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Sokol M, Galajda P, Jurik P. Design and Realization of Ultra-Wideband Differential Amplifiers for M-Sequence Radar Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:2143. [PMID: 38610354 PMCID: PMC11014217 DOI: 10.3390/s24072143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Amplification of wideband high-frequency and microwave signals is a fundamental element within every high-frequency circuit and device. Ultra-wideband (UWB) sensor applications use circuits designed for their specific application. The article presents the analysis, design, and implementation of ultra-wideband differential amplifiers for M-sequence-based UWB applications. The designed differential amplifiers are based on the Cherry-Hooper structure and are implemented in a low-cost 0.35 µm SiGe BiCMOS semiconductor process. The article presents an analysis and realization of several designs focused on different modifications of the Cherry-Hooper amplifier structure. The proposed amplifier modifications are focused on achieving the best result in one main parameter's performance. Amplifier designs modified by capacitive peaking to achieve the largest bandwidth, amplifiers with the lowest possible noise figure, and designs focused on achieving the highest common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) are described. The layout of the differential amplifiers was created and the chip was manufactured and wire-bonded to the QFN package. For evaluation purposes, a high-frequency PCB board was designed. Schematic simulations, post-layout simulations, and measurements of the individual parameters of the designed amplifiers were performed. The designed and fabricated ultra-wideband differential amplifiers have the following parameters: a supply current of 100-160 mA at -3.3 V or 3.3 V, bandwidth from 6 to 12 GHz, gain (at 1 GHz) from 12 to 16 dB, noise figure from 7 to 13 dB, and a common mode rejection ratio of up to 70 dB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Sokol
- Department of Electronics and Multimedia Telecommunications, Technical University of Košice, 042 00 Kosice, Slovakia; (P.G.); (P.J.)
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Yuan S, Fan S, Deng Z, Pan P. Heart Rate Variability Monitoring Based on Doppler Radar Using Deep Learning. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:2026. [PMID: 38610238 PMCID: PMC11013767 DOI: 10.3390/s24072026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The potential of microwave Doppler radar in non-contact vital sign detection is significant; however, prevailing radar-based heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) monitoring technologies often necessitate data lengths surpassing 10 s, leading to increased detection latency and inaccurate HRV estimates. To address this problem, this paper introduces a novel network integrating a frequency representation module and a residual in residual module for the precise estimation and tracking of HR from concise time series, followed by HRV monitoring. The network adeptly transforms radar signals from the time domain to the frequency domain, yielding high-resolution spectrum representation within specified frequency intervals. This significantly reduces latency and improves HRV estimation accuracy by using data that are only 4 s in length. This study uses simulation data, Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave radar-measured data, and Continuous-Wave radar data to validate the model. Experimental results show that despite the shortened data length, the average heart rate measurement accuracy of the algorithm remains above 95% with no loss of estimation accuracy. This study contributes an efficient heart rate variability estimation algorithm to the domain of non-contact vital sign detection, offering significant practical application value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhenmiao Deng
- School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.Y.); (S.F.); (P.P.)
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Wang SR, Dai JY, Ke JC, Chen ZY, Zhou QY, Qi ZJ, Lu YJ, Huang Y, Sun MK, Cheng Q, Cui TJ. Radar Micro-Doppler Signature Generation Based on Time-Domain Digital Coding Metasurface. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024:e2306850. [PMID: 38477543 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Micro-Doppler effect is a vital feature of a target that reflects its oscillatory motions apart from bulk motion and provides an important evidence for target recognition with radars. However, establishing the micro-Doppler database poses a great challenge, since plenty of experiments are required to get the micro-Doppler signatures of different targets for the purpose of analyses and interpretations with radars, which are dramatically limited by high cost and time-consuming. Aiming to overcome these limits, a low-cost and powerful simulation platform of the micro-Doppler effects is proposed based on time-domain digital coding metasurface (TDCM). Owing to the outstanding capabilities of TDCM in generating and manipulating nonlinear harmonics during wave-matter interactions, it enables to supply rich and high-precision electromagnetic signals with multiple micro-Doppler frequencies to describe the micro-motions of different objects, which are especially favored for the training of artificial intelligence algorithms in automatic target recognition and benefit a host of applications like imaging and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ran Wang
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jun Yan Dai
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jun Chen Ke
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zhan Ye Chen
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Qun Yan Zhou
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zhen Jie Qi
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Ying Juan Lu
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Meng Ke Sun
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Pazhou Laboratory, Huangpu, Guangzhou, 510555, China
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Goldfine CE, Oshim MFT, Chapman BP, Ganesan D, Rahman T, Carreiro SP. Contactless Monitoring System Versus Gold Standard for Respiratory Rate Monitoring in Emergency Department Patients: Pilot Comparison Study. JMIR Form Res 2024; 8:e44717. [PMID: 38363588 PMCID: PMC10907933 DOI: 10.2196/44717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory rate is a crucial indicator of disease severity yet is the most neglected vital sign. Subtle changes in respiratory rate may be the first sign of clinical deterioration in a variety of disease states. Current methods of respiratory rate monitoring are labor-intensive and sensitive to motion artifacts, which often leads to inaccurate readings or underreporting; therefore, new methods of respiratory monitoring are needed. The PulsON 440 (P440; TSDR Ultra Wideband Radios and Radars) radar module is a contactless sensor that uses an ultrawideband impulse radar to detect respiratory rate. It has previously demonstrated accuracy in a laboratory setting and may be a useful alternative for contactless respiratory monitoring in clinical settings; however, it has not yet been validated in a clinical setting. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to (1) compare the P440 radar module to gold standard manual respiratory rate monitoring and standard of care telemetry respiratory monitoring through transthoracic impedance plethysmography and (2) compare the P440 radar to gold standard measurements of respiratory rate in subgroups based on sex and disease state. METHODS This was a pilot study of adults aged 18 years or older being monitored in the emergency department. Participants were monitored with the P440 radar module for 2 hours and had gold standard (manual respiratory counting) and standard of care (telemetry) respiratory rates recorded at 15-minute intervals during that time. Respiratory rates between the P440, gold standard, and standard telemetry were compared using Bland-Altman plots and intraclass correlation coefficients. RESULTS A total of 14 participants were enrolled in the study. The P440 and gold standard Bland-Altman analysis showed a bias of -0.76 (-11.16 to 9.65) and an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.38 (95% CI 0.06-0.60). The P440 and gold standard had the best agreement at normal physiologic respiratory rates. There was no change in agreement between the P440 and the gold standard when grouped by admitting diagnosis or sex. CONCLUSIONS Although the P440 did not have statistically significant agreement with gold standard respiratory rate monitoring, it did show a trend of increased agreement in the normal physiologic range, overestimating at low respiratory rates, and underestimating at high respiratory rates. This trend is important for adjusting future models to be able to accurately detect respiratory rates. Once validated, the contactless respiratory monitor provides a unique solution for monitoring patients in a variety of settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Goldfine
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Md Farhan Tasnim Oshim
- Manning College of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Brittany P Chapman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Deepak Ganesan
- Manning College of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Tauhidur Rahman
- Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie P Carreiro
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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Moon I, Kim W, Seo Y, Kahng S. A Metamaterial Surface Avoiding Loss from the Radome for a Millimeter-Wave Signal-Sensing Array Antenna. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:1018. [PMID: 38339735 DOI: 10.3390/s24031018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Radar systems are a type of sensor that detects radio signals reflected from objects located a long distance from transmitters. For covering a longer range and a higher resolution in the operation of a radar, a high-frequency band and an array antenna are measures to take. Given a limited size to the antenna aperture in the front end of the radar, the choice of a millimeter-wave band leads to a denser layout for the array antenna and a higher antenna gain. Millimeter-wave signals tend to become attenuated faster by a larger loss of the covering material like the radome, implying this disadvantage offsets the advantage of high antenna directivity, compared to the C-band and X-band ones. As the radome is essential to the radar system to protect the array antenna from rain and dust, a metamaterial surface in the layer is suggested to meet multiple objectives. Firstly, the proposed electromagnetic structure is the protection layer for the source of radiation. Secondly, the metasurface does not disturb the millimeter-wave signal and makes its way through the cover layer to the air. This electromagnetically transparent surface transforms the phase distribution of the incident wave into the equal phase in the transmitted wave, resulting in an increased antenna gain. This is fabricated and assembled with the array antenna held in a 3D-printed jig with harnessing accessories. It is examined in view of S21 as the transfer coefficient between two ports of the VNA, having the antenna alone and with the metasurface. Additionally, the far-field test comes next to check the validity of the suggested structure and design. The bench test shows around a 7 dB increase in the transfer coefficient, and the anechoic chamber field test gives about a 5 dB improvement in antenna gain for a 24-band GHz array antenna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inyeol Moon
- Department of Information & Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
- Global R&D Center, NISSHA Korea, Inc., 7F, 26, Hwangsaeul-ro 312beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13591, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Woogon Kim
- Department of Information & Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejune Seo
- Department of Information & Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungtek Kahng
- Department of Information & Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
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Lee JH, Nam H, Kim DH, Koo DL, Choi JW, Hong SN, Jeon ET, Lim S, Jang GS, Kim BH. Developing a deep learning model for sleep stage prediction in obstructive sleep apnea cohort using 60 GHz frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar. J Sleep Res 2024; 33:e14050. [PMID: 37752626 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Given the significant impact of sleep on overall health, radar technology offers a promising, non-invasive, and cost-effective avenue for the early detection of sleep disorders, even prior to relying on polysomnography (PSG)-based classification. In this study, we employed an attention-based bidirectional long short-term memory (Attention Bi-LSTM) model to accurately predict sleep stages using 60 GHz frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar. Our dataset comprised 78 participants from an ongoing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) cohort, recruited between July 2021 and November 2022, who underwent overnight polysomnography alongside radar sensor monitoring. The dataset encompasses comprehensive polysomnography recordings, spanning both sleep and wakefulness states. The predictions achieved a Cohen's kappa coefficient of 0.746 and an overall accuracy of 85.2% in classifying wakefulness, rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, and non-REM (NREM) sleep (N1 + N2 + N3). The results demonstrated that the models incorporating both Radar 1 and Radar 2 data consistently outperformed those using only Radar 1 data, indicating the potential benefits of utilising multiple radars for sleep stage classification. Although the performance of the models tended to decline with increasing OSA severity, the addition of Radar 2 data notably improved the classification accuracy. These findings demonstrate the potential of radar technology as a valuable screening tool for sleep stage classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Nam
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Lim Koo
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Won Choi
- Department of Radiology, Armed Forces Yangju Hospital, Yangju, Korea
| | - Seung-No Hong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Tae Jeon
- Department of Radiology, Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Delwar TS, Aras U, Siddique A, Lee Y, Ryu JY. A Reformed PSO-Based High Linear Optimized Up-Conversion Mixer for Radar Application. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:879. [PMID: 38339595 PMCID: PMC10856923 DOI: 10.3390/s24030879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
A reformed particle swarm optimization (RPSO)-based up-conversion mixer circuit is proposed for radar application in this paper. In practice, a non-optimized up-conversion mixer suffers from high power consumption, poor linearity, and conversion gain. Therefore, the RPSO algorithm is proposed to optimize the up-conversion mixer. The novelty of the proposed RPSO algorithm is it helps to solve the problem of local optima and premature convergence in traditional particle swarm optimization (TPSO). Furthermore, in the RPSO, a velocity position-based convergence (VPC) and wavelet mutation (WM) strategy are used to enhance RPSO's swarm diversity. Moreover, this work also features novel circuit configurations based on the two-fold transconductance path (TTP), a technique used to improve linearity. A differential common source (DCS) amplifier is included in the primary transconductance path (PTP) of the TTP. As for the subsidiary transconductance path (STP), the enhanced cross-quad transconductor (ECQT) is implemented within the TTP. A benchmark function verification is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the RPSO algorithm. The proposed RPSO has also been compared with other optimization algorithms such as the genetic algorithm (GA) and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). By using RPSO, the proposed optimized mixer achieves a conversion gain (CG) of 2.5 dB (measured). In this study, the proposed mixer achieves a 1 dB compression point (OP1dB) of 4.2 dBm with a high linearity. In the proposed mixer, the noise figure (NF) is approximately 3.1 dB. While the power dissipation of the optimized mixer is 3.24 mW. Additionally, the average time for RPSO to design an up-conversion mixer is 4.535 s. Simulation and measured results demonstrate the excellent performance of the RPSO optimized up-conversion mixer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahesin Samira Delwar
- Department of Smart Robot Convergence and Application Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (T.S.D.); (U.A.)
