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Abstract
The atmosphere is composed of nitrogen, oxygen and argon, a variety of trace gases, and particles or aerosols from a variety of sources. Reactive, trace gases have short mean residence time in the atmosphere and large spatial and temporal variations in concentration. Many trace gases are removed by reaction with hydroxyl radical and deposition in rainfall or dryfall at the Earth's surface. The upper atmosphere, the stratosphere, contains ozone that screens ultraviolet light from the Earth's surface. Chlorofluorocarbons released by humans lead to the loss of stratospheric ozone, which might eventually render the Earth's land surface uninhabitable. Changes in the composition of the atmosphere, especially rising concentrations of CO2, CH4, and N2O, will lead to climatic changes over much of the Earth's surface.
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Garfinkel CI, Gordon A, Oman LD, Li F, Davis S, Pawson S. Nonlinear response of tropical lower stratospheric temperature and water vapor to ENSO. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:4597-4615. [PMID: 30008736 PMCID: PMC6041696 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-4597-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of simulations using the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry-Climate Model are analyzed in order to assess interannual and sub-decadal variability in the tropical lower stratosphere over the past 35 years. The impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on temperature and water vapor in this region is nonlinear in boreal spring. While moderate El Niño events lead to cooling in this region, strong El Niño events lead to warming, even as the response of the large scale Brewer Dobson Circulation appears to scale nearly linearly with El Niño. This nonlinearity is shown to arise from the response in the Indo-West Pacific to El Niño: strong El Niño events lead to tropospheric warming extending into the tropical tropopause layer and up to the cold point in this region, where it allows for more water vapor to enter the stratosphere. The net effect is that both strong La Niña and strong El Niño events lead to enhanced entry water vapor and stratospheric moistening in boreal spring and early summer. These results lead to the following interpretation of the contribution of sea surface temperatures to the decline in water vapor from the late 1990s to the early 2000s: the very strong El Niño event in 1997/1998, followed by more than two consecutive years of La Niña, led to enhanced lower stratospheric water vapor. As this period ended in early 2001, entry water vapor concentrations declined. This effect accounts for approximately one-quarter of the observed drop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaim I Garfinkel
- The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amit Gordon
- The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Luke D Oman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - Sean Davis
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Steven Pawson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
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Garfinkel CI, Gordon A, Oman LD, Li F, Davis S, Pawson S. Nonlinear response of tropical lower stratospheric temperature and water vapor to ENSO. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:4597-4615. [PMID: 30008736 DOI: 10.5194/acp-2017-520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A series of simulations using the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry-Climate Model are analyzed in order to assess interannual and sub-decadal variability in the tropical lower stratosphere over the past 35 years. The impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on temperature and water vapor in this region is nonlinear in boreal spring. While moderate El Niño events lead to cooling in this region, strong El Niño events lead to warming, even as the response of the large scale Brewer Dobson Circulation appears to scale nearly linearly with El Niño. This nonlinearity is shown to arise from the response in the Indo-West Pacific to El Niño: strong El Niño events lead to tropospheric warming extending into the tropical tropopause layer and up to the cold point in this region, where it allows for more water vapor to enter the stratosphere. The net effect is that both strong La Niña and strong El Niño events lead to enhanced entry water vapor and stratospheric moistening in boreal spring and early summer. These results lead to the following interpretation of the contribution of sea surface temperatures to the decline in water vapor from the late 1990s to the early 2000s: the very strong El Niño event in 1997/1998, followed by more than two consecutive years of La Niña, led to enhanced lower stratospheric water vapor. As this period ended in early 2001, entry water vapor concentrations declined. This effect accounts for approximately one-quarter of the observed drop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaim I Garfinkel
- The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amit Gordon
- The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Luke D Oman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - Sean Davis
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Steven Pawson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
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Pan LL, Atlas EL, Salawitch RJ, Honomichl SB, Bresch JF, Randel WJ, Apel EC, Hornbrook RS, Weinheimer AJ, Anderson DC, Andrews SJ, Baidar S, Beaton SP, Campos TL, Carpenter LJ, Chen D, Dix B, Donets V, Hall SR, Hanisco TF, Homeyer CR, Huey LG, Jensen JB, Kaser L, Kinnison DE, Koenig TK, Lamarque JF, Liu C, Luo J, Luo ZJ, Montzka DD, Nicely JM, Pierce RB, Riemer DD, Robinson T, Romashkin P, Saiz-Lopez A, Schauffler S, Shieh O, Stell MH, Ullmann K, Vaughan G, Volkamer R, Wolfe G. The Convective Transport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) Experiment. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2017; 98:106-128. [PMID: 29636590 PMCID: PMC5889942 DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-14-00272.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Convective Transport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) experiment was conducted from Guam (13.5° N, 144.8° E) during January-February 2014. Using the NSF/NCAR Gulfstream V research aircraft, the experiment investigated the photochemical environment over the tropical western Pacific (TWP) warm pool, a region of massive deep convection and the major pathway for air to enter the stratosphere during Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter. The new observations provide a wealth of information for quantifying the influence of convection on the vertical distributions of active species. The airborne in situ measurements up to 15 km altitude fill a significant gap by characterizing the abundance and altitude variation of a wide suite of trace gases. These measurements, together with observations of dynamical and microphysical parameters, provide significant new data for constraining and evaluating global chemistry climate models. Measurements include precursor and product gas species of reactive halogen compounds that impact ozone in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere. High accuracy, in-situ measurements of ozone obtained during CONTRAST quantify ozone concentration profiles in the UT, where previous observations from balloon-borne ozonesondes were often near or below the limit of detection. CONTRAST was one of the three coordinated experiments to observe the TWP during January-February 2014. Together, CONTRAST, ATTREX and CAST, using complementary capabilities of the three aircraft platforms as well as ground-based instrumentation, provide a comprehensive quantification of the regional distribution and vertical structure of natural and pollutant trace gases in the TWP during NH winter, from the oceanic boundary to the lower stratosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Pan
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | - S B Honomichl
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - J F Bresch
