1
|
Wolf KD, Higuera PE, Davis KT, Dobrowski SZ. Wildfire impacts on forest microclimate vary with biophysical context. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyra D. Wolf
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences University of Montana 32 Campus Drive Missoula Montana59812USA
| | - Philip E. Higuera
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences University of Montana 32 Campus Drive Missoula Montana59812USA
| | - Kimberley T. Davis
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences University of Montana 32 Campus Drive Missoula Montana59812USA
| | - Solomon Z. Dobrowski
- Department of Forest Management University of Montana 32 Campus Drive Missoula Montana59812USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Heim RJ, Bucharova A, Brodt L, Kamp J, Rieker D, Soromotin AV, Yurtaev A, Hölzel N. Post-fire vegetation succession in the Siberian subarctic tundra over 45 years. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143425. [PMID: 33172629 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires are relatively rare in subarctic tundra ecosystems, but they can strongly change ecosystem properties. Short-term fire effects on subarctic tundra vegetation are well documented, but long-term vegetation recovery has been studied less. The frequency of tundra fires will increase with climate warming. Understanding the long-term effects of fire is necessary to predict future ecosystem changes. We used a space-for-time approach to assess vegetation recovery after fire over more than four decades. We studied soil and vegetation patterns on three large fire scars (>44, 28 and 12 years old) in dry, lichen-dominated forest tundra in Western Siberia. On 60 plots, we determined soil temperature and permafrost thaw depth, sampled vegetation and measured plant functional traits. We assessed trends in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to support the field-based results on vegetation recovery. Soil temperature, permafrost thaw depth and total vegetation cover had recovered to pre-fire levels after >44 years, as well as total vegetation cover. In contrast, after >44 years, functional groups had not recovered to the pre-fire state. Burnt areas had lower lichen and higher bryophyte and shrub cover. The dominating shrub species, Betula nana, exhibited a higher vitality (higher specific leaf area and plant height) on burnt compared with control plots, suggesting a fire legacy effect in shrub growth. Our results confirm patterns of shrub encroachment after fire that were detected before in other parts of the Arctic and Subarctic. In the so far poorly studied Western Siberian forest tundra we demonstrate for the first time, long-term fire-legacies on the functional composition of relatively dry shrub- and lichen-dominated vegetation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramona J Heim
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 2, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Anna Bucharova
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Leya Brodt
- Research Institute of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, Tyumen State University, 6 Volodarskogo Street, Tyumen, Russia
| | - Johannes Kamp
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 2, 48149 Münster, Germany; Department of Conservation Biology, University of Göttingen, Bürgerstr. 50, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Rieker
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 2, 48149 Münster, Germany; Institute of Ecology, Diversity and Evolution, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andrey V Soromotin
- Research Institute of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, Tyumen State University, 6 Volodarskogo Street, Tyumen, Russia
| | - Andrey Yurtaev
- Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), Tyumen State University, 6 Volodarskogo Street, Tyumen, Russia
| | - Norbert Hölzel
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Surface Energy Flux Estimation in Two Boreal Settings in Alaska Using a Thermal-Based Remote Sensing Model. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12244108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent Arctic warming has led to changes in the hydrological cycle. Circum-Arctic and circumboreal ecosystems are showing evidence of “greening” and “browning” due to temperature warming leading to shrub encroachment, tree mortality and deciduousness. Increases in latent heat flux from increased evapotranspiration rates associated with deciduous-dominated ecosystems may be significant, because deciduous vegetation has extremely high-water use and water storage capacity compared to coniferous and herbaceous plant species. Thus, the impact of vegetation change in boreal ecosystems on regional surface energy balance is a significant knowledge gap that must be addressed to better understand observed trends in water use/availability and tree mortality. To this end, output from a two-source energy balance model (TSEB) with modifications for high latitude boreal ecosystems was evaluated using flux tower measurements and Terra/Aqua MODIS remote sensing data collected over the two largest boreal forest types in Alaska (birch and black spruce). Data under clear and overcast days and from leaf-out to senescence from 2012 to 2016 were used for validation. Using flux tower observations and local model inputs, modifications to the model formulation for soil heat flux, net radiation partitioning, and canopy transpiration were required for the boreal forest. These improvements resulted in a mean absolute percent difference of around 23% for turbulent daytime fluxes when surface temperature from the flux towers was used, similar to errors reported in other studies conducted in warmer climates. Results when surface temperature from Terra/Aqua MODIS estimates were used as model input suggested that these model improvements are pertinent for regional scale applications. Vegetation indices and LAI time-series from the Terra/Aqua MODIS products were confirmed to be appropriate for energy flux estimation in the boreal forest to describe vegetation properties (LAI and green fraction) when field observations are not available. Model improvements for boreal settings identified in this study will be implemented operationally over North America to map surface energy fluxes at regional scales using long time series of remote sensing estimates as part of NOAA’s GOES Evapotranspiration and Drought Information System.
