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Katich JM, Apel EC, Bourgeois I, Brock CA, Bui TP, Campuzano-Jost P, Commane R, Daube B, Dollner M, Fromm M, Froyd KD, Hills AJ, Hornbrook RS, Jimenez JL, Kupc A, Lamb KD, McKain K, Moore F, Murphy DM, Nault BA, Peischl J, Perring AE, Peterson DA, Ray EA, Rosenlof KH, Ryerson T, Schill GP, Schroder JC, Weinzierl B, Thompson C, Williamson CJ, Wofsy SC, Yu P, Schwarz JP. Pyrocumulonimbus affect average stratospheric aerosol composition. Science 2023; 379:815-820. [PMID: 36821693 DOI: 10.1126/science.add3101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) are wildfire-generated convective clouds that can inject smoke directly into the stratosphere. PyroCb have been tracked for years, yet their apparent rarity and episodic nature lead to highly uncertain climate impacts. In situ measurements of pyroCb smoke reveal its distinctive and exceptionally stable aerosol properties and define the long-term influence of pyroCb activity on the stratospheric aerosol budget. Analysis of 13 years of airborne observations shows that pyroCb are responsible for 10 to 25% of the black carbon and organic aerosols in the "present-day" lower stratosphere, with similar impacts in both the North and South Hemispheres. These results suggest that, should pyroCb increase in frequency and/or magnitude in future climates, they could generate dominant trends in stratospheric aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Katich
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - E C Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - I Bourgeois
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C A Brock
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
| | - T P Bui
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - P Campuzano-Jost
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R Commane
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - B Daube
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M Dollner
- Aerosol Physics and Environmental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Fromm
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - K D Froyd
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A J Hills
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R S Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J L Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A Kupc
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Aerosol Physics and Environmental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - K D Lamb
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - K McKain
- NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - F Moore
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D M Murphy
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
| | - B A Nault
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | - J Peischl
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A E Perring
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, USA
| | | | - E A Ray
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - K H Rosenlof
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
| | - T Ryerson
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
| | - G P Schill
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J C Schroder
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, USA
| | - B Weinzierl
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - C Thompson
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C J Williamson
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S C Wofsy
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - P Yu
- Institute of Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - J P Schwarz
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
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Murphy DM, Froyd KD, Apel E, Blake D, Blake N, Evangeliou N, Hornbrook RS, Peischl J, Ray E, Ryerson TB, Thompson C, Stohl A. An aerosol particle containing enriched uranium encountered in the remote upper troposphere. J Environ Radioact 2018; 184-185:95-100. [PMID: 29407642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe a submicron aerosol particle sampled at an altitude of 7 km near the Aleutian Islands that contained a small percentage of enriched uranium oxide. 235U was 3.1 ± 0.5% of 238U. During twenty years of aircraft sampling of millions of particles in the global atmosphere, we have rarely encountered a particle with a similarly high content of 238U and never a particle with enriched 235U. The bulk of the particle consisted of material consistent with combustion of heavy fuel oil. Analysis of wind trajectories and particle dispersion model results show that the particle could have originated from a variety of areas across Asia. The source of such a particle is unclear, and the particle is described here in case it indicates a novel source where enriched uranium was dispersed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Murphy
- NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - K D Froyd
- NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA; Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - E Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - N Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - N Evangeliou
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Norway
| | - R S Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J Peischl
- NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA; Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - E Ray
- NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA; Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - T B Ryerson
- NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C Thompson
- NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA; Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A Stohl
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Norway
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3
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Pan LL, Atlas EL, Salawitch RJ, Honomichl SB, Bresch JF, Randel WJ, Apel EC, Hornbrook RS, Weinheimer AJ, Anderson DC, Andrews SJ, Baidar S, Beaton SP, Campos TL, Carpenter LJ, Chen D, Dix B, Donets V, Hall SR, Hanisco TF, Homeyer CR, Huey LG, Jensen JB, Kaser L, Kinnison DE, Koenig TK, Lamarque JF, Liu C, Luo J, Luo ZJ, Montzka DD, Nicely JM, Pierce RB, Riemer DD, Robinson T, Romashkin P, Saiz-Lopez A, Schauffler S, Shieh O, Stell MH, Ullmann K, Vaughan G, Volkamer R, Wolfe G. The Convective Transport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) Experiment. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 2017; 98:106-128. [PMID: 29636590 PMCID: PMC5889942 DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-14-00272.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Convective Transport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) experiment was conducted from Guam (13.5° N, 144.8° E) during January-February 2014. Using the NSF/NCAR Gulfstream V research aircraft, the experiment investigated the photochemical environment over the tropical western Pacific (TWP) warm pool, a region of massive deep convection and the major pathway for air to enter the stratosphere during Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter. The new observations provide a wealth of information for quantifying the influence of convection on the vertical distributions of active species. The airborne in situ measurements up to 15 km altitude fill a significant gap by characterizing the abundance and altitude variation of a wide suite of trace gases. These measurements, together with observations of dynamical and microphysical parameters, provide significant new data for constraining and evaluating global chemistry climate models. Measurements include precursor and product gas species of reactive halogen compounds that impact ozone in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere. High accuracy, in-situ measurements of ozone obtained during CONTRAST quantify ozone concentration profiles in the UT, where previous observations from balloon-borne ozonesondes were often near or below the limit of detection. CONTRAST was one of the three coordinated experiments to observe the TWP during January-February 2014. Together, CONTRAST, ATTREX and CAST, using complementary capabilities of the three aircraft platforms as well as ground-based instrumentation, provide a comprehensive quantification of the regional distribution and vertical structure of natural and pollutant trace gases in the TWP during NH winter, from the oceanic boundary to the lower stratosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Pan
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | - S B Honomichl
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - J F Bresch
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - W J Randel
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - E C Apel
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - R S Hornbrook
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - A J Weinheimer
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - D C Anderson
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | | | - S Baidar
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - S P Beaton
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - T L Campos
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - D Chen
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - B Dix
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - V Donets
- University of Miami, Florida, USA
| | - S R Hall
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - T F Hanisco
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - C R Homeyer
- University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - L G Huey
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - J B Jensen
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - L Kaser
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - D E Kinnison
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - T K Koenig
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - J-F Lamarque
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - C Liu
- Texas A&M University at Corpus Christi, Texas, USA
| | - J Luo
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Z J Luo
- City College of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - D D Montzka
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - J M Nicely
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - R B Pierce
- NOAA Satellite and Information Service (NESDIS) Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR), Madison Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - T Robinson
- University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Hawaii, USA
| | - P Romashkin
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - A Saiz-Lopez
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Schauffler
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - O Shieh
- University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Hawaii, USA
| | - M H Stell
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Metropolitan State University, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - K Ullmann
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - G Vaughan
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - R Volkamer
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - G Wolfe
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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