207347 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.162370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alzheimer disease (AD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive neuronal loss and cognitive decline. The lack of reliable and objective diagnostic markers for AD hampers early disease detection and treatment. Growing evidence supports the existence of a dysregulation in brain copper trafficking in AD. The aim of this study was to investigate brain copper trafficking in a transgenic mouse model of AD by PET imaging with (64)Cu, to determine its potential as a diagnostic biomarker of the disorder. METHODS Brain copper trafficking was evaluated in 6- to 8-mo-old TASTPM transgenic mice and age-matched wild-type controls using the (64)Cu bis(thiosemicarbazone) complex (64)Cu-GTSM (glyoxalbis(N(4)-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazonato) copper(II)), which crosses the blood-brain barrier and releases (64)Cu bioreductively into cells. Animals were intravenously injected with (64)Cu-GTSM and imaged at 0-30 min and 24-25 h after injection. The images were analyzed by atlas-based quantification and texture analysis. Regional distribution of (64)Cu in the brain 24 h after injection was also evaluated via ex vivo autoradiography and compared with amyloid-β plaque deposition in TASTPM mice. RESULTS Compared with controls, in TASTPM mice PET image analysis demonstrated significantly increased (by a factor of ~1.3) brain concentration of (64)Cu at 30 min (P < 0.01) and 24 h (P < 0.05) after injection of the tracer and faster (by a factor of ~5) (64)Cu clearance from the brain (P < 0.01). Atlas-based quantification and texture analysis revealed significant differences in regional brain uptake of (64)Cu and PET image heterogeneity between the 2 groups of mice. Ex vivo autoradiography showed that regional brain distribution of (64)Cu at 24 h after injection did not correlate with amyloid-β plaque distribution in TASTPM mice. CONCLUSION The trafficking of (64)Cu in the brain after administration of (64)Cu-GTSM is significantly altered by AD-like pathology in the TASTPM mouse model, suggesting that (64)Cu-GTSM PET imaging warrants clinical evaluation as a diagnostic tool for AD and possibly other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Baguña Torres
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Erica M. Andreozzi
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Joel T. Dunn
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Muhammad Siddique
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Istvan Szanda
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - David R. Howlett
- King’s College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Hodgkin Building, Guy’s Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Kavitha Sunassee
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Philip J. Blowera
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
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14
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Hansen AE, Petersen AL, Henriksen JR, Boerresen B, Rasmussen P, Elema DR, af Rosenschöld PM, Kristensen AT, Kjær A, Andresen TL. Positron Emission Tomography Based Elucidation of the Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect in Dogs with Cancer Using Copper-64 Liposomes. ACS Nano 2015; 9:6985-6995. [PMID: 26022907 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the first report of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, the research in nanocarrier based antitumor drugs has been intense. The field has been devoted to treatment of cancer by exploiting EPR-based accumulation of nanocarriers in solid tumors, which for many years was considered to be a ubiquitous phenomenon. However, the understanding of differences in the EPR-effect between tumor types, heterogeneities within each patient group, and dependency on tumor development stage in humans is sparse. It is therefore important to enhance our understanding of the EPR-effect in large animals and humans with spontaneously developed cancer. In the present paper, we describe a novel loading method of copper-64 into PEGylated liposomes and use these liposomes to evaluate the EPR-effect in 11 canine cancer patients with spontaneous solid tumors by PET/CT imaging. We thereby provide the first high-resolution analysis of EPR-based tumor accumulation in large animals. We find that the EPR-effect is strong in some tumor types but cannot be considered a general feature of solid malignant tumors since we observed a high degree of accumulation heterogeneity between tumors. Six of seven included carcinomas displayed high uptake levels of liposomes, whereas one of four sarcomas displayed signs of liposome retention. We conclude that nanocarrier-radiotracers could be important in identifying cancer patients that will benefit from nanocarrier-based therapeutics in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders E Hansen
- †Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, Building 423, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anncatrine L Petersen
- †Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, Building 423, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonas R Henriksen
- †Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, Building 423, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
- §DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Building 206, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Betina Boerresen
- ∥Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 16, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Palle Rasmussen
- †Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, Building 423, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
- ⊥DTU Nutech, Hevesy Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Dennis R Elema
- †Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, Building 423, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
- ⊥DTU Nutech, Hevesy Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Per Munck af Rosenschöld
- #Radiation Medicine Research Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annemarie T Kristensen
- ∥Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 16, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas L Andresen
- †Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, Building 423, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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15
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Zhou M, Li J, Liang S, Sood AK, Liang D, Li C. CuS Nanodots with Ultrahigh Efficient Renal Clearance for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging and Image-Guided Photothermal Therapy. ACS Nano 2015; 9:7085-96. [PMID: 26098195 PMCID: PMC4855285 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b02635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Translation of nanoparticles (NPs) into clinical practice has been limited by toxic effects induced by nonspecific accumulation of NPs in healthy organs after systemic administration. The ideal NPs should accumulate in the target site, carry out their function, and then ultimately be eliminated from the body. Here, we show a single-compartment, multifunctional ultrasmall copper sulfide nanodot (CuS ND) that is rapidly cleared from the body. These CuS NDs have a hydrodynamic diameter of <6 nm, can efficiently absorb near-infrared light for photothermal ablation therapy, and stably incorporate the copper-64 radioisotope for noninvasive positron emission tomography (PET). Importantly, ∼95% of CuS NDs are excreted intact through the renal-urinary system within 24 h with minimal retention in the liver and the spleen. The ultrasmall CuS NDs accumulate in 4T1 tumors in Balb/c mice, as monitored by PET imaging, and mediate tumor ablation when combined with near-infrared light irradiation. As a first example of PET-visible, renal-clearable inorganic nanomaterials with peak absorption in the near-infrared region, CuS NDs represent a robust platform for cancer imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Su Liang
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Anil K. Sood
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology & Reproductive Medicine and Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Dong Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Address correspondence to
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16
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Hueting R, Kersemans V, Tredwell M, Cornelissen B, Christlieb M, Gee AD, Passchier J, Smart SC, Gouverneur V, Muschel RJ, Dilworth JR. A dual radiolabelling approach for tracking metal complexes: investigating the speciation of copper bis(thiosemicarbazonates) in vitro and in vivo. Metallomics 2015; 7:795-804. [PMID: 25768310 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00330f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Copper(II)bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complexes such as [(64)Cu]Cu-ATSM continue to be investigated for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of tumour hypoxia. However, the currently proposed mechanisms for the mode of action of these complexes are unable to account fully for their observed biological behaviour. In order to examine the roles of the copper metal and the ligand, we designed a pair of (123)I/(64)Cu-copper bis(thiosemicarbazonates), radiolabelled at either the metal or at the ligand. In vitro cellular retention studies of the orthogonal pair demonstrate for the first time that retention under hypoxia involves dissociation of the copper bis(thiosemicarbazone) complex, consistent with the previously suggested mechanism of reductive trapping of copper. In contrast, in vivo biodistribution and dynamic PET/SPECT imaging of the orthogonally labelled complexes underline our previous findings for [(64)Cu]Cu-ATSM and [(64)Cu]Cu-acetate, providing further support for the important contribution of copper metabolism in the in vivo hypoxia selectivity of Cu-ATSM. This dual radiolabelling approach may find applications for determining the speciation of other metal complexes in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Hueting
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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17
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Nedrow JR, White AG, Modi J, Nguyen K, Chang AJ, Anderson CJ. Positron emission tomographic imaging of copper 64- and gallium 68-labeled chelator conjugates of the somatostatin agonist tyr3-octreotate. Mol Imaging 2015; 13. [PMID: 25060207 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2014.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The bifunctional chelator and radiometal have been shown to have a direct effect on the pharmacokinetics of somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-targeted imaging agents. We evaluated three Y3-TATE analogues conjugated to NOTA-based chelators for radiolabeling with 64Cu and 68Ga for small-animal positron emission tomographic/computed tomographic (PET/CT) imaging. Two commercially available NOTA analogues, p-SCN-Bn-NOTA and NODAGA, were evaluated. The p-SCN-Bn-NOTA analogues were conjugated to Y3-TATE through β-Ala and PEG8 linkages. The NODAGA chelator was directly conjugated to Y3-TATE. The analogues labeled with 64Cu or 68Ga were analyzed in vitro for binding affinity and internalization and in vivo by PET/CT imaging, biodistribution, and Cerenkov imaging (68Ga analogues). We evaluated the effects of the radiometals, chelators, and linkers on the performance of the SSTR subtype 2--targeted imaging agents and also compared them to a previously reported agent, 64Cu-CB-TE2A-Y3-TATE. We found that the method of conjugation, particularly the length of the linkage between the chelator and the peptide, significantly impacted tumor and nontarget tissue uptake and clearance. Among the 64Cu- and 68Ga-labeled NOTA analogues, NODAGA-Y3-TATE had the most optimal in vivo behavior and was comparable to 64Cu-CB-TE2A-Y3-TATE. An advantage of NODAGA-Y3-TATE is that it allows labeling with 64Cu and 68Ga, providing a versatile PET probe for imaging SSTr subtype 2-positive tumors.
