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Vélez MV, Colello R, Nieto MV, Paz LE, Etcheverría AI, Vidal R, Padola NL. Transcription levels of hes and their involvement in the biofilm formation of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O91. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1821-1830. [PMID: 38263503 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are recognized as being responsible for many cases of foodborne diseases worldwide. Cattle are the main reservoir of STEC, shedding the microorganisms in their feces. The serogroup STEC O91 has been associated with hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Locus of Adhesion and Autoaggregation (LAA) and its hes gene are related to the pathogenicity of STEC and the ability to form biofilms. Considering the frequent isolation of STEC O91, the biofilm-forming ability, and the possible role of hes in the pathogenicity of STEC, we propose to evaluate the ability of STEC to form biofilms and to evaluate the expression of hes before and after of biofilm formation. All strains were classified as strong biofilm-forming. The hes expression showed variability between strains before and after biofilm formation, and this may be due to other genes carried by each strain. This study is the first to report the relationship between biofilm formation, and hes expression and proposes that the analysis and diagnosis of LAA, especially hes as STEC O91 virulence factors, could elucidate these unknown mechanisms. Considering that there is no specific treatment for HUS, only supportive care, it is necessary to know the survival and virulence mechanisms of STEC O91.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Vélez
- Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), CISAPA, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rocío Colello
- Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), CISAPA, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Nieto
- Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), CISAPA, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Estefanía Paz
- Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), SAMP, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario sobre Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable, CONICET, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Inés Etcheverría
- Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), CISAPA, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto Vidal
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nora Lía Padola
- Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), CISAPA, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Bonino MP, Crivelli XB, Petrina JF, Galateo S, Gomes TAT, Navarro A, Cundon C, Broglio A, Sanin M, Bentancor A. Detection and analysis of Shiga toxin producing and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in cattle from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1257-1266. [PMID: 37041346 PMCID: PMC10235289 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) are pathovars that affect mainly infants' health. Cattle are the main reservoir of STEC. Uremic hemolytic syndrome and diarrheas can be found at high rates in Tierra del Fuego (TDF). This study aimed to establish the prevalence of STEC and EPEC in cattle at slaughterhouses in TDF and to analyze the isolated strains. Out of 194 samples from two slaughterhouses, STEC prevalence was 15%, and EPEC prevalence was 5%. Twenty-seven STEC strains and one EPEC were isolated. The most prevalent STEC serotypes were O185:H19 (7), O185:H7 (6), and O178:H19 (5). There were no STEC eae + strains (AE-STEC) or serogroup O157 detected in this study. The prevalent genotype was stx2c (10/27) followed by stx1a/stx2hb (4/27). Fourteen percent of the strains presented at least one stx non-typeable subtype (4/27). Shiga toxin production was detected in 25/27 STEC strains. The prevalent module for the Locus of Adhesion and Autoaggregation (LAA) island was module III (7/27). EPEC strain was categorized as atypical and with the ability to cause A/E lesion. The ehxA gene was present in 16/28 strains, 12 of which were capable of producing hemolysis. No hybrid strains were detected in this work. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that all strains were resistant to ampicillin and 20/28 were resistant to aminoglycosides. No statistical differences could be seen in the detection of STEC or EPEC either by slaughterhouse location or by production system (extensive grass or feedlot). The rate of STEC detection was lower than the one reported for the rest of Argentina. STEC/EPEC relation was 3 to 1. This is the first study on cattle from TDF as reservoir for strains that are potentially pathogenic to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paz Bonino
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ximena Blanco Crivelli
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Facundo Petrina
- Departamento de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud de Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Galateo
- Dirección de Fiscalización Sanitaria, Ministerio de Salud de Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, Argentina
| | | | - Armando Navarro
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Cundon
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Broglio
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Sanin
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Bentancor
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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3
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Escherichia coli virulence genes and clonality in strains from diarrhoea in goat kids. Small Rumin Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2023.106906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Identification, Shiga toxin subtypes and prevalence of minor serogroups of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in feedlot cattle feces. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8601. [PMID: 33883564 PMCID: PMC8060326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87544-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are foodborne pathogens that cause illnesses in humans ranging from mild to hemorrhagic enteritis with complications of hemolytic uremic syndrome and even death. Cattle are a major reservoir of STEC, which reside in the hindgut and are shed in the feces, a major source of food and water contaminations. Seven serogroups, O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145 and O157, called ‘top-7’, are responsible for the majority of human STEC infections in North America. Additionally, 151 serogroups of E. coli are known to carry Shiga toxin genes (stx). Not much is known about fecal shedding and prevalence and virulence potential of STEC other than the top-7. Our primary objectives were to identify serogroups of STEC strains, other than the top-7, isolated from cattle feces and subtype stx genes to assess their virulence potential. Additional objective was to develop and validate a novel multiplex PCR assay to detect and determine prevalence of six serogroups, O2, O74, O109, O131, O168, and O171, in cattle feces. A total of 351 strains, positive for stx gene and negative for the top-7 serogroups, isolated from feedlot cattle feces were used in the study. Of the 351 strains, 291 belonged to 16 serogroups and 60 could not be serogrouped. Among the 351 strains, 63 (17.9%) carried stx1 gene and 300 (82.1%) carried stx2, including 12 strains positive for both. The majority of the stx1 and stx2 were of stx1a (47/63; 74.6%) and stx2a subtypes (234/300; 78%), respectively, which are often associated with human infections. A novel multiplex PCR assay developed and validated to detect six serogroups, O2, O74, O109, O131, O168, and O171, which accounted for 86.9% of the STEC strains identified, was utilized to determine their prevalence in fecal samples (n = 576) collected from a commercial feedlot. Four serogroups, O2, O109, O168, and O171 were identified as the dominant serogroups prevalent in cattle feces. In conclusion, cattle shed in the feces a number of STEC serogroups, other than the top-7, and the majority of the strains isolated possessed stx2, particularly of the subtype 2a, suggesting their potential risk to cause human infections.
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Ludwig JB, Shi X, Shridhar PB, Roberts EL, DebRoy C, Phebus RK, Bai J, Nagaraja TG. Multiplex PCR Assays for the Detection of One Hundred and Thirty Seven Serogroups of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Associated With Cattle. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:378. [PMID: 32850480 PMCID: PMC7403468 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli carrying prophage with genes that encode for Shiga toxins are categorized as Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) pathotype. Illnesses caused by STEC in humans, which are often foodborne, range from mild to bloody diarrhea with life-threatening complications of renal failure and hemolytic uremic syndrome and even death, particularly in children. As many as 158 of the total 187 serogroups of E. coli are known to carry Shiga toxin genes, which makes STEC a major pathotype of E. coli. Seven STEC serogroups, called top-7, which include O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157, are responsible for the majority of the STEC-associated human illnesses. The STEC serogroups, other than the top-7, called “non-top-7” have also been associated with human illnesses, more often as sporadic infections. Ruminants, particularly cattle, are principal reservoirs of STEC and harbor the organisms in the hindgut and shed in the feces, which serves as a major source of food and water contaminations. A number of studies have reported on the fecal prevalence of top-7 STEC in cattle feces. However, there is paucity of data on the prevalence of non-top-7 STEC serogroups in cattle feces, generally because of lack of validated detection methods. The objective of our study was to develop and validate 14 sets of multiplex PCR (mPCR) assays targeting serogroup-specific genes to detect 137 non-top-7 STEC serogroups previously reported to be present in cattle feces. Each assay included 7–12 serogroups and primers were designed to amplify the target genes with distinct amplicon sizes for each serogroup that can be readily identified within each assay. The assays were validated with 460 strains of known serogroups. The multiplex PCR assays designed in our study can be readily adapted by most laboratories for rapid identification of strains belonging to the non-top-7 STEC serogroups associated with cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Ludwig
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Xiaorong Shi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Pragathi B Shridhar
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Elisabeth L Roberts
- E. coli Reference Center, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Chitrita DebRoy
- E. coli Reference Center, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Randy K Phebus
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry/Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Industry/Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - T G Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Cadona JS, Burgán J, González J, Bustamante AV, Sanso AM. Differential expression of the virulence gene nleB among Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04277. [PMID: 32613131 PMCID: PMC7322132 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a zoonotic foodborne pathogen associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) that vary in their ability to cause disease in humans. STEC represents a serious problem for public health and Argentina is the country with the highest HUS incidence worldwide. Non-LEE effector (nle) genes, present on pathogenicity islands (PAIs), encode translocated substrates of the type III secretion system (T3SS), which could have an important role in STEC virulence. Particularly, nleB is one of the main effector genes proposed as a virulence marker that is involved in the action of T3SS during the STEC infection. NleB inhibits the inflammatory response of the host cell allowing the bacteria to persist in the first stage of the infection. In order to identify the potential risk of STEC strains for public health, the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare basal nleB transcription of 24 STEC strains belonging to 10 serotypes isolated from cattle, food and patients. The results showed differences in nleB transcription among strains. Some non-O157:H7 strains presented transcription levels above the control, an O157:H7 HUS-producing strain. On the other hand, no significant differences were found in basal transcription levels associated with origin or serotype but differences were found between HUS and non-HUS strains. These differences in nleB transcription may be of importance in STEC pathogenesis and could help to differentiate high and low virulence STEC strains.
