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Kim J, La HS, Kim JH, Jo N, Lee J, Kim BK, Son W, Kim K, Jang HK, Park S, Yoo H, Kim J, Park J, Ahn SH, Lee SH. Spatio-temporal variations in organic carbon composition driven by two different major phytoplankton communities in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 891:164666. [PMID: 37286011 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The compositions of organic carbon could be important in determining biological carbon pump efficiency. However, little information on them in relation to each algal assemblage is currently available in the Ross Sea. Here, we investigated the seasonal variations in organic carbon composition and the relative abundance of each organic carbon, including particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and transparent exopolymer particles (TEPs), characterized by different algal groups in the Ross Sea. The average POC and DOC contributions to the total organic carbon (TOC = POC + DOC) were 13.8 ± 3.7 % and 86.2 ± 3.7 % in mid-January 2019 and 20.9 ± 4.1 % and 79.1 ± 4.1 % in February-March 2018, respectively. The carbon content of TEP (TEP-C) contributed 19.6 ± 11.7 % and 4.6 ± 7.0 % of POC and TOC in mid-January and 36.2 ± 14.8 % and 9.0 ± 6.7 % in February-March, respectively. We found that the organic carbon compositions were affected by seasonal variations in the phytoplankton bloom phase, physical characteristics, and phytoplankton community structure. DOC concentrations and contributions to the TOC increased as phytoplankton cells became senescent in mid-January and decreased in February-March when phytoplankton were relatively active. From February-March, the deepened mixed layer depth encouraged TEP formation, subsequently increasing the TEP contributions. Regardless of the sampling season, all organic carbon concentrations per unit Chl-a were significantly higher in P. antarctica-abundant groups. The DOC contributions to the TOC were correspondingly higher at the P. antarctica-abundant stations in mid-January, which indicates that P. antarctica could be also important in the DOC contributions in the Ross Sea. The rapid alteration in environmental characteristics and phytoplankton community structures in the Ross Sea due to climate change could affect the organic carbon pool at the euphotic layer which consequently could determine the efficiency of the biological pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehong Kim
- Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hyoung Sul La
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Naeun Jo
- Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Junbeom Lee
- Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Bo Kyung Kim
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Wuju Son
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea; Department of Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kwanwoo Kim
- Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Keun Jang
- Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Sanghoon Park
- Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hyeju Yoo
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jaesoon Kim
- Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jisoo Park
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - So Hyun Ahn
- Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, USA
| | - Sang Heon Lee
- Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea.
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Differences in diversity and photoprotection capability between ice algae and under-ice phytoplankton in Saroma-Ko Lagoon, Japan: a comparative taxonomic diatom analysis with microscopy and DNA barcoding. Polar Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-020-02751-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Polar sea ice is one of the largest ecosystems on Earth. The liquid brine fraction of the ice matrix is home to a diverse array of organisms, ranging from tiny archaea to larger fish and invertebrates. These organisms can tolerate high brine salinity and low temperature but do best when conditions are milder. Thriving ice algal communities, generally dominated by diatoms, live at the ice/water interface and in recently flooded surface and interior layers, especially during spring, when temperatures begin to rise. Although protists dominate the sea ice biomass, heterotrophic bacteria are also abundant. The sea ice ecosystem provides food for a host of animals, with crustaceans being the most conspicuous. Uneaten organic matter from the ice sinks through the water column and feeds benthic ecosystems. As sea ice extent declines, ice algae likely contribute a shrinking fraction of the total amount of organic matter produced in polar waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Arrigo
- Department of Environmental Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305;
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Smith WO, Ainley DG, Arrigo KR, Dinniman MS. The oceanography and ecology of the Ross Sea. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2013; 6:469-487. [PMID: 23987914 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010213-135114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The continental shelf of the Ross Sea exhibits substantial variations in physical forcing, ice cover, and biological processes on a variety of time and space scales. Its circulation is characterized by advective inputs from the east and exchanges with off-shelf regions via the troughs along the northern portions. Phytoplankton biomass is greater there than anywhere else in the Antarctic, although nitrate is rarely reduced to levels below 10 μmol L(-1). Overall growth is regulated by irradiance (via ice at the surface and by the depths of the mixed layers) and iron concentrations. Apex predators reach exceptional abundances, and the world's largest colonies of Adélie and emperor penguins are found there. Krill are represented by two species (Euphausia superba near the shelf break and Euphausia crystallorophias throughout the continental shelf region). Equally important and poorly known is the Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarcticum), which is also consumed by most upper-trophic-level predators. Future changes in the Ross Sea environment will have profound and unpredictable effects on the food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walker O Smith