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Hong H, Wang F, Zhang Y, Graves SA, Eddine SBZ, Yang Y, Theuer CP, Nickles RJ, Wang X, Cai W. Red fluorescent zinc oxide nanoparticle: a novel platform for cancer targeting. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:3373-81. [PMID: 25607242 PMCID: PMC4326560 DOI: 10.1021/am508440j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) with well-integrated multimodality imaging capacities have generated increasing research interest in the past decade. However, limited progress has been made in developing ZnO NP-based multimodality tumor-imaging agents. Here we developed novel red fluorescent ZnO NPs and described the successful conjugation of 64Cu (t1/2=12.7 h) and TRC105, a chimeric monoclonal antibody against CD105, to these ZnO NPs via well-developed surface engineering procedures. The produced dual-modality ZnO NPs were readily applicable for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and fluorescence imaging of the tumor vasculature. Their pharmacokinetics and tumor-targeting efficacy/specificity in mice bearing murine breast 4T1 tumor were thoroughly investigated. ZnO NPs with dual-modality imaging properties can serve as an attractive candidate for future cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hong
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2275, United States
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2275, United States
| | - Yin Zhang
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2275, United States
| | - Stephen A. Graves
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2275, United States
| | - Savo Bou Zein Eddine
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2275, United States
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut 11072020, Lebanon
| | - Yunan Yang
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2275, United States
| | | | - Robert J. Nickles
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2275, United States
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2275, United States
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2275, United States
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2275, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2275, United States
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Zhao Y, Sultan D, Detering L, Luehmann H, Liu Y. Facile synthesis, pharmacokinetic and systemic clearance evaluation, and positron emission tomography cancer imaging of ⁶⁴Cu-Au alloy nanoclusters. Nanoscale 2014; 6:13501-9. [PMID: 25266128 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr04569f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles have been widely used for oncological applications including diagnosis and therapy. However, the non-specific mononuclear phagocyte system accumulation and potential long-term toxicity have significantly limited clinical translation. One strategy to overcome these shortcomings is to reduce the size of gold nanoparticles to allow renal clearance. Herein, we report the preparation of (64)Cu alloyed gold nanoclusters ((64)CuAuNCs) for in vivo evaluation of pharmacokinetics, systemic clearance, and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in a mouse prostate cancer model. The facile synthesis in acqueous solution allowed precisely controlled (64)Cu incorporation for high radiolabeling specific activity and stability for sensitive and accurate detection. Through surface pegylation with 350 Da polyethylene glycol (PEG), the (64)CuAuNCs-PEG350 afforded optimal biodistribution and significant renal and hepatobiliary excretion. PET imaging showed low non-specific tumor uptake, indicating its potential for active targeting of clinically relevant biomarkers in tumor and metastatic organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Zhao
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Atrial natriuretic peptide has been recently discovered to have anticancer effects via interaction with cell surface natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPRA) and natriuretic peptide clearance receptor (NPRC). In a preclinical model, NPRA expression has been identified during tumor angiogenesis and may serve as a potential prognostic marker and target for prostate cancer (PCa) therapy. However, the presence of NPRC receptor in the PCa model has not yet been assessed. Furthermore, there is still no report using nanoparticle for PCa positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Herein, an amphiphilic comb-like nanoparticle was synthesized with controlled properties through modular construction containing C-atrial natriuretic factor (CANF) for NPRC receptor targeting and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) chelator for high specific activity Cu-64 radiolabeling. The pharmacokinetics of (64)Cu-CANF-Comb exhibited tuned biodistribution and optimized in vivo profile in contrast to the nontargeted (64)Cu-Comb nanoparticle. PET imaging with (64)Cu-CANF-Comb in CWR22 PCa tumor model showed high blood pool retention, low renal clearance, enhanced tumor uptake, and decreased hepatic burden relative to the nontargeted (64)Cu-Comb. Immunohistochemistry staining confirmed the presence of NPRC receptor in tumor tissue. Competitive PET receptor blocking study demonstrated the targeting specificity of (64)Cu-CANF-Comb to NPRC receptor in vivo. These results establish a new nanoagent for prostate cancer PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D. Pressly
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Richard A. Pierce
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Luke A. Connal
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department and Department of Chemistry, and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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Peng F, Lutsenko S, Sun X, Muzik O. Imaging copper metabolism imbalance in Atp7b (-/-) knockout mouse model of Wilson's disease with PET-CT and orally administered 64CuCl2. Mol Imaging Biol 2013; 14:600-7. [PMID: 22170165 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-011-0532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to determine the feasibility and utility of functional imaging of copper metabolism imbalance in Atp7b (-/-) knockout mouse model of Wilson's disease (WD) with positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) using orally administered copper-64 chloride ((64)CuCl(2)) as a tracer. PROCEDURES Atp7b (-/-) KO mice (N = 5) were subjected to PET scanning using a hybrid PET-CT scanner, after oral administration of (64)CuCl(2) as a tracer. Time-dependent PET quantitative analysis was performed to assess gastrointestinal absorption and biodistribution of (64)Cu radioactivity in the Atp7b (-/-) KO mice, using C57BL wild-type (WT) mice (N = 5) as a normal control. Estimates of human radiation dosimetry were calculated based on biodistribution of (64)Cu radioactivity in live animals. RESULTS PET-CT analysis demonstrated higher (64)Cu radioactivity in the liver of Atp7b (-/-) knockout mice compared with that in the control C57BL WT mice (p < 0.001), following oral administration of (64)CuCl(2) as a tracer. In addition, (64)Cu radioactivity in the lungs of the Atp7b (-/-) knockout mice was slightly higher than those in the control C57BL WT mice (p = 0.01). Despite initially higher renal clearance of (64)Cu, there was no significant difference of (64)Cu radioactivity in the kidneys of the Atp7b (-/-) KO mice and the control C57BL WT mice at 24 h post-oral administration of (64)CuCl(2) (p = 0.16). There was no significant difference in low (64)Cu radioactivity in the blood, brain, heart, and muscles between the Atp7b (-/-) knockout mice and control C57BL WT mice (p > 0.05). Based on the biodistribution of (64)Cu radioactivity in C57BL WT mice, radiation dosimetry estimates of (64)Cu in normal human subjects were obtained. An effective dose (ED) of 42.4 μSv/MBq (weighted dose over 22 organs) was calculated and the lower large intestines were identified as the critical organ for radiation exposure (120 μGy/MBq for males and 135 μGy/MBq for females). Radiation dosimetry estimates for patients with WD, derived from the biodistribution of (64)Cu in Atp7b (-/-) KO mice, showed a slightly lower ED of 37.5 μSv/MBq, with the lower large intestines as the critical organ for radiation exposure (83 μSv/MBq for male and 95 μSv/MBq for female). CONCLUSIONS PET-CT quantitative analysis demonstrated an increased level of (64)Cu radioactivity in the liver of Atp7b (-/-) KO mice compared with that in the control C57BL WT mice, following oral administration of (64)CuCl(2) as a tracer. The results of this study suggest the feasibility and utility of PET-CT using orally administered (64)CuCl(2) as a tracer ((64)CuCl(2)-PET/CT) for functional imaging of copper metabolism imbalance in WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Peng
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-8542, USA.