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Heo EJ, Ko EK, Kang HJ, Kim YJ, Park HJ, Wee SH, Moon JS. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Characteristics of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Pork in Korea. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2020; 17:602-607. [PMID: 32250661 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are important food-borne pathogens that can be transmitted through the consumption of food products derived from pigs. Moreover, antimicrobial resistance in STEC has been a matter of increasing concern. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial characteristics of STEC isolates from pork in Korea. We isolated 131 isolates of E. coli from 334 pork samples collected from slaughterhouses and retail markets from 2008 to 2009. Among the 131 isolates, 6 (4.58%) were confirmed to belong to 6 different serotypes of STEC. All six STEC isolates contained stx1 and eaeA virulence genes, and four of them additionally carried the hly gene. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 15 antibiotics (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cephalothin, cefoxitin, ceftiofur, gentamicin, neomycin, streptomycin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, colistin, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim) toward the STEC isolates was determined. As a result, three strains were associated with high MICs for florfenicol and chloramphenicol (64 μg/mL). Furthermore, all three strains were found to contain the florfenicol-resistant gene (floR) but not the chloramphenicol-resistant gene (cat). Sequence alignment and BLAST analysis of the polymerase chain reaction products of the floR gene indicated that they contained sequences with homology to the floR gene of E. coli or Salmonella enterica serovar, Heidelberg. This is the first report on the detection of floR in STEC isolated from pork obtained from retail markets in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Heo
- Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Ko
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jo Kim
- Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Park
- Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Wee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin San Moon
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
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Burgán J, Krüger A, Lucchesi PMA. Comparable stx 2a expression and phage production levels between Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains from human and bovine origin. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 67:44-53. [PMID: 31868306 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) can cause diarrhoea and severe diseases in humans, such as haemolytic uraemic syndrome. STEC virulence is considered to correlate with the amount of Shiga toxins (Stx) produced, especially Stx2, whose subtype Stx2a is most frequently associated with high virulence. Stx are encoded in prophages, which play an important role in STEC pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate stx2a expression levels and Stx2a phage production using qPCR and the double-agar-layer method in 29 STEC strains, corresponding to serotypes O26:H11 (6), O91:H21 (1), O145:H- (11) and O157:H7 (11), isolated from cattle and humans. Results were then tested for possible associations with serotype, origin or some genetic features. We observed heterogeneous levels of stx2a expression and Stx2a phage production. However, statistical comparisons identified a higher stx2a expression in response to mitomycin C in strains isolated from cattle than in those from humans. At the same time, compared to stx2a /stx2c strains, stx2a strains showed a higher increase in phage production under induced conditions. Notably, most of the strains studied, regardless of serotype and origin, carried inducible Stx2a phages and evidenced expression of stx2a that increased along with phage production levels under induced conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Burgán
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), (CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA) Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Krüger
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), (CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA) Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula M A Lucchesi
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), (CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA) Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Identification and detection of iha subtypes in LEE-negative Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from humans, cattle and food. Heliyon 2019; 5:e03015. [PMID: 31879713 PMCID: PMC6920203 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
LEE-negative Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are important cause of infection in humans and they should be included in the public health surveillance systems. Some isolates have been associated with haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) but the mechanisms of pathogenicity are is a field continuos broadening of knowledge. The IrgA homologue adhesin (Iha), encoded by iha, is an adherence-conferring protein and also a siderophore receptor distributed among LEE-negative STEC strains. This study reports the presence of different subtypes of iha in LEE-negative STEC strains. We used genomic analyses to design PCR assays for detecting each of the different iha subtypes and also, all the subtypes simultaneously. LEE-negative STEC strains were designed and different localizations of this gene in STEC subgroups were examinated. Genomic analysis detected iha in a high percentage of LEE-negative STEC strains. These strains generally carried iha sequences similar to those harbored by the Locus of Adhesion and Autoaggregation (LAA) or by the plasmid pO113. Besides, almost half of the strains carried both subtypes. Similar results were observed by PCR, detecting iha LAA in 87% of the strains (117/135) and iha pO113 in 32% of strains (43/135). Thus, we designed PCR assays that allow rapid detection of iha subtypes harbored by LEE-negative strains. These results highlight the need to investigate the individual and orchestrated role of virulence genes that determine the STEC capacity of causing serious disease, which would allow for identification of target candidates to develop therapies against HUS.
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Virulence Genes, Shiga Toxin Subtypes, Serogroups, and Clonal Relationship of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia Coli Strains Isolated from Livestock and Companion Animals. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9100733. [PMID: 31569618 PMCID: PMC6826562 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli is a zoonotic pathogen that can cause severe illness in humans, and its circulating strains in the animal-human-environment interface exhibit great variability in terms of virulence and serotypes, where diverse animal species, mainly ruminants, play a fundamental role as reservoirs. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize strains of this pathogen present in cattle, swine, dogs, and cats in the Región Metropolitana, Chile, based on virulence, serogroups, and population diversity. Based on findings, the circulating strains isolated exhibit high variability and harbor genetic determinants associated with severe illness in humans, thus highlighting that preventive and control strategies should not be focused on detecting serogroups, but instead, on detecting their determinants of virulence. Abstract Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes severe illness in humans and is an important cause of foodborne disease. In Chile, there is limited information on the virulence characteristics of this pathogen in livestock, and none in companion animals. The aim of this study was to characterize STEC strains isolated from cattle, swine, dogs, and cats, in Chile, in terms of the presence of Shiga toxin types and subtypes, virulence genes, serogroups, and clonality. One-thousand two-hundred samples were collected, isolating 54 strains (4.5%), where stx1a (68.5%) and ehxA (74.1%) were the most frequently detected virulence genes. Only one strain belonging to the most clinically relevant serogroups was identified. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis analysis showed high clonal diversity among strains isolated from cattle, while those from swine showed the same pattern. This study provides further evidence regarding cattle and swine in Chile as a potential source of a wide variety of STEC strains that could potentially cause severe illness in humans, and that companion animals do not seem to represent a relevant reservoir. It also argues that preventive and control strategies should not be focused on detecting serogroups, but instead, on detecting their determinants of virulence.
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Hernandez LB, Cadona JS, Christensen M, Fernández D, Padola NL, Bustamante AV, Sanso AM. Virulence genes and genetic diversity assessment of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O91 strains from cattle, beef and poultry products. Microb Pathog 2018; 125:463-467. [PMID: 30300666 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O91 has ranked in the top five of the non-O157 serogroups most frequently associated with human cases. In order to gain insight into the genetic diversity of O91 Latin American STEC strains, we analyzed their virulence properties and carried out a subtyping assay. A panel of 21 virulence genetic markers associated with human and animal infections was evaluated and the relatedness among strains was determined by a multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) comprising 9 VNTR loci. Twenty-two STEC O91 isolated from cattle and meat food and belonging to 5 serotypes (O91:H21, O91:H8, O91:H14, O91:H28, O91:H40) were studied. Eight virulence profiles were obtained for the O91 STEC strains: 4 for O91:H21 plus one for O91:H8, O91:H14, O91:H28 and O91:H40. All strains contained ehxA and lpfA0113 genes and only both stx1-positive strains lacked saa, which encodes the STEC autoagglutinating adhesin. Other genes involved in adhesion were detected: ehaA (91%), elfA and espP (86%), ecpA (82%) and, hcpA (77%). The gene encoding the cytolethal distending toxin type-V (CDT-V) was found only in O91:H8 and O91:H21, being present in the majority (89%) of strains of this last serotype. MLVA typing divided the total number of strains into 12 genotypes, and 9 of them were unique to a single strain. No association was observed between the virulence profiles and the source of the strains. Although they lack the eae gene, most of the strains have the genetic potential to adhere to host cells through other structures and possess cdt-V, which has been found in STEC strains involved in serious diseases. The MLVA showed clonal relatedness among strains isolated from cattle belonged to a same dairy farm and suggested that the same clone remains circulating throughout the year and, on the other hand, the need to increase the number of VNTR loci which could allow a higher discrimination among O91:H21 isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Belén Hernandez
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Jimena Soledad Cadona
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Martín Christensen
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Daniel Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Nora Lía Padola
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Ana Victoria Bustamante
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Andrea Mariel Sanso
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, 7000, Tandil, Argentina.
