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Haigh R, Ianson D, Holt CA, Neate HE, Edwards AM. Effects of Ocean Acidification on Temperate Coastal Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries in the Northeast Pacific. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117533. [PMID: 25671596 PMCID: PMC4324998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As the oceans absorb anthropogenic CO2 they become more acidic, a problem termed ocean acidification (OA). Since this increase in CO2 is occurring rapidly, OA may have profound implications for marine ecosystems. In the temperate northeast Pacific, fisheries play key economic and cultural roles and provide significant employment, especially in rural areas. In British Columbia (BC), sport (recreational) fishing generates more income than commercial fishing (including the expanding aquaculture industry). Salmon (fished recreationally and farmed) and Pacific Halibut are responsible for the majority of fishery-related income. This region naturally has relatively acidic (low pH) waters due to ocean circulation, and so may be particularly vulnerable to OA. We have analyzed available data to provide a current description of the marine ecosystem, focusing on vertical distributions of commercially harvested groups in BC in the context of local carbon and pH conditions. We then evaluated the potential impact of OA on this temperate marine system using currently available studies. Our results highlight significant knowledge gaps. Above trophic levels 2–3 (where most local fishery-income is generated), little is known about the direct impact of OA, and more importantly about the combined impact of multi-stressors, like temperature, that are also changing as our climate changes. There is evidence that OA may have indirect negative impacts on finfish through changes at lower trophic levels and in habitats. In particular, OA may lead to increased fish-killing algal blooms that can affect the lucrative salmon aquaculture industry. On the other hand, some species of locally farmed shellfish have been well-studied and exhibit significant negative direct impacts associated with OA, especially at the larval stage. We summarize the direct and indirect impacts of OA on all groups of marine organisms in this region and provide conclusions, ordered by immediacy and certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan Haigh
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Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Debby Ianson
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Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, British Columbia, V8L 4B2, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Carrie A. Holt
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Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Holly E. Neate
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Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
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Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Andrew M. Edwards
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Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
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Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
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Bianucci L, Denman KL. Carbon and oxygen cycles: Sensitivity to changes in environmental forcing in a coastal upwelling system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jg001849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Foreman MGG, Pal B, Merryfield WJ. Trends in upwelling and downwelling winds along the British Columbia shelf. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jc006995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bianucci L, Denman KL, Ianson D. Low oxygen and high inorganic carbon on the Vancouver Island Shelf. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jc006720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Bianucci
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences University of Victoria Victoria, British Columbia Canada
- Now at Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - K. L. Denman
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences University of Victoria Victoria, British Columbia Canada
- Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis Environment Canada Victoria, British Columbia Canada
- Now at VENUS Project, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - D. Ianson
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences University of Victoria Victoria, British Columbia Canada
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada Institute of Ocean Sciences Sidney, British Columbia Canada
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