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062;
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Raymond JA, Kim HJ. Possible role of horizontal gene transfer in the colonization of sea ice by algae. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35968. [PMID: 22567121 PMCID: PMC3342323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diatoms and other algae not only survive, but thrive in sea ice. Among sea ice diatoms, all species examined so far produce ice-binding proteins (IBPs), whereas no such proteins are found in non-ice-associated diatoms, which strongly suggests that IBPs are essential for survival in ice. The restricted occurrence also raises the question of how the IBP genes were acquired. Proteins with similar sequences and ice-binding activities are produced by ice-associated bacteria, and so it has previously been speculated that the genes were acquired by horizontal transfer (HGT) from bacteria. Here we report several new IBP sequences from three types of ice algae, which together with previously determined sequences reveal a phylogeny that is completely incongruent with algal phylogeny, and that can be most easily explained by HGT. HGT is also supported by the finding that the closest matches to the algal IBP genes are all bacterial genes and that the algal IBP genes lack introns. We also describe a highly freeze-tolerant bacterium from the bottom layer of Antarctic sea ice that produces an IBP with 47% amino acid identity to a diatom IBP from the same layer, demonstrating at least an opportunity for gene transfer. Together, these results suggest that the success of diatoms and other algae in sea ice can be at least partly attributed to their acquisition of prokaryotic IBP genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Raymond
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America.
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Munro DR, Dunbar RB, Mucciarone DA, Arrigo KR, Long MC. Stable isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon and particulate organic carbon in sea ice from the Ross Sea, Antarctica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jc005661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Arrigo KR, Mills MM, Kropuenske LR, van Dijken GL, Alderkamp AC, Robinson DH. Photophysiology in Two Major Southern Ocean Phytoplankton Taxa: Photosynthesis and Growth of Phaeocystis antarctica and Fragilariopsis cylindrus under Different Irradiance Levels. Integr Comp Biol 2010; 50:950-66. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icq021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Eddie B, Juhl A, Krembs C, Baysinger C, Neuer S. Effect of environmental variables on eukaryotic microbial community structure of land-fast Arctic sea ice. Environ Microbiol 2009; 12:797-809. [PMID: 20050870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sea ice microbial community structure affects carbon and nutrient cycling in polar seas, but its susceptibility to changing environmental conditions is not well understood. We studied the eukaryotic microbial community in sea ice cores recovered near Point Barrow, AK in May 2006 by documenting the composition of the community in relation to vertical depth within the cores, as well as light availability (mainly as variable snow cover) and nutrient concentrations. We applied a combination of epifluorescence microscopy, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and clone libraries of a section of the 18S rRNA gene in order to compare the community structure of the major eukaryotic microbial phylotypes in the ice. We find that the community composition of the sea ice is more affected by the depth horizon in the ice than by light availability, although there are significant differences in the abundance of some groups between light regimes. Epifluorescence microscopy shows a shift from predominantly heterotrophic life styles in the upper ice to autotrophy prevailing in the bottom ice. This is supported by the statistical analysis of the similarity between the samples based on the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis banding patterns, which shows a clear difference between upper and lower ice sections with respect to phylotypes and their proportional abundance. Clone libraries constructed using diatom-specific primers confirm the high diversity of diatoms in the sea ice, and support the microscopic counts. Evidence of protistan grazing upon diatoms was also found in lower sections of the core, with implications for carbon and nutrient recycling in the ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Eddie
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85282, USA
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Raymond B, Meiners K, Fowler CW, Pasquer B, Williams GD, Nicol S. Cumulative solar irradiance and potential large-scale sea ice algae distribution off East Antarctica (30°E–150°E). Polar Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-008-0538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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