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Tateishi K, Tateishi U, Sato M, Yamanaka S, Kanno H, Murata H, Inoue T, Kawahara N. Application of 62Cu-diacetyl-bis (N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) PET imaging to predict highly malignant tumor grades and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression in patients with glioma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013; 34:92-9. [PMID: 22700754 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a3159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hypoxic tissue evaluation in glioma is important for predicting treatment response and establishing antihypoxia therapy. In this preliminary study, (62)Cu-ATSM PET was used to determine its validity as a biomarker for distinguishing tumor grade and tissue hypoxia. MATERIALS AND METHODS (62)Cu-ATSM PET was performed in 22 patients with glioma, and the (62)Cu-ATSM SUV(max) and T/B ratio were semiquantitatively evaluated. (62)Cu-ATSM uptake distribution was qualitatively evaluated and compared with MR imaging findings. HIF-1α expression, a hypoxia marker, was compared with (62)Cu-ATSM uptake values. RESULTS The (62)Cu-ATSM SUV(max) and T/B ratio were significantly higher in grade IV than in grade III gliomas (P = .014 and .018, respectively), whereas no significant differences were found between grade III and grade II gliomas. At a T/B ratio cutoff threshold of 1.8, (62)Cu-ATSM uptake was predictive of HIF-1α expression, with 92.3% sensitivity and 88.9% specificity. The mean T/B ratio was also significantly higher in HIF-1α-positive glioma tissue than in HIF-1α-negative tissue (P = .001). Using this optimal threshold of T/B ratio, (62)Cu-ATSM PET showed regional uptake in 61.9% (13/21) of tumors within the contrast-enhanced region on MR imaging, which was significantly correlated with presence of a necrotic component (P = .002). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that (62)Cu-ATSM uptake is relatively high in grade IV gliomas and correlates with the MR imaging findings of necrosis. Moreover, the (62)Cu-ATSM T/B ratio showed significant correlation with HIF-1α expression. Thus, (62)Cu-ATSM appears to be a suitable biomarker for predicting highly malignant grades and tissue hypoxia in patients with glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tateishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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23
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Weiss ID, Jacobson O, Kiesewetter DO, Jacobus JP, Szajek LP, Chen X, Farber JM. Positron emission tomography imaging of tumors expressing the human chemokine receptor CXCR4 in mice with the use of 64Cu-AMD3100. Mol Imaging Biol 2012; 14:106-14. [PMID: 21347799 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-010-0466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Expression of CXCR4 in cancers has been correlated with poor prognosis and increased metastasis. Quantifying CXCR4 expression non-invasively might aid in prognostication and monitoring therapy. We evaluated a radiolabeled antagonist of CXCR4, ⁶⁴Cu-AMD3100, as a positron-emitting imaging agent. PROCEDURES CXCR4-transfected or non-transfected cell lines were injected into mice to form xenografts. Accumulation of ⁶⁴Cu-AMD3100 in tumors was analyzed by small-animal PET and biodistribution assays. RESULTS ⁶⁴Cu-AMD3100 accumulated in CXCR4-expressing, but not CXCR4-negative, tumors. For CXCR4-expressing tumors, tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-muscle ratios were 23-41 and 50-59, respectively, depending on tumor type. Excess of unlabeled Cu-AMD3100 or AMD3100 significantly reduced ⁶⁴Cu-AMD3100 accumulation in CXCR4-expressing tumors. Human-absorbed dose calculations predicted a dose limit of 444 MBq. CONCLUSIONS CXCR4 can be imaged in tumors using ⁶⁴Cu-AMD3100. Dosimetry studies suggest that imaging in humans is feasible. We conclude that ⁶⁴Cu-AMD3100 should be investigated as a potential agent for imaging and quantifying CXCR4 in tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzylamines
- CHO Cells
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/diagnostic imaging
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Copper Radioisotopes/chemistry
- Copper Radioisotopes/pharmacokinetics
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Cyclams
- Female
- Heterocyclic Compounds/chemistry
- Heterocyclic Compounds/pharmacokinetics
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/diagnostic imaging
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Imaging/methods
- Neoplasms, Experimental/diagnostic imaging
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Positron-Emission Tomography/methods
- Radiation Dosage
- Radiopharmaceuticals/chemistry
- Radiopharmaceuticals/pharmacokinetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Tissue Distribution
- Transfection
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido D Weiss
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 10 Center Drive, Room 11N111, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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24
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Luehmann H, Xia X, Brown P, Jarreau C, Welch M, Xia Y. Evaluating the pharmacokinetics and in vivo cancer targeting capability of Au nanocages by positron emission tomography imaging. ACS Nano 2012; 6:5880-8. [PMID: 22690722 PMCID: PMC3404261 DOI: 10.1021/nn300464r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanocages have recently emerged as a novel class of photothermal transducers and drug carriers for cancer treatment. However, their pharmacokinetics and tumor targeting capability remain largely unexplored due to the lack of an imaging modality for quick and reliable mapping of their distributions in vivo. Herein, Au nanocages were prepared with controlled physicochemical properties and radiolabeled with (64)Cu in high specific activities for in vivo evaluation using positron emission tomography (PET). Our pharmacokinetic studies with femtomolar administrations suggest that 30 nm nanocages had a greatly improved biodistribution profile than 55 nm nanocages, together with higher blood retention and lower hepatic and splenic uptakes. In a murine EMT-6 breast cancer model, the small cages also showed a significantly higher level of tumor uptake and a greater tumor-to-muscle ratio than the large cages. Quantitative PET imaging confirmed rapid accumulation and retention of Au nanocages inside the tumors. The ability to directly and quickly image the distribution of Au nanocages in vivo allows us to further optimize their physicochemical properties for a range of theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
- Address correspondence to , , and
| | - Hannah Luehmann
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Xiaohu Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Paige Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Chad Jarreau
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Michael Welch
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
- Address correspondence to , , and
| | - Younan Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
- Address correspondence to , , and
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Seo J, Ren G, Liu H, Miao Z, Park M, Wang Y, Miller TM, Barron AE, Cheng Z. In vivo biodistribution and small animal PET of (64)Cu-labeled antimicrobial peptoids. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1069-79. [PMID: 22486390 PMCID: PMC3410980 DOI: 10.1021/bc300091d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Peptoids are a rapidly developing class of biomimetic polymers based on oligo-N-substituted glycine backbones, designed to mimic peptides and proteins. Inspired by natural antimicrobial peptides, a group of cationic amphipathic peptoids has been successfully discovered with potent, broad-spectrum activity against pathogenic bacteria; however, there are limited studies to address the in vivo pharmacokinetics of the peptoids. Herein, (64)Cu-labeled DOTA conjugates of three different peptoids and two control peptides were synthesized and assayed in vivo by both biodistribution studies and small animal positron emission tomography (PET). The study was designed in a way to assess how structural differences of the peptidomimetics affect in vivo pharmacokinetics. As amphipathic molecules, major uptake of the peptoids occurred in the liver. Increased kidney uptake was observed by deleting one hydrophobic residue in the peptoid, and (64)Cu-3 achieved the highest kidney uptake of all the conjugates tested in this study. In comparison to peptides, our data indicated that peptoids had general in vivo properties of higher tissue accumulation, slower elimination, and higher in vivo stability. Different administration routes (intravenous, intraperitoneal, and oral) were investigated with peptoids. When administered orally, the peptoids showed poor bioavailability, reminiscent of that of peptide. However, remarkably longer passage through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract without rapid digestion was observed for peptoids. These unique in vivo properties of peptoids were rationalized by efficient cellular membrane permeability and protease resistance of peptoids. The results observed in the biodistribution studies could be confirmed by PET imaging, which provides a reliable way to evaluate in vivo pharmacokinetic properties of peptoids noninvasively and in real time. The pharmacokinetic data presented here can provide insight for further development of the antimicrobial peptoids as pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Seo
- School of General Studies, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Gang Ren
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Bio-X Program, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, California, 94305-5344, USA
| | - Hongguang Liu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Bio-X Program, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, California, 94305-5344, USA
| | - Zheng Miao
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Bio-X Program, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, California, 94305-5344, USA
| | - Minyoung Park
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, California, 94305-5440, USA
| | - Yihong Wang
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Bio-X Program, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, California, 94305-5344, USA
| | - Tyler M. Miller
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, California, 94305-5440, USA
| | - Annelise E. Barron
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, California, 94305-5440, USA
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Bio-X Program, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, California, 94305-5344, USA
