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He Q, Li C, Siemens K, Morales AC, Hettiyadura AP, Laskin A, Rudich Y. Optical Properties of Secondary Organic Aerosol Produced by Photooxidation of Naphthalene under NOx Condition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4816-4827. [PMID: 35384654 PMCID: PMC9022426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) affect incoming solar radiation by interacting with light at ultraviolet and visible wavelength ranges. However, the relationship between the chemical composition and optical properties of SOA is still not well understood. In this study, the complex refractive index (RI) of SOA produced from OH oxidation of naphthalene in the presence of nitrogen oxides (NOx) was retrieved online in the wavelength range of 315-650 nm and the bulk chemical composition of the SOA was characterized by an online high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer. In addition, the molecular-level composition of brown carbon chromophores was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a photodiode array detector and a high-resolution mass spectrometer. The real part of the RI of the SOA increases with both the NOx/naphthalene ratio and aging time, likely due to the increased mean polarizability and decreased molecular weight due to fragmentation. Highly absorbing nitroaromatics (e.g., C6H5NO4, C7H7NO4, C7H5NO5, C8H5NO5) produced under higher NOx conditions contribute significantly to the light absorption of the SOA. The imaginary part of the RI linearly increases with the NOx/VOCs ratio due to the formation of nitroaromatic compounds. As a function of aging, the imaginary RI increases with the O/C ratio (slope = 0.024), mainly attributed to the achieved higher NOx/VOCs ratio, which favors the formation of light-absorbing nitroaromatics. The light-absorbing enhancement is not as significant with extensive aging as it is under a lower aging time due to the opening of aromatic rings by reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanfu He
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Chunlin Li
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Kyla Siemens
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ana C. Morales
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | | | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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2
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He Q, Tomaz S, Li C, Zhu M, Meidan D, Riva M, Laskin A, Brown SS, George C, Wang X, Rudich Y. Optical Properties of Secondary Organic Aerosol Produced by Nitrate Radical Oxidation of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2878-2889. [PMID: 33596062 PMCID: PMC8023652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Nighttime oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) by nitrate radicals (NO3·) represents one of the most important interactions between anthropogenic and natural emissions, leading to substantial secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. The direct climatic effect of such SOA cannot be quantified because its optical properties and atmospheric fate are poorly understood. In this study, we generated SOA from the NO3· oxidation of a series BVOCs including isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. The SOA were subjected to comprehensive online and offline chemical composition analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry and optical properties measurements using a novel broadband (315-650 nm) cavity-enhanced spectrometer, which covers the wavelength range needed to understand the potential contribution of the SOA to direct radiative forcing. The SOA contained a significant fraction of oxygenated organic nitrates (ONs), consisting of monomers and oligomers that are responsible for the detected light absorption in the 315-400 nm range. The SOA created from β-pinene and α-humulene was further photochemically aged in an oxidation flow reactor. The SOA has an atmospheric photochemical bleaching lifetime of >6.2 h, indicating that some of the ONs in the SOA may serve as atmosphere-stable nitrogen oxide sinks or reservoirs and will absorb and scatter incoming solar radiation during the daytime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanfu He
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sophie Tomaz
- Univ
Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Chunlin Li
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ming Zhu
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory
of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daphne Meidan
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Univ
Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Steven S. Brown
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado, 216 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christian George
- Univ
Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Xinming Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory
of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center
for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban
Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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3
