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Lim SG, Oh CY, Kim SH, Ra K, Cha M, Yoon JH. Freshwater Recovery and Removal of Cesium and Strontium from Radioactive Wastewater by Methane Hydrate Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:6170-6180. [PMID: 38501927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
As human society has advanced, nuclear energy has provided energy security while also offering low carbon emissions and reduced dependence on fossil fuels, whereas nuclear power plants have produced large amounts of radioactive wastewater, which threatens human health and the sustainability of water resources. Here, we demonstrate a hydrate-based desalination (HBD) technology that uses methane as a hydrate former for freshwater recovery and for the removal of radioactive chemicals from wastewater, specifically from Cs- and Sr-containing wastewater. The complete exclusion of radioactive ions from solid methane hydrates was confirmed by a close examination using phase equilibria, spectroscopic investigations, thermal analyses, and theoretical calculations, enabling simultaneous freshwater recovery and the removal of radioactive chemicals from wastewater by the methane hydrate formation process described in this study. More importantly, the proposed HBD technology is applicable to radioactive wastewater containing Cs+ and Sr2+ across a broad concentration range of low percentages to hundreds of parts per million (ppm) and even subppm levels, with high removal efficiency of radioactive chemicals. This study highlights the potential of environmentally sustainable technologies to address the challenges posed by radioactive wastewater generated by nuclear technology, providing new insights for future research and development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Geo Lim
- Department of Convergence Study on Ocean Science and Technology, Ocean Science and Technology (OST) School, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Korea
| | - Chang Yeop Oh
- Department of Convergence Study on Ocean Science and Technology, Ocean Science and Technology (OST) School, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Korea
| | - Sun Ha Kim
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul 03759, Korea
| | - Kongtae Ra
- Marine Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan 49111, Korea
| | - Minjun Cha
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, Kangwon National University, Kangwon 24341, Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Yoon
- Department of Convergence Study on Ocean Science and Technology, Ocean Science and Technology (OST) School, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Korea
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Korea
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2
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Ikehata A, Morisawa Y. Observation of Solid-Liquid Phase Transitions of Brine Using the Far-Ultraviolet Charge-Transfer-to-Solvent Band. J Phys Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37433721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Although determining the chemical states of salts and ions is critical in numerous fields, such as elucidating biological functions and maintaining food quality, the current direct observation methods are insufficient. We propose a spectral analysis method of directly observing the phase transitions of NaCl solutions using the changes in the charge-transfer-to-solvent band and the absorption band representing the first electron transition (Ã ← X̃) of H2O. The intensities of these bands may be observed using attenuated total reflection far-ultraviolet spectroscopy. According to the well-known phase diagram of aqueous NaCl, we observe spectral changes during freezing-thawing and may spectroscopically detect the phase transitions from liquid to mixed liquid-solid and solid phases, including eutectic crystals, in addition to their coexistence curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Ikehata
- Institute of Food Research, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-8642, Japan
| | - Yusuke Morisawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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3
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Alpert PA, Kilthau WP, O’Brien RE, Moffet RC, Gilles MK, Wang B, Laskin A, Aller JY, Knopf DA. Ice-nucleating agents in sea spray aerosol identified and quantified with a holistic multimodal freezing model. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq6842. [PMID: 36322651 PMCID: PMC9629709 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq6842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sea spray aerosol (SSA) is a widely recognized important source of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in the atmosphere. However, composition-specific identification, nucleation processes, and ice nucleation rates of SSA-INPs have not been well constrained. Microspectroscopic characterization of ambient and laboratory-generated SSA confirms that water-borne exudates from planktonic microorganisms composed of a mixture of proteinaceous and polysaccharidic compounds act as ice-nucleating agents (INAs). These data and data from previously published mesocosm and wave channel studies are subsequently used to further develop the stochastic freezing model (SFM) producing ice nucleation rate coefficients for SSA-INPs. The SFM simultaneously predicts immersion freezing and deposition and homogeneous ice nucleation by SSA particles under tropospheric conditions. Predicted INP concentrations agree with ambient and laboratory measurements. In addition, this holistic freezing model is independent of the source and exact composition of the SSA particles, making it well suited for implementation in cloud and climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Alpert
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Wendy P. Kilthau
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Rachel E. O’Brien
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ryan C. Moffet
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
- Sonoma Technology, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA
| | - Mary K. Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bingbing Wang
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Alexander Laskin
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Josephine Y. Aller
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Daniel A. Knopf
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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4
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Bianco V, Conde MM, Lamas CP, Noya EG, Sanz E. Phase diagram of the NaCl–water system from computer simulations. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:064505. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0083371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V. Bianco
- Departamento de Química Física (Unidad de I+D+i asociada al CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. M. Conde
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - C. P. Lamas
- Departamento de Química Física (Unidad de I+D+i asociada al CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Calle Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. G. Noya
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Calle Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Sanz
- Departamento de Química Física (Unidad de I+D+i asociada al CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Kimizuka N. Formation of NaCl eutectics in water-in-oil emulsion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:25630-25638. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03061f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It is shown by thermal analysis and optical microscopy observations that when an NaCl aqueous solution is cooled as a water-in-oil emulsion, a metastable eutectic is formed that has a eutectic point at around −28 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Kimizuka
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
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6