Collapse
|
4
|
The Combination of Wildfire and Changing Climate Triggers Permafrost Degradation in the Khentii Mountains, Northern Mongolia. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High topographic heterogeneity and complex mechanisms between the atmosphere and the ground create unique hydro-climatic processes over mountainous regions. Based on in situ observations, we present the spatial variability of ground surface temperature (GST) in the Khentii Mountains of northern Mongolia, which is situated at the southern fringe of the Eurasian permafrost zone. Changes in the hydrothermal regime of the active layer were investigated in association with changing climate and wildfire effects. The results reveal that the GST tends to increase continuously since 2011 in both thawing and freezing seasons, and varies significantly within a short horizontal distance, particularly during the thawing season. Extreme weather events, such as drought and heavy snowfall, amplify the increase in the ground temperature and deepen the seasonal thawing depth. The fire-induced loss in organic layer resulted in a greater heat penetration deeper into the ground and unbalanced the moisture distribution. Overall, the thawing depth is greater by >1.7 m under severely burned forest, compared to unburned forest. Given that about 30% of the boreal forest was affected by wildfire in the study area, the ground thermal regime changed considerably. The findings suggest that the combination of regional temperature rise and more frequent extreme weather and wildfire events in the region triggers permafrost degradation and alters the hydrothermal regime in the future.
Collapse
|
5
|
Yin S, Wang X, Zhang X, Guo M, Miura M, Xiao Y. Influence of biomass burning on local air pollution in mainland Southeast Asia from 2001 to 2016. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:112949. [PMID: 31376599 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, various remote sensing data, modeling data and emission inventories were integrated to analyze the tempo-spatial distribution of biomass burning in mainland Southeast Asia and its effects on the local ambient air quality from 2001 to 2016. Land cover changes have been considered in dividing the biomass burning into four types: forest fires, shrubland fires, crop residue burning and other fires. The results show that the monthly average number of fire spots peaked at 34,512 in March and that the monthly variation followed a seasonal pattern, which was closely related to precipitation and farming activities. The four types of biomass burning fires presented different tempo-spatial distributions. Moreover, the monthly Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), concentration of particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) total column also peaked in March with values of 0.62, 45 μg/m3 and 3.25 × 1018 molecules/cm2, respectively. There are significant correlations between the monthly means of AOD (r = 0.74, P < 0.001), PM2.5 concentration (r = 0.88, P < 0.001), and CO total column (r = 0.82, P < 0.001) and the number of fire spots in the fire season. We used Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model to resolve the sources of PM2.5 into 3 factors. The result indicated that the largest contribution (48%) to annual average concentration of PM2.5 was from Factor 1 (dominated by biomass burning), followed by 27% from Factor 3 (dominated by anthropogenic emission), and 25% from Factor 2 (long-range transport/local nature source). The annually anthropogenic emission of CO and PM2.5 from 2001 to 2012 and the monthly emission from the Emission Database for Global Atmosphere Research (EDGAR) were consistent with PMF analysis and further prove that biomass burning is the dominant cause of the variation in the local air quality in mainland Southeast Asia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yin
- Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 3058506, Japan.
| | - Xiufeng Wang
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 0608589, Japan.
| | - Xirui Zhang
- School of Mechanics and Electrics Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Meng Guo
- School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Moe Miura
- School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 0608589, Japan.