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Pye HOT, Nenes A, Alexander B, Ault AP, Barth MC, Clegg SL, Collett JL, Fahey KM, Hennigan CJ, Herrmann H, Kanakidou M, Kelly JT, Ku IT, McNeill VF, Riemer N, Schaefer T, Shi G, Tilgner A, Walker JT, Wang T, Weber R, Xing J, Zaveri RA, Zuend A. The Acidity of Atmospheric Particles and Clouds. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2020; 20:4809-4888. [PMID: 33424953 PMCID: PMC7791434 DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-4809-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Acidity, defined as pH, is a central component of aqueous chemistry. In the atmosphere, the acidity of condensed phases (aerosol particles, cloud water, and fog droplets) governs the phase partitioning of semi-volatile gases such as HNO3, NH3, HCl, and organic acids and bases as well as chemical reaction rates. It has implications for the atmospheric lifetime of pollutants, deposition, and human health. Despite its fundamental role in atmospheric processes, only recently has this field seen a growth in the number of studies on particle acidity. Even with this growth, many fine particle pH estimates must be based on thermodynamic model calculations since no operational techniques exist for direct measurements. Current information indicates acidic fine particles are ubiquitous, but observationally-constrained pH estimates are limited in spatial and temporal coverage. Clouds and fogs are also generally acidic, but to a lesser degree than particles, and have a range of pH that is quite sensitive to anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, as well as ambient ammonia. Historical measurements indicate that cloud and fog droplet pH has changed in recent decades in response to controls on anthropogenic emissions, while the limited trend data for aerosol particles indicates acidity may be relatively constant due to the semi-volatile nature of the key acids and bases and buffering in particles. This paper reviews and synthesizes the current state of knowledge on the acidity of atmospheric condensed phases, specifically particles and cloud droplets. It includes recommendations for estimating acidity and pH, standard nomenclature, a synthesis of current pH estimates based on observations, and new model calculations on the local and global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havala O. T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, GR-26504, Greece
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA
| | - Mary C. Barth
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80307, USA
| | - Simon L. Clegg
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Jeffrey L. Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Fahey
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Christopher J. Hennigan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - Maria Kanakidou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion Crete, 71003, Greece
| | - James T. Kelly
- Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - I-Ting Ku
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Nicole Riemer
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - John T. Walker
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rodney Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jia Xing
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Rahul A. Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Andreas Zuend
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B9, Canada
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4
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Jacobson MZ, Delucchi MA, Cameron MA, Coughlin SJ, Hay CA, Manogaran IP, Shu Y, von Krauland AK. Impacts of Green New Deal Energy Plans on Grid Stability, Costs, Jobs, Health, and Climate in 143 Countries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oneear.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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5
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Jacobson MZ. Short-Term Impacts of the Aliso Canyon Natural Gas Blowout on Weather, Climate, Air Quality, and Health in California and Los Angeles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6081-6093. [PMID: 31034217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Aliso Canyon (Porter Ranch), California, natural gas blowout lasted 112 days, from October 23, 2015 to February 11, 2016, releasing 97 100 metric tonnes of methane, 7300 tonnes of ethane, and a host of other hydrocarbons into the Southern California air. This study estimates the impacts of the leak on transient weather, climate, air quality, and health in California and the Los Angeles Basin using a nested global-through-local weather-climate-air quality computer model. Results suggest that the Aliso Canyon leak may have increased the mixing ratios of multiple emitted hydrocarbon gases throughout California. Subsequent gas-phase photochemistry increased the mixing ratios of additional byproducts, including carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, peroxyacetyl nitrate, and ozone. Increases in air temperatures aloft and lesser increases at the surface due to thermal-infrared radiation absorption by methane stabilized the air over much of California, slightly reducing clouds, precipitation, and near-surface wind speed with greater reductions in Los Angeles than in California. The reduction in precipitation, in particular, increased PM2.5 concentration, with a greater increase in Los Angeles than in California. The higher PM2.5 increased estimated premature mortality in California by +32 (9-54) to +43 (15-66), depending on the set of relative risks used. Despite higher PM2.5 in Los Angeles due to the leak, premature mortalities there were more ambiguous, ranging from a mean decrease of -7 to a mean increase of +15, for 2 simulations with different resolution and boundary conditions. The remaining mortalities occurred in the Central Valley and San Francisco Bay Area. Ozone premature mortalities away from the leak increased by <1. The study did not evaluate potential health impacts, including cancers, immediately near the leak. As such, the Aliso Canyon leak affected temperatures, pollution, and health throughout California. Future leaks will also likely have impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Z Jacobson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
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6