| | - Unal Aras
- Department of Smart Robot Convergence and Application Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (T.S.D.); (U.A.)
| | - Abrar Siddique
- Department of Global IT Engineering, Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yangwon Lee
- Department of Spatial Information Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Youl Ryu
- Department of Smart Robot Convergence and Application Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (T.S.D.); (U.A.)
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Liang T, Liu R, Yang L, Lin Y, Shi CJR, Xu H. Fall Detection System Based on Point Cloud Enhancement Model for 24 GHz FMCW Radar. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:648. [PMID: 38276339 PMCID: PMC10820484 DOI: 10.3390/s24020648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Automatic fall detection plays a significant role in monitoring the health of senior citizens. In particular, millimeter-wave radar sensors are relevant for human pose recognition in an indoor environment due to their advantages of privacy protection, low hardware cost, and wide range of working conditions. However, low-quality point clouds from 4D radar diminish the reliability of fall detection. To improve the detection accuracy, conventional methods utilize more costly hardware. In this study, we propose a model that can provide high-quality three-dimensional point cloud images of the human body at a low cost. To improve the accuracy and effectiveness of fall detection, a system that extracts distribution features through small radar antenna arrays is developed. The proposed system achieved 99.1% and 98.9% accuracy on test datasets pertaining to new subjects and new environments, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingxuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; (T.L.)
| | - Ruizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; (T.L.)
| | - Lei Yang
- ICLegend Micro, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yue Lin
- ICLegend Micro, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - C.-J. Richard Shi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Hongtao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; (T.L.)
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9
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Zeuss D, Bald L, Gottwald J, Becker M, Bellafkir H, Bendix J, Bengel P, Beumer LT, Brandl R, Brändle M, Dahlke S, Farwig N, Freisleben B, Friess N, Heidrich L, Heuer S, Höchst J, Holzmann H, Lampe P, Leberecht M, Lindner K, Masello JF, Mielke Möglich J, Mühling M, Müller T, Noskov A, Opgenoorth L, Peter C, Quillfeldt P, Rösner S, Royauté R, Mestre-Runge C, Schabo D, Schneider D, Seeger B, Shayle E, Steinmetz R, Tafo P, Vogelbacher M, Wöllauer S, Younis S, Zobel J, Nauss T. Nature 4.0: A networked sensor system for integrated biodiversity monitoring. Glob Chang Biol 2024; 30:e17056. [PMID: 38273542 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Ecosystem functions and services are severely threatened by unprecedented global loss in biodiversity. To counteract these trends, it is essential to develop systems to monitor changes in biodiversity for planning, evaluating, and implementing conservation and mitigation actions. However, the implementation of monitoring systems suffers from a trade-off between grain (i.e., the level of detail), extent (i.e., the number of study sites), and temporal repetition. Here, we present an applied and realized networked sensor system for integrated biodiversity monitoring in the Nature 4.0 project as a solution to these challenges, which considers plants and animals not only as targets of investigation, but also as parts of the modular sensor network by carrying sensors. Our networked sensor system consists of three main closely interlinked components with a modular structure: sensors, data transmission, and data storage, which are integrated into pipelines for automated biodiversity monitoring. We present our own real-world examples of applications, share our experiences in operating them, and provide our collected open data. Our flexible, low-cost, and open-source solutions can be applied for monitoring individual and multiple terrestrial plants and animals as well as their interactions. Ultimately, our system can also be applied to area-wide ecosystem mapping tasks, thereby providing an exemplary cost-efficient and powerful solution for biodiversity monitoring. Building upon our experiences in the Nature 4.0 project, we identified ten key challenges that need to be addressed to better understand and counteract the ongoing loss of biodiversity using networked sensor systems. To tackle these challenges, interdisciplinary collaboration, additional research, and practical solutions are necessary to enhance the capability and applicability of networked sensor systems for researchers and practitioners, ultimately further helping to ensure the sustainable management of ecosystems and the provision of ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Zeuss
- Department of Geography, Environmental Informatics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Bald
- Department of Geography, Environmental Informatics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jannis Gottwald
- Department of Geography, Environmental Informatics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Becker
- Department of Biology, Conservation Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hicham Bellafkir
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Distributed Systems and Intelligent Computing, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Bendix
- Department of Geography, Climatology and Environmental Modelling, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Phillip Bengel
- Department of Geography, Didactics and Education, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Larissa T Beumer
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roland Brandl
- Department of Biology, Animal Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin Brändle
- Department of Biology, Animal Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Dahlke
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Numerics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nina Farwig
- Department of Biology, Conservation Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Freisleben
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Distributed Systems and Intelligent Computing, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Friess
- Department of Geography, Environmental Informatics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lea Heidrich
- Department of Geography, Environmental Informatics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sven Heuer
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Numerics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Höchst
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Distributed Systems and Intelligent Computing, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hajo Holzmann
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Stochastics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lampe
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Distributed Systems and Intelligent Computing, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin Leberecht
- Department of Biology, Plant Ecology and Geobotany, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kim Lindner
- Department of Biology, Conservation Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Juan F Masello
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Jonas Mielke Möglich
- Department of Biology, Animal Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Mühling
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Distributed Systems and Intelligent Computing, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexey Noskov
- Department of Geography, Climatology and Environmental Modelling, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lars Opgenoorth
- Department of Biology, Plant Ecology and Geobotany, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Carina Peter
- Department of Geography, Didactics and Education, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Petra Quillfeldt
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Sascha Rösner
- Department of Biology, Conservation Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Raphaël Royauté
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR EcoSys, Palaiseau, France
| | - Christian Mestre-Runge
- Department of Geography, Environmental Informatics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Biology, Plant Ecology and Geobotany, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Dana Schabo
- Department of Biology, Conservation Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Schneider
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Distributed Systems and Intelligent Computing, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Seeger
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Database Systems, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elliot Shayle
- Department of Geography, Environmental Informatics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Steinmetz
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Multimedia Communications Lab (KOM), Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Pavel Tafo
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Stochastics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Vogelbacher
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Distributed Systems and Intelligent Computing, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Wöllauer
- Department of Geography, Environmental Informatics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sohaib Younis
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Database Systems, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Julian Zobel
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Multimedia Communications Lab (KOM), Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Nauss
- Department of Geography, Environmental Informatics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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10
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Seidaliyeva U, Ilipbayeva L, Taissariyeva K, Smailov N, Matson ET. Advances and Challenges in Drone Detection and Classification Techniques: A State-of-the-Art Review. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 24:125. [PMID: 38202987 PMCID: PMC10780901 DOI: 10.3390/s24010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The fast development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, has brought a unique set of opportunities and challenges to both the civilian and military sectors. While drones have proven useful in sectors such as delivery, agriculture, and surveillance, their potential for abuse in illegal airspace invasions, privacy breaches, and security risks has increased the demand for improved detection and classification systems. This state-of-the-art review presents a detailed overview of current improvements in drone detection and classification techniques: highlighting novel strategies used to address the rising concerns about UAV activities. We investigate the threats and challenges faced due to drones' dynamic behavior, size and speed diversity, battery life, etc. Furthermore, we categorize the key detection modalities, including radar, radio frequency (RF), acoustic, and vision-based approaches, and examine their distinct advantages and limitations. The research also discusses the importance of sensor fusion methods and other detection approaches, including wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), cellular, and Internet of Things (IoT) networks, for improving the accuracy and efficiency of UAV detection and identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulzhalgas Seidaliyeva
- Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Space Technologies, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan; (K.T.)
| | - Lyazzat Ilipbayeva
- Department of Radio Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, International IT University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Kyrmyzy Taissariyeva
- Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Space Technologies, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan; (K.T.)
