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Battaglia A, Kollias P, Dhillon R, Roy R, Tanelli S, Lamer K, Grecu M, Lebsock M, Watters D, Mroz K, Heymsfield G, Li L, Furukawa K. Spaceborne Cloud and Precipitation Radars: Status, Challenges, and Ways Forward. REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS (WASHINGTON, D.C. : 1985) 2020; 58:e2019RG000686. [PMID: 32715303 PMCID: PMC7375167 DOI: 10.1029/2019rg000686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spaceborne radars offer a unique three-dimensional view of the atmospheric components of the Earth's hydrological cycle. Existing and planned spaceborne radar missions provide cloud and precipitation information over the oceans and land difficult to access in remote areas. A careful look into their measurement capabilities indicates considerable gaps that hinder our ability to detect and probe key cloud and precipitation processes. The international community is currently debating how the next generation of spaceborne radars shall enhance current capabilities and address remaining gaps. Part of the discussion is focused on how to best take advantage of recent advancements in radar and space platform technologies while addressing outstanding limitations. First, the observing capabilities and measurement highlights of existing and planned spaceborne radar missions including TRMM, CloudSat, GPM, RainCube, and EarthCARE are reviewed. Then, the limitations of current spaceborne observing systems, with respect to observations of low-level clouds, midlatitude and high-latitude precipitation, and convective motions, are thoroughly analyzed. Finally, the review proposes potential solutions and future research avenues to be explored. Promising paths forward include collecting observations across a gamut of frequency bands tailored to specific scientific objectives, collecting observations using mixtures of pulse lengths to overcome trade-offs in sensitivity and resolution, and flying constellations of miniaturized radars to capture rapidly evolving weather phenomena. This work aims to increase the awareness about existing limitations and gaps in spaceborne radar measurements and to increase the level of engagement of the international community in the discussions for the next generation of spaceborne radar systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Battaglia
- National Centre for Earth ObservationUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
- Earth Observation Science, Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
- DIATIPolitecnico di TorinoTurinItaly
| | - Pavlos Kollias
- School of Marine and Atmospheric SciencesState University of New York at Stony BrookNew YorkNYUSA
- Institute for Geophysics and MeteorologyUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- National Observatory of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Ranvir Dhillon
- Earth Observation Science, Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Richard Roy
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Simone Tanelli
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Katia Lamer
- Environmental and Climate Sciences DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
| | - Mircea Grecu
- GESTAR, Morgan State University Laboratory for AtmospheresNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Matthew Lebsock
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Daniel Watters
- National Centre for Earth ObservationUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
- Earth Observation Science, Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Kamil Mroz
- National Centre for Earth ObservationUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | | | - Lihua Li
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Kinji Furukawa
- Space Technology Directorate IJapan Aerospace Exploration AgencyTokyoJapan
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Mitchell DL, Garnier A, Pelon J, Erfani E. CALIPSO (IIR-CALIOP) Retrievals of Cirrus Cloud Ice Particle Concentrations. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:17325-17354. [PMID: 31662738 PMCID: PMC6818510 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-17325-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A new satellite remote sensing method is described whereby the sensitivity of thermal infrared wave resonance absorption to small ice crystals is exploited to estimate cirrus cloud ice particle number concentration N, effective diameter De, and ice water content IWC. This method uses co-located observations from the Infrared Imaging Radiometer (IIR) and from the CALIOP (Cloud and Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) lidar aboard the CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation) polar orbiting satellite, employing IIR channels at 10.6 μm and 12.05 μm. Using particle size distributions measured over several flights of the TC4 (Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling) and the mid-latitudes SPARTICUS (Small Particles in Cirrus) field campaigns, we show for the first time that N/IWC is tightly related to βeff; the ratio of effective absorption optical depths at 12.05 