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First report of the distribution of Locus of Adhesion and Autoaggregation (LAA) pathogenicity island in LEE-negative Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolates from Argentina. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:259-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Antimicrobial Resistance in Class 1 Integron-Positive Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Cattle, Pigs, Food and Farm Environment. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6040099. [PMID: 30274159 PMCID: PMC6313391 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6040099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of class 1 integrons in a collection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) from different origins and to characterize pheno- and genotypically the antimicrobial resistance associated to them. A collection of 649 isolates were screened for the class 1 integrase gene (intI1) by Polymerase chain reaction The variable region of class 1 integrons was amplified and sequenced. Positive strains were evaluated for the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes with microarray and for antimicrobial susceptibility by the disk diffusion method. Seven out of 649 STEC strains some to serogroups, O26, O103 and O130 isolated from cattle, chicken burger, farm environment and pigs were identified as positive for intl1. Different arrangements of gene cassettes were detected in the variable region of class 1 integron: dfrA16, aadA23 and dfrA1-aadA1. In almost all strains, phenotypic resistance to streptomycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and sulfisoxazole was observed. Microarray analyses showed that most of the isolates carried four or more antimicrobial resistance markers and STEC strains were categorized as Multridrug-resistant. Although antimicrobials are not usually used in the treatment of STEC infections, the presence of Multridrug-resistant in isolates collected from farm and food represents a risk for animal and human health.
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Colello R, Ruiz MJ, Padín VM, Rogé AD, Leotta G, Padola NL, Etcheverría AI. Detection and Characterization of Salmonella Serotypes in the Production Chain of Two Pig Farms in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1370. [PMID: 30002649 PMCID: PMC6031755 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella in the pork production chain and to characterize Salmonella isolates. From 764 samples, 35 (4.6%) were positive for Salmonella spp., as determined by biochemical tests and the presence of the invA gene. From these, 2.6, 2.0, 8.8, and 8.0% corresponded to samples collected from farms, slaughterhouses, boning rooms and retail markets, respectively. Salmonella strains were classified into five serotypes and distributed as follows: S. Typhimurium in the pork production chain, S. Kentucky in farms and slaughterhouses, S. Brandenburg in slaughterhouses, S. Livingstone in farms and S. Agona in boning rooms and retail markets. Interestingly, the antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicated that all 35 Salmonella spp.-positive isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, and 30 were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and resistant to different classes of antibiotics. The enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) analysis showed clonal relatedness among strains isolated from farms, boning rooms and retail markets. The presence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella in food poses a potential health hazard to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Colello
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - María J Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Valeria M Padín
- Servicio Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ariel D Rogé
- Servicio Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Leotta
- Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora Lía Padola
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Analía I Etcheverría
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
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Pathogenicity Islands Distribution in Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9020081. [PMID: 29439390 PMCID: PMC5852577 DOI: 10.3390/genes9020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are foodborne pathogens associated with outbreaks and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Cattle and meat foods are the main reservoir and infection source, respectively. Pathogenicity islands (PAIs) play an important role in STEC pathogenicity, and non-locus of the enterocyte effacement(LEE) effector (nle) genes present on them encode translocated substrates of the type III secretion system. A molecular risk assessment based on the evaluation of the nle content has been used to predict which STEC strains pose a risk to humans. The goal was to investigate the distribution of the PAIs OI (O-island)-36 (nleB2, nleC, nleH1-1, nleD), OI-57 (nleG2-3, nleG5-2, nleG6-2), OI-71 (nleA, nleF, nleG, nleG2-1, nleG9, nleH1-2) and OI-122 (ent/espL2, nleB, nleE, Z4321, Z4326, Z4332, Z4333) among 204 clinical, food and animal isolates belonging to 52 non-O157:H7 serotypes. Differences in the frequencies of genetic markers and a wide spectrum of PAI virulence profiles were found. In most LEE-negative strains, only module 1 (Z4321) of OI-122 was present. However, some unusual eae-negative strains were detected, which carried other PAI genes. The cluster analysis, excluding isolates that presented no genes, defined two major groups: eae-negative (determined as seropathotypes (SPTs) D, E or without determination, isolated from cattle or food) and eae-positive (mostly identified as SPTs B, C, or not determined).
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Cáceres ME, Etcheverría AI, Fernández D, Rodríguez EM, Padola NL. Variation in the Distribution of Putative Virulence and Colonization Factors in Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Different Categories of Cattle. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:147. [PMID: 28503491 PMCID: PMC5408013 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are pathogens of significant public health concern. Several studies have confirmed that cattle are the main reservoir of STEC in Argentina and other countries. Although Shiga toxins represent the primary virulence factors of STEC, the adherence and colonization of the gut are also important in the pathogenesis of the bacteria. The aim of this study was to analyze and to compare the presence of putative virulence factors codified in plasmid -katP, espP, subA, stcE- and adhesins involved in colonization of cattle -efa1, iha- in 255 native STEC strains isolated from different categories of cattle from different production systems. The most prevalent gene in all strains was espP, and the less prevalent was stcE. katP was highly detected in strains isolated from young and rearing calves (33.3%), while subA was predominant in those isolated from adults (71.21%). Strains from young calves showed the highest percentage of efa1 (72.46%), while iha showed a high distribution in strains from rearing calves and adults (87.04 and 98.48% respectively). It was observed that espP and iha were widely distributed throughout all strains, whereas katP, stcE, and efa1 were more associated with the presence of eae and subA with the eae-negative strains. A great proportion of eae-negative strains were isolated from adults -dairy and grazing farms- and from rearing calves -dairy and feedlot-, while mostly of the eae-positive strains were isolated from dairy young calves. Data exposed indicate a correlation between the category of the animal and the production systems with the presence or absence of several genes implicated in adherence and virulence of STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Cáceres
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil, CONICET, CICPBATandil, Argentina
| | - Analía I Etcheverría
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil, CONICET, CICPBATandil, Argentina
| | - Daniel Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias VeterinariasTandil, Argentina
| | - Edgardo M Rodríguez
- Área de Bioestadística, Departamento Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias VeterinariasTandil, Argentina
| | - Nora L Padola
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil, CONICET, CICPBATandil, Argentina
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Virulence traits and different nle profiles in cattle and human verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains from Argentina. Microb Pathog 2017; 102:102-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Cadona JS, Bustamante AV, González J, Sanso AM. Genetic Relatedness and Novel Sequence Types of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Strains Isolated in Argentina. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:93. [PMID: 27625995 PMCID: PMC5003923 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a foodborne pathogen responsible for severe disease in humans such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and cattle, the principal reservoir. Identification of the clones/lineages is important as several characteristics, among them propensity to cause disease varies with STEC phylogenetic origin. At present, we do not know what STEC clones, especially of non-O157:H7, are circulating in Argentina. To fill this knowledge gap we assessed the genetic diversity of STEC strains isolated in Argentina from various sources, mostly cattle and food, using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Our objectives were to determine the phylogenetic relationships among strains and to compare them with strains from different geographic origins, especially with those from clinical human cases, in order to evaluate their potential health risk. A total of 59 STEC isolates from 41 serotypes were characterized by MLST. Analysis using EcMLST database identified 38 sequence types (ST), 17 (45%) of which were new STs detected in 18 serotypes. Fifteen out of 38 STs identified were grouped into 11 clonal groups (CGs) and, 23 not grouped in any of the defined CGs. Different STs were found in the same serotype. Results highlighted a high degree of phylogenetic heterogeneity among Argentinean strains and they showed that several cattle and food isolates belonged to the same STs that are commonly associated with clinical human cases in several geographical areas. STEC is a significant public health concern. Argentina has the highest incidence of HUS in the world and this study provides the first data about which STEC clones are circulating. Data showed that most of them might pose a serious zoonotic risk and this information is important for developing public health initiatives. However, the actual potential risk will be defined by the virulence profiles, which may differ among isolates belonging to the same ST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena S Cadona
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Argentina
| | - Ana V Bustamante
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Argentina
| | - Juliana González
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Argentina
| | - A Mariel Sanso
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Argentina
