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Schroeder K, Kovačević V, Civitarese G, Velaoras D, Álvarez M, Tanhua T, Jullion L, Coppola L, Bensi M, Ursella L, Santinelli C, Giani M, Chiggiato J, Aly-Eldeen M, Assimakopoulou G, Bachi G, Bogner B, Borghini M, Cardin V, Cornec M, Giannakourou A, Giannoudi L, Gogou A, Golbol M, Hazan O, Karthäuser C, Kralj M, Krasakopoulou E, Matić F, Mihanović H, Muslim S, Papadopoulos VP, Parinos C, Paulitschke A, Pavlidou A, Pitta E, Protopapa M, Rahav E, Raveh O, Renieris P, Reyes-Suarez NC, Rousselaki E, Silverman J, Souvermezoglou E, Urbini L, Zeri C, Zervoudaki S. Seawater physics and chemistry along the Med-SHIP transects in the Mediterranean Sea in 2016. Sci Data 2024; 11:52. [PMID: 38195581 PMCID: PMC10776779 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02835-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean Sea has been sampled irregularly by research vessels in the past, mostly by national expeditions in regional waters. To monitor the hydrographic, biogeochemical and circulation changes in the Mediterranean Sea, a systematic repeat oceanographic survey programme called Med-SHIP was recommended by the Mediterranean Science Commission (CIESM) in 2011, as part of the Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP). Med-SHIP consists of zonal and meridional surveys with different frequencies, where comprehensive physical and biogeochemical properties are measured with the highest international standards. The first zonal survey was done in 2011 and repeated in 2018. In addition, a network of meridional (and other key) hydrographic sections were designed: the first cycle of these sections was completed in 2016, with three cruises funded by the EU project EUROFLEETS2. This paper presents the physical and chemical data of the meridional and key transects in the Western and Eastern Mediterranean Sea collected during those cruises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schroeder
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze Marine (CNR-ISMAR), Venice and La Spezia, Italy.
| | - Vedrana Kovačević
- National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Civitarese
- National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, Trieste, Italy
| | - Dimitris Velaoras
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, HCMR, Institute of Oceanography, Anavyssos, Greece
| | - Marta Álvarez
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, IEO-CSIC, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Toste Tanhua
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Laurent Coppola
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, OSU STAMAR, UAR2017, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252, Paris, cedex, 05, France
| | - Manuel Bensi
- National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura Ursella
- National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara Santinelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Biofisica (CNR-IBF), Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Giani
- National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jacopo Chiggiato
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze Marine (CNR-ISMAR), Venice and La Spezia, Italy
| | | | | | - Giancarlo Bachi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Biofisica (CNR-IBF), Pisa, Italy
| | - Boie Bogner
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mireno Borghini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze Marine (CNR-ISMAR), Venice and La Spezia, Italy
| | - Vanessa Cardin
- National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marin Cornec
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Antonia Giannakourou
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, HCMR, Institute of Oceanography, Anavyssos, Greece
| | - Louisa Giannoudi
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, HCMR, Institute of Oceanography, Anavyssos, Greece
| | - Alexandra Gogou
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, HCMR, Institute of Oceanography, Anavyssos, Greece
| | - Melek Golbol
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Or Hazan
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, IOLR, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Martina Kralj
- National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Frano Matić
- University Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Stipe Muslim
- University Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Constantine Parinos
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, HCMR, Institute of Oceanography, Anavyssos, Greece
| | | | - Alexandra Pavlidou
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, HCMR, Institute of Oceanography, Anavyssos, Greece
| | - Elli Pitta
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, HCMR, Institute of Oceanography, Anavyssos, Greece
| | - Maria Protopapa
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, HCMR, Institute of Oceanography, Anavyssos, Greece
| | - Eyal Rahav
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, IOLR, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ofrat Raveh
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, IOLR, Haifa, Israel
| | - Panagiotis Renieris
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, HCMR, Institute of Oceanography, Anavyssos, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Rousselaki
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, HCMR, Institute of Oceanography, Anavyssos, Greece
| | - Jacop Silverman
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, IOLR, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Lidia Urbini
- National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, Trieste, Italy
| | - Christina Zeri
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, HCMR, Institute of Oceanography, Anavyssos, Greece
| | - Soultana Zervoudaki
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, HCMR, Institute of Oceanography, Anavyssos, Greece
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Menna M, Martellucci R, Reale M, Cossarini G, Salon S, Notarstefano G, Mauri E, Poulain PM, Gallo A, Solidoro C. A case study of impacts of an extreme weather system on the Mediterranean Sea circulation features: Medicane Apollo (2021). Sci Rep 2023; 13:3870. [PMID: 36890142 PMCID: PMC9995500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29942-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The attention of the scientific community, policymakers, and public opinion on the Medicanes has recently grown because of their increase in intensity and harmful potential. Although Medicanes may be influenced by pre-existing upper-ocean conditions, uncertainties remain about how such weather extremes influence ocean circulation. This work examines a condition that has been never described before in the Mediterranean, which involves the interplay between an atmospheric cyclone (Medicane Apollo-October 2021) and a cyclonic gyre located in the western Ionian Sea. During the event, the temperature in the core of the cold gyre dropped dramatically, due to a local maximum in the wind-stress curl, Ekman pumping, and relative vorticity. Cooling and vertical mixing of the surface layer combined with upwelling in the subsurface layer caused a shoaling of the Mixed Layer Depth, halocline, and nutricline. The resulting biogeochemical impacts included an increase in oxygen solubility, chlorophyll concentration, productivity at the surface, and decreases in the subsurface layer. The presence of a cold gyre along Apollo's trajectory leads to a different ocean response from that observed with previous Medicanes, endorsing the efficiency of a multi-platform observation system integrated into an operational model for future mitigation of weather-related damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Menna
- Oceanographic Section, National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, 34010, Sgonico (TS), Italy.