| | - Nurzhigit Smailov
- Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Space Technologies, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan; (K.T.)
| | - Eric T. Matson
- Department of Computer and Information Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2021, USA;
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11
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Delwar TS, Aras U, Siddique A, Lee Y, Ryu JY. Front-End Development for Radar Applications: A Focus on 24 GHz Transmitter Design. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:9704. [PMID: 38139550 PMCID: PMC10748121 DOI: 10.3390/s23249704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation of radar technology has given rise to a growing demand for advanced, high-performance transmitter front-ends operating in the 24 GHz frequency band. This paper presents a design analysis of a radio frequency (RF) transmitter (TX) front-end operated at a 24 GHz frequency and designed using 65 nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology for radar applications. The proposed TX front-end design includes the integration of an up-conversion mixer and power amplifier (PA). The up-conversion mixer is a Gilbert cell-based design that translates the 2.4 GHz intermediate frequency (IF) signal and 21.6 GHz local oscillator (LO) signal to the 24 GHz RF output signal. The mixer is designed with a novel technique that includes a duplex transconductance path (DTP) for enhancing the mixer's linearity. The DTP of the mixer includes a primary transconductance path (PTP) and a secondary transconductance path (STP). The PTP incorporates a common source (CS) amplifier, while the STP incorporates an improved cross-quad transconductor (ICQT). The integrated PA in the TX front-end is a class AB tunable two-stage PA that can be tuned with the help of varactors as a synchronous mode to increase the PA bandwidth or stagger mode to obtain a high gain. The PA is tuned to 24 GHz as a synchronous mode PA for the TX front-end operation. The proposed TX front-end showed an excellent output power of 11.7 dBm and dissipated 7.5 mW from a 1.2 V supply. In addition, the TX front-end achieved a power-added efficiency (PAE) of 47% and 1 dB compression point (OP1dB) of 10.5 dBm. In this case, the output power is 10.5 dBm higher than the linear portion of the response. The methodologies presented herein have the potential to advance the state of the art in 24 GHz radar technology, fostering innovations in fields such as autonomous vehicles, industrial automation, and remote sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahesin Samira Delwar
- Department of Smart Robot Convergence and Application Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Unal Aras
- Department of Smart Robot Convergence and Application Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Abrar Siddique
- Department of Global IT Engineering, Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangwon Lee
- Department of Spatial Information Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Youl Ryu
- Department of Smart Robot Convergence and Application Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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12
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Bishop C, Wells J, Ehlert A, Turner A, Coughlan D, Sachs N, Murray A. Trackman 4: Within and between-session reliability and inter-relationships of launch monitor metrics during indoor testing in high-level golfers. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:2138-2143. [PMID: 38328868 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2314864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to: 1) investigate the within and between-session reliability of the Trackman 4 launch monitor system, and 2) determine the inter-relationships of some of these commonly used metrics. Golfers attended two test sessions at an indoor golf academy and performed 10 shots using their own driver. Results showed excellent within and between-session reliability for CHS (ICC = 0.99; SEM = 1.64-1.67 mph), ball speed (ICC = 0.97-0.99; SEM = 2.46-4.42 mph) and carry distance (ICC = 0.91-0.97; SEM = 7.80-14.21 mph). In contrast, spin rate showed the worst reliability (ICC = 0.02-0.60; SEM = 240.93-454.62 º/s) and also exhibited significant differences between test sessions (g = -0.41; p < 0.05), as did smash factor (g = 0.47; p < 0.05) and dynamic loft (g = -0.21; p < 0.05). Near perfect associations were evident in both test sessions between CHS and ball speed (r = 0.98-0.99), CHS and carry distance (r = 0.94-0.95), ball speed and carry distance (r = 0.97-0.98), and launch angle and dynamic loft (r = 0.98-0.99). Collectively, CHS, ball speed and carry distance serve as the most consistently reliable metrics making them excellent choices for practitioners working with golfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
- Medical Department, Ladies European Tour, Uxbridge, UK
- European Tour Performance Institute, Surrey, UK
| | - Jack Wells
- The Professional Golfers' Association, National Training Academy, Sutton Coldfield, UK
| | | | - Anthony Turner
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Daniel Coughlan
- Medical Department, Ladies European Tour, Uxbridge, UK
- European Tour Performance Institute, Surrey, UK
- The Professional Golfers' Association, National Training Academy, Sutton Coldfield, UK
- England Golf, Lincolnshire, Woodhall Spa, UK
| | | | - Andrew Murray
- Medical Department, Ladies European Tour, Uxbridge, UK
- European Tour Performance Institute, Surrey, UK
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13
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Hernández Rosas M, Espinosa Flores-Verdad G, Peregrina Barreto H, Liedo P, Altamirano Robles L. Shadow Effect for Small Insect Detection by W-Band Pulsed Radar. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:9169. [PMID: 38005562 PMCID: PMC10674155 DOI: 10.3390/s23229169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
In radar entomology, one primary challenge is detecting small species (smaller than 5 cm) since these tiny insects reflect radiation that can be poorly observable and, therefore, difficult to interpret. After a literature search on radar entomology, this research found few works where it has been possible to sense insects with dimensions smaller than 5 cm using radars. This paper describes different methodologies to detect Mediterranean fruit flies with 5-6 mm sizes using a pulsed W-band radar and presents the experimental results that validate the procedures. The article's main contribution is the successful detection of Mediterranean fruit flies employing the shadow effect on the backscattered radar signal, achieving an 11% difference in received power when flies are present. So far, according to the information available and the literature search, this work is the first to detect small insects less than 1 cm long using a pulsed radar in W-Band. The results show that the proposed shadow effect is a viable alternative to the current sensors used in smart traps, as it allows not only detection but also counting the number of insects in the trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Hernández Rosas
- Electronics Department, National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics, Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla, Puebla 72840, Mexico; (M.H.R.); (G.E.F.-V.)
| | - Guillermo Espinosa Flores-Verdad
- Electronics Department, National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics, Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla, Puebla 72840, Mexico; (M.H.R.); (G.E.F.-V.)
| | - Hayde Peregrina Barreto
- Computational Sciences Department, National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics, Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla, Puebla 72840, Mexico;
| | - Pablo Liedo
- Arthropod Ecology and Pest Management Deparment, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Tapachula 30700, Mexico;
| | - Leopoldo Altamirano Robles
- Computational Sciences Department, National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics, Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla, Puebla 72840, Mexico;
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14
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Qu K, Wei L, Zhang R. Noncontact Cardiac Activity Detection Based on Single-Channel ISM Band FMCW Radar. Biosensors (Basel) 2023; 13:982. [PMID: 37998157 PMCID: PMC10669854 DOI: 10.3390/bios13110982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The heart is an important organ that maintains human life activities, and its movement reflects its health status. Utilizing electromagnetic waves as a sensing tool, radar sensors enable noncontact measurement of cardiac motion, offering advantages over conventional contact-based methods in terms of comfort, hygiene, and efficiency. In this study, the high-precision displacement detection algorithm of radar is applied to measure cardiac motion. Experimental is conducted using a single out-channel frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar operating in the ISM frequency band with a center frequency of 24 GHz and a bandwidth of 150 MHz. Since the detection signal is influenced by both respiratory and heartbeat movements, it is necessary to eliminate the respiratory signal from the measurement signal. Firstly, the harmonic composition of the respiratory signal is analyzed, and a method is proposed to calculate the parameters of the respiratory waveform by comparing the respiratory waveform coverage area with the area of the circumscribed rectangle. This allows for determining the number of respiratory harmonics, assisting in determining whether respiratory harmonics overlap with the frequency range of the heartbeat signal. Subsequently, a more accurate cardiac motion waveform is extracted. A reference basis is provided for extracting cardiac health information from radar measurement waveforms by analyzing the corresponding relationship between certain extreme points of the waveform and characteristic positions of the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal. This is achieved by eliminating the fundamental frequency component of the heartbeat waveform to emphasize other spectral components present in the heartbeat signal and comparing the heartbeat waveform, the heartbeat waveform with the fundamental frequency removed, and the heartbeat velocity waveform with synchronized ECG signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Qu
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China;
| | - Lei Wei
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China;
| | - Rongfu Zhang
- School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China;
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15
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Ullmann I, Vossiek M. A Novel, Efficient Algorithm for Subsurface Radar Imaging below a Non-Planar Surface. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:9021. [PMID: 38005409 PMCID: PMC10675197 DOI: 10.3390/s23229021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
In classical radar imaging, such as in Earth remote sensing, electromagnetic waves are usually assumed to propagate in free space. However, in numerous applications, such as ground penetrating radar or non-destructive testing, this assumption no longer holds. When there is a multi-material background, the subsurface image reconstruction becomes considerably more complex. Imaging can be performed in the spatial domain or, equivalently, in the wavenumber domain (k-space). In subsurface imaging, to date, objects with a non-planar surface are commonly reconstructed in the spatial domain, by the Backprojection algorithm combined with ray tracing, which is computationally demanding. On the other hand, objects with a planar surface can be reconstructed more efficiently in k-space. However, many non-planar surfaces are partly planar. Therefore, in this paper, a novel concept is introduced that makes use of the efficient k-space-based reconstruction algorithms for partly planar scenarios, too. The proposed algorithm forms an image from superposing sub-images where as many image parts as possible are reconstructed in the wavenumber domain, and only as many as necessary are reconstructed in the spatial domain. For this, a segmentation scheme is developed to determine which parts of the image volume can be reconstructed in the wavenumber domain. The novel concept is verified by measurements, both from monostatic synthetic aperture radar data and multiple-input-multiple-output radar data. It is shown that the computational efficiency for imaging irregularly shaped geometries can be significantly augmented when applying the proposed concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Ullmann
- Institute of Microwaves and Photonics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
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16