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Mael LE, Busse HL, Peiker G, Grassian VH. Low-Temperature Water Uptake of Individual Marine and Biologically Relevant Atmospheric Particles Using Micro-Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:9691-9699. [PMID: 34714998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c08037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of water vapor and the water uptake behavior of atmospheric particles are often investigated as a function of relative humidity (0-100% RH) at ambient temperature. However, lower temperature studies are important to understand how atmospheric particles nucleate ice through various mechanisms including immersion freezing. Immersion freezing requires the formation of a condensed water droplet at lower temperatures prior to freezing. To better understand low-temperature water uptake behavior of marine and biologically relevant atmospheric particles, we have investigated water uptake of single atmospheric particles using a micro-Raman spectrometer coupled to an environmental cell for measurements at lower temperatures and as a function of relative humidity. These particles include sodium chloride, sucrose, Snomax, lipopolysaccharide, and laminarin. Particles range in size from 2 to 3 μm in diameter and can be monitored by using optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy as a function of relative humidity at temperatures between 253 and 298 K. From the Raman spectra collected, we can determine a Raman growth factor defined as an increase in the intensity of the O-H stretch as a measure of the integrated water content of a particle compared to the dry particle. These data show that for lipopolysaccharide, laminarin, and Snomax, unlike simple saccharides such as sucrose and other soluble organics, as temperature decreases, water uptake begins at lower relative humidity and does not follow a solubility temperature dependence. This suggests that at lower temperatures the particles are adsorbing water on the surface rather than dissolving and absorbing water. Furthermore, repeated water uptake cycles cause a change in the morphology of some of these particles, which is shown to promote water uptake at lower relative humidity. These results give new insights into water uptake of these different marine and biologically relevant particles at low temperature at subsaturation relative humidity prior to droplet formation and immersion freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liora E Mael
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Heidi L Busse
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Gordon Peiker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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7
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Complex Brines and Their Implications for Habitability. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080847. [PMID: 34440591 PMCID: PMC8398403 DOI: 10.3390/life11080847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that life on Earth originated in cold saline waters around scorching hydrothermal vents, and that similar conditions might exist or have existed on Mars, Europa, Ganymede, Enceladus, and other worlds. Could potentially habitable complex brines with extremely low freezing temperatures exist in the shallow subsurface of these frigid worlds? Earth, Mars, and carbonaceous chondrites have similar bulk elemental abundances, but while the Earth is depleted in the most volatile elements, the Icy Worlds of the outer solar system are expected to be rich in them. The cooling of ionic solutions containing substances that likely exist in the Icy Worlds could form complex brines with the lowest eutectic temperature possible for the compounds available in them. Indeed, here, we show observational and theoretical evidence that even elements present in trace amounts in nature are concentrated by freeze–thaw cycles, and therefore contribute significantly to the formation of brine reservoirs that remain liquid throughout the year in some of the coldest places on Earth. This is interesting because the eutectic temperature of water–ammonia solutions can be as low as ~160 K, and significant fractions of the mass of the Icy Worlds are estimated to be water substance and ammonia. Thus, briny solutions with eutectic temperature of at least ~160 K could have formed where, historically, temperature have oscillated above and below ~160 K. We conclude that complex brines must exist in the shallow subsurface of Mars and the Icy Worlds, and that liquid saline water should be present where ice has existed, the temperature is above ~160 K, and evaporation and sublimation have been inhibited.
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8
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Schneider SR, Lakey PSJ, Shiraiwa M, Abbatt JPD. Reactive Uptake of Ozone to Simulated Seawater: Evidence for Iodide Depletion. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:9844-9853. [PMID: 33196200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c08917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of ozone with iodide in the ocean is a major ozone dry deposition pathway, as well as an important source of reactive iodine to the marine troposphere. Few prior laboratory experiments have been conducted with environmentally relevant ozone mixing ratios and iodide concentrations, leading to uncertainties in the rate of the reaction under marine boundary layer conditions. As well, there remains disagreement in the literature assessment of the relative contributions of an interfacial reaction via ozone adsorbed to the ocean surface versus a bulk reaction with dissolved ozone. In this study, we measure the uptake coefficient of ozone over a buffered, pH 8 salt solution replicating the concentrations of iodide, bromide, and chloride in the ocean over an ozone mixing ratio of 60-500 ppb. Due to iodide depletion in the solution, the measured ozone uptake coefficient is dependent on the exposure time of the solution to ozone and its mixing ratio. A kinetic multilayer model confirms that iodide depletion is occurring not only within ozone's reactodiffusive depth, which is on the order of microns for environmental conditions, but also deeper into the solution as well. Best model-measurement agreement arises when some degree of nondiffusive mixing is occurring in the solution, transporting iodide from deeper in the solution to a thin, diffusively mixed upper layer. If such mixing occurs rapidly in the environment, iodide depletion is unlikely to reduce ozone dry deposition rates. Unrealistically high bulk-to-interface partitioning of iodide is required for the model to predict a substantial interfacial component to the reaction, indicating that the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism is not dominant under environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Pascale S J Lakey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON Canada
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9
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Hara K, Osada K, Yabuki M, Matoba S, Hirabayashi M, Fujita S, Nakazawa F, Yamanouchi T. Atmospheric sea-salt and halogen cycles in the Antarctic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:2003-2022. [PMID: 32749425 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00092b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric sea-salt and halogen cycles play important roles in atmospheric science and chemistry including cloud processes and oxidation capacity in the Antarctic troposphere. This paper presents a review and summarizes current knowledge related to sea-salt and halogen chemistry in the Antarctic. First, presented are the seasonal variations and size distribution of sea-salt aerosols (SSAs). Second, SSA origins and sea-salt fractionation on sea-ice and ice sheets on the Antarctic continent are presented and discussed. Third, we discuss SSA release from the cryosphere. Fourth, we present SSA dispersion in the Antarctic troposphere and transport into inland areas. Fifth, heterogeneous reactions on SSAs as a source of reactive halogen species and their relationship with atmospheric chemistry are shown and discussed. Finally, we attempt to propose an outlook for obtaining better knowledge related to sea-salt and halogen chemistry and their effects on the Antarctic and the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Hara
