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Elsheref M, Messina L, Tarr MA. Photochemistry of oil in marine systems: developments since the Deepwater Horizon spill. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1878-1908. [PMID: 37881013 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00248a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Oil spills represent a major source of negative environmental impacts in marine systems. Despite many decades of research on oil spill behavior, photochemistry was neglected as a major factor in the fate of oil spilled in marine systems. Subsequent to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, numerous studies using varied approaches have demonstrated the importance of photochemistry, including short-term impacts (hours to days) that were previously unrecognized. These studies have demonstrated the importance of photochemistry in the overall oil transformation after a spill and more specifically the impacts on emulsification, oxygenation, and microbial interactions. In addition to new perspectives, advances in analytical approaches have allowed an improved understanding of oil photochemistry after maritime spill. Although the literature on the Deepwater Horizon spill is extensive, this review focuses only on studies relevant to the advances in oil photochemistry understanding since the Deepwater Horizon spill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elsheref
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA.
| | - Lena Messina
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA.
| | - Matthew A Tarr
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA.
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Montas L, Roy SS, Ferguson AC, Mena KD, Kumar N, Solo-Gabriele HM. Using satellite-based AOD and ground-based measurements to evaluate the impact of the DWH oil spill on coastal air quality. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 181:113910. [PMID: 35850086 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The 2010 DWH disaster generated atmospheric pollutants of health concern which reached the Gulf Coast. This study evaluated whether changes in coastal air quality due to the disaster were captured by aerosol optical depth (AOD) estimated using satellite data and by ground-based monitoring of air pollution, including fine particulate matter ≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), benzene and naphthalene. Mean monthly AOD levels were higher in May 2010 [during oil spill time], (mean AOD = 0.355), than for the prior (mean AOD = 0.258) and following years (mean AOD = 0.252) (p < 0.05). PM2.5 concentrations and AOD were significantly correlated (R2 = 0.59, p < 0.05), for one study area. Elevated PM2.5, benzene, and naphthalene concentrations coincided with downwind directions from the location of the oil slicks. A fully-coupled oil fate and transport atmospheric transport model of oil spill emissions, integrated with AOD and more extensive ground-based measurements, is recommended to predict coastal population exposures during oil spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Montas
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Shouraseni Sen Roy
- Department of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Alesia C Ferguson
- Department of Built Environment, North Carolina A&T, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Kristina D Mena
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
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Zhang Y, Sun J, Zheng P, Chen T, Liu Y, Han G, Simpson IJ, Wang X, Blake DR, Li Z, Yang X, Qi Y, Wang Q, Wang W, Xue L. Observations of C 1-C 5 alkyl nitrates in the Yellow River Delta, northern China: Effects of biomass burning and oil field emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:129-139. [PMID: 30504015 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl nitrates (RONO2) are important reservoirs of nitrogen oxides and play key roles in the tropospheric chemistry. Two phases of intensive campaigns were conducted during February-April and June-July of 2017 at a rural coastal site and in open oil fields of the Yellow River Delta region, northern China. C1-C5 alkyl nitrates showed higher concentration levels in summer than in winter-spring (p < 0.01), whilst their parent hydrocarbons showed an opposite seasonal variation pattern. The C3-C5 RONO2 levels in the oil fields were significantly higher than those in the ambient rural air. Alkyl nitrates showed well-defined diurnal variations, elucidating the effects of in-situ photochemical production and regional transport of aged polluted plumes. Backward trajectory analysis and fire maps revealed the significant contribution of biomass burning to the observed alkyl nitrates and hydrocarbons. A simplified sequential reaction model and an observation-based chemical box model were deployed to diagnose the formation mechanisms of C1-C5 RONO2. The C3-C5 RONO2 were mainly produced from the photochemical oxidation of their parent hydrocarbons (i.e., C3-C5 alkanes), whilst C1-C2 RONO2 compounds have additional sources. In addition to parent hydrocarbons, longer alkanes with >4 carbon atoms were also important precursors of alkyl nitrates in the oil fields. This study demonstrates the significant effects of oil field emissions and biomass burning on the volatile organic compounds and alkyl nitrate formation, and provides scientific support for the formulation of control strategies against photochemical air pollution in the Yellow River Delta region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Penggang Zheng
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Tianshu Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuhong Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Guangxuan Han
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Process and Ecology Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Isobel J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Zeyuan Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanbin Qi
- Jilin Weather Modification Office, Changchun, Jilin, China; Joint Laboratory of Weather Modification for Chinese Meteorological Administration and People's Government of Jilin Province (Key Laboratory of Jilin Province), Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Jilin Weather Modification Office, Changchun, Jilin, China; Joint Laboratory of Weather Modification for Chinese Meteorological Administration and People's Government of Jilin Province (Key Laboratory of Jilin Province), Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China; Ji'nan Institute of Environmental Science, Ji'nan, Shandong, China.