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Lenzi LJ, Lucchesi PMA, Medico L, Burgán J, Krüger A. Effect of the Food Additives Sodium Citrate and Disodium Phosphate on Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli and Production of stx-Phages and Shiga toxin. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:992. [PMID: 27446032 PMCID: PMC4917541 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction and propagation of bacteriophages along the food production chain can represent a significant risk when bacteriophages carry genes for potent toxins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different compounds used in the food industry on the growth of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and the production of stx-phage particles and Shiga toxin. We tested the in vitro effect of lactic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, disodium phosphate, and sodium citrate on STEC growth. A bacteriostatic effect was observed in most of treated cultures. The exceptions were those treated with sodium citrate and disodium phosphate in which similar growth curves to the untreated control were observed, but with reduced OD600 values. Evaluation of phage production by plaque-based assays showed that cultures treated with sodium citrate and disodium phosphate released phages in similar o lower levels than untreated cultures. However, semi-quantification of Stx revealed higher levels of extracellular Stx in STEC cultures treated with 2.5% sodium citrate than in untreated cultures. Our results reinforce the importance to evaluate if additives and other treatments used to decrease bacterial contamination in food induce stx-phage and Stx production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Lenzi
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil Argentina
| | - Paula M A Lucchesi
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, TandilArgentina; Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA, TandilArgentina
| | - Lucía Medico
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil Argentina
| | - Julia Burgán
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, TandilArgentina; Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA, TandilArgentina
| | - Alejandra Krüger
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, TandilArgentina; Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA, TandilArgentina
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Mohammed AN, Abdel-Latef GK, Abdel-Azeem NM, El-Dakhly KM. Ecological study on antimicrobial-resistant zoonotic bacteria transmitted by flies in cattle farms. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3889-96. [PMID: 27245073 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Flies were qualitatively and quantitatively monitored on both livestock animals and the surrounding environment to investigate their role as a potential carrier for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria of zoonotic importance in cattle farms. This was done by the use of visual observations and animal photography; meanwhile, in the surrounding environment, flies were collected using sticky cards and then microscopically identified. Representative fly samples were cultured for bacterial isolation, biochemical identification, and then tested against common 12 antibiotics. The total average of dipterous flies in examined farms was 400.42 ± 6.2. Culicoides biting midges were the most common existing species (70.01 %) followed by house flies, stable flies, and mosquitoes (18.31, 7.74, and 3.91 %, respectively) at X (2) = 9.0, P < 0.05. The most predominant bacterial isolates were Escherichia coli (22.6 %), Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter (17.3 % each), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS) (14.7 %), Klebsiella sp. (8 %), Salmonella spp. (6.7 %), and Shigella spp. and Proteus spp. (6.7 % each). The tested bacterial isolates were resistant to variant antibiotics used. S. aureus exhibited 100 % resistance to colistine. However, E. coli revealed 92.9 and 78.6 % resistance against tetracycline and colistine, respectively. Both Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. were 100 % resistant to penicillin, and Klebsiella sp. had 100 % resistance to tetracycline. In conclusion, Culicoides biting midges and house flies could be considered as a potential carrier for multi-drug-resistant bacteria of zoonotic importance. Furthermore, cows' environment has an essential role in propagation and wide spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa N Mohammed
- Department of Hygiene, Management and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Gihan K Abdel-Latef
- Department of Hygiene, Management and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Naglaa M Abdel-Azeem
- Department of Hygiene, Management and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Khaled Mohamed El-Dakhly
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
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Colello R, Cáceres ME, Ruiz MJ, Sanz M, Etcheverría AI, Padola NL. From Farm to Table: Follow-Up of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Throughout the Pork Production Chain in Argentina. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:93. [PMID: 26903972 PMCID: PMC4744844 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are important reservoirs of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). The entrance of these strains into the food chain implies a risk to consumers because of the severity of hemolytic uremic syndrome. This study reports the prevalence and characterization of STEC throughout the pork production chain. From 764 samples, 31 (4.05%) were stx positive by PCR screening. At farms, 2.86% of samples were stx positive; at slaughter, 4.08% of carcasses were stx positive and at boning rooms, 6% of samples were stx positive. These percentages decreased in pork meat ready for sale at sales markets (4.59%). From positive samples, 50 isolates could be characterized. At farms 37.5% of the isolates carried stx1/stx2 genes, 37.5% possessed stx2e and 25%, carried only stx2. At slaughter we detected 50% of isolates positive for stx2, 33% for stx2e, and 16% for stx1/stx2. At boning rooms 59% of the isolates carried stx1/stx2, 14% stx2e, and 5% stx1/stx2/stx2e. At retail markets 66% of isolates were positive for stx2, 17% stx2e, and 17% stx1/stx2. For the other virulence factors, ehxA and saa were not detected and eae gene was detected in 12% of the isolates. Concerning putative adhesins, agn43 was detected in 72%, ehaA in 26%, aida in 8%, and iha in 6% of isolates. The strains were typed into 14 E. coli O groups (O1, O2, O8, O15, O20, O35, O69, O78, O91, O121, O138, O142, O157, O180) and 10 H groups (H9, H10, H16, H21, H26, H29, H30, H32, H45, H46). This study reports the prevalence and characterization of STEC strains through the chain pork suggesting the vertical transmission. STEC contamination originates in the farms and is transferred from pigs to carcasses in the slaughter process and increase in meat pork at boning rooms and sales markets. These results highlight the need to implement an integrated STEC control system based on good management practices on the farm and critical control point systems in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Colello
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Argentina
| | - María E Cáceres
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Argentina
| | - María J Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Sanz
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Argentina
| | - Analía I Etcheverría
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Argentina
| | - Nora L Padola
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Argentina
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Zotta CM, Lavayén S, Nario F, Piquín A. Detección de Escherichia Coli productor de toxina Shiga en vísceras e animales bovinos y pollos destinadas para el consumo humano. JOURNAL OF THE SELVA ANDINA RESEARCH SOCIETY 2016. [DOI: 10.36610/j.jsars.2016.070100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Lambertini E, Karns JS, Van Kessel JAS, Cao H, Schukken YH, Wolfgang DR, Smith JM, Pradhan AK. Dynamics of Escherichia coli Virulence Factors in Dairy Herds and Farm Environments in a Longitudinal Study in the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:4477-88. [PMID: 25911478 PMCID: PMC4475889 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00465-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Escherichia coli or its associated virulence factors have been frequently detected in dairy cow manure, milk, and dairy farm environments. However, it is unclear what the long-term dynamics of E. coli virulence factors are and which farm compartments act as reservoirs. This study assessed the occurrence and dynamics of four E. coli virulence factors (eae, stx1, stx2, and the gamma allele of the tir gene [γ-tir]) on three U.S. dairy farms. Fecal, manure, water, feed, milk, and milk filter samples were collected from 2004 to 2012. Virulence factors were measured by postenrichment quantitative PCR (qPCR). All factors were detected in most compartments on all farms. Fecal and manure samples showed the highest prevalence, up to 53% for stx and 21% for γ-tir in fecal samples and up to 84% for stx and 44% for γ-tir in manure. Prevalence was low in milk (up to 1.9% for stx and 0.7% for γ-tir). However, 35% of milk filters were positive for stx and 20% were positive for γ-tir. All factors were detected in feed and water. Factor prevalence and levels, expressed as qPCR cycle threshold categories, fluctuated significantly over time, with no clear seasonal signal independent from year-to-year variability. Levels were correlated between fecal and manure samples, and in some cases autocorrelated, but not between manure and milk filters. Shiga toxins were nearly ubiquitous, and 10 to 18% of the lactating cows were potential shedders of E. coli O157 at least once during their time in the herds. E. coli virulence factors appear to persist in many areas of the farms and therefore contribute to transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Lambertini
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Karns
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jo Ann S Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Huilin Cao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Ynte H Schukken
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA GD Animal Health, Deventer, Netherlands
| | - David R Wolfgang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julia M Smith
- Department of Animal Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Abani K Pradhan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Livezey KW, Groschel B, Becker MM. Use of the ecf1 gene to detect Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in beef samples. J Food Prot 2015; 78:675-84. [PMID: 25836391 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and six serovars (O26, O103, O121, O111, O145, and O45) are frequently implicated in severe clinical illness worldwide. Standard testing methods using stx, eae, and O serogroup-specific gene sequences for detecting the top six non-O157 STEC bear the disadvantage that these genes may reside, independently, in different nonpathogenic organisms, leading to false-positive results. The ecf operon has previously been identified in the large enterohemolysin-encoding plasmid of eae-positive Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). Here, we explored the utility of the ecf operon as a single marker to detect eae-positive STEC from pure broth and primary meat enrichments. Analysis of 501 E. coli isolates demonstrated a strong correlation (99.6%) between the presence of the ecf1 gene and the combined presence of stx, eae, and ehxA genes. Two large studies were carried out to determine the utility of an ecf1 detection assay to detect non-O157 STEC strains in enriched meat samples in comparison to the results using the U. S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) method that detects stx and eae genes. In ground beef samples (n = 1,065), the top six non-O157 STEC were detected in 4.0% of samples by an ecf1 detection assay and in 5.0% of samples by the stx- and eae-based method. In contrast, in beef samples composed largely of trim (n = 1,097), the top six non-O157 STEC were detected at 1.1% by both methods. Estimation of false-positive rates among the top six non-O157 STEC revealed a lower rate using the ecf1 detection method (0.5%) than using the eae and stx screening method (1.1%). Additionally, the ecf1 detection assay detected STEC strains associated with severe illness that are not included in the FSIS regulatory definition of adulterant STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin W Livezey