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Hall MA, Kwon S, Robinson H, Lachance PA, Azhdarinia A, Ranganathan R, Price RE, Chan W, Sevick-Muraca EM. Imaging prostate cancer lymph node metastases with a multimodality contrast agent. Prostate 2012; 72:129-46. [PMID: 21538422 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methods to detect lymph node (LN) metastases in prostate cancer (PCa) are limited. Pelvic LN dissection is commonly performed during prostatectomy, but often followed by morbid complications. More refined methods for detecting LN invasion are needed. METHODS We developed a dual-labeled targeting agent having a near-infrared (NIR) fluorophore for intraoperative guidance, and a conventional radiotracer for detection of LN metastasis. Nu/Nu mice were orthotopically implanted with DsRed-expressing human PCa (PC3) cells. Antibody (Ab) specific for epithelial cell adhesion molecule was conjugated to DOTA, IRDye 800CW, and radiolabeled with (64) Cu. Dual-labeled Ab was administered intravenously at 10-12 weeks post-implantation, and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and fluorescence imaging were performed within 18-24 hr. RESULTS Metastasis to lumbar LNs was detected by DsRed fluorescence imaging, as well as pathology, in 75% of mice having pathology-confirmed primary prostate tumors. These metastases were also detected by NIR fluorescence imaging. In some cases, metastases to sciatic, medial, renal, and axillary nodes were also detected. For all LNs examined, no significant differences were found between the percentages of metastases detected by NIR imaging (63%) and µPET/CT (64%) (P = 0.93), or between those detected by DsRed imaging (25%) and pathological examination (19%) (P = 0.12). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that a multimodality contrast agent is useful for early detection of metastatic disease, and has applications for intraoperative PCa treatment. Further agent optimization is necessary to enhance specificity, and provide validation for prostate and other LN metastasizing epithelial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Hall
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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27
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Yoshii Y, Yoneda M, Ikawa M, Furukawa T, Kiyono Y, Mori T, Yoshii H, Oyama N, Okazawa H, Saga T, Fujibayashi Y. Radiolabeled Cu-ATSM as a novel indicator of overreduced intracellular state due to mitochondrial dysfunction: studies with mitochondrial DNA-less ρ0 cells and cybrids carrying MELAS mitochondrial DNA mutation. Nucl Med Biol 2011; 39:177-85. [PMID: 22033022 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Radiolabeled Cu-diacetyl-bis (N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone) (*Cu-ATSM), including (60/62/64)Cu-ATSM, is a potential imaging agent of hypoxic tumors for positron emission tomography (PET). We have reported that *Cu-ATSM is trapped in tumor cells under intracellular overreduced states, e.g., hypoxia. Here we evaluated *Cu-ATSM as an indicator of intracellular overreduced states in mitochondrial disorders using cell lines with mitochondrial dysfunction. METHODS Mitochondrial DNA-less ρ(0)206 cells; the parental 143B human osteosarcoma cells; the cybrids carrying mutated mitochondria from a patient of mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) (2SD); and that carrying wild-type one (2SA) were used. Cells were treated under normoxia or hypoxia, and (64)Cu-ATSM uptake was examined to compare it with levels of biological reductant NADH and NADPH. RESULTS ρ(0)206 cells showed higher (64)Cu-ATSM uptake than control 143B cells under normoxia, whereas (64)Cu-ATSM uptake was not significantly increased under hypoxia in ρ(0)206 cells. Additionally, (64)Cu-ATSM uptake showed correlate change to the NADH and NADPH levels, but not oxygenic conditions. 2SD cells showed increased (64)Cu-ATSM uptake under normoxia as compared with the control 2SA, and (64)Cu-ATSM uptake followed NADH and NADPH levels, but not oxygenic conditions. CONCLUSIONS (64)Cu-ATSM accumulated in cells with overreduced states due to mitochondrial dysfunction, even under normoxia. We recently reported that (62)Cu-ATSM-PET can visualize stroke-like episodes maintaining oxygen supply in MELAS patients. Taken together, our data indicate that *Cu-ATSM uptake reflects overreduced intracellular states, despite oxygenic conditions; thus, *Cu-ATSM would be a promising marker of intracellular overreduced states for disorders with mitochondrial dysfunction, such as MELAS, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Yoshii
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Anagawa, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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28
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Abstract
The increasing use of positron emission tomography in preclinical and clinical settings has widened the demand for radiopharmaceuticals with high specificity that can image biological phenomena in vivo. While many PET tracers have been developed from small organic molecules labeled with carbon-11 or fluorine-18, the short half-lives of these radionuclides preclude their incorporation into radiotracers, which can be used to image biological processes that are not induced immediately after system perturbation. Additionally, the continuing development of targeted agents, such as antibodies and nanoparticles, which undergo extended circulation, require that radionuclides with half-lives that are complimentary to the biological half-lives of these molecules be developed. Copper radionuclides have received considerable attention since they offer a variety of half-lives and decay energies and because the coordination chemistry of cooper and its role in biology is well understood. However, in addition to the radiometal chelate, a successful copper based radiopharmaceutical depends upon the chemical structure of the entire radiotracer, which may include a biologically important molecule and a chemical linker that can be used to deliver the copper radionuclide to a specific target and modulate its in vivo properties, respectively. This review discusses the development of copper radiopharmaceuticals and the importance of factors such as chemical structure on their pharmacokinetics in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Shokeen
- Division of Radiological Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8225, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd., Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thaddeus J. Wadas
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
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29
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Martin SM, O'Donnell RT, Kukis DL, Abbey CK, McKnight H, Sutcliffe JL, Tuscano JM. Imaging and pharmacokinetics of (64)Cu-DOTA-HB22.7 administered by intravenous, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous injection to mice bearing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma xenografts. Mol Imaging Biol 2008; 11:79-87. [PMID: 18949521 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-008-0148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study is to compare the tumor-specific targeting, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution of (64)Cu-DOTA-HB22.7 when administered to xenograft-bearing mice intravenously (IV), intraperitoneally (IP), and subcutaneously (SQ). PROCEDURES Mice bearing human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) xenografts were injected IV, IP, or SQ with (64)Cu-DOTA-HB22.7. Xenograft targeting was evaluated by micro positron emission tomography (microPET) and confirmed by organ biodistribution studies. Blood measurements of (64)Cu were performed to determine the pharmacokinetics and clearance of (64)Cu-DOTA-HB22.7. RESULTS (64)Cu-DOTA-HB22.7 demonstrated equivalent tumor targeting within 24-48 h, regardless of the route of administration. Organ biodistribution confirmed tumor-specific targeting. Blood pharmacokinetics demonstrated that (64)Cu-DOTA-HB22.7 accessed the bloodstream after IP and SQ administration to a similar degree as IV administration, albeit at a slower rate. CONCLUSIONS These findings establish (64)Cu-DOTA-HB22.7 as a potential radioimmunotherapeutic and/or NHL-specific imaging agent. These findings provide evidence that IP and SQ administration can achieve results equivalent to IV administration and may lead to more efficient, reproducible treatment plans for antibody-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiloh M Martin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis Cancer Center, Davis, CA, USA
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Tian X, Aruva MR, Zhang K, Shanthly N, Cardi CA, Thakur ML, Wickstrom E. PET imaging of CCND1 mRNA in human MCF7 estrogen receptor positive breast cancer xenografts with oncogene-specific [64Cu]chelator-peptide nucleic acid-IGF1 analog radiohybridization probes. J Nucl Med 2007; 48:1699-707. [PMID: 17909257 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.107.042499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Treatment of breast cancer is hampered by a large unmet need for rapid, sensitive, specific staging and stratification of palpable and nonpalpable abnormalities. Mammography and physical examination miss many early breast cancers, yet detect many benign lesions. Cyclin D1, encoded by CCND1 messenger RNA (mRNA), and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) are key regulators of cell proliferation that are overexpressed in most breast cancers. Therefore, we hypothesized that malignant breast masses could be imaged and quantitated externally by PET with a dual-specificity probe that targets both CCND1 mRNA and IGF1R. METHODS We designed a CCND1-specific peptide nucleic acid (PNA) hybridization sequence (CTGGTGTTCCAT), separated by a C-terminal spacer to a cyclized IGF1 peptide analog (d-Cys-Ser-Lys-Cys), for IGF1R-mediated endocytosis. On the N-terminus we attached a chelator (1,4,7-tris(carboxymethylaza)cyclododecane-10-azaacetyl [DO3A]) for the positron-emitting nuclide (64)Cu. We administered the [(64)Cu]CCND1-IGF1 analog radiohybridization probes, as well as sequence controls, by tail vein to immunocompromised female NCr mice bearing human MCF7 estrogen-dependent, receptor-positive xenografts. We imaged the mice by PET and CT 4 and 24 h later, and measured tissue distribution of the radiohybridization probes. RESULTS We observed 8 +/- 2-fold higher PET intensity in the center of the breast cancer xenografts than in the contralateral tissues at 24 h after injection of the [(64)Cu]CCND1-IGF1 analog radiohybridization probe. IGF1 blocking yielded significantly weaker images (P < 0.05) relative to the tumor-free side at 24 h after injection, as did a PNA mismatch probe, a peptide mismatch probe, and free (64)CuCl(2). CONCLUSION These results are consistent with our hypothesis for radiohybridization PET of overexpressed CCND1 mRNA, dependent on IGF1R-mediated endocytosis, in suspect masses. Early noninvasive detection of initial cancerous transformation, as well as invasive or recurrent breast cancer, with dual-specificity radiohybridization probes, might enable molecularly targeted staging, stratification, and choice of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Cai W, Wu Y, Chen K, Cao Q, Tice DA, Chen X. In vitro and in vivo characterization of 64Cu-labeled Abegrin, a humanized monoclonal antibody against integrin alpha v beta 3. Cancer Res 2007; 66:9673-81. [PMID: 17018625 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abegrin (MEDI-522 or Vitaxin), a humanized monoclonal antibody against human integrin alpha(v)beta(3), is in clinical trials for cancer therapy. In vivo imaging using Abegrin-based probes is needed for better treatment monitoring and dose optimization. Here, we conjugated Abegrin with macrocyclic chelating agent 1,4,7,10-tetra-azacylododecane N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic (DOTA) at five different DOTA/Abegrin ratios. The conjugates were labeled with (64)Cu (half-life = 12.7 hours) and tested in three human (U87MG, MDA-MB-435, and PC-3) and one mouse (GL-26) tumor models. The in vitro and in vivo effects of these (64)Cu-DOTA-Abegrin conjugates were evaluated. The number of DOTA per Abegrin varied from 1.65 +/- 0.32 to 38.53 +/- 5.71 and the radiolabeling yield varied from 5.20 +/- 3.16% to 88.12 +/- 6.98% (based on 2 mCi (64)Cu per 50 microg DOTA-Abegrin conjugate). No significant difference in radioimmunoreactivity was found among these conjugates (between 59.78 +/- 1.33 % and 71.13 +/- 2.58 %). Micro-positron emission tomography studies revealed that (64)Cu-DOTA-Abegrin (1,000:1) had the highest tumor activity accumulation (49.41 +/- 4.54% injected dose/g at 71-hour postinjection for U87MG tumor). The receptor specificity of (64)Cu-DOTA-Abegrin was confirmed by effective blocking of MDA-MB-435 tumor uptake with coadministration of nonradioactive Abegrin. (64)Cu-DOTA-IgG exhibited background level tumor uptake at all time points examined. Integrin alpha(v)beta(3)-specific tumor imaging using (64)Cu-DOTA-Abegrin may be translated into the clinic to characterize the pharmacokinetics, tumor targeting efficacy, dose optimization, and dose interval of Abegrin and/or Abegrin conjugates. Chemotherapeutics or radiotherapeutics using Abegrin as the delivering vehicle may also be effective in treating integrin alpha(v)beta(3)-positive tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/chemistry