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Henniger H, Huth A, Bohn FJ. A new approach to derive productivity of tropical forests using radar remote sensing measurements. R Soc Open Sci 2023; 10:231186. [PMID: 38026043 PMCID: PMC10663792 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Deriving gross & net primary productivity (GPP & NPP) and carbon turnover time of forests from remote sensing remains challenging. This study presents a novel approach to estimate forest productivity by combining radar remote sensing measurements, machine learning and an individual-based forest model. In this study, we analyse the role of different spatial resolutions on predictions in the context of the Radar BIOMASS mission (by ESA). In our analysis, we use the forest gap model FORMIND in combination with a boosted regression tree (BRT) to explore how spatial biomass distributions can be used to predict GPP, NPP and carbon turnover time (τ) at different resolutions. We simulate different spatial biomass resolutions (4 ha, 1 ha and 0.04 ha) in combination with different vertical resolutions (20, 10 and 2 m). Additionally, we analysed the robustness of this approach and applied it to disturbed and mature forests. Disturbed forests have a strong influence on the predictions which leads to high correlations (R2 > 0.8) at the spatial scale of 4 ha and 1 ha. Increased vertical resolution leads generally to better predictions for productivity (GPP & NPP). Increasing spatial resolution leads to better predictions for mature forests and lower correlations for disturbed forests. Our results emphasize the value of the forthcoming BIOMASS satellite mission and highlight the potential of deriving estimates for forest productivity from information on forest structure. If applied to more and larger areas, the approach might ultimately contribute to a better understanding of forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Henniger
- Department of Ecological Modeling, Helmholtz Centre of Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Systems Research, University of Osnabrück, Barbara Straße 12, Osnabrück 49074, Germany
| | - Andreas Huth
- Department of Ecological Modeling, Helmholtz Centre of Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Systems Research, University of Osnabrück, Barbara Straße 12, Osnabrück 49074, Germany
- iDiv German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Friedrich J. Bohn
- Department of Computational Hydrosystems, Helmholtz Centre of Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
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17
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Kraatz S, Lamb BT, Hively WD, Jennewein JS, Gao F, Cosh MH, Siqueira P. Comparing NISAR (Using Sentinel-1), USDA/NASS CDL, and Ground Truth Crop/Non-Crop Areas in an Urban Agricultural Region. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:8595. [PMID: 37896688 PMCID: PMC10611051 DOI: 10.3390/s23208595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
A general limitation in assessing the accuracy of land cover mapping is the availability of ground truth data. At sites where ground truth is not available, potentially inaccurate proxy datasets are used for sub-field-scale resolution investigations at large spatial scales, i.e., in the Contiguous United States. The USDA/NASS Cropland Data Layer (CDL) is a popular agricultural land cover dataset due to its high accuracy (>80%), resolution (30 m), and inclusions of many land cover and crop types. However, because the CDL is derived from satellite imagery and has resulting uncertainties, comparisons to available in situ data are necessary for verifying classification performance. This study compares the cropland mapping accuracies (crop/non-crop) of an optical approach (CDL) and the radar-based crop area (CA) approach used for the upcoming NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) L- and S-band mission but using Sentinel-1 C-band data. CDL and CA performance are compared to ground truth data that includes 54 agricultural production and research fields located at USDA's Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC) in Maryland, USA. We also evaluate non-crop mapping accuracy using twenty-six built-up and thirteen forest sites at BARC. The results show that the CDL and CA have a good pixel-wise agreement with one another (87%). However, the CA is notably more accurate compared to ground truth data than the CDL. The 2017-2021 mean accuracies for the CDL and CA, respectively, are 77% and 96% for crop, 100% and 94% for built-up, and 100% and 100% for forest, yielding an overall accuracy of 86% for the CDL and 96% for CA. This difference mainly stems from the CDL under-detecting crop cover at BARC, especially in 2017 and 2018. We also note that annual accuracy levels varied less for the CA (91-98%) than for the CDL (79-93%). This study demonstrates that a computationally inexpensive radar-based cropland mapping approach can also give accurate results over complex landscapes with accuracies similar to or better than optical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kraatz
- USDA ARS Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (F.G.); (M.H.C.)
| | - Brian T. Lamb
- USGS Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center, Coram, NY 11727, USA;
| | - W. Dean Hively
- USGS Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;
| | - Jyoti S. Jennewein
- USDA ARS Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;
| | - Feng Gao
- USDA ARS Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (F.G.); (M.H.C.)
| | - Michael H. Cosh
- USDA ARS Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (F.G.); (M.H.C.)
| | - Paul Siqueira
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA;
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18
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Singh K, Saikia M, Thiyagarajan K, Thalakotuna D, Esselle K, Kodagoda S. Multi-Functional Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces for Enhanced Sensing and Communication. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:8561. [PMID: 37896654 PMCID: PMC10610703 DOI: 10.3390/s23208561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) that can dynamically switch the transmission and reflection phase of incident electromagnetic waves in real time to realize the dual-beam or quad-beam and convert the polarization of the transmitted beam. Such surfaces can redirect a wireless signal at will to establish robust connectivity when the designated line-of-sight channel is disturbed, thereby enhancing the performance of wireless communication systems by creating an intelligent radio environment. When integrated with a sensing element, they are integral to performing joint detection and communication functions in future wireless sensor networks. In this work, we first analyze the scattering performance of a reconfigurable unit element and then design a RIS. The dynamic field scattering manipulation capability of the RIS is validated by full-wave electromagnetic simulations to realize six different functions. The scattering characteristics of the proposed unit element, which incorporates two p-i-n diodes have been substantiated through practical implementation. This involved the construction of a simple prototype and the subsequent examination of its scattering properties via the free-space measurement method. The obtained transmission and reflection coefficients from the measurements are in agreement with the anticipated outcomes from simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Singh
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (D.T.); (K.E.)
| | - Mondeep Saikia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Karthick Thiyagarajan
- UTS Robotics Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (K.T.); (S.K.)
| | - Dushmantha Thalakotuna
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (D.T.); (K.E.)
| | - Karu Esselle
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (D.T.); (K.E.)
| | - Sarath Kodagoda
- UTS Robotics Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (K.T.); (S.K.)
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19
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Gulson-Castillo ER, Van Doren BM, Bui MX, Horton KG, Li J, Moldwin MB, Shedden K, Welling DT, Winger BM. Space weather disrupts nocturnal bird migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306317120. [PMID: 37812699 PMCID: PMC10589677 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306317120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Space weather, including solar storms, can impact Earth by disturbing the geomagnetic field. Despite the known dependence of birds and other animals on geomagnetic cues for successful seasonal migrations, the potential effects of space weather on organisms that use Earth's magnetic field for navigation have received little study. We tested whether space weather geomagnetic disturbances are associated with disruptions to bird migration at a macroecological scale. We leveraged long-term radar data to characterize the nightly migration dynamics of the nocturnally migrating North American avifauna over 22 y. We then used concurrent magnetometer data to develop a local magnetic disturbance index associated with each radar station (ΔBmax), facilitating spatiotemporally explicit analyses of the relationship between migration and geomagnetic disturbance. After controlling for effects of atmospheric weather and spatiotemporal patterns, we found a 9 to 17% decrease in migration intensity in both spring and fall during severe space weather events. During fall migration, we also found evidence for decreases in effort flying against the wind, which may represent a depression of active navigation such that birds drift more with the wind during geomagnetic disturbances. Effort flying against the wind in the fall was most reduced under both overcast conditions and high geomagnetic disturbance, suggesting that a combination of obscured celestial cues and magnetic disturbance may disrupt navigation. Collectively, our results provide evidence for community-wide avifaunal responses to geomagnetic disturbances driven by space weather during nocturnal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Gulson-Castillo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | | | - Michelle X. Bui
- Department of Physics, University of Texas, Arlington, TX76019
| | - Kyle G. Horton
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Mark B. Moldwin
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Kerby Shedden
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Daniel T. Welling
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Benjamin M. Winger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
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20
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Sen P, Harutyunyan A, Umar M, Kamal S. Joint Communication and Radar Sensing: RF Hardware Opportunities and Challenges-A Circuits and Systems Perspective. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:7673. [PMID: 37765730 PMCID: PMC10537380 DOI: 10.3390/s23187673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the topic of joint communication and radar sensing (JCRS) and its applications in the scope of upcoming sixth-generation (6G) technology. While the fifth-generation applications have reached the consumer market in the last few years, JCRS has been identified as one of the key technologies for next generation networks. The role of JCRS will vary, ranging from tasks such as radar coordination, context awareness for communication, enhanced security, increased availability, and improving the resilience and trustworthiness of future networks. In this work, the niche of JCRS technology in the future 6G ecosystem, as well as several potential applications, are discussed with a focus on RF hardware. The use of centimeter (cmWave) and millimeter (mmWave) frequency spectrums in the context of JCRS system implementation have been further elaborated. After presenting the near-term application scenarios, the circuit implementation perspectives are investigated in terms of radio frequency (RF) front-end architectures, antenna implementation, and phased arrays. Different communication and radar antenna options are compared, and the best candidates are identified. The packaging options are also presented. From circuit and system perspectives, link budget and self-interference cancellation (SIC) are highlighted. Furthermore, future directions including the next steps on the path to enabling JCRS technology are presented throughout this article. Prior works focused more on physical layers and network capabilities of JCRS systems, with less focus on hardware possibilities; to fill this gap, this article aims to contribute to this exciting research topic with a holistic review of RF hardware, highlighting the diversity of applications and the available technologies to tackle the near- and long-term needs of consumer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmanava Sen
- Barkhausen Institut, 01187 Dresden, Germany; (A.H.); (M.U.); (S.K.)