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - W J Randel
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - E C Apel
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - R S Hornbrook
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - A J Weinheimer
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - D C Anderson
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | | | - S Baidar
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - S P Beaton
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - T L Campos
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - D Chen
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - B Dix
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - V Donets
- University of Miami, Florida, USA
| | - S R Hall
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - T F Hanisco
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - C R Homeyer
- University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - L G Huey
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - J B Jensen
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - L Kaser
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - D E Kinnison
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - T K Koenig
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - J-F Lamarque
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - C Liu
- Texas A&M University at Corpus Christi, Texas, USA
| | - J Luo
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Z J Luo
- City College of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - D D Montzka
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - J M Nicely
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - R B Pierce
- NOAA Satellite and Information Service (NESDIS) Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR), Madison Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - T Robinson
- University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Hawaii, USA
| | - P Romashkin
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - A Saiz-Lopez
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Schauffler
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - O Shieh
- University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Hawaii, USA
| | - M H Stell
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Metropolitan State University, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - K Ullmann
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - G Vaughan
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - R Volkamer
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - G Wolfe
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Ploeger F, Konopka P, Müller R, Fueglistaler S, Schmidt T, Manners JC, Grooß JU, Günther G, Forster PM, Riese M. Horizontal transport affecting trace gas seasonality in the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bergman JW, Jensen EJ, Pfister L, Yang Q. Seasonal differences of vertical-transport efficiency in the tropical tropopause layer: On the interplay between tropical deep convection, large-scale vertical ascent, and horizontal circulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Deushi M, Shibata K. Impacts of increases in greenhouse gases and ozone recovery on lower stratospheric circulation and the age of air: Chemistry-climate model simulations up to 2100. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gettelman A, Hegglin MI, Son SW, Kim J, Fujiwara M, Birner T, Kremser S, Rex M, Añel JA, Akiyoshi H, Austin J, Bekki S, Braesike P, Brühl C, Butchart N, Chipperfield M, Dameris M, Dhomse S, Garny H, Hardiman SC, Jöckel P, Kinnison DE, Lamarque JF, Mancini E, Marchand M, Michou M, Morgenstern O, Pawson S, Pitari G, Plummer D, Pyle JA, Rozanov E, Scinocca J, Shepherd TG, Shibata K, Smale D, Teyssèdre H, Tian W. Multimodel assessment of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere: Tropics and global trends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sayres DS, Pfister L, Hanisco TF, Moyer EJ, Smith JB, St. Clair JM, O'Brien AS, Witinski MF, Legg M, Anderson JG. Influence of convection on the water isotopic composition of the tropical tropopause layer and tropical stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Randel WJ, Park M, Emmons L, Kinnison D, Bernath P, Walker KA, Boone C, Pumphrey H. Asian Monsoon Transport of Pollution to the Stratosphere. Science 2010; 328:611-3. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1182274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mijeong Park
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Louisa Emmons
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Doug Kinnison
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Peter Bernath
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaley A. Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Boone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hugh Pumphrey
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Ploeger F, Konopka P, Günther G, Grooß JU, Müller R. Impact of the vertical velocity scheme on modeling transport in the tropical tropopause layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gettelman A, Lauritzen PH, Park M, Kay JE. Processes regulating short-lived species in the tropical tropopause layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Dessler AE, Hanisco TF, Fueglistaler S. Effects of convective ice lofting on H2O and HDO in the tropical tropopause layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Berthet G, Esler JG, Haynes PH. A Lagrangian perspective of the tropopause and the ventilation of the lowermost stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wong S, Dessler AE. Regulation of H2O and CO in tropical tropopause layer by the Madden-Julian oscillation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Takashima H, Shiotani M. Ozone variation in the tropical tropopause layer as seen from ozonesonde data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fortuin JPF, Becker CR, Fujiwara M, Immler F, Kelder HM, Scheele MP, Schrems O, Verver GHL. Origin and transport of tropical cirrus clouds observed over Paramaribo, Suriname (5.8°N, 55.2°W). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Levine JG, Braesicke P, Harris NRP, Savage NH, Pyle JA. Pathways and timescales for troposphere-to-stratosphere transport via the tropical tropopause layer and their relevance for very short lived substances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fueglistaler S, Fu Q. Impact of clouds on radiative heating rates in the tropical lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Fueglistaler
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - Q. Fu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
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MacKenzie AR, Schiller C, Peter T, Adriani A, Beuermann J, Bujok O, Cairo F, Corti T, DiDonfrancesco G, Gensch I, Kiemle C, Krämer M, Kröger C, Merkulov S, Oulanovsky A, Ravegnani F, Rohs S, Rudakov V, Salter P, Santacesaria V, Stefanutti L, Yushkov V. Tropopause and hygropause variability over the equatorial Indian Ocean during February and March 1999. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dessler AE, Palm SP, Hart WD, Spinhirne JD. Tropopause-level thin cirrus coverage revealed by ICESat/Geoscience Laser Altimeter System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wang KY. A 9-year climatology of airstreams in East Asia and implications for the transport of pollutants and downstream impacts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fueglistaler S, Haynes PH. Control of interannual and longer-term variability of stratospheric water vapor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fueglistaler S. Stratospheric water vapor predicted from the Lagrangian temperature history of air entering the stratosphere in the tropics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gettelman A, Kinnison DE, Dunkerton TJ, Brasseur GP. Impact of monsoon circulations on the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guy P. Brasseur
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
- Max Plank Institute for Meteorology; Hamburg Germany
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