- Roka Bioscience, Inc., 10398 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Bettina Groschel
- Roka Bioscience, Inc., 10398 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Michael M Becker
- Roka Bioscience, Inc., 10398 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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25
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Colello R, Etcheverría AI, Conza JAD, Gutkind GO, Padola NL. Antibiotic resistance and integrons in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:1-5. [PMID: 26221083 PMCID: PMC4512044 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246120130698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) cause hemorrhagic colitis (HC) and hemolytic-uremic syndrome in humans (HUS). Cattle are the main reservoir of STEC and transmission to humans occurs through contaminated food and water. Antibiotics are used in pig production systems to combat disease and improve productivity and play a key role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes to the bacteria. Integrons have been identified in resistant bacteria allowing for the acquisition and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes. STEC strains isolated from humans and animals have developed antibiotic resistance. In our laboratory, 21 non-157 STEC strains isolated from pigs were analyzed to detect class 1 and 2 integrons by PCR. Eight carried integrons, 7 of them harbored intl2. In another study 545 STEC strains were also analyzed for the presence of intl1 and intl2 . Strains carrying intl1 belonged to isolates from environment (n = 1), chicken hamburger (n = 2), dairy calves (n = 4) and pigs (n = 8). Two strains isolated from pigs harbored intl2 and only one intl1 / intl2 , highlighting the presence of intl2 in pigs. The selection for multiresistant strains may contribute to the emergence of antibiotic resistant pathogens and facilitate the spreading of the mobile resistance elements to other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Colello
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional the Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía I. Etcheverría
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional the Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jose A. Di Conza
- Laboratorio de Resistencia Microbiana, Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel O. Gutkind
- Laboratorio de Resistencia Microbiana, Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora L. Padola
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional the Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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26
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Kirsch KR, Taylor TM, Griffin D, Castillo A, Marx DB, Smith L. Growth of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and impacts of chilling and post-inoculation storage on STEC attachment to beef surfaces. Food Microbiol 2014; 44:236-42. [PMID: 25084668 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Concern has been expressed surrounding the utility of studies describing the efficacy of antimicrobial interventions targeting the Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) that inoculate chilled versus non-chilled beef carcasses. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of chilling (non-chilled, chilled to surface temperature of ≤5 °C) on STEC attachment to brisket surfaces, and the effects of post-inoculation storage on STEC recovery. Paired briskets from split carcasses were separated; one brisket from each pair was kept non-chilled, while the other was chilled to a surface temperature of ≤5 °C prior to inoculation. Briskets were inoculated with a cocktail of eight STEC and then stored at 5 or 25 °C. At 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min post-inoculation, 30 cm(2) of tissue was aseptically excised, followed by selective enumeration of strongly and loosely attached STEC. A significant, though small (0.4 log10 CFU/cm(2)), difference in the numbers of strongly attached cells was observed between non-chilled and chilled briskets (p < 0.05). Significant effects on cell attachment by the interaction of chilling and post-inoculation storage period, or chilling and post-inoculation storage temperature, were identified (p < 0.05). Results indicate beef chilling and post-inoculation storage conditions influenced STEC attachment to beef.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie R Kirsch
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA
| | - T Matthew Taylor
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA.
| | - Davey Griffin
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - Alejandro Castillo
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - David B Marx
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Lynette Smith
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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Miko A, Rivas M, Bentancor A, Delannoy S, Fach P, Beutin L. Emerging types of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) O178 present in cattle, deer, and humans from Argentina and Germany. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:78. [PMID: 24987616 PMCID: PMC4060028 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 400 serotypes of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have been implicated in outbreaks and sporadic human diseases. In recent years STEC strains belonging to serogroup O178 have been commonly isolated from cattle and food of bovine origin in South America and Europe. In order to explore the significance of these STEC strains as potential human pathogens, 74 German and Argentinean E. coli O178 strains from animals, food and humans were characterized phenotypically and investigated for their serotypes, stx-genotypes and 43 virulence-associated markers by a real-time PCR-microarray. The majority (n = 66) of the O178 strains belonged to serotype O178:H19. The remaining strains divided into O178:H7 (n = 6), O178:H10 (n = 1), and O178:H16 (n = 1). STEC O178:H19 strains were mainly isolated from cattle and food of bovine origin, but one strain was from a patient with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Genotyping of the STEC O178:H19 strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed two major clusters of genetically highly related strains which differ in their stx-genotypes and non-Stx putative virulence traits, including adhesins, toxins, and serine-proteases. Cluster A-strains including the HUS-strain (n = 35) carried genes associated with severe disease in humans (stx2a, stx2d, ehxA, saa, subAB1, lpfAO113 , terE combined with stx1a, espP, iha). Cluster B-strains (n = 26) showed a limited repertoire of virulence genes (stx2c, pagC, lpfAO113 , espP, iha). Among O178:H7 strains isolated from deer meat and patients with uncomplicated disease a new STEC variant was detected that is associated with the genotype stx1c/stx2b/ehxA/subAB2/espI/[terE]/espP/iha. None of the STEC O178 strains was positive for locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE)- and nle-genes. Results indicate that STEC O178:H19 strains belong to the growing group of LEE-negative STEC that should be considered with respect to their potential to cause diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Miko
- Division of Microbial Toxins, National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)Berlin, Germany
| | - Marta Rivas
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Bacteriología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Bentancor
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sabine Delannoy
- Food Safety Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health (Anses)Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Patrick Fach
- Food Safety Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health (Anses)Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Lothar Beutin
- Division of Microbial Toxins, National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)Berlin, Germany
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28
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Comparison of 2 proposed MLVA protocols for subtyping non-O157:H7 verotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 78:328-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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Zhao L, Tyler P, Starnes J, Bratcher C, Rankins D, McCaskey T, Wang L. Correlation analysis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli
shedding and faecal bacterial composition in beef cattle. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:591-603. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Zhao
- Food Microbiology and Safety Lab, Department of Animal Sciences; Auburn University; Auburn AL USA
| | - P.J. Tyler
- Food Microbiology and Safety Lab, Department of Animal Sciences; Auburn University; Auburn AL USA
| | - J. Starnes
- Ruminant Nutrition Lab, Department of Animal Sciences; Auburn University; Auburn AL USA
| | - C.L. Bratcher
- Meat Lab, Department of Animal Sciences; Auburn University; Auburn AL USA
| | - D. Rankins
- Ruminant Nutrition Lab, Department of Animal Sciences; Auburn University; Auburn AL USA
| | - T.A. McCaskey
- Food Microbiology and Safety Lab, Department of Animal Sciences; Auburn University; Auburn AL USA
| | - L. Wang
- Food Microbiology and Safety Lab, Department of Animal Sciences; Auburn University; Auburn AL USA
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30
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Etcheverría AI, Padola NL. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: factors involved in virulence and cattle colonization. Virulence 2013; 4:366-72. [PMID: 23624795 PMCID: PMC3714128 DOI: 10.4161/viru.24642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) cause hemorrhagic colitis (HC) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans. Outbreaks are linked to bovine food sources. STEC O157:H7 has been responsible for the most severe outbreaks worldwide. However, non-O157 serotypes have emerged as important enteric pathogens in several countries. The main virulence factor of STEC is the production of Shiga toxins 1 and 2. Additional virulence markers are a plasmid-encoded enterohemolysin (ehxA), an autoagglutinating adhesin (Saa), a catalase-peroxidase (katP), an extracellular serine protease (espP), a zinc metalloprotease (stcE), a subtilase cytotoxin (subAB), among others. Other virulence factors are intimin and adhesins that had a roll in the adherence of STEC to bovine colon. This review focuses on the virulence traits of STEC and especially on those related to the adhesion to bovine colon. The known of the interaction between STEC and the bovine host is crucial to develop strategies to control cattle colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analía Inés Etcheverría
- Laboratorio de Imunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina.