- Department of Earth System Science, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma, Jyonan, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
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10
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McNamara SM, W Raso AR, Wang S, Thanekar S, Boone EJ, Kolesar KR, Peterson PK, Simpson WR, Fuentes JD, Shepson PB, Pratt KA. Springtime Nitrogen Oxide-Influenced Chlorine Chemistry in the Coastal Arctic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8057-8067. [PMID: 31184868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Atomic chlorine (Cl) is a strong atmospheric oxidant that shortens the lifetimes of pollutants and methane in the springtime Arctic, where the molecular halogens Cl2 and BrCl are known Cl precursors. Here, we quantify the contributions of reactive chlorine trace gases and present the first observations, to our knowledge, of ClNO2 (another Cl precursor), N2O5, and HO2NO2 in the Arctic. During March - May 2016 near Utqiaġvik, Alaska, up to 21 ppt of ClNO2, 154 ppt of Cl2, 27 ppt of ClO, 71 ppt of N2O5, 21 ppt of BrCl, and 153 ppt of HO2NO2 were measured using chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The main Cl precursor was calculated to be Cl2 (up to 73%) in March, while BrCl was a greater contributor (63%) in May, when total Cl production was lower. Elevated levels of ClNO2, N2O5, Cl2, and HO2NO2 coincided with pollution influence from the nearby town of Utqiaġvik and the North Slope of Alaska (Prudhoe Bay) Oilfields. We propose a coupled mechanism linking NOx with Arctic chlorine chemistry. Enhanced Cl2 was likely the result of the multiphase reaction of Cl-(aq) with ClONO2, formed from the reaction of ClO and NO2. In addition to this NOx-enhanced chlorine chemistry, Cl2 and BrCl were observed under clean Arctic conditions from snowpack photochemical production. These connections between NOx and chlorine chemistry, and the role of snowpack recycling, are important given increasing shipping and fossil fuel extraction predicted to accompany Arctic sea ice loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M McNamara
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Angela R W Raso
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Sham Thanekar
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16801 , United States
| | - Eric J Boone
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Katheryn R Kolesar
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Peter K Peterson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - William R Simpson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Alaska Fairbanks , Fairbanks , Alaska 99775 , United States
| | - Jose D Fuentes
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16801 , United States
| | - Paul B Shepson
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences & Purdue Climate Change Research Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Kerri A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
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11
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Imrichová K, Veselý L, Gasser TM, Loerting T, Neděla V, Heger D. Vitrification and increase of basicity in between ice Ihcrystals in rapidly frozen dilute NaCl aqueous solutions. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:014503. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5100852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Imrichová
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the ASCR, v.v.i., Královopolská 147, 61264 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Veselý
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tobias M. Gasser
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Vilém Neděla
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the ASCR, v.v.i., Královopolská 147, 61264 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Heger
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
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12
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Rennó NO, Backhus R, Cooper C, Flatico JM, Fischer E, Greer LC, Krasowski MJ, Kremic T, Martínez GM, Prokop NF, Sweeney D, Vicente-Retortillo A. A Simple Instrument Suite for Characterizing Habitability and Weathering: The Modern Aqueous Habitat Reconnaissance Suite (MAHRS). ASTROBIOLOGY 2019; 19:849-866. [PMID: 30964330 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The shallow subsurface of Mars is extremely interesting as a possible microbial habitat because it becomes temporarily wet, it is shielded from radiation, and mixing by aeolian processes could provide the sources of energy and nutrients necessary for sustaining microbial life in it. The Modern Aqueous Habitat Reconnaissance Suite (MAHRS) was developed primarily to search for potentially habitable environments in the shallow subsurface of Mars and to study weathering, but it can also be used to search for potentially habitable environments in the shallow subsurface of other planetary bodies such as the Icy Worlds. MAHRS includes an instrument developed to measure regolith wetness and search for brine in the shallow subsurface of Mars, where it is most likely to be found. The detection of brine can aid in our understanding not only of habitability but also of geochemistry and aqueous weathering processes. Besides the regolith wetness sensor, MAHRS includes an electric field sensor, an optical microscope, and a radiometer developed to characterize the near-surface environment and study mixing by aeolian processes. MAHRS was designed to aid in the selection of optimum areas for sample collection for return to Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- N O Rennó
- 1Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - R Backhus
- 2Space Physics Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - C Cooper
- 2Space Physics Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - E Fischer
- 1Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - L C Greer
- 4NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - T Kremic
- 3Ohio Aerospace Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - G M Martínez
- 1Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - N F Prokop
- 4NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - David Sweeney
- 1Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - A Vicente-Retortillo
- 1Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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13
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Self-preservation and Stability of Methane Hydrates in the Presence of NaCl. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5860. [PMID: 30971725 PMCID: PMC6458167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42336-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gas hydrate, a solid transformed from an ensemble of water and gaseous molecules under suitable thermodynamic conditions, is present in marine and permafrost strata. The ability of methane hydrates to exist outside of its standard stability zone is vital in many aspects, such as its utility in gas storage and transportation, hydrate-related climate changes and gas reservoirs on the planet. A systematic study on the stability of methane hydrates divulges that the gas uptake decreased by about 10% by increasing the NaCl content to 5.0 wt%. The hydrate formation kinetic is relatively slower in a system with higher NaCl. The self-preservation temperature window for hydrate systems with NaCl 1.5, 3.0 and 5.0 wt% dramatically shifted to a lower temperature (252 K), while it remained around 270 K for NaCl 0.0 and 0.5 wt%. Based on powder x-ray diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopic studies, the presence of hydrohalite (NaCl·2H2O) phase was identified along with the usual hydrate and ice phases. The eutectic melting of this mixture is responsible for shifting the hydrate stability to 252 K. A systematic lattice expansion of cubic phase infers the interaction between NaCl and water molecules of hydrate cages.