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Xing J, Wang J, Mathur R, Wang S, Sarwar G, Pleim J, Hogrefe C, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Wong DC, Hao J. Impacts of aerosol direct effects on tropospheric ozone through changes in atmospheric dynamics and photolysis rates. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2017; 17:9869-9883. [PMID: 30147710 PMCID: PMC6104653 DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-9869-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol direct effects (ADEs), i.e., scattering and absorption of incoming solar radiation, reduce radiation reaching the ground and the resultant photolysis attenuation can decrease ozone (O3) formation in polluted areas. One the other hand, evidence also suggests that ADE-associated cooling suppresses atmospheric ventilation, thereby enhancing surface-level O3. Assessment of ADE impacts is thus important for understanding emission reduction strategies that seek co-benefits associated with reductions in both particuate matter and O3 levels. This study quantifies the impacts of ADEs on tropospheric ozone by using a two-way online coupled meteorology and atmospheric chemistry model, WRF- CMAQ, using a process analysis methodology. Two mani-festations of ADE impacts on O3 including changes in atmospheric dynamics (ᐃDynamics) and changes in photolysis rates (∆Photolysis) were assessed separately through multiple scenario simulations for January and July of 2013 over China. Results suggest that ADEs reduced surface daily maxima 1 h O3 (DM1O3) in China by up to 39μgm-3 through the combination of ∆Dynamics and ∆Photolysis in January but enhanced surface DM1O3 by up to 4μgm-3 in July. Increased O3 in July is largely attributed to ∆Dynamics, which causes a weaker O3 sink of dry deposition and a stronger O3 source of photochemistry due to the stabilization of the at-mosphere. Meanwhile, surface OH is also enhanced at noon in July, though its daytime average values are reduced in January. An increased OH chain length and a shift towards more volatile organic compound (VOC)-limited conditions are found due to ADEs in both January and July. This study suggests that reducing ADEs may have the potential risk of increasing O3 in winter, but it will benefit the reduction in maxima O3 in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiandong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rohit Mathur
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Golam Sarwar
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jonathan Pleim
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Christian Hogrefe
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Yuqiang Zhang
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - David C. Wong
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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7
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Xing J, Wang J, Mathur R, Pleim J, Wang S, Hogrefe C, Gan CM, Wong DC, Hao J. Unexpected Benefits of Reducing Aerosol Cooling Effects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7527-7534. [PMID: 27310144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Impacts of aerosol cooling are not limited to changes in surface temperature since modulation of atmospheric dynamics resulting from the increased stability can deteriorate local air quality and impact human health. Health impacts from two manifestations of the aerosol direct effects (ADE) are estimated in this study: (1) the effect on surface temperature and (2) the effect on air quality through atmospheric dynamics. Average mortalities arising from the enhancement of surface PM2.5 concentration due to ADE in East Asia, North America and Europe are estimated to be 3-6 times higher than reduced mortality from decreases of temperature due to ADE. Our results suggest that mitigating aerosol pollution is beneficial in decreasing the impacts of climate change arising from these two manifestations of ADE health impacts. Thus, decreasing aerosol pollution gets direct benefits on health, and indirect benefits on health through changes in local climate and not offsetting changes associated only with temperature modulations as traditionally thought. The modulation of air pollution due to ADE also translates into an additional human health dividend in regions (e.g., U.S. Europe) with air pollution control measures but a penalty for regions (e.g., Asia) witnessing rapid deterioration in air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Jiandong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Rohit Mathur
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Jonathan Pleim
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Christian Hogrefe
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Chuen-Meei Gan
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - David C Wong
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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8
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Fiore AM, Naik V, Leibensperger EM. Air quality and climate connections. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2015; 65:645-85. [PMID: 25976481 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2015.1040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Multiple linkages connect air quality and climate change. Many air pollutant sources also emit carbon dioxide (CO2), the dominant anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG). The two main contributors to non-attainment of U.S. ambient air quality standards, ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM), interact with radiation, forcing climate change. PM warms by absorbing sunlight (e.g., black carbon) or cools by scattering sunlight (e.g., sulfates) and interacts with clouds; these radiative and microphysical interactions can induce changes in precipitation and regional circulation patterns. Climate change is expected to degrade air quality in many polluted