- Adenocarcinoma/diagnostic imaging
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/analysis
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/immunology
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/analysis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Breast Neoplasms/chemistry
- Breast Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor/diagnostic imaging
- Cell Line, Tumor/transplantation
- Chelating Agents/administration & dosage
- Chelating Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Copper Radioisotopes/administration & dosage
- Copper Radioisotopes/analysis
- Copper Radioisotopes/pharmacokinetics
- Female
- Glioblastoma/chemistry
- Glioblastoma/diagnostic imaging
- Glioblastoma/pathology
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring/administration & dosage
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring/pharmacokinetics
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/analysis
- Immunoconjugates/immunology
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacokinetics
- Integrin alphaVbeta3/analysis
- Integrin alphaVbeta3/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Organometallic Compounds/analysis
- Organometallic Compounds/immunology
- Organometallic Compounds/pharmacokinetics
- Positron-Emission Tomography
- Prostatic Neoplasms/chemistry
- Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
- Radiography
- Radioimmunodetection
- Radiometry
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Cai
- The Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA
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Pressly ED, Rossin R, Hagooly A, Fukukawa KI, Messmore BW, Welch MJ, Wooley KL, Lamm MS, Hule RA, Pochan DJ, Hawker CJ. Structural effects on the biodistribution and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of well-defined (64)Cu-labeled nanoparticles comprised of amphiphilic block graft copolymers. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:3126-34. [PMID: 17880180 DOI: 10.1021/bm700541e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacryloxysuccinimide-graft-poly(ethylene glycol)) (PMMA-co-PMASI-g-PEG) via living free radical polymerization provides a convenient route to well-defined amphiphilic graft copolymers having a controllable number of reactive functional groups, variable length PEG grafts, and low polydispersity. These copolymers were shown to form PMMA-core/PEG-shell nanoparticles upon hydrophobic collapse in water, with the hydrodynamic size being defined by the molecular weight of the backbone and the PEG grafts. Functionalization of these polymeric nanoparticles with a 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecanetetraacetic acid (DOTA) ligand capable of chelating radioactive 64Cu nuclei enabled the biodistribution and in vivo positron emission tomography of these materials to be studied and directly correlated to the initial structure. Results indicate that nanoparticles with increasing PEG chain lengths show increased blood circulation and low accumulation in excretory organs, suggesting the possible use of these materials as stealth carriers for medical imaging and systemic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Pressly
- Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Li ZB, Cai W, Cao Q, Chen K, Wu Z, He L, Chen X. (64)Cu-labeled tetrameric and octameric RGD peptides for small-animal PET of tumor alpha(v)beta(3) integrin expression. J Nucl Med 2007; 48:1162-71. [PMID: 17574975 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.107.039859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Integrin alpha(v)beta(3) plays a critical role in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Suitably radiolabeled cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic (RGD) peptides can be used for noninvasive imaging of alpha(v)beta(3) expression and targeted radionuclide therapy. In this study, we developed (64)Cu-labeled multimeric RGD peptides, E{E[c(RGDyK)](2)}(2) (RGD tetramer) and E(E{E[c(RGDyK)](2)}(2))(2) (RGD octamer), for PET imaging of tumor integrin alpha(v)beta(3) expression. METHODS Both RGD tetramer and RGD octamer were synthesized with glutamate as the linker. After conjugation with 1,4,7,10-tetra-azacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), the peptides were labeled with (64)Cu for biodistribution and small-animal PET imaging studies (U87MG human glioblastoma xenograft model and c-neu oncomouse model). A cell adhesion assay, a cell-binding assay, receptor blocking experiments, and immunohistochemistry were also performed to evaluate the alpha(v)beta(3)-binding affinity/specificity of the RGD peptide-based conjugates in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS RGD octamer had significantly higher integrin alpha(v)beta(3)-binding affinity and specificity than RGD tetramer analog (inhibitory concentration of 50% was 10 nM for octamer vs. 35 nM for tetramer). (64)Cu-DOTA-RGD octamer had higher tumor uptake and longer tumor retention than (64)Cu-DOTA-RGD tetramer in both tumor models tested. The integrin alpha(v)beta(3) specificity of both tracers was confirmed by successful receptor-blocking experiments. The high uptake and slow clearance of (64)Cu-DOTA-RGD octamer in the kidneys was attributed mainly to the integrin positivity of the kidneys, significantly higher integrin alpha(v)beta(3)-binding affinity, and the larger molecular size of the octamer, as compared with the other RGD analogs. CONCLUSION Polyvalency has a profound effect on the receptor-binding affinity and in vivo kinetics of radiolabeled RGD multimers. The information obtained here may guide the future development of RGD peptide-based imaging and internal radiotherapeutic agents targeting integrin alpha(v)beta(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Bo Li
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Cao Q, Cai W, Li ZB, Chen K, He L, Li HC, Hui M, Chen X. PET imaging of acute and chronic inflammation in living mice. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007; 34:1832-42. [PMID: 17541586 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-007-0451-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we evaluated the 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced acute and chronic inflammation in living mice by PET imaging of TNF-alpha and integrin alpha(v)beta(3) expression. METHODS TPA was topically applied to the right ear of BALB/c mice every other day to create the inflammation model. (64)Cu-DOTA-etanercept and (64)Cu-DOTA-E{E[c(RGDyK)](2)}(2) were used for PET imaging of TNF-alpha and integrin alpha(v)beta(3) expression in both acute and chronic inflammation. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, ex vivo autoradiography, direct tissue sampling, and immunofluorescence staining were also performed to confirm the non-invasive PET imaging results. RESULTS The ear thickness increased significantly and the TNF-alpha level more than tripled after a single TPA challenge. MicroPET imaging using (64)Cu-DOTA-etanercept revealed high activity accumulation in the inflamed ear, reaching 11.1 +/- 1.3, 13.0 +/- 2.0, 10.9 +/- 1.4, 10.2 +/- 2.2%ID/g at 1, 4, 16, and 24 h post injection, respectively (n = 3). Repeated TPA challenges caused TPA-specific chronic inflammation and reduced (64)Cu-DOTA-etanercept uptake due to lowered TNF-alpha expression. (64)Cu-DOTA-E{E[c(RGDyK)](2)}(2) uptake in the chronically inflamed ears (after four and eight TPA challenges) was significantly higher than in the control ears and those after one TPA challenge. Immunofluorescence staining revealed increased integrin beta(3) expression, consistent with the non-invasive PET imaging results using (64)Cu-DOTA-E{E[c(RGDyK)](2)}(2) as an integrin alpha(v)beta(3)-specific radiotracer. Biodistribution and autoradiography studies further confirmed the quantification capability of microPET imaging. CONCLUSION Successful PET imaging of TNF-alpha expression in acute inflammation and integrin alpha(v)beta(3) expression in chronic inflammation provides the rationale for multiple target evaluation over time to fully understand the inflammation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhen Cao
- The Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA
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Jalilian AR, Rowshanfarzad P, Kamrani YY, Shafaii K, Mirzaii M. Production and tumour uptake of [64Cu]Pyruvaldehyde-bis (N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) for PET and/or therapeutic purposes. Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur 2007; 10:6-11. [PMID: 17694494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copper-64 (T(1/2)=12.7 degrees h) is an important radionuclide used both in PET imaging and therapy. [(64)Cu]-pyruvaldehyde- bis(N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone) ([64Cu]-PTSM) has already been used in the detection of cerebral and myocardial blood flow. In this study, a simple production method and tumor accumulation of [(64)Cu]-PTSM in fibrosarcoma-bearing mice were reported. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cu-64 was produced via the 68Zn(p, alpha n)(64)Cu nuclear reaction. [(64)Cu]-PTSM was prepared using in-house made PTSM ligand and [(64)Cu]cuprous acetate and injected to fibrosarcoma-bearing mice. RESULTS Copper-64 was prepared in chloride form ( approximately 200 mCi, > 95% chemical yield at 180 degrees microA for 1.1 h irradiation, radionuclidic purity > 96%, copper-67 as impurity). The solution of (64)Cu- PTSM was prepared in > 80% radiochemical yield and more than 98% radiochemical purity. A significant tumor uptake was observed 2 hours post injection in tumor-bearing mice (tumor/muscle: 9, tumor/blood: 6). CONCLUSION [(64)Cu]-PTSM was prepared on a radiopharmaceutical scale using readily available zinc-68, with high quality and was shown to possess application in the therapy and/or imaging of fibrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Reza Jalilian
- Cyclotron and Nuclear Medicine Department, Nuclear Research Center for Agriculture and Medicine (NRCAM), Karaj, Iran.