| | - Yi Xiao
- Research Center of the Economy of the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River and the Key Research Base of Humanity, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 40067, China; College of Tourism and Land Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 40067, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Burn Severity and Post-Fire Land Surface Albedo Relationship in Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11192309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Our study explores the relationship between land surface albedo (LSA) changes and burn severity, checking whether the LSA is an indicator of burn severity, in a large forest fire (117.75 km2, Spain). The LSA was obtained from Landsat data. In particular, we used an immediately-after-fire scene, a year-after-fire scene and a pre-fire one. The burn severity (three levels) was assessed in 111 field plots by using the Composite Burn Index (CBI). The potentiality of remotely sensed LSA as an indicator for the burn severity was tested by a one-way analysis of variance, correlation analysis and regression models. Specifically, we considered the total shortwave, visible, and near-infrared LSA. Immediately after the fire, we observed a decrease in the LSA for all burn severity levels (up to 0.631). A small increase in the LSA was found (up to 0.0292) a year after the fire. The maximum adjusted coefficient of determination (R2adj) of the linear regression model between the immediately post-fire LSA image and the CBI values was approximately 67%. Fisher’s least significance difference test showed that two burn severity levels could be discriminated by the immediately post-fire LSA image. Our results demonstrate that the magnitude of the changes in the LSA is related to the burn severity with a statistical significance, suggesting the potentiality of immediately-after-fire remotely sensed LSA for estimating the burn severity as an alternative to other satellite-based methods. However, the persistency of these changes in time should be evaluated in future research.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kikaj D, Chambers SD, Vaupotič J. Radon-based atmospheric stability classification in contrasting sub-Alpine and sub-Mediterranean environments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2019; 203:125-134. [PMID: 30901740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A recently-developed radon-based technique is used to investigate relative changes in summertime atmospheric stability at two sites in Slovenia with contrasting geographical settings. Although atmospheric stability for both sites (50 km apart) was shown to be governed by similar synoptic conditions, their contrasting settings caused differences in mixing conditions for each stability category. At the urban sub-Alpine site Ljubljana, situated within a topographic basin, wind speeds associated with the most stable conditions were 0.2-0.3 m s-1. By comparison, corresponding wind speeds for the near-coastal sub-Mediterranean site Ajdovščina, located at the foothills of the Trnovski gozd barrier, were 0-0.2 m s-1. The wind direction at Ljubljana under stable conditions (∼80°) was consistent with drainage flow into the basin along the Sava River valley. The corresponding wind direction at Ajdovščina was 20-40°, consistent with gentle katabatic drainage from the flanks of the Trnovski gozd barrier. After removing fetch effects on radon variability at each site, a large contrast in local contributions to the radon signal was noted: the diurnal amplitude of the local radon signal increased from ∼24 Bq m-3 at Ljubljana to ∼47 Bq m-3 at Ajdovščina. This difference was attributed to a greater nocturnal radon accumulation rate at Ajdovščina (3.5 Bq m-3 h-1 vs 2.1 Bq m-3 h-1) due to higher radon fluxes from flysch and carbonate rocks compared to the sea and lake sediments in the Ljubljana Basin. The ability of radon to consistently distinguish subtle changes in atmospheric mixing at sites with contrasting topographic settings indicates that it will be a powerful tool for characterising air quality in these complex environments. Specifically, diurnal radon cycles indicate that the capability of the atmosphere to dilute primary pollutants is considerably less in the basin environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dafina Kikaj
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Scott D Chambers
- ANSTO, Environmental Research, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Janja Vaupotič
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Launiainen S, Katul GG, Kolari P, Lindroth A, Lohila A, Aurela M, Varlagin A, Grelle A, Vesala T. Do the energy fluxes and surface conductance of boreal coniferous forests in Europe scale with leaf area? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:4096-4113. [PMID: 27614117 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Earth observing systems are now routinely used to infer leaf area index (LAI) given its significance in spatial aggregation of land surface fluxes. Whether LAI is an appropriate scaling parameter for daytime growing season energy budget, surface conductance (Gs ), water- and light-use efficiency and surface-atmosphere coupling of European boreal coniferous forests was explored using eddy-covariance (EC) energy and CO2 fluxes. The observed scaling relations were then explained using a biophysical multilayer soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer model as well as by a bulk Gs representation. The LAI variations significantly alter radiation regime, within-canopy microclimate, sink/source distributions of CO2 , H2 O and heat, and forest floor fluxes. The contribution of forest floor to ecosystem-scale energy exchange is shown to decrease asymptotically with increased LAI, as expected. Compared with other energy budget components, dry-canopy evapotranspiration (ET) was reasonably 'conservative' over the studied LAI range 0.5-7.0 m2 m-2 . Both ET and Gs experienced a minimum in the LAI range 1-2 m2 m-2 caused by opposing nonproportional response of stomatally controlled transpiration and 'free' forest floor evaporation to changes in canopy density. The young forests had strongest coupling with the atmosphere while stomatal control of energy partitioning was strongest in relatively sparse (LAI ~2 m2 m-2 ) pine stands growing on mineral soils. The data analysis and model results suggest that LAI may be an effective scaling parameter for net radiation and its partitioning but only in sparse stands (LAI <3 m2 m-2 ). This finding emphasizes the significance of stand-replacing disturbances on the controls of surface energy exchange. In denser forests, any LAI dependency varies with physiological traits such as light-saturated water-use efficiency. The results suggest that incorporating species traits and site conditions are necessary when LAI is used in upscaling energy exchanges of boreal coniferous forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuli Launiainen