regions by changing air pollution meteorology (ventilation and dilution), precipitation and other removal processes, and by triggering some amplifying responses in atmospheric chemistry and in anthropogenic and natural sources. Together, these processes shape distributions and extreme episodes of O3 and PM. Global modeling indicates that as air pollution programs reduce SO2 to meet health and other air quality goals, near-term warming accelerates due to "unmasking" of warming induced by rising CO2. Air pollutant controls on CH4, a potent GHG and precursor to global O3 levels, and on sources with high black carbon (BC) to organic carbon (OC) ratios could offset near-term warming induced by SO2 emission reductions, while reducing global background O3 and regionally high levels of PM. Lowering peak warming requires decreasing atmospheric CO2, which for some source categories would also reduce co-emitted air pollutants or their precursors. Model projections for alternative climate and air quality scenarios indicate a wide range for U.S. surface O3 and fine PM, although regional projections may be confounded by interannual to decadal natural climate variability. Continued implementation of U.S. NOx emission controls guards against rising pollution levels triggered either by climate change or by global emission growth. Improved accuracy and trends in emission inventories are critical for accountability analyses of historical and projected air pollution and climate mitigation policies. IMPLICATIONS The expansion of U.S. air pollution policy to protect climate provides an opportunity for joint mitigation, with CH4 a prime target. BC reductions in developing nations would lower the global health burden, and for BC-rich sources (e.g., diesel) may lessen warming. Controls on these emissions could offset near-term warming induced by health-motivated reductions of sulfate (cooling). Wildfires, dust, and other natural PM and O3 sources may increase with climate warming, posing challenges to implementing and attaining air quality standards. Accountability analyses for recent and projected air pollution and climate control strategies should underpin estimated benefits and trade-offs of future policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene M Fiore
- a Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University , Palisades , NY , USA
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9
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Ervens B. Modeling the processing of aerosol and trace gases in clouds and fogs. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4157-98. [PMID: 25898144 DOI: 10.1021/cr5005887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ervens
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80302, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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10
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11
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Klein T, Kukkonen J, Dahl Å, Bossioli E, Baklanov A, Vik AF, Agnew P, Karatzas KD, Sofiev M. Interactions of physical, chemical, and biological weather calling for an integrated approach to assessment, forecasting, and communication of air quality. AMBIO 2012; 41:851-64. [PMID: 22627871 PMCID: PMC3492561 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-012-0288-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews interactions and health impacts of physical, chemical, and biological weather. Interactions and synergistic effects between the three types of weather call for integrated assessment, forecasting, and communication of air quality. Today's air quality legislation falls short of addressing air quality degradation by biological weather, despite increasing evidence for the feasibility of both mitigation and adaptation policy options. In comparison with the existing capabilities for physical and chemical weather, the monitoring of biological weather is lacking stable operational agreements and resources. Furthermore, integrated effects of physical, chemical, and biological weather suggest a critical review of air quality management practices. Additional research is required to improve the coupled modeling of physical, chemical, and biological weather as well as the assessment and communication of integrated air quality. Findings from several recent COST Actions underline the importance of an increased dialog between scientists from the fields of meteorology, air quality, aerobiology, health, and policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Klein
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sven Källfeltsgata 15, 42671 Västra Frölunda, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jaakko Kukkonen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palmenin Aukio 1, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Åslög Dahl
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 461, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elissavet Bossioli
- Laboratory of Meteorology, Department of Physics, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Building PHYS-5, Panepistimioupolis, 157 84 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Baklanov
- Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aasmund Fahre Vik
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Paul Agnew
- UK Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB UK
| | | | - Mikhail Sofiev