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Venelinov TI, Beattie JH, Dainty JR, Hollands WJ, Fairweather-Tait SJ, Harvey LJ. Stable isotope pilot study of exchangeable copper kinetics in human blood plasma. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2007; 21:138-40. [PMID: 17499155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Revised: 01/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To develop further our understanding of initial dietary copper metabolism, a method has been developed to separate plasma copper that is bound to albumin, from that bound to ceruloplasmin. This method has been tested using plasma samples from a pilot study involving six human volunteers who consumed 3mg oral doses of the stable isotope (65)Cu and gave blood samples at timed intervals up to 7 days. The results suggest that this method can be used to monitor dynamic fluctuations in newly absorbed copper over a short time frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony I Venelinov
- Sofia University, Faculty of Chemistry, 1 J. Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Cai W, Chen K, Mohamedali KA, Cao Q, Gambhir SS, Rosenblum MG, Chen X. PET of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor expression. J Nucl Med 2006; 47:2048-56. [PMID: 17138749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED For solid tumors and metastatic lesions, tumor vascularity is a critical factor in assessing response to therapy. Here we report the first example, to our knowledge, of (64)Cu-labeled vascular endothelial growth factor 121 (VEGF(121)) for PET of VEGF receptor (VEGFR) expression in vivo. METHODS VEGF(121) was conjugated with 1,4,7,10-tetraazadodecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) and then labeled with (64)Cu for small-animal PET of mice bearing different sized U87MG human glioblastoma xenografts. Blocking experiments and ex vivo histopathology were performed to confirm the in vivo results. RESULTS There were 4.3 +/- 0.2 DOTA molecules per VEGF(121), and the VEGFR2 binding affinity of DOTA-VEGF(121) was comparable to VEGF(121). (64)Cu labeling of DOTA-VEGF(121) was achieved in 90 +/- 10 min and the radiolabeling yield was 87.4% +/- 3.2%. The specific activity of (64)Cu-DOTA-VEGF(121) was 3.2 +/- 0.1 GBq/mg with a radiochemical purity of >98%. Small-animal PET revealed rapid, specific, and prominent uptake of (64)Cu-DOTA-VEGF(121) in small U87MG tumors (high VEGFR2 expression) but significantly lower and sporadic uptake in large U87MG tumors (low VEGFR2 expression). No appreciable renal clearance of (64)Cu-DOTA-VEGF(121) was observed, although the kidney uptake was relatively high likely due to VEGFR1 expression. Blocking experiments, immunofluorescence staining, and western blot confirmed the VEGFR specificity of (64)Cu-DOTA-VEGF(121). CONCLUSION Successful demonstration of the ability of (64)Cu-DOTA-VEGF(121) to visualize VEGFR expression in vivo may allow for clinical translation of this radiopharmaceutical for imaging tumor angiogenesis and guiding antiangiogenic treatment, especially patient selection and treatment monitoring of VEGFR-targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Cai
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA
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Peng F, Lu X, Janisse J, Muzik O, Shields AF. PET of human prostate cancer xenografts in mice with increased uptake of 64CuCl2. J Nucl Med 2006; 47:1649-52. [PMID: 17015901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Our objective was to determine whether human prostate cancer xenografts in mice can be localized by PET using 64CuCl2 as a probe (64Cu PET). METHODS Athymic mice bearing human prostate cancer xenografts were subjected to 64Cu PET, followed by quantitative analysis of the tracer concentrations and immunohistochemistry study of human copper transporter 1 expression in the tumor tissues. RESULTS Human prostate cancer xenografts expressing high levels of human copper transporter 1 were well visualized on the PET images obtained 24 h after injection but not on the images obtained 1 h after injection. PET quantitative analysis demonstrated a high concentration of 64CuCl2 in the tumors in comparison to that in the left shoulder regions (percentage injected dose per gram of tissue: 3.6 +/- 1.3 and 0.6 +/- 0.3, respectively; P = 0.004), at 24 h after injection. CONCLUSION The data from this study suggested that locally recurrent prostate cancer might be localized with 64Cu PET using 64CuCl2 as a probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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Ruangma A, Bai B, Lewis JS, Sun X, Welch MJ, Leahy R, Laforest R. Three-dimensional maximum a posteriori (MAP) imaging with radiopharmaceuticals labeled with three Cu radionuclides. Nucl Med Biol 2006; 33:217-26. [PMID: 16546676 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Revised: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the limiting factors in achieving the best spatial resolution in positron emission tomography (PET), especially in small-animal PET, is the positron range associated with the decay of nuclides, and usual PET image reconstruction algorithms do not provide a correction for the positron range. This work presents initial results obtained with the maximum a posteriori (MAP) algorithm, which has been developed to include an accurate model of the camera response, the Poisson distribution of coincidence data and the fundamental physics of positron decay including the positron range. METHODS Phantoms were imaged with three positron emitting isotopes of Cu ((60)Cu, (61)Cu and (64)Cu), and mice and rats were imaged with two radiopharmaceuticals labeled with these isotopes in a microPET-R4 camera. These isotopes decay by positron emission with very different end-point energies resulting in wildly different spatial resolutions. Spatial resolution improvement and image quality offered by the MAP algorithm were studied with the line source phantom and a miniature Derenzo phantom. In addition, three mice and three rats were sequentially injected over a 48-h period with Cu-pyruvaldehyde bis(N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone) (for blood flow to organs) and Cu-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-tri(methanephosphonic acid) (for bone imaging) labeled with the said three isotopes of Cu. RESULTS The line source experiment showed that comparable spatial resolution is possible with all three isotopes when using the positron range correction in MAP. The in vivo images obtained from (60)Cu and (61)Cu and reconstructed with 2D filtered back projection algorithms provided by the camera manufacturer show reduced clarity due to degraded spatial resolution arising from the extended positron ranges as compared with (64)Cu. MAP reconstructions exhibited a higher resolution with clearer organ delineation. CONCLUSION Inclusion of a positron range model in the MAP reconstruction algorithm may potentially result in significant resolution recovery for isotopes with larger positron ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Ruangma
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Cauchon N, Langlois R, Rousseau JA, Tessier G, Cadorette J, Lecomte R, Hunting DJ, Pavan RA, Zeisler SK, van Lier JE. PET imaging of apoptosis with 64Cu-labeled streptavidin following pretargeting of phosphatidylserine with biotinylated annexin-V. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2006; 34:247-58. [PMID: 17021816 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-006-0199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In vivo detection of apoptosis is a diagnostic tool with potential clinical applications in cardiology and oncology. Radiolabeled annexin-V (anxV) is an ideal probe for in vivo apoptosis detection owing to its strong affinity for phosphatidylserine (PS), the molecular flag on the surface of apoptotic cells. Most clinical studies performed to visualize apoptosis have used (99m)Tc-anxV; however, its poor distribution profile often compromises image quality. In this study, tumor apoptosis after therapy was visualized by positron emission tomography (PET) using (64)Cu-labeled streptavidin (SAv), following pre-targeting of apoptotic cells with biotinylated anxV. METHODS Apoptosis was induced in tumor-bearing mice by photodynamic therapy (PDT) using phthalocyanine dyes as photosensitizers, and red light. After PDT, mice were injected i.v. with biotinylated anxV, followed 2 h later by an avidin chase, and after another 2 h with (64)Cu-DOTA-biotin-SAv. PET images were subsequently recorded up to 13 h after PDT. RESULTS PET images delineated apoptosis in treated tumors as early as 30 min after (64)Cu-DOTA-biotin-SAv administration, with tumor-to-background ratios reaching a maximum at 3 h post-injection, i.e., 7 h post-PDT. Omitting the administration of biotinylated anxV or the avidin chase failed to provide a clear PET image, confirming that all three steps are essential for adequate visualization of apoptosis. Furthermore, differences in action mechanisms between photosensitizers that target tumor cells directly or via initial vascular stasis were clearly recognized through differences in tracer uptake patterns detecting early or delayed apoptosis. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the efficacy of a three-step (64)Cu pretargeting procedure for PET imaging of apoptosis. Our data also confirm the usefulness of small animal PET to evaluate cancer treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Cauchon
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Centre and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Parry JJ, Andrews R, Rogers BE. MicroPET Imaging of Breast Cancer Using Radiolabeled Bombesin Analogs Targeting the Gastrin-releasing Peptide Receptor. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 101:175-83. [PMID: 16838112 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-006-9287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mammography is a well-established method for detecting primary breast cancer; however, it has some limitations that may be overcome using nuclear imaging methods. Current radiopharmaceuticals have limited sensitivity for detecting small primary lesions and it has been suggested that novel radiopharmaceuticals are necessary for detection of primary breast cancer, as well as for detecting metastases and recurrence, or for monitoring therapy. The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is a seven-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor that is overexpressed on primary breast cancer and lymph node metastases. Bombesin (BN) is a tetradecapeptide that binds with high affinity to GRPR and can be radiolabeled with the positron-emitter, copper-64 ((64)Cu) for imaging with positron-emission tomography (PET). The goal of this study was to evaluate BN analogs that could be radiolabeled with (64)Cu for PET imaging of breast cancer. A series of BN analogs containing 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12- carbon linkers were evaluated with regard to their binding and internalization into T-47D human breast cancer cells. The (64)Cu-labeled analogs were then evaluated in mice bearing T-47D xenografts by tissue biodistribution and microPET imaging. These studies showed that all of the analogs had IC(50) values <100 nM and were all internalized into T-47D cells. Biodistribution studies showed that the BN analog with the 8-carbon linker not only had the highest tumor uptake but also had high normal tissue uptake in the liver. The analogs containing the 6- or 8-carbon linkers demonstrated good tumor uptake as determined by microPET imaging. Overall, this study shows the feasibility of using positron-labeled BN analogs for PET detection of GRPR-expressing breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J Parry