- Nature Resources Institute Finland, Environmental Impacts of Production, Jokiniemenkuja 1, Vantaa, Finland
| | - Gabriel G Katul
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, PO Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, USA
| | - Pasi Kolari
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, 00140 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anders Lindroth
- Department of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, Lund, 223 62, Sweden
| | - Annalea Lohila
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Aurela
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrej Varlagin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Achim Grelle
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7044, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Timo Vesala
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, 00140 University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, 00140, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Beringer J, Hutley LB, Abramson D, Arndt SK, Briggs P, Bristow M, Canadell JG, Cernusak LA, Eamus D, Edwards AC, Evans BJ, Fest B, Goergen K, Grover SP, Hacker J, Haverd V, Kanniah K, Livesley SJ, Lynch A, Maier S, Moore C, Raupach M, Russell-Smith J, Scheiter S, Tapper NJ, Uotila P. Fire in Australian savannas: from leaf to landscape. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:62-81. [PMID: 25044767 PMCID: PMC4310295 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Savanna ecosystems comprise 22% of the global terrestrial surface and 25% of Australia (almost 1.9 million km2) and provide significant ecosystem services through carbon and water cycles and the maintenance of biodiversity. The current structure, composition and distribution of Australian savannas have coevolved with fire, yet remain driven by the dynamic constraints of their bioclimatic niche. Fire in Australian savannas influences both the biophysical and biogeochemical processes at multiple scales from leaf to landscape. Here, we present the latest emission estimates from Australian savanna biomass burning and their contribution to global greenhouse gas budgets. We then review our understanding of the impacts of fire on ecosystem function and local surface water and heat balances, which in turn influence regional climate. We show how savanna fires are coupled to the global climate through the carbon cycle and fire regimes. We present new research that climate change is likely to alter the structure and function of savannas through shifts in moisture availability and increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, in turn altering fire regimes with further feedbacks to climate. We explore opportunities to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions from savanna ecosystems through changes in savanna fire management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Beringer
- School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash UniversityMelbourne, Vic., 3800, Australia
| | - Lindsay B Hutley
- School of Environment, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin UniversityDarwin, NT, 0909, Australia
| | - David Abramson
- School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Stefan K Arndt
- Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, Vic., 3121, Australia
| | - Peter Briggs
- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric ResearchGPO Box 3023, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Mila Bristow
- School of Environment, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin UniversityDarwin, NT, 0909, Australia
| | - Josep G Canadell
- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric ResearchGPO Box 3023, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook UniversityCairns, Qld, 4878, Australia
| | - Derek Eamus
- School of the Environment, University of TechnologySydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Andrew C Edwards
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie UniversityNorth Ryde, NSW, 2113, Australia
| | - Bradley J Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie UniversityNorth Ryde, NSW, 2113, Australia
| | - Benedikt Fest
- Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, Vic., 3121, Australia
| | - Klaus Goergen
- Meteorological Institute, University of BonnBonn, D-53121, Germany
- Juelich Supercomputing Centre, Research Centre JuelichJuelich, 52425, Germany
- Centre for High Performance Scientific Computing in Terrestrial Systems, Research Centre JuelichJuelich, 52425, Germany
| | - Samantha P Grover
- School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Environment, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin UniversityDarwin, NT, 0909, Australia
| | - Jorg Hacker
- Airborne Research Australia/Flinders UniversitySalisbury South, SA, 5106, Australia
| | - Vanessa Haverd
- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric ResearchGPO Box 3023, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Kasturi Kanniah
- School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Faculty of Geoinformation & Real Estate, Department of Geoinformation, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia81310 UTM, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Stephen J Livesley
- Department of Resource Management and Geography, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, Vic., 3121, Australia
| | - Amanda Lynch
- School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Stefan Maier
- School of Environment, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin UniversityDarwin, NT, 0909, Australia
| | - Caitlin Moore