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21
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Li S, Yan J, Chen H, Zheng K. Radar-Camera Fusion Network for Depth Estimation in Structured Driving Scenes. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:7560. [PMID: 37688016 PMCID: PMC10490688 DOI: 10.3390/s23177560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Depth estimation is an important part of the perception system in autonomous driving. Current studies often reconstruct dense depth maps from RGB images and sparse depth maps obtained from other sensors. However, existing methods often pay insufficient attention to latent semantic information. Considering the highly structured characteristics of driving scenes, we propose a dual-branch network to predict dense depth maps by fusing radar and RGB images. The driving scene is divided into three parts in the proposed architecture, each predicting a depth map, which is finally merged into one by implementing the fusion strategy in order to make full use of the potential semantic information in the driving scene. In addition, a variant L1 loss function is applied in the training phase, directing the network to focus more on those areas of interest when driving. Our proposed method is evaluated on the nuScenes dataset. Experiments demonstrate its effectiveness in comparison with previous state of the art methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Li
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Jiafu Yan
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Haoran Chen
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Ke Zheng
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
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22
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Kabakchiev H, Behar V, Kabakchieva D, Kisimov V, Stefanova K. Investigation of Accuracy of TOA and SNR of Radio Pulsar Signals for Vehicles Navigation. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:7010. [PMID: 37571794 PMCID: PMC10422519 DOI: 10.3390/s23157010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
It is known that X-ray and gamma-ray pulsars can only be observed by spacecraft because signals from these pulsars are impossible to be detected on the Earth's surface due to their strong absorption by the Earth's atmosphere. The article is devoted to the theoretical aspects regarding the development of an autonomous radio navigation system for transport with a small receiving antenna, using radio signals from pulsars, similar to navigation systems for space navigation. Like GNSS systems (X-ray and radio), they use signals from four suitable pulsars to position the object. These radio pulsars (out of 50) are not uniformly distributed but are grouped in certain directions (at least 6 clusters can be determined). When using small antennas (with an area of up to tens of square meters) for pulsar navigation, the energy of the pulsar signals received within a few minutes is extremely insufficient to obtain the required level of SNR at the output of the receiver to form TOA estimation, ensuring positioning accuracy up to tens of kilometers. This is one of the scientific tasks that is solved in the paper by studying the relationship between the SNR of the receiver output, which depends on the size of the antenna, the type of signal processing, and the magnitude of the TOA accuracy estimate. The second scientific task that is solved in the paper is the adaptation of all the possible approaches and algorithms suggested in the statistical theory of radars in the suggested signal algorithm for antenna processing and to evaluate the parameters of the TOA and DS pulsar signals, in order to increase the SNR ratio at the receiver output, while preserving the dimensions of the antenna. In this paper, the functional structure of signal processing in a pulsar transport navigation system is proposed, and the choice of the observed second and millisecond pulsars for obtaining a more accurate TOA estimate is discussed. The proposed estimates of positioning accuracy (TOA only, no phase) in an autonomous pulsar vehicle navigation system would only be suitable for the navigation of large vehicles (sea, air, or land) that do not require accurate navigation at sea, air, or desert. Large-sized antennas with an area of tens of square meters to hundreds of square meters can be installed in such vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hristo Kabakchiev
- Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Dorina Kabakchieva
- Department of Information Technologies and Communications, University of National and World Economy, 1700 Sofia, Bulgaria; (D.K.); (V.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Valentin Kisimov
- Department of Information Technologies and Communications, University of National and World Economy, 1700 Sofia, Bulgaria; (D.K.); (V.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Kamelia Stefanova
- Department of Information Technologies and Communications, University of National and World Economy, 1700 Sofia, Bulgaria; (D.K.); (V.K.); (K.S.)
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23
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Fernández-Urrutia M, Arbelo M, Gil A. Identification of Paddy Croplands and Its Stages Using Remote Sensors: A Systematic Review. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:6932. [PMID: 37571716 PMCID: PMC10422343 DOI: 10.3390/s23156932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Rice is a staple food that feeds nearly half of the world's population. With the population of our planet expected to keep growing, it is crucial to carry out accurate mapping, monitoring, and assessments since these could significantly impact food security, climate change, spatial planning, and land management. Using the PRISMA systematic review protocol, this article identified and selected 122 scientific articles (journals papers and conference proceedings) addressing different remote sensing-based methodologies to map paddy croplands, published between 2010 and October 2022. This analysis includes full coverage of the mapping of rice paddies and their various stages of crop maturity. This review paper classifies the methods based on the data source: (a) multispectral (62%), (b) multisource (20%), and (c) radar (18%). Furthermore, it analyses the impact of machine learning on those methodologies and the most common algorithms used. We found that MODIS (28%), Sentinel-2 (18%), Sentinel-1 (15%), and Landsat-8 (11%) were the most used sensors. The impact of Sentinel-1 on multisource solutions is also increasing due to the potential of backscatter information to determine textures in different stages and decrease cloud cover constraints. The preferred solutions include phenology algorithms via the use of vegetation indices, setting thresholds, or applying machine learning algorithms to classify images. In terms of machine learning algorithms, random forest is the most used (17 times), followed by support vector machine (12 times) and isodata (7 times). With the continuous development of technology and computing, it is expected that solutions such as multisource solutions will emerge more frequently and cover larger areas in different locations and at a higher resolution. In addition, the continuous improvement of cloud detection algorithms will positively impact multispectral solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Fernández-Urrutia
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristobal de La Laguna, Spain; (M.F.-U.); (M.A.)
- Irish Centre for High-End Computing (ICHEC), University of Galway, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Manuel Arbelo
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristobal de La Laguna, Spain; (M.F.-U.); (M.A.)
| | - Artur Gil
- Research Institute for Volcanology and Risks Assessment (IVAR), University of the Azores (UAc), 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
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24
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Zawodny M, Kruszyna M, Szczepanek WK, Korzeń M. A New Form of Train Detection as a Solution to Improve Level Crossing Closing Time. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:6619. [PMID: 37514913 PMCID: PMC10384084 DOI: 10.3390/s23146619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The critical points on the rail and road network are their intersections, i.e., level crossings. During a train crossing, car traffic is stopped. This reduces the fluidity of traffic on the road and, consequently, can cause congestion. The problem increases with the number of cars and trains. Frequently, due to national regulations, level crossing closure times are long. It is mainly dictated by safety issues. Building two-level intersections is not always a good solution, mainly because of the high cost of implementation. In the article, the authors proposed the use of sensors to reduce level crossing closure times and improve the Level of Service on the road network. The analyzed railroad lines are local agglomeration lines, mainly due to safety (low speed of commuter trains) and high impact on the road network. The sensors proposed in the article are based on radar/LIDAR. Formulas similar to HCM methods are proposed, which can be implemented in a railroad crossing controller. Simulations using the PTV Vissim program are carried out and the results are worked out based on the obtained data. The considered method can reduce the level crossing closure time by 68.6%, thereby increasing the Level of Service on roads near railroads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Zawodny
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (Politechnika Wrocławska), 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maciej Kruszyna
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (Politechnika Wrocławska), 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kazimierz Szczepanek
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (Politechnika Wrocławska), 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariusz Korzeń
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (Politechnika Wrocławska), 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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25
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Li J, Si G, Liang X, An Z, Tian P, Zhou F. Partition-Based Point Cloud Completion Network with Density Refinement. Entropy (Basel) 2023; 25:1018. [PMID: 37509965 PMCID: PMC10377928 DOI: 10.3390/e25071018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a novel method for point cloud complementation called PADPNet. Our approach uses a combination of global and local information to infer missing elements in the point cloud. We achieve this by dividing the input point cloud into uniform local regions, called perceptual fields, which are abstractly understood as special convolution kernels. The set of point clouds in each local region is represented as a feature vector and transformed into N uniform perceptual fields as the input to our transformer model. We also designed a geometric density-aware block to better exploit the inductive bias of the point cloud's 3D geometric structure. Our method preserves sharp edges and detailed structures that are often lost in voxel-based or point-based approaches. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach outperforms other methods in reducing the ambiguity of output results. Our proposed method has important applications in 3D computer vision and can efficiently recover complete 3D object shapes from missing point clouds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Li
- School of Electrical Engineering, Academy of Information Sciences, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China
| | - Guannan Si
- School of Electrical Engineering, Academy of Information Sciences, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China
| | - Xinyu Liang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Academy of Information Sciences, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China
| | - Zhaoliang An
- School of Electrical Engineering, Academy of Information Sciences, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China
| | - Pengxin Tian
- School of Electrical Engineering, Academy of Information Sciences, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China
| | - Fengyu Zhou
- School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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26
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Duan J. Study on Multi-Heterogeneous Sensor Data Fusion Method Based on Millimeter-Wave Radar and Camera. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:6044. [PMID: 37447893 DOI: 10.3390/s23136044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a novel multimodal heterogeneous perception cross-fusion framework for intelligent vehicles that combines data from millimeter-wave radar and camera to enhance target tracking accuracy and handle system uncertainties. The framework employs a multimodal interaction strategy to predict target motion more accurately and an improved joint probability data association method to match measurement data with targets. An adaptive root-mean-square cubature Kalman filter is used to estimate the statistical characteristics of noise under complex traffic scenarios with varying process and measurement noise. Experiments conducted on a real vehicle platform demonstrate that the proposed framework improves reliability and robustness in challenging environments. It overcomes the challenges of insufficient data fusion utilization, frequent leakage, and misjudgment of dangerous obstructions around vehicles, and inaccurate prediction of collision risks. The proposed framework has the potential to advance the state of the art in target tracking and perception for intelligent vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Duan
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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27
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Roudiere S, Martinez V, Maréchal P, Delahaye D. Metaheuristic for Optimal Dynamic K-Coloring Application on Band Sharing for Automotive Radars. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:5765. [PMID: 37420929 DOI: 10.3390/s23125765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The number of vehicles equipped with radars on the road has been increasing for years and is expected to reach 50% of cars by 2030. This rapid rise in radars will likely increase the risk of harmful interference, especially since radar specifications from standardization bodies (e.g., ETSI) provide requirements in terms of maximum transmit power but do no mandate specific radar waveform parameters nor channel access scheme policies. Techniques for interference mitigation are thus becoming very important to ensure the long-term correct operation of radars and upper-layer ADAS systems that depend on them in this complex environment. In our previous work, we have shown that organizing the radar band into time-frequency resources that do not interfere with each other vastly reduces the amount of interference by facilitating band sharing. In this paper, a metaheuristic is presented to find the optimal resource sharing between radars, knowing their relative positions and thereby the line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight interference risks during a realistic scenario. The metaheuristic aims at optimally minimizing interference while minimizing the number of resource changes that radars have to make. It is a centralized approach where everything about the system is known (e.g., the past and future positions of the vehicles). This and the high computational load induce that this algorithm is not meant to be used in real-time. However, the metaheuristic approach can be extremely useful for finding near optimal solutions in simulations, allowing for the extraction of efficient patterns, or as data generation for machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Roudiere
- Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Daniel Delahaye
- École Nationale de l'Aviation Civile, 31400 Toulouse, France
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28
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Williams SM, Aldabashi N, Cross P, Palego C. Challenges in Developing a Real-Time Bee-Counting Radar. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:s23115250. [PMID: 37299977 DOI: 10.3390/s23115250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Detailed within is an attempt to implement a real-time radar signal classification system to monitor and count bee activity at the hive entry. There is interest in keeping records of the productivity of honeybees. Activity at the entrance can be a good measure of overall health and capacity, and a radar-based approach could be cheap, low power, and versatile, beyond other techniques. Fully automated systems would enable simultaneous, large-scale capturing of bee activity patterns from multiple hives, providing vital data for ecological research and business practice improvement. Data from a Doppler radar were gathered from managed beehives on a farm. Recordings were split into 0.4 s windows, and Log Area Ratios (LARs) were computed from the data. Support vector machine models were trained to recognize flight behavior from the LARs, using visual confirmation recorded by a camera. Spectrogram deep learning was also investigated using the same data. Once complete, this process would allow for removing the camera and accurately counting the events by radar-based machine learning alone. Challenging signals from more complex bee flights hindered progress. System accuracy of 70% was achieved, but clutter impacted the overall results requiring intelligent filtering to remove environmental effects from the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Williams
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Nawaf Aldabashi
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Paul Cross
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Cristiano Palego
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2DG, UK
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29
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Mustapha AA, Sanduleanu M. 160 GHz D-Band Low-Noise Amplifier and Power Amplifier for Radar-Based Contactless Vital-Signs-Monitoring Systems. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:mi14050993. [PMID: 37241617 DOI: 10.3390/mi14050993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a 160 GHz, D-band, low-noise amplifier (LNA) and a D-band power amplifier (PA) implemented in the Global Foundries 22 nm CMOS FDSOI. The two designs are used for the contactless monitoring of vital signs in the D-band. The LNA is based on multiple stages of a cascode amplifier topology with a common source topology adopted as the input and output stages. The input stage of the LNA is designed for simultaneous input and output matching, while the inter-stage-matching networks are designed for maximizing the voltage swing. The LNA achieved a maximum gain of 17 dB at 163 GHz. The input return loss was quite poor in the 157-166 GHz frequency band. The -3 dB gain bandwidth corresponded to 157-166 GHz. The measured noise figure was between 7.6 dB and 8 dB within the -3 dB gain bandwidth. The power amplifier achieved an output 1 dB compression point of 6.8 dBm at 159.75 GHz. The measured power consumptions of the LNA and the PA were 28.8 mW and 10.8 mW, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademola Akeem Mustapha
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mihai Sanduleanu
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
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30
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Huang X, Patel N, Tsoi KP. Application of mmWave Radar Sensor for People Identification and Classification. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:3873. [PMID: 37112212 PMCID: PMC10146058 DOI: 10.3390/s23083873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Device-free indoor identification of people with high accuracy is the key to providing personalized services. Visual methods are the solution but they require a clear view and good lighting conditions. Additionally, the intrusive nature leads to privacy concerns. A robust identification and classification system using the mmWave radar and an improved density-based clustering algorithm along with LSTM are proposed in this paper. The system leverages mmWave radar technology to overcome challenges posed by varying environmental conditions on object detection and recognition. The point cloud data are processed using a refined density-based clustering algorithm to extract ground truth in a 3D space accurately. A bi-directional LSTM network is employed for individual user identification and intruder detection. The system achieved an overall identification accuracy of 93.9% and an intruder detection rate of 82.87% for groups of 10 individuals, demonstrating its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Faculty of Information Engineering, University of Shandong Ying Cai, Jinan 250104, China
| | - Nitish Patel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Kit P. Tsoi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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31
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Gotthans J, Gotthans T, Novak D. Improving TDOA Radar Performance in Jammed Areas through Neural Network-Based Signal Processing. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:2889. [PMID: 36991599 PMCID: PMC10054461 DOI: 10.3390/s23062889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a method for estimating the position of a target under jammed conditions using the Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) method. The algorithm utilizes a deep neural network to overcome the challenges posed by the jammed conditions. The simulations and results indicate that the presented method is more accurate and efficient than the traditional TDOA methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Gotthans
- Department of Radio Electronics, Brno University of Technology, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Gotthans
- Department of Radio Electronics, Brno University of Technology, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Novak
- Department of Communication Technologies, Electronic Warfare and Radiolocation, University of Defense, 66210 Brno, Czech Republic
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32
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Burke CJ, Schonberger A, Friedman EB, Berman RS, Adler RS. Image-Guided Radar Reflector Localization for Small Soft-Tissue Lesions in the Musculoskeletal System. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2023; 220:399-406. [PMID: 36259594 DOI: 10.2214/AJR.22.28399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Preoperative localization of nonpalpable breast lesions using a radar reflector surgical guidance system has become commonplace, but the clinical utility of this emerging technology in the musculoskeletal system has not yet been well established. The system components include a console, a handpiece, an implanted radiofrequency reflector that works as a lesion marker, and an infrared light-emitting probe to guide the surgeon. The reflector can be deployed to localize small nonpalpable nodules within the subcutaneous fat as well as lesions within the deeper soft tissues. It can also be used for lymph nodes and foreign bodies. Localization can be performed both before and after treatment. The objective of this article is to describe the potential applications and our technique and initial experience for radar reflector localization within the musculoskeletal system.
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33
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Kamrath L, Baginski M, Martin S. Reduction of Doppler and Range Ambiguity Using AES-192 Encryption-Based Pulse Coding. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:2568. [PMID: 36904771 PMCID: PMC10006985 DOI: 10.3390/s23052568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This research investigates the use of a Binary Phase Shift Key (BPSK) sequence derived from the 192-bit key Advanced Encryption Standard (AES-192) algorithm for radar signal modulation to mitigate Doppler and range ambiguities. The AES-192 BPSK sequence has a non-periodic nature resulting in a single large and narrow main lobe in the matched filter response but also produces undesired periodic side lobes that can be mitigated through the use of a CLEAN algorithm. The performance of the AES-192 BPSK sequence is compared to an Ipatov-Barker Hybrid BPSK code, which effectively extends the maximum unambiguous range but has some limitations in terms of signal processing requirements. The AES-192 based BPSK sequence has the advantage of having no maximum unambiguous range limit, and when the pulse location within the Pulse Repetition Interval (PRI) is randomized, the upper limit on the maximum unambiguous Doppler frequency shift is greatly extended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Kamrath
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, 200 Broun Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Michael Baginski
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, 200 Broun Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Scott Martin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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34
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Lenz I, Rong Y, Bliss D. Contactless Stethoscope Enabled by Radar Technology. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020169. [PMID: 36829662 PMCID: PMC9952308 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Contactless vital sign measurement technologies have the potential to greatly improve patient experiences and practitioner safety while creating the opportunity for comfortable continuous monitoring. We introduce a contactless alternative for measuring human heart sounds. We leverage millimeter wave frequency-modulated continuous wave radar and multi-input multi-output beamforming techniques to capture fine skin vibrations that result from the cardiac movements that cause heart sounds. We discuss contact-based heart sound measurement techniques and directly compare the radar heart sound technique with these contact-based approaches. We present experimental cases to test the strengths and limitations of both the contact-based measurement techniques and the contactless radar measurement. We demonstrate that the radar measurement technique is a viable and potentially superior method for capturing human heart sounds in many practical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Rong
- Correspondence: (I.L.); (Y.R.)
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35
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Mauro G, De Carlos Diez M, Ott J, Servadei L, Cuellar MP, Morales-Santos DP. Few-Shot User-Adaptable Radar-Based Breath Signal Sensing. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:804. [PMID: 36679598 PMCID: PMC9865656 DOI: 10.3390/s23020804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vital signs estimation provides valuable information about an individual's overall health status. Gathering such information usually requires wearable devices or privacy-invasive settings. In this work, we propose a radar-based user-adaptable solution for respiratory signal prediction while sitting at an office desk. Such an approach leads to a contact-free, privacy-friendly, and easily adaptable system with little reference training data. Data from 24 subjects are preprocessed to extract respiration information using a 60 GHz frequency-modulated continuous wave radar. With few training examples, episodic optimization-based learning allows for generalization to new individuals. Episodically, a convolutional variational autoencoder learns how to map the processed radar data to a reference signal, generating a constrained latent space to the central respiration frequency. Moreover, autocorrelation over recorded radar data time assesses the information corruption due to subject motions. The model learning procedure and breathing prediction are adjusted by exploiting the motion corruption level. Thanks to the episodic acquired knowledge, the model requires an adaptation time of less than one and two seconds for one to five training examples, respectively. The suggested approach represents a novel, quickly adaptable, non-contact alternative for office settings with little user motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Mauro
- Infineon Technologies AG, Am Campeon 1-15, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany
- Department of Electronic and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Avenida de Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Julius Ott
- Infineon Technologies AG, Am Campeon 1-15, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstrasse 21, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Servadei
- Infineon Technologies AG, Am Campeon 1-15, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstrasse 21, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel P. Cuellar
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Granada, C/. Pdta. Daniel Saucedo Aranda s/n, 18015 Granada, Spain
| | - Diego P. Morales-Santos
- Department of Electronic and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Avenida de Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
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36
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Wang J, Wang P, Zhang R, Wu W. SDFnT-Based Parameter Estimation for OFDM Radar Systems with Intercarrier Interference. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 23:147. [PMID: 36616747 PMCID: PMC9824088 DOI: 10.3390/s23010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) radar suffers from severe performance degradation in range-velocity estimation in high mobility scenarios. In this paper, a novel intercarrier interference (ICI)-free parameter estimation method for OFDM radar is proposed. By employing a scale discrete Fresnel transform (SDFnT), the OFDM radar signals are converted to the scale Fresnel domain, and the orthogonality of subcarriers can be recovered with the optimal scale factor. Furthermore, due to the compatibility of the SDFnT and the discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), the proposed method has low computational complexity and high feasibility for OFDM radar implementation. Simulation results show that the proposed SDFnT-based scheme effectively eliminates the ICI effect for single and multiple targets and achieves high accuracy delay-Doppler estimation for OFDM radar systems in circumstances of high velocity and low SNR with consistency and robustness.