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4511 Forest Park Blvd. Suite 411, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
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Yuan H, Schroeder T, Bowsher JE, Hedlund LW, Wong T, Dewhirst MW. Intertumoral differences in hypoxia selectivity of the PET imaging agent 64Cu(II)-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone). J Nucl Med 2006; 47:989-98. [PMID: 16741309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cu-Diacetyl-bis(N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone) (Cu-ATSM) is a recently developed PET imaging agent for tumor hypoxia. However, its accuracy and reliability for measuring hypoxia have not been fully characterized in vivo. The aim of this study was to evaluate (64)Cu-ATSM as a hypoxia PET marker by comparing autoradiographic distributions of (64)Cu-ATSM with a well-established hypoxia marker drug, EF5. METHODS R3230 mammary adenocarcinomas (R3230Ac), fibrosarcomas (FSA), and 9L gliomas (9L) were used in the study. EF5 and Hoechst 33342, a vascular perfusion marker, were administered to the animal for immunohistochemical analysis. (64)Cu-ATSM microPET and autoradiography were performed on the same animal. The tumor-to-muscle ratio (T/M ratio) and standardized uptake values (SUVs) were characterized for these 3 different types of tumors. Five types of images-microPET, autoradiography, EF5 immunostaining, Hoechst fluorescence vascular imaging, and hematoxylin-and-eosin histology-were superimposed, evaluated, and compared. RESULTS A significantly higher T/M ratio and SUV were seen for FSA compared with R3230Ac and 9L. Spatial correlation analysis between (64)Cu-ATSM autoradiography and EF5 immunostained images varied between the 3 tumor types. There was close correlation of (64)Cu-ATSM uptake and hypoxia in R3230Ac and 9L tumors but not in FSA tumors. Interestingly, elevated (64)Cu-ATSM uptake was observed in well-perfused areas in FSA, indicating a correlation between (64)Cu-ATSM uptake and vascular perfusion as opposed to hypoxia. The same relationship was observed with 2 other hypoxia markers, pimonidazole and carbonic anhydrase IX, in FSA tumors. Breathing carbogen gas significantly decreased the hypoxia level measured by EF5 staining in FSA-bearing rats but not the uptake of (64)Cu-ATSM. These results indicate that some other (64)Cu-ATSM retention mechanisms, as opposed to hypoxia, are involved in this type of tumor. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this study is the first comparison between (64)Cu-ATSM uptake and immunohistochemistry in these 3 tumors. Although we have shown that (64)Cu-ATSM is a valid PET hypoxia marker in some tumor types, but not for all, this tumor type-dependent hypoxia selectivity of (64)Cu-ATSM challenges the use of (64)Cu-ATSM as a universal PET hypoxia marker. Further studies are needed to define retention mechanisms for this PET marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Burgman P, O'Donoghue JA, Lewis JS, Welch MJ, Humm JL, Ling CC. Cell line-dependent differences in uptake and retention of the hypoxia-selective nuclear imaging agent Cu-ATSM. Nucl Med Biol 2006; 32:623-30. [PMID: 16026709 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Revised: 05/04/2005] [Accepted: 05/05/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cu-diacetyl-bis(N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone) [Cu-ATSM] is a potential marker for tumor hypoxia that has been under evaluation for clinical use. In this study, we examined the mechanisms underlying the uptake of (64)Cu in cells incubated with (64)Cu-ATSM. METHODS The in vitro uptake of (64)Cu was determined as a function of oxygenation conditions and incubation time with (64)Cu-ATSM using four and two tumor cell lines of human origin and rodent origin, respectively. Additionally, the rate of (64)Cu efflux and Cu-ATSM metabolism was determined. RESULTS (64)Cu accumulation is rapid during the first 0.5-1 h of incubation. It is highest in anoxic cells but is also significant in normoxic cells. After this initial period, the level of intracellular (64)Cu varies depending on the cell line and the oxygenation conditions and, in some circumstances, may decrease. During the first 0.5-1 h, the ratio of (64)Cu levels between anoxic and normoxic cells is approximately 2:10 and that between hypoxic (0.5% O(2)) and normoxic cells is approximately 1:2.5, depending on the cell line. These ratios generally decrease at longer times. The (64)Cu-ATSM compound was found to be metabolized during incubation in a manner dependent on oxygenation conditions. Within 2 h under anoxic conditions, (64)Cu-ATSM could no longer be detected, although 60-90% of the amount of (64)Cu added as (64)Cu-ATSM was present in the medium. Non-ATSM (64)Cu was taken up by the cells, albeit at a much slower rate. Efflux rates of (64)Cu were found to be cell line dependent and appeared to be inversely correlated with the final (64)Cu uptake levels under anoxic conditions. CONCLUSION The uptake and retention of (64)Cu and their relation to oxygenation conditions were found to be cell line dependent. Given the complexities in the oxygen dependence and cell line-dependent kinetics of uptake and retention of Cu following exposure to Cu-ATSM, the clinical utility of this compound may be disease site specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Burgman
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Bryan JN, Jia F, Mohsin H, Sivaguru G, Miller WH, Anderson CJ, Henry CJ, Lewis MR. Comparative uptakes and biodistributions of internalizing vs. noninternalizing copper-64 radioimmunoconjugates in cell and animal models of colon cancer. Nucl Med Biol 2005; 32:851-8. [PMID: 16253810 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2005.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Revised: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Copper-64-labeled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have previously demonstrated unexpectedly effective tumor control in rodent models of cancer at relatively low tumor-absorbed radiation doses. This property has been associated with delivery platforms resulting in cellular internalization. The purpose of the present studies was to evaluate the in vitro internalization and in vivo distribution of a two-antibody model of 64Cu radioimmunotherapy (RIT) in the same cell and animal models of cancer. Biodistributions of an internalizing antibody, cBR96, and a noninternalizing antibody, cT84.66, labeled with 64Cu, were obtained in nude mice bearing LS174T colon carcinoma xenografts from 15 min to 48 h. The 64Cu-DOTA-cBR96 conjugate demonstrated rapid tumor uptake, reaching 20.2% ID/g at 3 h and peaking at 35.4% ID/g by 24 h. Tumor accumulation of 64Cu-DOTA-cT84.66 was more gradual, 8.19% ID/g at 3 h and 43.8% ID/g by 24 h, but maximum uptake was not statistically different from 64Cu-DOTA-cBR96. Mouse xenograft dosimetry was estimated to be 1128 rad/mCi (304.9 mGy/MBq) for 64Cu-DOTA-cBR96 and 1409 rad/mCi (380.5 mGy/MBq) for 64Cu-DOTA-cT84.66. In LS174T cells, internalized radioactivity increased by a factor of 3.8 over 4 h for 64Cu-DOTA-cBR96, but remained unchanged 64Cu-DOTA-cT84.66. When normalized to uptake at 1 h, cellular efflux of 64Cu was essentially identical for both mAbs. The biodistributions and tumor dosimetry of these internalizing and noninternalizing radiolabeled mAbs were sufficiently similar for direct comparison of the therapeutic efficacies of low doses of 64Cu RIT agents in the same animal model of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Bryan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Williams HA, Robinson S, Julyan P, Zweit J, Hastings D. A comparison of PET imaging characteristics of various copper radioisotopes. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005; 32:1473-80. [PMID: 16258764 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-005-1906-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE PET radiotracers which incorporate longer-lived radionuclides enable biological processes to be studied over many hours, at centres remote from a cyclotron. This paper examines the radioisotope characteristics, imaging performance, radiation dosimetry and production modes of the four copper radioisotopes, ( 60)Cu,( 61)Cu,( 62)Cu and( 64)Cu, to assess their merits for different PET imaging applications. METHODS Spatial resolution, sensitivity, scatter fraction and noise-equivalent count rate (NEC) are predicted for( 60)Cu,( 61)Cu,( 62)Cu and( 64)Cu using a model incorporating radionuclide decay properties and scanner parameters for the GE Advance scanner. Dosimetry for( 60)Cu,( 61)Cu and( 64)Cu is performed using the MIRD model and published biodistribution data for copper(II) pyruvaldehyde bis(N(4)-methyl)thiosemicarbazone (Cu-PTSM). RESULTS (60)Cu and( 62)Cu are characterised by shorter half-lives and higher sensitivity and NEC, making them more suitable for studying the faster kinetics of small molecules, such as Cu-PTSM.( 61)Cu and( 64)Cu have longer half-lives, enabling studies of the slower kinetics of cells and peptides and prolonged imaging to compensate for lower sensitivity, together with better spatial resolution, which partially compensates for loss of image contrast.( 61)Cu-PTSM and( 64)Cu-PTSM are associated with radiation doses similar to [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose, whilst the doses for( 60)Cu-PTSM and( 62)Cu-PTSM are lower and more comparable with H(2) (15)O. CONCLUSION The physical and radiochemical characteristics of the four copper isotopes make each more suited to some imaging tasks than others. The results presented here assist in selecting the preferred radioisotope for a given imaging application, and illustrate a strategy which can be extended to the majority of novel PET tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Ann Williams
- Christie Hospital NHS Trust, North Western Medical Physics, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom.