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14
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Edebeli J, Ammann M, Bartels-Rausch T. Microphysics of the aqueous bulk counters the water activity driven rate acceleration of bromide oxidation by ozone from 289-245 K. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:63-73. [PMID: 30534711 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00417j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of ozone with bromide is an initiation process in bromine activation resulting in the formation of reactive bromine species with impacts on the fate of compounds in the lower atmosphere. Environmental halide sources often contain organics, which are known to influence aqueous bulk reactivity. Here, we present a study investigating the temperature dependence of bromide oxidation by ozone using a coated wall flow tube reactor coated with an aqueous mixture of citric acid, as a proxy for oxidized secondary organic matter, and sodium bromide. Using the resistor model formulation, we quantify changes in the properties of the aqueous bulk relevant for the observed reactivity. The reactive uptake coefficient decreased from 2 × 10-6 at 289 K to 0.5 × 10-6 at 245 K. Our analysis indicates that the humidity-driven increase in concentration with a corresponding increase in the pseudo-first order reaction rate was countered by the colligative change in ozone solubility and the effect of the organic fraction via increased viscosity and decreased diffusivity of ozone as the temperature decreased. From our parameterization, we provide an extension of the temperature dependence of the reaction rate coefficients driving the oxidation of bromide, and assess the temperature-dependent salting effects of citric acid on ozone solubility. This study shows the effects of the organic species at relatively mild temperatures, between the freezing point and eutectic temperature of sea as is typical for the Earth's cryosphere. Thus, this study may be relevant for atmospheric models at different scales describing halogen activation in the marine boundary layer or free troposphere including matrices such as sea-spray aerosol and brine in sea ice, snow, and around mid-latitude salt lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Edebeli
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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15
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García JJ, Hernández-Esparza R, Vargas R, Tiznado W, Garza J. Formation of small clusters of NaCl dihydrate in the gas phase. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj06315j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sodium chloride dihydrates form cuboid structures in initial stages of nucleation, preserving the NaCl interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-José García
- Departamento de Química
- División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa
- Ciudad de México
- Mexico
| | - Raymundo Hernández-Esparza
- Departamento de Química
- División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa
- Ciudad de México
- Mexico
| | - Rubicelia Vargas
- Departamento de Química
- División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa
- Ciudad de México
- Mexico
| | - William Tiznado
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Jorge Garza
- Departamento de Química
- División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa
- Ciudad de México
- Mexico
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16
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Soria GD, Espinosa JR, Ramirez J, Valeriani C, Vega C, Sanz E. A simulation study of homogeneous ice nucleation in supercooled salty water. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:222811. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5008889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guiomar D. Soria
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica I, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge R. Espinosa
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica I, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Ramirez
- Departamento de Ingenieria Quimica Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Chantal Valeriani
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica I, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisica Aplicada I, Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Vega
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica I, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Sanz
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica I, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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17
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Espinosa JR, Soria GD, Ramirez J, Valeriani C, Vega C, Sanz E. Role of Salt, Pressure, and Water Activity on Homogeneous Ice Nucleation. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:4486-4491. [PMID: 28876070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pure water can be substantially supercooled below the melting temperature without transforming into ice. The achievable supercooling can be enhanced by adding solutes or by applying hydrostatic pressure. Avoiding ice formation is of great importance in the cryopreservation of food or biological samples. In this Letter, we investigate the similarity between the effects of pressure and salt on ice formation using a combination of state-of-the-art simulation techniques. We find that both hinder ice formation by increasing the energetic cost of creating the ice-fluid interface. Moreover, we examine the widely accepted proposal that the ice nucleation rate for different pressures and solute concentrations can be mapped through the activity of water [ Koop , L. ; Tsias , P. Nature , 2000 , 406 , 611 ]. We show that such a proposal is not consistent with the nucleation rates predicted in our simulations because it does not include all parameters affecting ice nucleation. Therefore, even though salt and pressure have a qualitatively similar effect on ice formation, they cannot be quantitatively mapped onto one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge R Espinosa
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica I, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guiomar D Soria
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica I, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Ramirez
- Departamento de Ingenieria Quimica Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid , 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Chantal Valeriani
- Departamento de Fisica Aplicada I, Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Vega
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica I, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Sanz
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica I, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Hermann G, Zhang Y, Wassermann B, Fischer H, Quennet M, Rühl E. Charge Effects on the Efflorescence in Single Levitated Droplets. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:6790-6799. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b05760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Hermann
- Physical Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yan Zhang
- Physical Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wassermann
- Physical Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henry Fischer
- Physical Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Quennet
- Physical Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eckart Rühl
- Physical Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Peckhaus A, Kiselev A, Wagner R, Duft D, Leisner T. Temperature-dependent formation of NaCl dihydrate in levitated NaCl and sea salt aerosol particles. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:244503. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4972589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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20
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The Environmental Photochemistry of Oxide Surfaces and the Nature of Frozen Salt Solutions: A New in Situ XPS Approach. Top Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-015-0515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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21
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Wang B, Knopf DA, China S, Arey BW, Harder TH, Gilles MK, Laskin A. Direct observation of ice nucleation events on individual atmospheric particles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:29721-29731. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05253c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanometer scale imaging of kaolinite particles shows that ice nucleation initiates preferentially at edges of stacked planes and not on basal planes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Wang
- William. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Daniel A. Knopf
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences
- Stony Brook University
- Stony Brook
- USA
| | - Swarup China
- William. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Bruce W. Arey
- William. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Tristan H. Harder
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Mary K. Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Alexander Laskin
- William. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