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37
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Zeng X, Báruson HSL, Sundvall A. Walking Step Monitoring with a Millimeter-Wave Radar in Real-Life Environment for Disease and Fall Prevention for the Elderly. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:9901. [PMID: 36560270 PMCID: PMC9784666 DOI: 10.3390/s22249901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We studied the use of a millimeter-wave frequency-modulated continuous wave radar for gait analysis in a real-life environment, with a focus on the measurement of the step time. A method was developed for the successful extraction of gait patterns for different test cases. The quantitative investigation carried out in a lab corridor showed the excellent reliability of the proposed method for the step time measurement, with an average accuracy of 96%. In addition, a comparison test between the millimeter-wave radar and a continuous-wave radar working at 2.45 GHz was performed, and the results suggest that the millimeter-wave radar is more capable of capturing instantaneous gait features, which enables the timely detection of small gait changes appearing at the early stage of cognitive disorders.
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38
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Fontana S, Di Lauro F. An Overview of Sensors for Long Range Missile Defense. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:9871. [PMID: 36560236 PMCID: PMC9781809 DOI: 10.3390/s22249871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Given the increasing tensions between world powers, missile defense is a topic that is more relevant than ever. However, information on the subject is often fragmented, confusing and untrustworthy. On the other hand, we believe that an informed overview of the current status is important for decision makers and citizens alike. A missile is essentially a guided rocket and therefore the term can be used to describe a very wide range of weapon systems. In this paper, we focus on long-range and intercontinental threats, which we believe are more important and problematic to defend against. We provide an overview of the two most common types of sensors, space-based infrared sensors and radars, and highlight their peculiarities and, most importantly, their drawbacks that severely limit their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Fontana
- School of Law, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Di Lauro
- Department of Computer Science, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
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39
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Endo K, Yamamoto K, Ohtsuki T. A Denoising Method Using Deep Image Prior to Human-Target Detection Using MIMO FMCW Radar. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:9401. [PMID: 36502104 PMCID: PMC9739089 DOI: 10.3390/s22239401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar can provide a range-angle map that expresses the signal power against each range and angle. It is possible to estimate object locations by detecting the signal power that exceeds a threshold using an algorithm, such as Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR). However, noise and multipath components often exist over the range-angle map, which could produce false alarms for an undesired location depending on the threshold setting. In other words, the threshold setting is sensitive in noisy range-angle maps. Therefore, if the noise is reduced, the threshold can be easily set to reduce the number of false alarms. In this paper, we propose a method that improves the CFAR threshold tolerance by denoising a range-angle map using Deep Image Prior (DIP). DIP is an unsupervised deep-learning technique that enables image denoising. In the proposed method, DIP is applied to the range-angle map calculated by the Curve-Length (CL) method, and then the object location is detected over the denoised range-angle map based on Cell-Averaging CFAR (CA-CFAR), which is a typical threshold setting algorithm. Through the experiments to estimate human locations in indoor environments, we confirmed that the proposed method with DIP reduced the number of false alarms and estimated the human location accurately while improving the tolerance of the threshold setting, compared to the method without DIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Endo
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamamoto
- Department of Information and Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ohtsuki
- Department of Information and Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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40
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Requena F, Ahoulou S, Barbot N, Kaddour D, Nedelec JM, Baron T, Perret E. Towards Wireless Detection of Surface Modification of Silicon Nanowires by an RF Approach. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:4237. [PMID: 36500858 PMCID: PMC9735642 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper shows the possibility to detect the presence of grafted molecules on the surface of silicon nanowires with a wireless RF radar approach based on the measurement of the backscattered signal of a resonant structure on which the nanowires are deposited. The measured resonance frequency allows the determination of the intrinsic properties related to temperature and humidity variations, which can be related to the presence of the grafted molecules. Several functionalizations of nanowires have been realized and characterized. For the first time, an RF approach is used to detect significant differences related to the presence of grafted molecules on the surface of nanowires. In addition to detecting their presence, the obtained results show the potential of the radar approach to identify the type of functionalization of nanowires. A set of six different grafted molecules (including octadecyltrichlorosilane, ethynylpyrene, N3) was tested and correctly separated with the proposed approach. Various measurements of the same samples showed a good repeatability which made the approach compatible with the possibility of differentiating the molecules with each other by radar reading. Moreover, discussions about the application of such functionalizations are made to increase the sensibility of sensors using a radar approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Requena
- LCIS Laboratory, Grenoble INP, University Grenoble Alpes, F-26000 Valence, France
| | - Samuel Ahoulou
- CNRS, ICCF, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Barbot
- LCIS Laboratory, Grenoble INP, University Grenoble Alpes, F-26000 Valence, France
| | - Darine Kaddour
- LCIS Laboratory, Grenoble INP, University Grenoble Alpes, F-26000 Valence, France
| | - Jean-Marie Nedelec
- CNRS, ICCF, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thierry Baron
- CNRS, ICCF, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Etienne Perret
- LCIS Laboratory, Grenoble INP, University Grenoble Alpes, F-26000 Valence, France
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41
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Lee Y, Kim S, Shin H. A 24 GHz CMOS Direct-Conversion RF Receiver with I/Q Mismatch Calibration for Radar Sensor Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:8246. [PMID: 36365944 PMCID: PMC9658703 DOI: 10.3390/s22218246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A 24 GHz millimeter-wave direct-conversion radio-frequency (RF) receiver with wide-range and precise I/Q mismatch calibration is designed in 65 nm CMOS technology for radar sensor applications. The CMOS RF receiver is based on a quadrature direct-conversion architecture. Analytic relations are derived to clearly exhibit the individual contributions of the I/Q amplitude and phase mismatches to the image-rejection ratio (IRR) degradation, which provides a useful design guide for determining the range and resolution of the I/Q mismatch calibration circuit. The designed CMOS RF receiver comprises a low-noise amplifier, quadrature down-conversion mixer, baseband amplifier, and quadrature LO generator. Controlling the individual gate bias voltages of the switching FETs in the down-conversion mixer having a resistive load is found to induce significant changes at the amplitude and phase of the output signal. In the calibration process, the mixer gate bias tuning is first performed for the amplitude mismatch calibration, and the remaining phase mismatch is then calibrated out by the varactor capacitance tuning at the LO buffer's LC load. Implemented in 65 nm CMOS process, the RF receiver achieves 31.5 dB power gain, -35.2 dBm input-referred 1 dB compression power, and 4.8-7.1 dB noise figure across 22.5-26.1 GHz band, while dissipating 106.2 mA from a 1.2 V supply. The effectiveness of the proposed I/Q mismatch calibration is successfully verified by observing that the amplitude and phase mismatches are improved from 1.0-1.5 dB to 0.02-0.19 dB, and from 10.8-23.8 to 1.1-3.2 degrees, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongho Lee
- Department of Electronic Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Suwon 16677, Korea
| | - Hyunchol Shin
- Department of Electronic Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea
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42
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Lim S, Jang GS, Song W, Kim BH, Kim DH. Non-Contact VITAL Signs Monitoring of a Patient Lying on Surgical Bed Using Beamforming FMCW Radar. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:8167. [PMID: 36365862 PMCID: PMC9656893 DOI: 10.3390/s22218167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Respiration and heartrates are important information for surgery. When the vital signs of the patient lying prone are monitored using radar installed on the back of the surgical bed, the surgeon's movements reduce the accuracy of these monitored vital signs. This study proposes a method for enhancing the monitored vital sign accuracies of a patient lying on a surgical bed using a 60 GHz frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar system with beamforming. The vital sign accuracies were enhanced by applying a fast Fourier transform (FFT) for range and beamforming which suppress the noise generated at different ranges and angles from the patient's position. The experiment was performed for a patient lying on a surgical bed with or without surgeon. Comparing a continuous-wave (CW) Doppler radar, the FMCW radar with beamforming improved almost 22 dB of signal-to-interference and noise ratio (SINR) for vital signals. More than 90% accuracy of monitoring respiration and heartrates was achieved even though the surgeon was located next to the patient as an interferer. It was analyzed using a proposed vital signal model included in the radar IF equation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dong Hyun Kim
- SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 07061, Korea
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43
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Rocca P, Anselmi N, Hannan MA, Massa A. "Conical" Frustum Multi-Beam Phased Arrays for Air Traffic Control Radars. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:7309. [PMID: 36236408 PMCID: PMC9572815 DOI: 10.3390/s22197309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The design of conical frustum phased array antennas for air traffic control (ATC) radar systems is addressed. The array architecture, which is controlled by a fully digital beam-forming (DBF) network, is composed by a set of equal vertical modules. Each module consists of a linear sparse array that generates on receive multiple instantaneous beams pointing along different directions in elevation. To reach the best trade-off between the antenna complexity (i.e., minimum number of array elements and/or radio frequency components) and radiation performance (i.e., matching a set of reference patterns), the synthesis problem is formulated in the Compressive Sampling (CS) framework. Then, the positions of the array elements and the complex excitations for generating each single beam are jointly determined through a customized version of the Bayesian CS (BCS) tool. Representative numerical results, concerned with ideal as well as real antenna models, are reported both to validate the proposed design strategy and to assess the effectiveness of the synthesized modular sparse array architecture also in comparison with conventional arrays with uniformly-spaced elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Rocca
- DICAM—Department of Civil, Environmental, and Mechanical Engineering, ELEDIA Research Center, ELEDIA@UniTN—University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy or
- ELEDIA Research Center, ELEDIA@XIDIAN—Xidian University, No. 2 South Tabai Road, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Nicola Anselmi
- DICAM—Department of Civil, Environmental, and Mechanical Engineering, ELEDIA Research Center, ELEDIA@UniTN—University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy or
| | - Mohammad Abdul Hannan
- DICAM—Department of Civil, Environmental, and Mechanical Engineering, ELEDIA Research Center, ELEDIA@UniTN—University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy or
| | - Andrea Massa
- DICAM—Department of Civil, Environmental, and Mechanical Engineering, ELEDIA Research Center, ELEDIA@UniTN—University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy or
- ELEDIA Research Center, ELEDIA@UESTC—UESTC, School of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu 611731, China
- ELEDIA Research Center, ELEDIA@TSINGHUA—Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Rd, Beijing 100084, China
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44