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Wu Y, Zhang X, Xiong Z, Cheng Z, Fisher DR, Liu S, Gambhir SS, Chen X. microPET imaging of glioma integrin {alpha}v{beta}3 expression using (64)Cu-labeled tetrameric RGD peptide. J Nucl Med 2005; 46:1707-18. [PMID: 16204722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Integrin alpha(v)beta(3) plays a critical role in tumor-induced angiogenesis and metastasis and has become a promising diagnostic indicator and therapeutic target for various solid tumors. Radiolabeled RGD peptides that are integrin specific can be used for noninvasive imaging of integrin expression level as well as for integrin-targeted radionuclide therapy. METHODS In this study we developed a tetrameric RGD peptide tracer (64)Cu-DOTA-E{E[c(RGDfK)](2)}(2) (DOTA is 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid) for PET imaging of integrin alpha(v)beta(3) expression in female athymic nude mice bearing the subcutaneous UG87MG glioma xenografts. RESULTS The RGD tetramer showed significantly higher integrin binding affinity than the corresponding monomeric and dimeric RGD analogs, most likely due to a polyvalency effect. The radiolabeled peptide showed rapid blood clearance (0.61 +/- 0.01 %ID/g at 30 min and 0.21 +/- 0.01 %ID/g at 4 h after injection, respectively [%ID/g is percentage injected dose per gram]) and predominantly renal excretion. Tumor uptake was rapid and high, and the tumor washout was slow (9.93 +/- 1.05 %ID/g at 30 min after injection and 4.56 +/- 0.51 %ID/g at 24 h after injection). The metabolic stability of (64)Cu-DOTA-E{E[c(RGDfK)](2)}(2) was determined in mouse blood, urine, and liver and kidney homogenates at different times after tracer injection. The average fractions of intact tracer in these organs at 1 h were approximately 70%, 58%, 51%, and 26%, respectively. Noninvasive microPET studies showed significant tumor uptake and good contrast in the subcutaneous tumor-bearing mice, which agreed well with the biodistribution results. Integrin alpha(v)beta(3) specificity was demonstrated by successful blocking of tumor uptake of (64)Cu-DOTA-E{E[c(RGDfK)](2)}(2) in the presence of excess c(RGDyK) at 1 h after injection. The highest absorbed radiation doses determined for the human reference adult were received by the urinary bladder wall (0.262 mGy/MBq), kidneys (0.0296 mGy/MBq), and liver (0.0242 mGy/MBq). The average effective dose resulting from a single (64)Cu-DOTA-E{E[c(RGDfK)](2)}(2) injection was estimated to be 0.0164 mSv/MBq. CONCLUSION The high integrin and avidity and favorable biokinetics make (64)Cu-DOTA-E{E[c(RGDfK)](2)}(2) a promising agent for peptide receptor radionuclide imaging and therapy of integrin-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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McQuade P, Martin KE, Castle TC, Went MJ, Blower PJ, Welch MJ, Lewis JS. Investigation into 64Cu-labeled Bis(selenosemicarbazone) and Bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes as hypoxia imaging agents. Nucl Med Biol 2005; 32:147-56. [PMID: 15721760 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2004.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2004] [Revised: 10/05/2004] [Accepted: 10/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cu-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) [Cu-ATSM], although excellent for oncology applications, may not be suitable for delineating cardiovascular or neurological hypoxia. For this reason, new Cu hypoxia positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents are being examined to search for a higher selectivity for hypoxic or ischemic tissue at higher oxygen concentrations found in these tissues. Two approaches are to increase alkylation or to replace the sulfur atoms with selenium, resulting in the formation of selenosemicarbazones. METHODS Three 64Cu-labeled selenosemicarbazone complexes were synthesized and one was screened for hypoxia selectivity in vitro using EMT-6 mouse mammary carcinoma cells. Rodent biodistribution and small animal PET images were obtained from BALB/c mice implanted with EMT-6 tumors. One alkylated thiosemicarbazone was synthesized and examined. RESULTS Of the three bis(selenosemicarbazone) ligands synthesized and examined, only 64Cu-diacetyl-bis(selenosemicarbazone) [64Cu-ASSM] was isolated in high-enough radiochemical purity to undertake cell uptake experiments where uptake was shown to be independent of oxygen concentration. The bis(thiosemicarbazone) complex synthesized, 64Cu-diacetyl-bis(N4-ethylthiosemicarbazone) [64Cu-ATSE], showed hypoxia selectivity similar to 64Cu-ATSM although at a higher oxygen concentration. Biodistribution studies for 64Cu-ASSM and 64Cu-ATSE showed high tumor uptake at 20 min (64Cu-ASSM, 10.33+/-0.78% ID/g; 64Cu-ATSE, 7.71+/-0.46% ID/g). PET images of EMT-6 tumor-bearing mice visualized the tumor with 64Cu-ATSE and revealed hypoxia selectivity consistent with the in vitro data. CONCLUSION Of the compounds synthesized, only 64Cu-ASSM and 64Cu-ATSE could be examined in vitro and in vivo. Although the stability of bis(selenosemicarbazone) complexes increased upon addition of methyl groups to the diimine backbone, the fully alkylated species, 64Cu-ASSM, demonstrated no hypoxia selectivity. However, the additional alkylation present in Cu-ATSE modifies the hypoxia selectivity and in vivo properties when compared with Cu-ATSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul McQuade
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Olafsen T, Kenanova VE, Sundaresan G, Anderson AL, Crow D, Yazaki PJ, Li L, Press MF, Gambhir SS, Williams LE, Wong JYC, Raubitschek AA, Shively JE, Wu AM. Optimizing radiolabeled engineered anti-p185HER2 antibody fragments for in vivo imaging. Cancer Res 2005; 65:5907-16. [PMID: 15994969 PMCID: PMC4161125 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-4472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have recently described the in vivo properties of an iodinated anti-p185HER2 engineered antibody fragment [minibody (scFv-C(H)3)2; 80 kDa], made from the internalizing 10H8 monoclonal antibody. Although the 10H8 minibody showed excellent binding to the target in vitro, only modest tumor uptake [5.6 +/- 1.7% injected dose per gram (ID/g) of tissue] was achieved in nude mice bearing MCF7/HER2 breast cancer tumors. Here, in an attempt to improve targeting, the 10H8 minibody was conjugated to 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N, N', N'', N'''-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), radiometal labeled, and evaluated in vivo. The tumor uptake of 111In-DOTA 10H8 minibody was 5.7 +/- 0.1% ID/g, similar to the radioiodinated 10H8 minibody. However, in addition to the expected liver clearance, the kidneys had unexpectedly high activity (34.0 +/- 4.0% ID/g). A minibody derived from a second anti-p185(HER2) antibody (trastuzumab; hu4D5v8) was also made. Tumor uptakes, evaluated by quantitative microPET using 64Cu-DOTA hu4D5v8 minibody, were 4.2 +/- 0.5% ID/g. Furthermore, in non-tumor-bearing mice, 111In-DOTA hu4D5v8 minibody exhibited similar elevated uptake in the kidneys (28.4 +/- 6.5% ID/g). Immunohistochemical staining of kidneys from non-tumor-bearing mice showed strong specific staining of the proximal tubules, and Western blot analysis of kidney lysate confirmed the presence of cross-reactive antigen. To further improve tumor uptake and normal tissue distribution, a larger hu4D5v8 fragment [(scFv-C(H)2-C(H)3)2; 105 kDa] was made, engineered to exhibit rapid clearance kinetics. This fragment, when evaluated by microPET, exhibited improved tumor targeting (12.2 +/- 2.4% ID/g) and reduced kidney uptake (13.1 +/- 1.5% ID/g). Thus, by manipulating the size and format of anti-p185(HER2) antibody fragments, the kidney activity was reduced and high or low expression of p185HER2 in xenografts could be distinguished by microPET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Olafsen
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, 90095, USA.
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Rossin R, Pan D, Qi K, Turner JL, Sun X, Wooley KL, Welch MJ. 64Cu-labeled folate-conjugated shell cross-linked nanoparticles for tumor imaging and radiotherapy: synthesis, radiolabeling, and biologic evaluation. J Nucl Med 2005; 46:1210-8. [PMID: 16000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Long-circulating nanoparticles functionalized with ligands for receptors overexpressed by tumor cells have promising applications for active and passive tumor targeting. The purpose of this study was to evaluate 64Cu-radiolabeled folate-conjugated shell cross-linked nanoparticles (SCKs) as candidate agents to shuttle radionuclides and drugs into tumors overexpressing the folate receptor (FR). METHODS SCKs were obtained by cross-linking the shell of micelles obtained from amphiphilic diblock copolymers. SCKs were then functionalized with folate, fluorescein thiosemicarbazide (FTSC), and 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid (TETA). The specific interaction of SCK-folate with the FR was investigated on KB cells. The biodistributions of 64Cu-TETA-SCK and 64Cu-TETA-SCK-folate were evaluated in athymic mice bearing small-size KB cell xenografts (10-100 mg), whereas the intratumor distributions were investigated by autoradiography in 0.3- to 0.6-g KB cell xenografts. RESULTS A global solution-state functionalization strategy has been introduced for attaching optimum numbers of targeting and imaging agents onto the SCKs for increasing the efficiency of interaction with cell-surface receptors. Epifluorescence microscopy confirmed the specific interaction of FTSC-SCK-folate with the FR in vitro. 64Cu labeling of TETA-SCKs led to the radiolabeled compounds with 15%-20% yield and >95% radiochemical purity. The biodistribution results demonstrated high accumulation of 64Cu-labeled SCKs in organs of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) (56.0 +/- 7.1 %ID/g and 45.7 +/- 3.5 %ID/g [percentage injected dose per gram] in liver at 10 min after injection for folated and nonfolated SCKs, respectively) and a prolonged blood circulation. No increase of SCK tumor uptake deriving from folate conjugation was observed (5.9 +/- 2.8 %ID/g and 6.0 +/- 1.9 %ID/g at 4 h after injection for folated and nonfolated SCKs, respectively). However, tumor accumulation was higher in small-size tumors, where competitive block of SCK-folate uptake with excess folate was observed. Autoradiography results confirmed the extravasation of radiolabeled SCKs in vascularized areas of the tumor, whereas no diffusion was observed in necrotic regions. CONCLUSION Despite high RES uptake, the evaluated 64Cu-labeled SCKs exhibited long circulation in blood and were able to passively accumulate in tumors. Furthermore, SCK-folate uptake was competitively blocked by excess folate in small-size solid tumors, suggesting interaction with the FR. For these reasons, functionalized SCKs are promising drug-delivery agents for imaging and therapy of early-stage solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Rossin
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Abstract
As more becomes known about the expression profiles of normal and cancerous cells, it should become possible to design antisense-based imaging agents for the early detection of cancer noninvasively. In this report, we rationally designed and synthesized three antisense and one sense hybrid PNA (peptide nucleic acid) to the unr mRNA that is highly overexpressed in a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). The conjugates had a four-lysine tail at the carboxy terminus for cell permeation and a DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid) chelating moiety at the amino terminal end for chelating (64)Cu for biodistribution and microPET imaging studies. Biodistribution of two (64)Cu-labeled conjugates with antisense and sense sequences (PNA50 and PNA50S) showed high uptake and long retention in kidney and low uptake and efficient clearance in blood and muscle in normal balb/c mice when administered intravenously or intraperitoneally. Intraperitoneal administration, however, gave a much slower release rate. MCF-7 tumors (100-320 mg) in CB-17 SCID mice were imaged with all four (64)Cu-labeled PNA conjugates by microPET, but the image contrast varied with different time points and different conjugates. Of the conjugates studied, (64)Cu-DOTA-Y-PNA50-K4 showed the best tumor image quality at all time points with a tumor/muscle ratio of 6.6 +/- 1.1 at 24 h postinjection, which is among the highest reported for radiolabeled oligonucleotides. Our work further strengthens the potential of antigene and antisense PNAs to be utilized as specific molecular probes for early detection of cancer and ultimately for patient specific radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankai Sun
- Division of Radiological Sciences, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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