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31
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Cadona JS, Bustamante AV, Parma AE, Lucchesi PMA, Sanso AM. Distribution of additional virulence factors related to adhesion and toxicity in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from raw products in Argentina. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 56:449-55. [PMID: 23488818 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A total of 73 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates, belonging to 25 serotypes and isolated from raw products in Argentina, were examined for the occurrence of genes responsible for bacterial adhesions to intestine, ehaA (EHEC autotransporter), lpfAO113 (long polar fimbriae), sab (STEC autotransporter [AT] contributing to biofilm formation), ecpA (E. coli common pilus), hcpA (haemorrhagic coli pilus), elfA (E. coli laminin-binding fimbriae), sfpA (sorbitol-fermenting EHEC O157 fimbriae plasmid-encoded) and of the toxigenic gene cdt-V (cytolethal distending toxin). Our study showed different adhesin profiles that are not linked to one specific serotype and that all analysed isolates possess, besides stx genes, some adherence genes. Several of the isolates contained also multiple toxin genes. The results of the present work alert the presence of genes coding for additional adhesins and cdt-V toxin in LEE-negative STEC strains that occur in foods, and this traits could increase their pathogenic potential. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Meat products are one of the main vehicles of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, and the presence of genes coding for additional adhesins and toxins could increase their pathogenic potential. There is a need for a more detailed characterization of the strains in regard to these extra virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Cadona
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, CIVETAN-Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Pcia. de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
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Sparo M, Confalonieri A, Urbizu L, Ceci M, Bruni SS. Bio-preservation of ground beef meat by Enterococcus faecalis CECT7121. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:43-9. [PMID: 24159282 PMCID: PMC3804176 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013005000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Meat and particularly ground beef is frequently associated with Food Poisoning episodes and breeches in Food Safety. The main goal of this research was to evaluate the bactericide effect of the probiotic Enterococcus faecalis CECT7121, against different pathogens as: Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens and Listeria monocytogenes, inoculated in ground beef meat. Three studies were performed to evaluate the inhibition of E. faecalis CECT7121 on ground beef meat samples inoculated with pathogens: Study I: Samples (100 g meat) were inoculated with pathogens (10(3) CFU/g)) and E. faecalis CECT7121 (10(4) CFU/g) simultaneously. Study II: Samples were inoculated with E. faecalis CECT7121 24 h before the pathogens. Study III: E. faecalis CECT7121were inoculated 24 h after pathogens. The viable counts were performed at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h post-inoculation. The simultaneous inoculation of E. faecalis CECT7121 with E. coli O157:H7 strains resulted in the absence of viable counts of bacteria at 72 h post-treatment. However, when the probiotic was added 24 h before and 24 h after the pathogen E. coli O157:H7, viable cells were not detected at 24 h and 48 h post-treatment, respectively. Consistently, neither S. aureus nor Cl. perfringens viable bacteria were detected at 48 h in whole assays when inoculated with E. faecalis CECT7121. The same trend than described before was obtained after applying the 3 models assayed for L. monocytogenes. The current assays demonstrated the bactericide activity of E. faecalis CECT7121 strain on bacterial pathogens in ground beef meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.D. Sparo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones Veterinarias Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Tandil, Argentina
| | - A. Confalonieri
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones Veterinarias Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Tandil, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Tandil, Argentina
| | - L. Urbizu
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones Veterinarias Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Tandil, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Tandil, Argentina
| | - M. Ceci
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - S.F. Sánchez Bruni
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones Veterinarias Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Tandil, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Tandil, Argentina
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Brusa V, Aliverti V, Aliverti F, Ortega EE, de la Torre JH, Linares LH, Sanz ME, Etcheverría AI, Padola NL, Galli L, Peral García P, Copes J, Leotta GA. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in beef retail markets from Argentina. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 2:171. [PMID: 23346554 PMCID: PMC3548221 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are foodborne pathogens that cause mild or serious diseases and can lead to people death. This study reports the prevalence and characteristics of STEC O157 and non-O157 in commercial ground beef and environmental samples, including meat table, knife, meat mincing machine, and manipulator hands (n = 450) obtained from 90 retail markets over a nine-month period. The STEC isolates were serotyped and virulence genes as stx (Shiga toxin), rfb(O157)] (O157 lipopolysaccharide), fliC(H7) (H7 flagellin), eae (intimin), ehxA (enterohemolysin) and saa (STEC autoagglutinating adhesin), were determined. STEC O157 were identified in 23 (25.5%) beef samples and 16 (4.4%) environmental samples, while STEC non-O157 were present in 47 (52.2%) and 182 (50.5%), respectively. Among 54 strains isolated, 17 were STEC O157:H7 and 37 were STEC non-O157. The prevalent genotype for O157 was stx(2)/eae/ehxA/fliC(H7) (83.4%), and for STEC non-O157 the most frequent ones were stx(1)/stx(2)/saa/ehxA (29.7%); stx(2) (29.7%); and stx(2)/saa/ehxA (27%). None of the STEC non-O157 strains were eae-positive. Besides O157:H7, other 20 different serotypes were identified, being O8:H19, O178:H19, and O174:H28 the prevalent. Strains belonging to the same serotype could be isolated from different sources of the same retail market. Also, the same serotype could be detected in different stores. In conclusion, screening techniques are increasingly sensitive, but the isolation of STEC non-O157 is still a challenge. Moreover, with the results obtained from the present work, although more studies are needed, cross-contamination between meat and the environment could be suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Brusa
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout", Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT-La Plata, CONICET Buenos Aires, Argentina
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34
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Bustamante AV, Sanso AM, Parma AE, Lucchesi PMA. Subtyping of STEC by MLVA in Argentina. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:111. [PMID: 22919698 PMCID: PMC3424435 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) causes serious human illness such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Argentina has the world’s highest rate of this syndrome, which is the leading cause of acute renal failure among children. E. coli O157:H7 is the most common cause of HUS, but a substantial and growing proportion of this illness is caused by infection due to non-O157 strains. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) has become an established technique to subtype STEC. This review will address the use of routine STEC subtyping by MLVA in order to type this group of isolates and to get insight into the genetic diversity of native STEC. With regard to these objectives we modified and adapted two MLVA protocols, one exclusive for O157 and the other, a generic E. coli assay. A total of 202 STEC isolates, from different sources and corresponding to 20 serotypes, have been MLVA genotyped in our laboratory. In our experience, MLVA constitutes a very sensitive tool and enables us to perform an efficient STEC subtyping. The diversity found in many serotypes may be useful for future epidemiological studies of STEC clonality, applied to O157 as well as to non-O157 isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana V Bustamante
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Argentina.
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Parma YR, Chacana PA, Lucchesi PMA, Rogé A, Granobles Velandia CV, Krüger A, Parma AE, Fernández-Miyakawa ME. Detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using chicken egg yolk IgY antibodies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:84. [PMID: 22919675 PMCID: PMC3417390 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), a subset of Shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC) is associated with a spectrum of diseases that includes diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and a life-threatening hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Regardless of serotype, Shiga toxins (Stx1 and/or Stx2) are uniformly expressed by all EHEC, and so exploitable targets for laboratory diagnosis of these pathogens. In this study, a sandwich ELISA for determination of Shiga toxin (Stx) was developed using anti-Stx2B subunit antibodies and its performance was compared with that of the Vero cell assay and a commercial immunoassay kit. Chicken IgY was used as capture antibody and a HRP-conjugated rabbit IgG as the detection antibody. The anti-Stx2B IgY was harvested from eggs laid by hens immunized with a recombinant protein fragment. Several parameters were tested in order to optimize the sandwich ELISA assay, including concentration of antibodies, type and concentration of blocking agent, and incubation temperatures. Supernatants from 42 STEC strains of different serotypes and stx variants, including stx2EDL933, stx2vha, stx2vhb, stx2g, stx1EDL933, and stx1d were tested. All Stx variants were detected by the sandwich ELISA, with a detection limit of 115 ng/ml Stx2. Twenty three strains negative for stx genes, including different bacteria species, showed no activity in Vero cell assay and produced negative results in ELISA, except for two strains. Our results show that anti-Stx2B IgY sandwich ELISA could be used in routine diagnosis as a rapid, specific and economic method for detection of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y R Parma
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25 (1712), Castelar Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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36