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22
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Hinks ML, Brady MV, Lignell H, Song M, Grayson JW, Bertram AK, Lin P, Laskin A, Laskin J, Nizkorodov SA. Effect of viscosity on photodegradation rates in complex secondary organic aerosol materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:8785-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05226b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This work explores the effect of environmental conditions on the photodegradation rates of atmospherically relevant, photolabile, organic molecules embedded in a film of viscous secondary organic material (SOM).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hanna Lignell
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Irvine
- USA
| | - Mijung Song
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - James W. Grayson
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Allan K. Bertram
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Peng Lin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
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23
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Montgomery JF, Rogak SN, Green SI, You Y, Bertram AK. Structural Change of Aerosol Particle Aggregates with Exposure to Elevated Relative Humidity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12054-12061. [PMID: 26401688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Structural changes of aggregates composed of inorganic salts exposed to relative humidity (RH) between 0 and 80% after formation at selected RH between 0 and 60% were investigated using a tandem differential mobility analyzer (TDMA) and fluorescence microscopy. The TDMA was used to measure a shift in peak mobility diameter for 100-700 nm aggregates of hygroscopic aerosol particles composed of NaCl, Na2SO4, (NH4)2SO4, and nonhygroscopic Al2O3 as the RH was increased. Aggregates of hygroscopic particles were found to shrink when exposed to RH greater than that during the aggregation process. The degree of aggregate restructuring is greater for larger aggregates and greater increases in RH. Growth factors (GF) calculated from mobility diameter measurements as low as 0.77 were seen for NaCl before deliquescence. The GF subsequently increased to 1.23 at 80% RH, indicating growth after deliquescence. Exposure to RH lower than that experienced during aggregation did not result in structural changes. Fluorescent microscopy confirmed that aggregates formed on wire surfaces undergo an irreversible change in structure when exposed to elevated RH. Analysis of 2D movement of aggregates shows a displacement of 5-13% compared to projected length of initial aggregate from a wire surface. Surface tension due to water adsorption within the aggregate structure is a potential cause of the structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Montgomery
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Steven N Rogak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Sheldon I Green
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Yuan You
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Allan K Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z1
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24
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Steffen A, Lehnherr I, Cole A, Ariya P, Dastoor A, Durnford D, Kirk J, Pilote M. Atmospheric mercury in the Canadian Arctic. Part I: a review of recent field measurements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 509-510:3-15. [PMID: 25497576 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Long-range atmospheric transport and deposition are important sources of mercury (Hg) to Arctic aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. We review here recent progress made in the study of the transport, transformation, deposition and reemission of atmospheric Hg in the Canadian Arctic, focusing on field measurements (see Dastoor et al., this issue for a review of modeling studies on the same topics). Redox processes control the speciation of atmospheric Hg, and thus impart an important influence on Hg deposition, particularly during atmospheric mercury depletion events (AMDEs). Bromine radicals were identified as the primary oxidant of atmospheric Hg during AMDEs. Since the start of monitoring at Alert (NU) in 1995, the timing of peak AMDE occurrence has shifted to earlier times in the spring (from May to April) in recent years, and while AMDE frequency and GEM concentrations are correlated with local meteorological conditions, the reasons for this timing-shift are not understood. Mercury is subject to various post-depositional processes in snowpacks and a large portion of deposited oxidized Hg can be reemitted following photoreduction; how much Hg is deposited and reemitted depends on geographical location, meteorological, vegetative and sea-ice conditions, as well as snow chemistry. Halide anions in the snow can stabilize Hg, therefore it is expected that a smaller fraction of deposited Hg will be reemitted from coastal snowpacks. Atmospheric gaseous Hg concentrations have decreased in some parts of the Arctic (e.g., Alert) from 2000 to 2009 but at a rate that was less than that at lower latitudes. Despite numerous recent advances, a number of knowledge gaps remain, including uncertainties in the identification of oxidized Hg species in the air (and how this relates to dry vs. wet deposition), physical-chemical processes in air, snow and water-especially over sea ice-and the relationship between these processes and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Steffen
- Environment Canada, Air Quality Processes Research, Toronto M3H 5T4, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Igor Lehnherr
- University of Waterloo, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda Cole
- Environment Canada, Air Quality Processes Research, Toronto M3H 5T4, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parisa Ariya
- McGill University, Department of Chemistry, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal H3A 2K6, Quebec, Canada; McGill University, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal H3A 2K6, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ashu Dastoor
- Environment Canada, National Prediction Development Division, Dorval H9P 1J3, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dorothy Durnford
- Environment Canada, National Prediction Development Division, Dorval H9P 1J3, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jane Kirk
- Environment Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington L7R 4A6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Pilote
- Environment Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Montreal H2Y 2E7, Quebec, Canada
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25
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Wheeler MJ, Mason RH, Steunenberg K, Wagstaff M, Chou C, Bertram AK. Immersion freezing of supermicron mineral dust particles: freezing results, testing different schemes for describing ice nucleation, and ice nucleation active site densities. J Phys Chem A 2014; 119:4358-72. [PMID: 25345526 DOI: 10.1021/jp507875q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ice nucleation on mineral dust particles is known to be an important process in the atmosphere. To accurately implement ice nucleation on mineral dust particles in atmospheric simulations, a suitable theory or scheme is desirable to describe laboratory freezing data in atmospheric models. In the following, we investigated ice nucleation by supermicron mineral dust particles [kaolinite and Arizona Test Dust (ATD)] in the immersion mode. The median freezing temperature for ATD was measured to be approximately -30 °C compared with approximately -36 °C for kaolinite. The freezing results were then used to test four different schemes previously used to describe ice nucleation in atmospheric models. In terms of ability to fit the data (quantified by calculating the reduced chi-squared values), the following order was found for ATD (from best to worst): active site, pdf-α, deterministic, single-α. For kaolinite, the following order was found (from best to worst): active site, deterministic, pdf-α, single-α. The variation in the predicted median freezing temperature per decade change in the cooling rate for each of the schemes was also compared with experimental results from other studies. The deterministic model predicts the median freezing temperature to be independent of cooling rate, while experimental results show a weak dependence on cooling rate. The single-α, pdf-α, and active site schemes all agree with the experimental results within roughly a factor of 2. On the basis of our results and previous results where different schemes were tested, the active site scheme is recommended for describing the freezing of ATD and kaolinite particles. We also used our ice nucleation results to determine the ice nucleation active site (INAS) density for the supermicron dust particles tested. Using the data, we show that the INAS densities of supermicron kaolinite and ATD particles studied here are smaller than the INAS densities of submicron kaolinite and ATD particles previously reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - R H Mason
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - K Steunenberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - M Wagstaff
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - C Chou