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palmenin Aukio 1, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Zhang Y, Karamchandani P, Glotfelty T, Streets DG, Grell G, Nenes A, Yu F, Bennartz R. Development and initial application of the global-through-urban weather research and forecasting model with chemistry (GU-WRF/Chem). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Fiore AM, Naik V, Spracklen DV, Steiner A, Unger N, Prather M, Bergmann D, Cameron-Smith PJ, Cionni I, Collins WJ, Dalsøren S, Eyring V, Folberth GA, Ginoux P, Horowitz LW, Josse B, Lamarque JF, MacKenzie IA, Nagashima T, O'Connor FM, Righi M, Rumbold ST, Shindell DT, Skeie RB, Sudo K, Szopa S, Takemura T, Zeng G. Global air quality and climate. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:6663-83. [PMID: 22868337 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35095e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Emissions of air pollutants and their precursors determine regional air quality and can alter climate. Climate change can perturb the long-range transport, chemical processing, and local meteorology that influence air pollution. We review the implications of projected changes in methane (CH(4)), ozone precursors (O(3)), and aerosols for climate (expressed in terms of the radiative forcing metric or changes in global surface temperature) and hemispheric-to-continental scale air quality. Reducing the O(3) precursor CH(4) would slow near-term warming by decreasing both CH(4) and tropospheric O(3). Uncertainty remains as to the net climate forcing from anthropogenic nitrogen oxide (NO(x)) emissions, which increase tropospheric O(3) (warming) but also increase aerosols and decrease CH(4) (both cooling). Anthropogenic emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and non-CH(4) volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) warm by increasing both O(3) and CH(4). Radiative impacts from secondary organic aerosols (SOA) are poorly understood. Black carbon emission controls, by reducing the absorption of sunlight in the atmosphere and on snow and ice, have the potential to slow near-term warming, but uncertainties in coincident emissions of reflective (cooling) aerosols and poorly constrained cloud indirect effects confound robust estimates of net climate impacts. Reducing sulfate and nitrate aerosols would improve air quality and lessen interference with the hydrologic cycle, but lead to warming. A holistic and balanced view is thus needed to assess how air pollution controls influence climate; a first step towards this goal involves estimating net climate impacts from individual emission sectors. Modeling and observational analyses suggest a warming climate degrades air quality (increasing surface O(3) and particulate matter) in many populated regions, including during pollution episodes. Prior Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios (SRES) allowed unconstrained growth, whereas the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios assume uniformly an aggressive reduction, of air pollutant emissions. New estimates from the current generation of chemistry-climate models with RCP emissions thus project improved air quality over the next century relative to those using the IPCC SRES scenarios. These two sets of projections likely bracket possible futures. We find that uncertainty in emission-driven changes in air quality is generally greater than uncertainty in climate-driven changes. Confidence in air quality projections is limited by the reliability of anthropogenic emission trajectories and the uncertainties in regional climate responses, feedbacks with the terrestrial biosphere, and oxidation pathways affecting O(3) and SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene M Fiore
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA.
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Ten Hoeve JE, Jacobson MZ, Remer LA. Comparing results from a physical model with satellite and in situ observations to determine whether biomass burning aerosols over the Amazon brighten or burn off clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jacobson MZ. Investigating cloud absorption effects: Global absorption properties of black carbon, tar balls, and soil dust in clouds and aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Coupling of Important Physical Processes in the Planetary Boundary Layer between Meteorological and Chemistry Models for Regional to Continental Scale Air Quality Forecasting: An Overview. ATMOSPHERE 2011. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos2030464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zhang Y, Liu P, Liu XH, Pun B, Seigneur C, Jacobson MZ, Wang WX. Fine scale modeling of wintertime aerosol mass, number, and size distributions in central California. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jacobson MZ. Short-term effects of controlling fossil-fuel soot, biofuel soot and gases, and methane on climate, Arctic ice, and air pollution health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jacobson MZ, Ginnebaugh DL. Global-through-urban nested three-dimensional simulation of air pollution with a 13,600-reaction photochemical mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhang Y, Wen XY, Wang K, Vijayaraghavan K, Jacobson MZ. Probing into regional O3and particulate matter pollution in the United States: 2. An examination of formation mechanisms through a process analysis technique and sensitivity study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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L'Ecuyer TS, Berg W, Haynes J, Lebsock M, Takemura T. Global observations of aerosol impacts on precipitation occurrence in warm maritime clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jacobson MZ, Streets DG. Influence of future anthropogenic emissions on climate, natural emissions, and air quality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jacobson MZ. Short-term effects of agriculture on air pollution and climate in California. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhang Y, Hu XM, Leung LR, Gustafson WI. Impacts of regional climate change on biogenic emissions and air quality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd009965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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