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Polifroni R, Etcheverría AI, Sanz ME, Cepeda RE, Krüger A, Lucchesi PMA, Fernández D, Parma AE, Padola NL. Molecular characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from the environment of a dairy farm. Curr Microbiol 2012; 65:337-43. [PMID: 22706777 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Environmental samples were taken from ground, cattle water troughs, and feeders from a dairy farm with different STEC prevalence between animal categories (weaning calves, rearing calves, and dairy cows). Overall, 23 % of samples were positive for stx genes, stx(2) being the most prevalent type. Isolates were analyzed by PCR monoplex to confirm generic E. coli and by two multiplex PCR to investigate the presence of stx(1), stx(2), eae, saa, ehxA, and other putative virulence genes encoded in STEC plasmids: katP, espP, subA, and stcE. The toxin genes were subtyped and the strains were serotyped. The ground and the environment of the rearing calves were the sites with the highest number of STEC-positive samples; however, cattle water troughs and the environment of cows were the places with the greater chance of finding stx(2EDL933) which is a subtype associated with serious disease in humans. Several non-O157 STEC serotypes were detected. The serotypes O8:H19; O26:H11; O26:H-; O118:H2; O141:H-; and O145:H- have been asociated with human illness. Furthermore, the emergent pathogen STEC O157:H- (stx(1)-ehxA-eae) was detected in the environment of the weaning calves. These results emphasize the risk that represents the environment as source of STEC, a potential pathogen for human and suggest the importance of developing control methods designed to prevent contaminations of food products and transmission from animal to person.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Polifroni
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Dpto. SAMP, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
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37
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Gao Y, Liu B, Strum S, Schutzbach JS, Druzhinina TN, Utkina NS, Torgov VI, Danilov LL, Veselovsky VV, Vlahakis JZ, Szarek WA, Wang L, Brockhausen I. Biochemical characterization of WbdN, a β1,3-glucosyltransferase involved in O-antigen synthesis in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157. Glycobiology 2012; 22:1092-102. [PMID: 22556057 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The enterohemorrhagic O157 strain of Escherichia coli, which is one of the most well-known bacterial pathogens, has an O-antigen repeating unit structure with the sequence [-2-d-Rha4NAcα1-3-l-Fucα1-4-d-Glcβ1-3-d-GalNAcα1-]. The O-antigen gene cluster of E. coli O157 contains the genes responsible for the assembly of this repeating unit and includes wbdN. In spite of cloning many O-antigen genes, biochemical characterization has been done on very few enzymes involved in O-antigen synthesis. In this work, we expressed the wbdN gene in E. coli BL21, and the His-tagged protein was purified. WbdN activity was characterized using the donor substrate UDP-[(14)C]Glc and the synthetic acceptor substrate GalNAcα-O-PO(3)-PO(3)-(CH(2))(11)-O-Ph. The enzyme product was isolated by high pressure liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry showed that one Glc residue was transferred to the acceptor by WbdN. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the product structure indicated that Glc was β1-3 linked to GalNAc. WbdN contains a conserved DxD motif and requires divalent metal ions for full activity. WbdN activity has an optimal pH between 7 and 8 and is highly specific for UDP-Glc as the donor substrate. GalNAcα derivatives lacking the diphosphate group were inactive as substrates, and the enzyme did not transfer Glc to GlcNAcα-O-PO(3)-PO(3)-(CH(2))(11)-O-Ph. Our results illustrate that WbdN is a specific UDP-Glc:GalNAcα-diphosphate-lipid β1,3-Glc-transferase. The enzyme is a target for the development of inhibitors to block O157-antigen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Gao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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38
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Enteropathogenic (EPEC) and Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) in broiler chickens and derived products at different retail stores. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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39
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Etcheverría AI, Arroyo GH, Alzola R, Parma AE. Reduction of Adherence of E. coli O157:H7 to HEp-2 Cells and to Bovine Large Intestinal Mucosal Explants by Colicinogenic E. coli. ISRN MICROBIOLOGY 2011; 2011:697020. [PMID: 23724308 PMCID: PMC3658800 DOI: 10.5402/2011/697020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli strains (EHEC) had emerged as foodborne pathogens and cause in human diarrhea and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Because of the widespread distribution of EHEC serotypes and O157 and non-O157 in cattle population, its control will require interventions at the farm level such as the administration of probiotics that produce inhibitory metabolites. E. coli O157:H7 shows tissue tropisms for the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of cattle. The aim of this study was to test the ability of a colicinogenic E. coli (isolated from bovine) to reduce the adherence of E. coli O157:H7 to HEp-2 cells and to GIT of cattle. We inoculated HEp-2 cells and bovine colon explants with both kinds of strains. Colicinogenic E. coli was able to reduce the adherence of E. coli O157:H7 to HEp-2 cells and to bovine tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Etcheverría
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pinto 399 (7000), Tandil, Argentina
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40
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Masana MO, D'Astek BA, Palladino PM, Galli L, Del Castillo LL, Carbonari C, Leotta GA, Vilacoba E, Irino K, Rivas M. Genotypic characterization of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in beef abattoirs of Argentina. J Food Prot 2011; 74:2008-17. [PMID: 22186039 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) contamination in carcasses and feces of 811 bovines in nine beef abattoirs from Argentina was analyzed during a period of 17 months. The feces of 181 (22.3%) bovines were positive for non-O157 STEC, while 73 (9.0%) of the carcasses showed non-O157 STEC contamination. Non-O157 STEC strains isolated from feces (227) and carcasses (80) were characterized. The main serotypes identified were O178:H19, O8:H19, O130:H11, and O113:H21, all of which have produced sporadic cases of hemolytic-uremic syndrome in Argentina and worldwide. Twenty-two (7.2%) strains carried a fully virulent stx/eae/ehxA genotype. Among them, strains of serotypes O103:[H2], O145:NM, and O111:NM represented 4.8% of the isolates. Xba I pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern analysis showed 234 different patterns, with 76 strains grouped in 30 clusters. Nine of the clusters grouped strains isolated from feces and from carcasses of the same or different bovines in a lot, while three clusters were comprised of strains distributed in more than one abattoir. Patterns AREXSX01.0157, AREXBX01.0015, and AREXPX01.0013 were identified as 100% compatible with the patterns of one strain isolated from a hemolytic-uremic syndrome case and two strains previously isolated from beef medallions, included in the Argentine PulseNet Database. In this survey, 4.8% (39 of 811) of the bovine carcasses appeared to be contaminated with nonO157 STEC strains potentially capable of producing sporadic human disease, and a lower proportion (0.25%) with strains able to produce outbreaks of severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Masana
- Instituto Tecnología de Alimentos, Centro de Investigación de Agroindustria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria-INTA, CC. 77, B1708WAB Morón, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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41
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Parma YR, Chacana PA, Rogé A, Kahl A, Cangelosi A, Geoghegan P, Lucchesi PMA, Fernández-Miyakawa ME. Antibodies anti-Shiga toxin 2 B subunit from chicken egg yolk: isolation, purification and neutralization efficacy. Toxicon 2011; 58:380-8. [PMID: 21803069 PMCID: PMC7111861 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stx1 and Stx2) are the main virulence factors of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), a foodborne pathogen associated with diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibodies against Stx2 obtained from egg yolks of laying hens immunized with a recombinant Stx2B subunit. A high specific response in serum was observed 25 days after the first immunization and IgY antibodies were extracted from day 47th and purified from egg yolk. A concentration of 0.84 mg of total IgY/ml of egg yolk was obtained, of which 8% were antigen specific. The ability of anti-Stx2B IgY to recognize Stx2B and Stx2 either in solid-phase or in solution were evaluated and compared with anti-Stx2B rabbit antibodies by Western blotting and ELISA. The protective efficacy of IgY against Stx2 was determined by in vitro and in vivo experiments. The results show that IgY was able to recognize Stx2B and Stx2 in denatured conditions, attached to a solid-phase and free in solution. The anti-Stx2B IgY could effectively block the biological activity of Stx2 on Vero cells and protect mice from Stx2 challenge. The data suggest that immunization of hens with Stx2B could be a strategy to obtain at low cost a relatively high concentration of anti-Stx2 egg yolk IgY, able to neutralize Stx2 lethal activity. IgY technology could be an useful tool for research, diagnosis and therapy of EHEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y R Parma
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto, Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25 (1712), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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42
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Franci T, Sanso AM, Bustamante AV, Lucchesi PMA, Parma AE. Genetic characterization of non-O157 verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from raw beef products using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:1019-23. [PMID: 21542769 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) can produce serious human illness linked to the consumption of contaminated food, mainly of bovine origin. There is growing concern about non-O157 VTEC serotypes, which in some countries cause severe infections in a proportion similar to O157:H7 strains. As several epidemiological studies indicated the important role of meat as the major vehicle in the transmission of this pathogen to human consumers, our aim was to investigate the genetic diversity among non-O157:H7 VTEC isolated from raw beef products. We performed a multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA), and to our knowledge, this is the first time that VTEC serotypes O8:H19, O112:H2, O113:NM, O171:NM, ONT:H7, ONT:H19, and ONT:H21 were typed by this method. MLVA typing grouped the total number of strains from this study (51) into 21 distinct genotypes, and 11 of them were unique. Several MLVA profiles were found in different serotypes, O178:H19 being the most variable. The isolates could be principally discriminated by alleles of three of seven loci studied (CVN001, CVN004, and CVN014), and on the other hand, CVN003 rendered null alleles in all the isolates. As some VNTR markers might be serotype specific, it is possible that the implementation of new VNTR loci will increase intraserotype discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Franci
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
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43
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Bustamante AV, Sanso AM, Lucchesi PMA, Parma AE. Multiplex PCR assay for the detection of five putative virulence genes encoded in verotoxigenic Escherichia coli plasmids. Curr Microbiol 2011; 62:1411-5. [PMID: 21279513 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-011-9877-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to perform a pentavalent PCR assay for the detection of putative virulence genes encoded in VTEC plasmids, katP, espP, subA, stcE, and ehxA. The five-specific primer pairs used in the assay do not interfere with each other and generate amplification products of 914, 774, 556, 399, and 262 bp. It was selected at random 39 strains belonged to 20 serotypes in order to evaluate the multiplex in a wide variety of strains. The results of this study indicate that it is possible to perform simultaneous amplification and search for recognized plasmid-encoded virulence markers from different E. coli serotypes and apply this technique to the genetic characterization of E. coli strains isolated from reservoirs, foods or patients. This complementary technique is a useful tool to detect interstrain differences for epidemiological studies and to provide information that could be related to the risk of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Bustamante