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - A K Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
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26
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Grannas AM, Pagano LP, Pierce BC, Bobby R, Fede A. Role of dissolved organic matter in ice photochemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:10725-10733. [PMID: 25157605 DOI: 10.1021/es5023834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we provide evidence that dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays an important role in indirect photolysis processes in ice, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and leading to the efficient photodegradation of a probe hydrophobic organic pollutant, aldrin. Rates of DOM-mediated aldrin loss are between 2 and 56 times faster in ice than in liquid water (depending on DOM source and concentration), likely due to a freeze-concentration effect that occurs when the water freezes, providing a mechanism to concentrate reactive components into smaller, liquid-like regions within or on the ice. Rates of DOM-mediated aldrin loss are also temperature dependent, with higher rates of loss as temperature decreases. This also illustrates the importance of the freeze-concentration effect in altering reaction kinetics for processes occurring in environmental ices. All DOM source types studied were able to mediate aldrin loss, including commercially available fulvic and humic acids and an authentic Arctic snow DOM sample isolated by solid phase extraction, indicating the ubiquity of DOM in indirect photochemistry in environmental ices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Grannas
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University , Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
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27
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Hudait A, Molinero V. Ice Crystallization in Ultrafine Water–Salt Aerosols: Nucleation, Ice-Solution Equilibrium, and Internal Structure. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:8081-93. [DOI: 10.1021/ja503311r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arpa Hudait
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt
Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Valeria Molinero
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt
Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
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28
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Richards-Henderson NK, Callahan KM, Nissenson P, Nishino N, Tobias DJ, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Production of gas phase NO2 and halogens from the photolysis of thin water films containing nitrate, chloride and bromide ions at room temperature. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 15:17636-46. [PMID: 24042539 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52956h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrate and halide ions coexist in particles generated in marine regions, around alkaline dry lakes, and in the Arctic snowpack. Although the photochemistry of nitrate ions in bulk aqueous solution is well known, there is recent evidence that it may be more efficient at liquid-gas interfaces, and that the presence of other ions in solution may enhance interfacial reactivity. This study examines the 311 nm photolysis of thin aqueous films of ternary halide-nitrate salt mixtures (NaCl-NaBr-NaNO3) deposited on the walls of a Teflon chamber at 298 K. The films were generated by nebulizing aqueous 0.25 M NaNO3 solutions which had NaCl and NaBr added to vary the mole fraction of halide ions. Molar ratios of chloride to bromide ions were chosen to be 0.25, 1.0, or 4.0. The subsequent generation of gas phase NO2 and reactive halogen gases (Br2, BrCl and Cl2) were monitored with time. The rate of gas phase NO2 formation was shown to be enhanced by the addition of the halide ions to thin films containing only aqueous NaNO3. At [Cl(-)]/[Br(-)] ≤ 1.0, the NO2 enhancement was similar to that observed for binary NaBr-NaNO3 mixtures, while with excess chloride NO2 enhancement was similar to that observed for binary NaCl-NaNO3 mixtures. Molecular dynamics simulations predict that the halide ions draw nitrate ions closer to the interface where a less complete solvent shell allows more efficient escape of NO2 to the gas phase, and that bromide ions are more effective in bringing nitrate ions closer to the surface. The combination of theory and experiments suggests that under atmospheric conditions where nitrate ion photochemistry plays a role, the impact of other species such as halide ions should be taken into account in predicting the impacts of nitrate ion photochemistry.
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29
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Eom HJ, Gupta D, Li X, Jung HJ, Kim H, Ro CU. Influence of Collecting Substrates on the Characterization of Hygroscopic Properties of Inorganic Aerosol Particles. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2648-56. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4042075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jin Eom
- Department
of Chemistry, Inha University, 253 Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Dhrubajyoti Gupta
- Department
of Chemistry, Inha University, 253 Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Xue Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Inha University, 253 Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Jin Jung
- Department
of Chemistry, Inha University, 253 Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - HyeKyeong Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Inha University, 253 Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Un Ro
- Department
of Chemistry, Inha University, 253 Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
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30
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Walker RL, Searles K, Willard JA, Michelsen RRH. Total reflection infrared spectroscopy of water-ice and frozen aqueous NaCl solutions. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:244703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4841835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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31
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Number Density of Liquid Inclusions Formed in Frozen Aqueous Electrolyte. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:3410-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Bower JP, Anastasio C. Using singlet molecular oxygen to probe the solute and temperature dependence of liquid-like regions in/on ice. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:6612-21. [PMID: 23841666 DOI: 10.1021/jp404071y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-like regions (LLRs) are found at the surfaces and grain boundaries of ice and as inclusions within ice. These regions contain most of the solutes in ice and can be (photo)chemically active hotspots in natural snow and ice systems. If we assume all solutes partition into LLRs as a solution freezes, freezing-point depression predicts that the concentration of a solute in LLRs is higher than its concentration in the prefrozen (or melted) solution by the freeze-concentration factor (F). Here we use singlet molecular oxygen production to explore the effects of total solute concentration ([TS]) and temperature on experimentally determined values of F. For ice above its eutectic temperature, measured values of F agree well with freezing-point depression when [TS] is above ∼1 mmol/kg; at lower [TS] values, measurements of F are lower than predicted from freezing-point depression. For ice below its eutectic temperature, the influence of freezing-point depression on F is damped; the extreme case is with Na2SO4 as the solute, where F shows essentially no agreement with freezing-point depression. In contrast, for ice containing 3 mmol/kg NaCl, measured values of F agree well with freezing-point depression over a range of temperatures, including below the eutectic. Our experiments also reveal that the photon flux in LLRs increases in the presence of salts, which has implications for ice photochemistry in the lab and, perhaps, in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Bower
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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33
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Bag S, Bhuin RG, Natarajan G, Pradeep T. Probing molecular solids with low-energy ions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2013; 6:97-118. [PMID: 23495731 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-062012-092547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ion/surface collisions in the ultralow- to low-energy (1-100-eV) window represent an excellent technique for investigation of the properties of condensed molecular solids at low temperatures. For example, this technique has revealed the unique physical and chemical processes that occur on the surface of ice, versus the liquid and vapor phases of water. Such instrument-dependent research, which is usually performed with spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, has led to new directions in studies of molecular materials. In this review, we discuss some interesting results and highlight recent developments in the area. We hope that access to the study of molecular solids with extreme surface specificity, as described here, will encourage investigators to explore new areas of research, some of which are outlined in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumabha Bag