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Kassem K, Caramazza P, Mitchell KJ, Miller M, Emadi A, Faccio D. Real-Time Scene Monitoring for Deaf-Blind People. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22197136. [PMID: 36236236 PMCID: PMC9571695 DOI: 10.3390/s22197136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
It is estimated that at least 15 million people worldwide live with severe deaf-blindness, with many more experiencing varying degrees of deaf-blindness. The existing options of assistance are mostly limited to walking canes, guide dogs and human care. We propose a wearable device which harnesses a multi-antenna mmWave radar transceiver and a haptic feedback array for real time detection of a person moving within a scene. We present our findings from a series of workshops with participants classed with multi-sensory impairments (MSI), to demonstrate the relative success of this approach and its potential for integration into existing assistance for the MSI of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Kassem
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Kevin J. Mitchell
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Mitch Miller
- School of Culture and Creative Arts, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Azadeh Emadi
- School of Culture and Creative Arts, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Daniele Faccio
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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45
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Choi JW, Kim DH, Koo DL, Park Y, Nam H, Lee JH, Kim HJ, Hong SN, Jang G, Lim S, Kim B. Automated Detection of Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Events Based on 60 GHz Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave Radar Using Convolutional Recurrent Neural Networks: A Preliminary Report of a Prospective Cohort Study. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:7177. [PMID: 36236274 PMCID: PMC9570824 DOI: 10.3390/s22197177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Radar is a promising non-contact sensor for overnight polysomnography (PSG), the gold standard for diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This preliminary study aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of the automated detection of apnea-hypopnea events for OSA diagnosis based on 60 GHz frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar using convolutional recurrent neural networks. The dataset comprised 44 participants from an ongoing OSA cohort, recruited from July 2021 to April 2022, who underwent overnight PSG with a radar sensor. All PSG recordings, including sleep and wakefulness, were included in the dataset. Model development and evaluation were based on a five-fold cross-validation. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the classification of 1-min segments ranged from 0.796 to 0.859. Depending on OSA severity, the sensitivities for apnea-hypopnea events were 49.0-67.6%, and the number of false-positive detections per participant was 23.4-52.8. The estimated apnea-hypopnea index showed strong correlations (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.805-0.949) and good to excellent agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.776-0.929) with the ground truth. There was substantial agreement between the estimated and ground truth OSA severity (kappa statistics = 0.648-0.736). The results demonstrate the potential of radar as a standalone screening tool for OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Choi
- Department of Radiology, Armed Forces Yangju Hospital, Yangju 11429, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul Metropolitan Government—Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 07061, Korea
| | - Dae Lim Koo
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Metropolitan Government—Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 07061, Korea
| | - Yangmi Park
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Metropolitan Government—Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 07061, Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Nam
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Metropolitan Government—Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 07061, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul Metropolitan Government—Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 07061, Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul Metropolitan Government—Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 07061, Korea
| | - Seung-No Hong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul Metropolitan Government—Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 07061, Korea
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46
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An S, Bu X, Wymeersch H, Zirath H, He ZS. Millimeter-Wave Multi-Channel Backscatter Communication and Ranging with an FMCW Radar. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:7104. [PMID: 36236212 PMCID: PMC9570682 DOI: 10.3390/s22197104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A multi-channel backscatter communication and radar sensing system is proposed and demonstrated in this paper. Frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar ranging is integrated with simultaneous uplink data transmission from a self-packaged active radio frequency (RF) tag. A novel package solution is proposed for the RF tag. With the proposed package, the RF tag can transmit a 32-QAM signal up to 2.5 Gbps and QPSK signal up to 8 Gbps. For a multi-tag scenario, we proposed using spread spectrum code to separate the data from each tag. In this case, tags can be placed at arbitrary locations without adjacent channel interference. Proof-of-concept simulations and measurements are demonstrated. A 625 Mbps data rate is achieved in a dual-tag scenario for two tags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sining An
- Microwave Electronics Laboratory, Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiangyuan Bu
- School of Information Science and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Henk Wymeersch
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Herbert Zirath
- Microwave Electronics Laboratory, Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zhongxia Simon He
- Microwave Electronics Laboratory, Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
- SinoWave AB, SE-43650 Hovås, Sweden
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47
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Díez-Fernández DM, Rodríguez-Rosell D, Gazzo F, Giráldez J, Villaseca-Vicuña R, Gonzalez-Jurado JA. Can the Supido Radar Be Used for Measuring Ball Speed during Soccer Kicking? A Reliability and Concurrent Validity Study of a New Low-Cost Device. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:7046. [PMID: 36146396 PMCID: PMC9505007 DOI: 10.3390/s22187046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to analyze the reliability and validity of a low-cost instrument, based on a radar system, to quantify the kicking ball speed in soccer. A group of 153 male soccer players (under-13, n = 53; under-15, n = 54; under-18, n = 46) participated in this study. Each player performed three kicks on the goal in a standardized condition while the ball speed was measured with three different devices: one Radar Stalker ATS II® (reference criterion) and two Supido Radar® (Supido-front of the goal and Supido-back of the goal). The standard error of measurement (SEM) expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were employed for assessing the reliability of each instrument. Stalker and Supido-back showed very high absolute (CV = 4.0-5.4%) and relative (ICC = 0.945-0.958) reliability, whereas Supido-front resulted in moderate to low reliability scores (CV = 7.4-15%, ICC = 0.134-0.693). In addition, Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) values revealed an 'almost perfect' agreement between Stalker and Supido-back for the average (r = 0.99) and maximal (r = 0.98) ball speed, regardless of the ball speed range analyzed. However, Supido-front resulted in a poor degree of concordance (CCC = 0.688) and a high magnitude of error (17.0-37.5 km·h-1) with the reference Stalker radar gun. The Supido Radar® placed behind the goal could be considered a reliable and valid device for measuring ball speed in soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Díez-Fernández
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - David Rodríguez-Rosell
- Research, Development, and Innovation (R&D+I) Area, Investigation in Medicine and Sport Department, Sevilla Football Club, 41005 Seville, Spain
- Department of Sport and Informatics, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Federico Gazzo
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Julián Giráldez
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Flores (UFLO), Buenos Aires 1406, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Villaseca-Vicuña
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Educación y Tecnología de Pedagogía en Educación Física, Universidad Católica, Silva Henríquez (UCSH), Santiago 8330225, Chile
| | - Jose A. Gonzalez-Jurado
- Department of Sport and Informatics, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
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Barbosa Filho JML, Campos MMDM, Flor DL, Alves WS, D’Assunção AG, Rodrigues MEC, de Sousa VA. Non-Ionizing Radiation Measurements for Trajectography Radars. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:7017. [PMID: 36146365 PMCID: PMC9505233 DOI: 10.3390/s22187017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a Non-Ionizing Radiation (NIR) measurement campaign and proposes a specific measurement method for trajectography radars. This kind of radar has a high gain narrow beam antenna and emits a high power signal. Power density measurements from a C-band trajectography radar are carried out using bench equipment and a directional receiving antenna, instead of the commonly used isotropic probe. The measured power density levels are assessed for compliance test via comparison with the occupational and general public exposure limit levels of both the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and the Brazilian National Telecommunication Agency (Anatel). The limit for the occupational public is respected everywhere, evidencing the safe operation of the studied radar. However, the limit for the general public is exceeded at a point next to the radar's antenna, showing that preventive measures are needed.
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Drozdowicz J, Samczynski P. Drone-Based 3D Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging with Trajectory Optimization. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:6990. [PMID: 36146338 PMCID: PMC9503218 DOI: 10.3390/s22186990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a trajectory determination and optimization method of multirotors equipped with a single-channel radar to obtain 3D Synthetic Aperture Radar imaging. The result is a realistic trajectory that allows to obtain an imaging of the assumed quality in less time than using a multi-pass trajectory. The optimization criteria, in addition to the cross-range resolution, are the Peak Sidelobe Ratio (PSLR), Integrated Sidelobe Ratio (ISLR), and time of flight. The algorithm is based on a realistic motion model of the radar platform. This paper presents all the steps of the algorithm and provides simulation results that show its practical applicability. The advantage of the presented approach over the existing ones is indicated and further research directions are proposed.
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Tao S, Chave J, Frison PL, Le Toan T, Ciais P, Fang J, Wigneron JP, Santoro M, Yang H, Li X, Labrière N, Saatchi S. Increasing and widespread vulnerability of intact tropical rainforests to repeated droughts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2116626119. [PMID: 36067321 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116626119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intact tropical rainforests have been exposed to severe droughts in recent decades, which may threaten their integrity, their ability to sequester carbon, and their capacity to provide shelter for biodiversity. However, their response to droughts remains uncertain due to limited high-quality, long-term observations covering extensive areas. Here, we examined how the upper canopy of intact tropical rainforests has responded to drought events globally and during the past 3 decades. By developing a long pantropical time series (1992 to 2018) of monthly radar satellite observations, we show that repeated droughts caused a sustained decline in radar signal in 93%, 84%, and 88% of intact tropical rainforests in the Americas, Africa, and Asia, respectively. Sudden decreases in radar signal were detected around the 1997-1998, 2005, 2010, and 2015 droughts in tropical Americas; 1999-2000, 2004-2005, 2010-2011, and 2015 droughts in tropical Africa; and 1997-1998, 2006, and 2015 droughts in tropical Asia. Rainforests showed similar low resistance (the ability to maintain predrought condition when drought occurs) to severe droughts across continents, but American rainforests consistently showed the lowest resilience (the ability to return to predrought condition after the drought event). Moreover, while the resistance of intact tropical rainforests to drought is decreasing, albeit weakly in tropical Africa and Asia, forest resilience has not increased significantly. Our results therefore suggest the capacity of intact rainforests to withstand future droughts is limited. This has negative implications for climate change mitigation through forest-based climate solutions and the associated pledges made by countries under the Paris Agreement.
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