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad deCiencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de laPcia. Buenos Aires, Argentina
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44
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Feng PCH, Councell T, Keys C, Monday SR. Virulence characterization of Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli isolates from wholesale produce. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:343-5. [PMID: 21057025 PMCID: PMC3019700 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01872-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 13 Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from wholesale spinach and lettuce consisted mostly of serotypes that have not been implicated in illness. Among these strains, however, were two O113:H21 that carried virulence genes common to this pathogenic serotype (stx(2), ehxA, saa, and subAB), suggesting that their presence in ready-to-eat produce may be of health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C H Feng
- Division of Microbiology, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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45
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Verotoxins in bovine and meat verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli isolates: type, number of variants, and relationship to cytotoxicity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 77:73-9. [PMID: 21037301 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01445-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we determined vt subtypes and evaluated verotoxicity in basal as well as induced conditions of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) strains isolated from cattle and meat products. Most (87%) of the 186 isolates carried a vt(2) gene. Moreover, the vt(2) subtype, which is associated with serious disease, was present in 42% of our VTEC collection. The other vt subtypes detected were vt(1), vt(1d), vt(2vha), vt(2vhb), vt(2O118), vt(2d) (mucus activatable), and vt(2g). A total of 41 (22%) of the isolates possessed more than one vt subtype in its genome, and among them the most frequent combination was vt(1)/vt(2), but we also observed multiple combinations among vt(2) subtypes. Differences in verotoxicity titers were found among a selection of 54 isolates. Among isolates with a single vt(2) variant, those carrying the vt(2) subtype had high titers under both uninduced and induced conditions. However, the highest increase in cytotoxicity under mitomycin C treatment was detected among the strains carrying vt(2vha) or vt(2hb) variants. Notably, the isolates carrying the vt(1) subtype showed a lesser increase than that of most of the vt(2)-positive VTEC strains. Furthermore, the presence of more than one vt gene variant in the same isolate was not reflected in higher titers, and generally the titers were lower than those for strains with only one gene variant. The main observation was that both basal and induced cytotoxic effects seemed to be associated with the type and number of vt variants more than with the serotype or origin of the isolate.
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Etcheverría A, Padola N, Sanz M, Polifroni R, Krüger A, Passucci J, Rodríguez E, Taraborelli A, Ballerio M, Parma A. Occurrence of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) on carcasses and retail beef cuts in the marketing chain of beef in Argentina. Meat Sci 2010; 86:418-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Fernández D, Irino K, Sanz M, Padola N, Parma A. Characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from dairy cows in Argentina. Lett Appl Microbiol 2010; 51:377-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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48
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MASANA MO, LEOTTA GA, DEL CASTILLO LL, D'ASTEK BA, PALLADINO PM, GALLI L, VILACOBA E, CARBONARI C, RODRÍGUEZ HR, RIVAS M. Prevalence, Characterization, and Genotypic Analysis of Escherichia coli O157:H7/NM fromSelected Beef Exporting Abattoirs of Argentina. J Food Prot 2010; 73:649-56. [DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.4.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In Argentina, Escherichia coli O157:H7/NM (STEC O157) is the prevalent serotype associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which is endemic in the country with more than 400 cases per year. In order to estimate the prevalence and characteristics of STEC O157 in beef cattle at slaughter, a survey of 1,622 fecal and carcass samples was conducted in nine beef exporting abattoirs from November 2006 to April 2008. A total of 54 samples were found positive for STEC O157, with an average prevalence of 4.1% in fecal content and 2.6% in carcasses. Calves and heifers presented higher percentages of prevalence in feces, 10.5 and 8.5%, respectively. All STEC O157 isolates harbored stx2 (Shiga toxin 2), eae (intimin), ehxA (enterohemolysin), and fliCH7 (H7 flagellin) genes, while stx1 (Shiga toxin 1) was present in 16.7% of the strains. The prevalent (56%) stx genotype identified was stx2 combined with variant stx2c (vh-a), the combination of which is also prevalent (>90%) in STEC O157 post–enteric HUS cases in Argentina. The clonal relatedness of STEC O157 strains was established by phage typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The 54 STEC isolates were categorized into 12 different phage types and in 29 XbaI-PFGE patterns distributed in 27 different lots. STEC O157 strains isolated from 5 of 21 carcasses were identical by PFGE (100% similarity) to strains of the fecal content of the same or a contiguous bovine in the lot. Five phage type–PFGE–stx profiles of 10 strains isolated in this study matched with the profiles of the strains recovered from 18 of 122 HUS cases that occurred in the same period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. O. MASANA
- 1Instituto Tecnología de Alimentos, Centro de Investigación de Agroindustria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, INTA, CC. 77, B1708WAB Morón, Pcia. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G. A. LEOTTA
- 2Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas–ANLIS “Dr. Carlos. G. Malbrán”, Argentina, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563 (1281) Buenos Aires, Argentina
- 3Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - L. L. DEL CASTILLO
- 1Instituto Tecnología de Alimentos, Centro de Investigación de Agroindustria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, INTA, CC. 77, B1708WAB Morón, Pcia. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - B. A. D'ASTEK
- 2Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas–ANLIS “Dr. Carlos. G. Malbrán”, Argentina, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563 (1281) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P. M. PALLADINO
- 1Instituto Tecnología de Alimentos, Centro de Investigación de Agroindustria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, INTA, CC. 77, B1708WAB Morón, Pcia. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L. GALLI
- 2Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas–ANLIS “Dr. Carlos. G. Malbrán”, Argentina, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563 (1281) Buenos Aires, Argentina
- 3Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - E. VILACOBA
- 2Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas–ANLIS “Dr. Carlos. G. Malbrán”, Argentina, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563 (1281) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C. CARBONARI
- 2Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas–ANLIS “Dr. Carlos. G. Malbrán”, Argentina, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563 (1281) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - H. R. RODRÍGUEZ
- 4Instituto de Economía y Sociologia, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, INTA, Cerviño 2101 2P, C1425AGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. RIVAS
- 2Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas–ANLIS “Dr. Carlos. G. Malbrán”, Argentina, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563 (1281) Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Palermo MS, Exeni RA, Fernández GC. Hemolytic uremic syndrome: pathogenesis and update of interventions. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2009; 7:697-707. [PMID: 19681698 DOI: 10.1586/eri.09.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The typical form of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is the major complication of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections. HUS is a critical health problem in Argentina since it is the main cause of acute renal failure in children and the second cause of chronic renal failure, accounting for 20% of renal transplants in children and adolescents in Argentina. Despite extensive research in the field, the mainstay of treatment for patients with HUS is supportive therapy, and there are no specific therapies preventing or ameliorating the disease course. In this review, we present the current knowledge about pathogenic mechanisms and discuss traditional and innovative therapeutic approaches, with special focus in Argentinean contribution. The hope that a better understanding of transmission dynamics and pathogenesis of this disease will produce better therapies to prevent the acute mortality and the long-term morbidity of HUS is the driving force for intensified research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina S Palermo
- Lab Inmunologia, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina P. de Melo 3081 (C1425AUM), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Genetic diversity of O157:H7 and non-O157 verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli from Argentina inferred from multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). Int J Med Microbiol 2009; 300:212-7. [PMID: 19850517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2009.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although serotype O157:H7 has been implicated in most cases of haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (HUS), there is growing concern about non-O157 serotypes of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC). Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) has been focused on the specific typing of O157:H7 isolates, but recently, a generic MLVA assay for E. coli and Shigella has been developed. We performed a study of the polymorphism in 7 generic VNTR loci both in VTEC O157:H7 and non-O157 isolates from Argentina, in order to asses the ability of the method to type this group of isolates and to get insight into their genetic diversity. Sixty-four isolates from cattle, patients with diarrhoea, and contaminated food belonging to 8 different serotypes were studied. All of them could be typed by this method and revealed 41 different MLVA genotypes. The MLVA dendrogram showed 2 main clusters which corresponded to O157:H7 and non-O157, respectively. Our results confirm the suitability of this MLVA method for analyzing VTEC isolates belonging to several serotypes, both O157:H7 as well as non-O157, highlight the genetic variability of the O157:H7 serotype and the need of additional research in order to find more VNTR loci that could allow a higher discrimination among non-O157 VTEC.
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