- DST Unit of Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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Dilbeck CW, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Heterogeneous oxidation of a phosphocholine on synthetic sea salt by ozone at room temperature. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 15:1990-2002. [PMID: 23258195 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp43665e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ozonolysis of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) adsorbed on salt mixtures as models for sea-salt particles was studied in real time using diffuse reflection infrared Fourier transform spectrometry (DRIFTS) at room temperature with and without added water vapor. The salt substrates were a mixture of MgCl(2)·6H(2)O with NaCl or a commercially available synthetic sea salt. Ozone concentrations ranged from (0.25 to 3.9) × 10(13) molecules cm(-3) (0.1-1.6 ppm). The major products identified by FTIR and confirmed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry were the secondary ozonide (SOZ) and a phospholipid aldehyde and carboxylic acid formed by scission of the double bond. The reaction probabilities for the two substrates were similar, γ = (6-7) × 10(-7), with an estimated overall uncertainty of a factor of two. The presence of water vapor decreased the yield of SOZ relative to the products formed by C[double bond, length as m-dash]C scission, but also increased the availability of the double bond for reaction, particularly on the less hygroscopic commercial sea-salt substrate. Thus, water not only affects the mechanisms and products, but also the structure of the phospholipid on the salt in a manner that affects its reactivity. The results of these studies suggest that the reactivity and products of oxidation of unsaturated phospholipids on sea-salt particles in air will be very sensitive to the nature and phase of the substrate, the amount of water present, and whether there is phase separation between the organics and the inorganic salt mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Dilbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
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Richards NK, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Production of gas phase NO₂ and halogens from the photochemical oxidation of aqueous mixtures of sea salt and nitrate ions at room temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:10447-10454. [PMID: 22506935 DOI: 10.1021/es300607c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate and halide ions coexist in a number of environmental systems, including sea salt particles, the Arctic snowpack, and alkaline dry lakes. However, little is known about potential synergisms between halide and nitrate ions. The effect of sea salt on NO(3)(-) photochemistry at 311 nm was investigated at 298 K using thin films of deliquesced NaNO(3)-synthetic sea salt mixtures. Gas phase NO(2), NO, and halogen products were measured as a function of photolysis time using NO(y) chemiluminescence and atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (API-MS). The production of NO(2) increases with the halide-to-nitrate ratio, and is similar to that for mixtures of NaCl with NaNO(3). Gas phase halogen production also increased with the halide-to-nitrate ratio, consistent with NO(3)(-) photolysis yielding OH which oxidizes halide ions in the film. Yields of gas phase halogens and NO were strongly dependent on the acidity of the solution, while that of NO(2) was not. An additional halogen formation mechanism in the dark involving molecular HNO(3) is proposed that may be important in other systems such as reactions on surfaces. These studies show that the yield of Br(2) relative to NO(2) during photolysis of halide-nitrate mixtures could be as high as 35% under some atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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O'Concubhair R, Sodeau JR. Freeze-induced formation of bromine/chlorine interhalogen species from aqueous halide ion solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:10589-10596. [PMID: 22938711 DOI: 10.1021/es301988s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Both gaseous bromine and bromine chloride have been monitored in polar environments and implicated in the destruction of tropospheric ozone. The formation mechanisms operating for these halogen compounds have been suggested previously. However, few laboratory studies have been performed using environmentally relevant concentrations of bromide and chloride ions in polar ice mimics. In aqueous solutions held at room temperature, previous studies have shown that the major product is the Cl(2)Br¯ trihalide ion when solutions of bromate, hydrochloric acid, and bromide ions are left to equilibrate. In contrast, the results of the cryochemical experiments presented here suggest that the dibromochloride ion (BrBrCl¯) is the major product when solutions of bromate, sulfuric acid, bromide, and chloride ions are frozen. Such a species would preferentially release bromine to the gas phase. Hence, similar halide starting materials form structurally different trihalide ions when frozen, which are capable of releasing differing active halogens, BrCl and Br(2), to the gas-phase. This is a potentially important finding because Br(2) is photolyzed more readily and to longer wavelengths than BrCl and therefore the efficiency in forming products that can lead to ozone destruction in the atmosphere would be increased. Evidence is provided for the mechanism to occur by means of both the freeze-concentration effect and the incorporation of ions into the growing ice phase.
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Wang B, Laskin A, Roedel T, Gilles MK, Moffet RC, Tivanski AV, Knopf DA. Heterogeneous ice nucleation and water uptake by field-collected atmospheric particles below 273 K. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wagner R, Möhler O, Schnaiter M. Infrared optical constants of crystalline sodium chloride dihydrate: application to study the crystallization of aqueous sodium chloride solution droplets at low temperatures. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:8557-71. [PMID: 22856335 DOI: 10.1021/jp306240s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Complex refractive indices of sodium chloride dihydrate, NaCl·2H(2)O, have been retrieved in the 6000-800 cm(-1) wavenumber regime from the infrared extinction spectra of crystallized aqueous NaCl solution droplets. The data set is valid in the temperature range from 235 to 216 K and was inferred from crystallization experiments with airborne particles performed in the large coolable aerosol and cloud chamber AIDA at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. The retrieval concept was based on the Kramers-Kronig relationship for a complex function of the optical constants n and k whose imaginary part is proportional to the optical depth of a small particle absorption spectrum in the Rayleigh approximation. The appropriate proportionality factor was inferred from a fitting algorithm applied to the extinction spectra of about 1 μm sized particles, which, apart from absorption, also featured a pronounced scattering contribution. NaCl·2H(2)O is the thermodynamically stable crystalline solid in the sodium chloride-water system below the peritectic at 273.3 K; above 273.3 K, the anhydrous NaCl is more stable. In contrast to anhydrous NaCl crystals, the dihydrate particles reveal prominent absorption signatures at mid-infrared wavelengths due to the hydration water molecules. Formation of NaCl·2H(2)O was only detected at temperatures clearly below the peritectic and was first evidenced in a crystallization experiment conducted at 235 K. We have employed the retrieved refractive indices of NaCl·2H(2)O to quantify the temperature dependent partitioning between anhydrous and dihydrate NaCl particles upon crystallization of aqueous NaCl solution droplets. It was found that the temperature range from 235 to 216 K represents the transition regime where the composition of the crystallized particle ensemble changes from almost only NaCl to almost only NaCl·2H(2)O particles. Compared to the findings on the NaCl/NaCl·2H(2)O partitioning from a recent study conducted with micron-sized NaCl particles deposited onto a surface, the transition regime from NaCl to NaCl·2H(2)O is shifted by about 13 K to lower temperatures in our study. This is obviously related to the different experimental conditions of the two studies. The partitioning between the two solid phases of NaCl is essential for predicting the deliquescence and ice nucleation behavior of a crystalline aerosol population which is subjected to an increasing relative humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wagner
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-AAF), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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Tasaki Y, Okada T. Up to 4 orders of magnitude enhancement of crown ether complexation in an aqueous phase coexistent with ice. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:6128-31. [PMID: 22468638 DOI: 10.1021/ja301989d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ice chromatography measurements have revealed anomalous enhancements of crown ether complexation in a liquid phase coexistent with ice. The 4 orders of magnitude enhancement was confirmed for the complexation of dibenzo-24-crown-8 in sub-μm-sized liquid inclusions formed in ice doped with <1 mM NaCl or KCl. This enhancement became less pronounced with increasing dopant concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuiko Tasaki