- School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Michael Raupach
- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric ResearchGPO Box 3023, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Jeremy Russell-Smith
- School of Environment, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin UniversityDarwin, NT, 0909, Australia
| | - Simon Scheiter
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (LOEWE BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für NaturforschungSenckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nigel J Tapper
- School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Petteri Uotila
- Finnish Meteorological InstituteHelsinki, FI-00101, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jin Y, Randerson JT, Goetz SJ, Beck PSA, Loranty MM, Goulden ML. The influence of burn severity on postfire vegetation recovery and albedo change during early succession in North American boreal forests. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jg001886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
11
|
Barrett K, McGuire AD, Hoy EE, Kasischke ES. Potential shifts in dominant forest cover in interior Alaska driven by variations in fire severity. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2011; 21:2380-2396. [PMID: 22073630 DOI: 10.1890/10-0896.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Large fire years in which >1% of the landscape burns are becoming more frequent in the Alaskan (USA) interior, with four large fire years in the past 10 years, and 79 000 km2 (17% of the region) burned since 2000. We modeled fire severity conditions for the entire area burned in large fires during a large fire year (2004) to determine the factors that are most important in estimating severity and to identify areas affected by deep-burning fires. In addition to standard methods of assessing severity using spectral information, we incorporated information regarding topography, spatial pattern of burning, and instantaneous characteristics such as fire weather and fire radiative power. Ensemble techniques using regression trees as a base learner were able to determine fire severity successfully using spectral data in concert with other relevant geospatial data. This method was successful in estimating average conditions, but it underestimated the range of severity. This new approach was used to identify black spruce stands that experienced intermediate- to high-severity fires in 2004 and are therefore susceptible to a shift in regrowth toward deciduous dominance or mixed dominance. Based on the output of the severity model, we estimate that 39% (approximately 4000 km2) of all burned black spruce stands in 2004 had <10 cm of residual organic layer and may be susceptible a postfire shift in plant functional type dominance, as well as permafrost loss. If the fraction of area susceptible to deciduous regeneration is constant for large fire years, the effect of such years in the most recent decade has been to reduce black spruce stands by 4.2% and to increase areas dominated or co-dominated by deciduous forest stands by 20%. Such disturbance-driven modifications have the potential to affect the carbon cycle and climate system at regional to global scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Barrett
- USGS Alaska Science Center, 4230 University Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Grosse G, Harden J, Turetsky M, McGuire AD, Camill P, Tarnocai C, Frolking S, Schuur EAG, Jorgenson T, Marchenko S, Romanovsky V, Wickland KP, French N, Waldrop M, Bourgeau-Chavez L, Striegl RG. Vulnerability of high-latitude soil organic carbon in North America to disturbance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jg001507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
13
|
Euskirchen ES, McGuire AD, Rupp TS, Chapin FS, Walsh JE. Projected changes in atmospheric heating due to changes in fire disturbance and the snow season in the western Arctic, 2003–2100. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jg001095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
14
|
Lyons EA, Jin Y, Randerson JT. Changes in surface albedo after fire in boreal forest ecosystems of interior Alaska assessed using MODIS satellite observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jg000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan A. Lyons
- Department of Geography; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Yufang Jin
- Department of Earth System Science; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - James T. Randerson
- Department of Earth System Science; University of California; Irvine California USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu H, Randerson JT. Interannual variability of surface energy exchange depends on stand age in a boreal forest fire chronosequence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jg000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heping Liu
- Department of Physics, Atmospheric Sciences, and Geoscience; Jackson State University; Jackson Mississippi USA
| | - James T. Randerson
- Department of Earth System Science; University of California; Irvine California USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liljedahl A, Hinzman L, Busey R, Yoshikawa K. Physical short-term changes after a tussock tundra fire, Seward Peninsula, Alaska. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jf000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
17
|
Petrone KC, Jones JB, Hinzman LD, Boone RD. Seasonal export of carbon, nitrogen, and major solutes from Alaskan catchments with discontinuous permafrost. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jg000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C. Petrone
- International Arctic Research Center; University of Alaska Fairbanks; Fairbanks Alaska USA
| | - Jeremy B. Jones
- Institute of Arctic Biology; University of Alaska Fairbanks; Fairbanks Alaska USA
| | - Larry D. Hinzman
- Water and Environmental Research Center; University of Alaska Fairbanks; Fairbanks Alaska USA
| | - Richard D. Boone
- Institute of Arctic Biology; University of Alaska Fairbanks; Fairbanks Alaska USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu H. Changes in the surface energy budget after fire in boreal ecosystems of interior Alaska: An annual perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|