| | - Riccardo Martellucci
- Oceanographic Section, National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, 34010, Sgonico (TS), Italy
| | - Marco Reale
- Oceanographic Section, National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, 34010, Sgonico (TS), Italy
| | - Gianpiero Cossarini
- Oceanographic Section, National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, 34010, Sgonico (TS), Italy
| | - Stefano Salon
- Oceanographic Section, National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, 34010, Sgonico (TS), Italy
| | - Giulio Notarstefano
- Oceanographic Section, National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, 34010, Sgonico (TS), Italy
| | - Elena Mauri
- Oceanographic Section, National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, 34010, Sgonico (TS), Italy
| | - Pierre-Marie Poulain
- Oceanographic Section, National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, 34010, Sgonico (TS), Italy
| | - Antonella Gallo
- Oceanographic Section, National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, 34010, Sgonico (TS), Italy
| | - Cosimo Solidoro
- Oceanographic Section, National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, 34010, Sgonico (TS), Italy
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Climatic, Decadal, and Interannual Variability in the Upper Layer of the Mediterranean Sea Using Remotely Sensed and In-Situ Data. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14061322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean Sea is considered a hot spot of global warming because it has been changing faster than the global ocean, creating a strong impact on the marine environment. Recent studies agree on the increase in the sea level, in the sea surface temperature, and in the sea surface salinity in the Mediterranean Sea over the last two decades. In this research, the possible interconnection between these and other parameters that contribute to the regulatory effect of the sea on the climate are identified and discussed. Spatio-temporal variability of four oceanographic and air–sea interaction parameters (sea-level, sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, and freshwater flux) are estimated over the last 27 years by performing the empirical orthogonal function analysis. Climatic trends, and interannual and decadal variability of the different datasets are delineated and described in the whole Mediterranean and in its sub-basins. On the climatic scale, the Mediterranean and its sub-basins behave in a coherent way, showing the seal level, temperature, salinity, and freshwater flux rise. On the interannual scale, the temporal evolution of the sea level and sea surface temperature are highly correlated, whereas freshwater flux affects the variability of sea level, temperature, and the salinity field mainly in the Western and Central Mediterranean. The decadal signal associated with the Northern Ionian Gyre circulation reversals is clearly identified in three of the four parameters considered, with different intensities and geographical extents. This signal also affects the intermediate layer of the Eastern Mediterranean, from where it is advected to the other sub-basins. Decadal signal not associated with the Northern Ionian Gyre reversals is strongly related to the variability of main sub-basin scale local structures.
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Incarbona A, Sprovieri M. The Postglacial Isotopic Record of Intermediate Water Connects Mediterranean Sapropels and Organic‐Rich Layers. PALEOCEANOGRAPHY AND PALEOCLIMATOLOGY 2020; 35. [DOI: 10.1029/2020pa004009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractCarbon‐rich layers exist at both sides of the Mediterranean Sea sedimentary record and are called sapropels and organic rich layers (ORLs), respectively, in the eastern and western basins. They have different levels of organic carbon accumulation and seafloor oxygen deprivation. The most recent sapropel and ORL depositions have a different timing, approximately 10.8–6.1 and 14.5–9.0 ka, respectively. Here we investigate oxygen isotopic records of three foraminifera species that occupy different habitats within the Sicily Channel water column since ~12.0 ka, thus in the sill between the eastern and western Mediterranean basins. These data are ice volume corrected, to get information on water masses density variability, and are accompanied by benthic foraminifera δ13C measurements to establish Sicily Channel seafloor ventilation. Our results, and the comparison with other chronologically well‐constrained Mediterranean records, highlight the connection of the two subbasins due to monsoon activity. The end of the maximum Nile River flooding at ~9.2 ka, and eastern Mediterranean seafloor reventilation above 1,800–1,500 m depth at ~ 8.2 and 7.2 ka, left a clear signature in the intermediate water isotopic record of the Sicily Channel. Concurrently, the western Mediterranean deep water circulation experienced a significant recovery after a long period of slowdown. We argue that African monsoon weakening was transmitted into the western Mediterranean, through the intermediate layer of circulation, where deep water formation took place and brought oxygen to the seafloor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Incarbona
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare Università di Palermo Sicily Italy
| | - Mario Sprovieri
- Istituto per lo Studio degli Impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in Ambiente Marino Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Genoa Italy
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Bryden HL, Robinson C, Griffiths G. Changing currents: a strategy for understanding and predicting the changing ocean circulation. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2012; 370:5461-5479. [PMID: 23129709 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Within the context of UK marine science, we project a strategy for ocean circulation research over the next 20 years. We recommend a focus on three types of research: (i) sustained observations of the varying and evolving ocean circulation, (ii) careful analysis and interpretation of the observed climate changes for comparison with climate model projections, and (iii) the design and execution of focused field experiments to understand ocean processes that are not resolved in coupled climate models so as to be able to embed these processes realistically in the models. Within UK-sustained observations, we emphasize smart, cost-effective design of the observational network to extract maximum information from limited field resources. We encourage the incorporation of new sensors and new energy sources within the operational environment of UK-sustained observational programmes to bridge the gap that normally separates laboratory prototype from operational instrument. For interpreting the climate-change records obtained through a variety of national and international sustained observational programmes, creative and dedicated UK scientists should lead efforts to extract the meaningful signals and patterns of climate change and to interpret them so as to project future changes. For the process studies, individual scientists will need to work together in team environments to combine observational and process modelling results into effective improvements in the coupled climate models that will lead to more accurate climate predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry L Bryden
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, UK.
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