- Research Institute of Environmental Management Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan
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Harada M, Tasaki Y, Qu H, Okada T. Hydration of ions and salt crystallization in liquid phase coexistent with ice at temperature below eutectic point. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00801c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Stern GA, Macdonald RW, Outridge PM, Wilson S, Chételat J, Cole A, Hintelmann H, Loseto LL, Steffen A, Wang F, Zdanowicz C. How does climate change influence Arctic mercury? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 414:22-42. [PMID: 22104383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that climate change is already having significant impacts on many aspects of transport pathways, speciation and cycling of mercury within Arctic ecosystems. For example, the extensive loss of sea-ice in the Arctic Ocean and the concurrent shift from greater proportions of perennial to annual types have been shown to promote changes in primary productivity, shift foodweb structures, alter mercury methylation and demethylation rates, and influence mercury distribution and transport across the ocean-sea-ice-atmosphere interface (bottom-up processes). In addition, changes in animal social behavior associated with changing sea-ice regimes can affect dietary exposure to mercury (top-down processes). In this review, we address these and other possible ramifications of climate variability on mercury cycling, processes and exposure by applying recent literature to the following nine questions; 1) What impact has climate change had on Arctic physical characteristics and processes? 2) How do rising temperatures affect atmospheric mercury chemistry? 3) Will a decrease in sea-ice coverage have an impact on the amount of atmospheric mercury deposited to or emitted from the Arctic Ocean, and if so, how? 4) Does climate affect air-surface mercury flux, and riverine mercury fluxes, in Arctic freshwater and terrestrial systems, and if so, how? 5) How does climate change affect mercury methylation/demethylation in different compartments in the Arctic Ocean and freshwater systems? 6) How will climate change alter the structure and dynamics of freshwater food webs, and thereby affect the bioaccumulation of mercury? 7) How will climate change alter the structure and dynamics of marine food webs, and thereby affect the bioaccumulation of marine mercury? 8) What are the likely mercury emissions from melting glaciers and thawing permafrost under climate change scenarios? and 9) What can be learned from current mass balance inventories of mercury in the Arctic? The review finishes with several conclusions and recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Stern
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Ray D, Kurková R, Hovorková I, Klán P. Determination of the specific surface area of snow using ozonation of 1,1-diphenylethylene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:10061-10067. [PMID: 22070465 DOI: 10.1021/es202922k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We measured the kinetics of ozonation reaction of 1,1-diphenylethylene (DPE) in artificial snow, produced by shock freezing of DPE aqueous solutions sprayed into liquid nitrogen. It was demonstrated that most of the reactant molecules are in direct (productive) contact with gaseous ozone, thus the technique produces snow with organic molecules largely ejected to the surface of snow grains. The kinetic data were used to evaluate the snow specific surface area (∼70 cm(2) g(-1)). This number is a measure of the availability of the molecules on the surface for chemical reaction with gaseous species. The experimental results were consistent with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood type reaction mechanism. DPE represents environmentally relevant compounds such as alkenes which can react with atmospheric ozone, and are relatively abundant in natural snow. For typical atmospheric ozone concentrations in polar areas (20 ppbv), we estimated that half-life of DPE on the surface of snow grains is ∼5 days at submonolayer coverages and -15 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debajyoti Ray
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
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Tasaki Y, Okada T. Control of Ice Chromatographic Retention Mechanism by Changing Temperature and Dopant Concentration. Anal Chem 2011; 83:9593-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202378m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuiko Tasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Okada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
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Oldridge NW, Abbatt JPD. Formation of Gas-Phase Bromine from Interaction of Ozone with Frozen and Liquid NaCl/NaBr Solutions: Quantitative Separation of Surficial Chemistry from Bulk-Phase Reaction. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:2590-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp200074u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. W. Oldridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - J. P. D. Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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Richards NK, Wingen LM, Callahan KM, Nishino N, Kleinman MT, Tobias DJ, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Nitrate Ion Photolysis in Thin Water Films in the Presence of Bromide Ions. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:5810-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jp109560j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K. Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Lisa M. Wingen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Karen M. Callahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Noriko Nishino
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Michael T. Kleinman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1825, United States
| | - Douglas J. Tobias
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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Alpert PA, Aller JY, Knopf DA. Initiation of the ice phase by marine biogenic surfaces in supersaturated gas and supercooled aqueous phases. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:19882-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21844a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Křepelová A, Huthwelker T, Bluhm H, Ammann M. Surface Chemical Properties of Eutectic and Frozen NaCl Solutions Probed by XPS and NEXAFS. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:3859-66. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adéla Křepelová
- Laboratory for Radio‐ and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen (Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 056‐310‐4435
| | - Thomas Huthwelker
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen (Switzerland)
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,Stop 6R2100, One Cyclotron Road, 94720 Berkeley, CA (USA)
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory for Radio‐ and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen (Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 056‐310‐4435
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Abbatt J, Oldridge N, Symington A, Chukalovskiy V, McWhinney R, Sjostedt S, Cox R. Release of Gas-Phase Halogens by Photolytic Generation of OH in Frozen Halide−Nitrate Solutions: An Active Halogen Formation Mechanism? J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:6527-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jp102072t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K., CB2 1EW
| | - N. Oldridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K., CB2 1EW
| | - A. Symington
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K., CB2 1EW
| | - V. Chukalovskiy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K., CB2 1EW
| | - R.D. McWhinney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K., CB2 1EW
| | - S. Sjostedt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K., CB2 1EW
| | - R.A. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K., CB2 1EW
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Bodsworth A, Zobrist B, Bertram AK. Inhibition of efflorescence in mixed organic–inorganic particles at temperatures less than 250 K. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:12259-66. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00572j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Rennó NO, Bos BJ, Catling D, Clark BC, Drube L, Fisher D, Goetz W, Hviid SF, Keller HU, Kok JF, Kounaves SP, Leer K, Lemmon M, Madsen MB, Markiewicz WJ, Marshall J, McKay C, Mehta M, Smith M, Zorzano MP, Smith PH, Stoker C, Young SMM. Possible physical and thermodynamical evidence for liquid water at the Phoenix landing site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009je003362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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