μm and 10.6 μm. Relationships developed from in situ aircraft measurements are applied to βeff derived from IIR measurements to retrieve N. This satellite remote sensing method is constrained by measurements of βeff from the IIR and is by essence sensitive to the smallest ice crystals. Retrieval uncertainties are discussed, including uncertainties related to in situ measurement of small ice crystals (D < 15 µm), which are studied through comparisons with IIR βeff. The method is applied here to single-layered semi-transparent clouds having a visible optical depth between about 0.3 and 3, where cloud base temperature is ≤ 235 K. Two years of CALIPSO data have been analyzed for the years 2008 and 2013, with the dependence of cirrus cloud N and De on altitude, temperature, latitude, season (winter vs. summer) and topography (land vs. ocean) described. The results for the mid-latitudes show a considerable dependence on season. In the high latitudes, N tends to be highest and De smallest, whereas the opposite is true for the tropics. The frequency of occurrence of these relatively thick cirrus clouds exhibited a strong seasonal dependence in the high latitudes, with the occurrence frequency during Arctic winter being at least twice that of any other season. Processes that could potentially explain some of these micro-and macroscopic cloud phenomena are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Garnier
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Jacques Pelon
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
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Elsaesser GS, Del Genio AD, Jiang JH, VAN Lier-Walqui M. An Improved Convective Ice Parameterization for the NASA GISS Global Climate Model and Impacts on Cloud Ice Simulation. JOURNAL OF CLIMATE 2017; 30:317-336. [PMID: 32690981 PMCID: PMC7370992 DOI: 10.1175/jcli-d-16-0346.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Partitioning of convective ice into precipitating and detrained condensate presents a challenge for GCMs since partitioning depends on the strength and microphysics of the convective updraft. It is an important issue because detrainment of ice from updrafts influences the development of stratiform anvils, impacts radiation, and can affect GCM climate sensitivity. Recent studies have shown that the CMIP5 configurations of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) GCM simulated upper-tropospheric ice water content (IWC) that exceeded an estimated upper bound by a factor of 2. Partly in response to this bias, a new GCM parameterization of convective cloud ice has been developed that incorporates new ice particle fall speeds and convective outflow particle size distributions (PSDs) from the NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (NAMMA), NASA Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling (TC4), DOE ARM-NASA Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E), and DOE ARM Small Particles in Cirrus (SPARTICUS) field campaigns. The new parameterization assumes a normalized gamma PSD with two novel developments: no explicit assumption for particle habit in the calculation of mass distributions, and a formulation for translating ice particle fall speeds as a function of maximum diameter into fall speeds as a function of melted-equivalent diameter. Two parameters (particle volume- and projected area-weighted equivalent diameter) are diagnosed as a function of temperature and IWC in the convective plume, and these parameters constrain the shape and scale of the normalized gamma PSD. The diagnosed fall speeds and PSDs are combined with the GCM's parameterized convective updraft vertical velocity to partition convective updraft condensate into precipitating and detrained components. A 5-yr prescribed sea surface temperature GCM simulation shows a 30%-50% decrease in upper-tropospheric deep convective IWC, bringing the tropical and global mean ice water path into closer agreement with CloudSat best estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Elsaesser
- Department of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Columbia University, and NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York
| | | | - Jonathan H Jiang
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Marcus VAN Lier-Walqui
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, and Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Song S, Schmidt KS, Pilewskie P, King MD, Heidinger AK, Walther A, Iwabuchi H, Wind G, Coddington OM. The spectral signature of cloud spatial structure in shortwave irradiance. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2016; 16:13791-13806. [PMID: 28824698 PMCID: PMC5562414 DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-13791-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we used cloud imagery from a NASA field experiment in conjunction with three-dimensional radiative transfer calculations to show that cloud spatial structure manifests itself as a spectral signature in shortwave irradiance fields - specifically in transmittance and net horizontal photon transport in the visible and near-ultraviolet wavelength range. We found a robust correlation between the magnitude of net horizontal photon transport (H) and its spectral dependence (slope), which is scale-invariant and holds for the entire pixel population of a domain. This was surprising at first given the large degree of spatial inhomogeneity. We prove that the underlying physical mechanism for this phenomenon is molecular scattering in conjunction with cloud spatial structure. On this basis, we developed a simple parameterization through a single parameter ε, which quantifies the characteristic spectral signature of spatial inhomogeneities. In the case we studied, neglecting net horizontal photon transport leads to a local transmittance bias of ±12-19 %, even at the relatively coarse spatial resolution of 20 km. Since three-dimensional effects depend on the spatial context of a given pixel in a nontrivial way, the spectral dimension of this problem may emerge as the starting point for future bias corrections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Song
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - K. Sebastian Schmidt
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Peter Pilewskie
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael D. King
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Andi Walther
- NOAA Center for Satellite Applications and Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hironobu Iwabuchi
- Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Gala Wind
- Space Systems and Applications, INC., Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Odele M. Coddington
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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Villa TF, Gonzalez F, Miljievic B, Ristovski ZD, Morawska L. An Overview of Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Air Quality Measurements: Present Applications and Future Prospectives. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 16:E1072. [PMID: 27420065 PMCID: PMC4969839 DOI: 10.3390/s16071072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of air quality has been traditionally conducted by ground based monitoring, and more recently by manned aircrafts and satellites. However, performing fast, comprehensive data collection near pollution sources is not always feasible due to the complexity of sites, moving sources or physical barriers. Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) equipped with different sensors have been introduced for in-situ air quality monitoring, as they can offer new approaches and research opportunities in air pollution and emission monitoring, as well as for studying atmospheric trends, such as climate change, while ensuring urban and industrial air safety. The aims of this review were to: (1) compile information on the use of UAVs for air quality studies; and (2) assess their benefits and range of applications. An extensive literature review was conducted using three bibliographic databases (Scopus, Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar) and a total of 60 papers was found. This relatively small number of papers implies that the field is still in its early stages of development. We concluded that, while the potential of UAVs for air quality research has been established, several challenges still need to be addressed, including: the flight endurance, payload capacity, sensor dimensions/accuracy, and sensitivity. However, the challenges are not simply technological, in fact, policy and regulations, which differ between countries, represent the greatest challenge to facilitating the wider use of UAVs in atmospheric research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Francesco Villa
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Felipe Gonzalez
- Australian Research Centre for Aerospace Automation (ARCAA), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Branka Miljievic
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Zoran D Ristovski
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane QLD 4000, Australia.
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Thompson AM, Miller SK, Tilmes S, Kollonige DW, Witte JC, Oltmans SJ, Johnson BJ, Fujiwara M, Schmidlin FJ, Coetzee GJR, Komala N, Maata M, bt Mohamad M, Nguyo J, Mutai C, Ogino SY, Da Silva FR, Leme NMP, Posny F, Scheele R, Selkirk HB, Shiotani M, Stübi R, Levrat G, Calpini B, Thouret V, Tsuruta H, Canossa JV, Vömel H, Yonemura S, Diaz JA, Tan Thanh NT, Thuy Ha HT. Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) ozone climatology (2005-2009): Tropospheric and tropical tropopause layer (TTL) profiles with comparisons to OMI-based ozone products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Simulations of Infrared Radiances over a Deep Convective Cloud System Observed during TC4: Potential for Enhancing Nocturnal Ice Cloud Retrievals. REMOTE SENSING 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/rs4103022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Adhikari L, Wang Z, Deng M. Seasonal variations of Antarctic clouds observed by CloudSat and CALIPSO satellites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chen B, Yin Y. Modeling the impact of aerosols on tropical overshooting thunderstorms and stratospheric water vapor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Cooper M, Martin RV, Sauvage B, Boone CD, Walker KA, Bernath PF, McLinden CA, Degenstein DA, Volz-Thomas A, Wespes C. Evaluation of ACE-FTS and OSIRIS Satellite retrievals of ozone and nitric acid in the tropical upper troposphere: Application to ozone production efficiency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kindel BC, Pilewskie P, Schmidt KS, Coddington O, King MD. Solar spectral absorption by marine stratus clouds: Measurements and modeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Carn SA, Froyd KD, Anderson BE, Wennberg P, Crounse J, Spencer K, Dibb JE, Krotkov NA, Browell EV, Hair JW, Diskin G, Sachse G, Vay SA. In situ measurements of tropospheric volcanic plumes in Ecuador and Colombia during TC4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Thompson AM, Allen AL, Lee S, Miller SK, Witte JC. Gravity and Rossby wave signatures in the tropical troposphere and lower stratosphere based on Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ), 1998–2007. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Thompson AM, MacFarlane AM, Morris GA, Yorks JE, Miller SK, Taubman BF, Verver G, Vömel H, Avery MA, Hair JW, Diskin GS, Browell EV, Canossa JV, Kucsera TL, Klich CA, Hlavka DL. Convective and wave signatures in ozone profiles over the equatorial Americas: Views from TC4 2007 and SHADOZ. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Selkirk HB, Vömel H, Valverde Canossa JM, Pfister L, Diaz JA, Fernández W, Amador J, Stolz W, Peng GS. Detailed structure of the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere as revealed by balloon sonde observations of water vapor, ozone, temperature, and winds during the NASA TCSP and TC4 campaigns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Deng M, Mace GG, Wang Z, Okamoto H. Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling Experiment validation for cirrus cloud profiling retrieval using CloudSat radar and CALIPSO lidar. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Parodi A, Tanelli S. Influence of turbulence parameterizations on high-resolution numerical modeling of tropical convection observed during the TC4 field campaign. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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St Clair JM, McCabe DC, Crounse JD, Steiner U, Wennberg PO. Chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometer for the in situ measurement of methyl hydrogen peroxide. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:094102. [PMID: 20886995 DOI: 10.1063/1.3480552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A new approach for measuring gas-phase methyl hydrogen peroxide [(MHP) CH(3)OOH] utilizing chemical ionization mass spectrometry is presented. Tandem mass spectrometry is used to avoid mass interferences that hindered previous attempts to measure atmospheric CH(3)OOH with CF(3)O(-) clustering chemistry. CH(3)OOH has been successfully measured in situ using this technique during both airborne and ground-based campaigns. The accuracy and precision for the MHP measurement are a function of water vapor mixing ratio. Typical precision at 500 pptv MHP and 100 ppmv H(2)O is ±80 pptv (2 sigma) for a 1 s integration period. The accuracy at 100 ppmv H(2)O is estimated to be better than ±40%. Chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry shows considerable promise for the determination of in situ atmospheric trace gas mixing ratios where isobaric compounds or mass interferences impede accurate measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M St Clair
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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Pfister L, Selkirk HB, Starr DO, Rosenlof K, Newman PA. A meteorological overview of the TC4 mission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Croteau P, Atlas EL, Schauffler SM, Blake DR, Diskin GS, Boering KA. Effect of local and regional sources on the isotopic composition of nitrous oxide in the tropical free troposphere and tropopause layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lawson RP, Jensen E, Mitchell DL, Baker B, Mo Q, Pilson B. Microphysical and radiative properties of tropical clouds investigated in TC4 and NAMMA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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King MD, Platnick S, Wind G, Arnold GT, Dominguez RT. Remote sensing of radiative and microphysical properties of clouds during TC4: Results from MAS, MASTER, MODIS, and MISR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chang FL, Minnis P, Ayers JK, McGill MJ, Palikonda R, Spangenberg DA, Smith WL, Yost CR. Evaluation of satellite-based upper troposphere cloud top height retrievals in multilayer cloud conditions during TC4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Scheuer E, Dibb JE, Twohy C, Rogers DC, Heymsfield AJ, Bansemer A. Evidence of nitric acid uptake in warm cirrus anvil clouds during the NASA TC4 campaign. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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