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Dirtu AC, Buczyńska AJ, Godoi AFL, Favoreto R, Bencs L, Potgieter-Vermaak SS, Godoi RHM, Van Grieken R, Van Vaeck L. Methods, fluxes and sources of gas phase alkyl nitrates in the coastal air. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:6445-6457. [PMID: 24952420 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3866-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The daily and seasonal atmospheric concentrations, deposition fluxes and emission sources of a few C3-C9 gaseous alkyl nitrates (ANs) at the Belgian coast (De Haan) on the Southern North Sea were determined. An adapted sampler design for low- and high-volume air-sampling, optimized sample extraction and clean-up, as well as identification and quantification of ANs in air samples by means of gas chromatography mass spectrometry, are reported. The total concentrations of ANs ranged from 0.03 to 85 pptv and consisted primarily of the nitro-butane and nitro-pentane isomers. Air mass backward trajectories were calculated by the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model to determine the influence of main air masses on AN levels in the air. The shorter chain ANs have been the most abundant in the Atlantic/Channel/UK air masses, while longer chain ANs prevailed in continental air. The overall mean N fluxes of the ANs were slightly higher for summer than those for winter-spring, although their contributions to the total nitrogen flux were low. High correlations between AN and HNO₂ levels were observed during winter/spring. During summer, the shorter chain ANs correlated well with precipitation. Source apportionment by means of principal component analysis indicated that most of the gas phase ANs could be attributed to traffic/combustion, secondary photochemical formation and biomass burning, although marine sources may also have been present and a contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin C Dirtu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
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Zito P, Chen H, Podgorski DC, McKenna AM, Tarr MA. Sunlight creates oxygenated species in water-soluble fractions of Deepwater Horizon oil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 280:636-643. [PMID: 25222929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess the impact of sunlight on oil fate, Macondo well oil from the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) rig was mixed with pure water and irradiated with simulated sunlight. After irradiation, the water-soluble organics (WSO) from the dark and irradiated samples were extracted and characterized by ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Liquid-liquid extraction yielded two fractions from dark and irradiated water/oil mixtures: acidic WSOs (negative-ion electrospray (ESI)), and base/neutral WSOs (positive-ion ESI) coupled to FT-ICR MS to catalog molecular-level transformations that occur to Macondo-derived WSOs after solar irradiation. Such direct measure of oil phototransformation has not been previously reported. The most abundant heteroatom class detected in the irradiated WSO acid fractions correspond to molecules that contain five oxygens (O5), while the most abundant acids in the dark samples contain two oxygen atoms per molecule (O2). Higher-order oxygen classes (O5-O9) were abundant in the irradiated samples, but <1.5% relative abundance in the dark sample. The increased abundance of higher-order oxygen classes in the irradiated samples relative to the dark samples indicates that photooxidized components of the Macondo crude oil become water-soluble after irradiation. The base/neutral fraction showed decreased abundance of pyridinic nitrogen (N1) concurrent with an increased abundance of N1Ox classes after irradiation. The predominance of higher-order oxygen classes indicates that multiple photochemical pathways exist that result in oxidation of petroleum compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Zito
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, United States
| | - Huan Chen
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310-4005, United States
| | - David C Podgorski
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310-4005, United States; Future Fuels Institute, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310-4005, United States
| | - Amy M McKenna
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310-4005, United States
| | - Matthew A Tarr
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, United States.
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Perring AE, Pusede SE, Cohen RC. An Observational Perspective on the Atmospheric Impacts of Alkyl and Multifunctional Nitrates on Ozone and Secondary Organic Aerosol. Chem Rev 2013; 113:5848-70. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300520x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. E. Perring
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - S. E. Pusede
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - R. C. Cohen
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
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Bahreini R, Middlebrook AM, Brock CA, de Gouw JA, McKeen SA, Williams LR, Daumit KE, Lambe AT, Massoli P, Canagaratna MR, Ahmadov R, Carrasquillo AJ, Cross ES, Ervens B, Holloway JS, Hunter JF, Onasch TB, Pollack IB, Roberts JM, Ryerson TB, Warneke C, Davidovits P, Worsnop DR, Kroll JH. Mass spectral analysis of organic aerosol formed downwind of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: field studies and laboratory confirmations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:8025-8034. [PMID: 22788666 DOI: 10.1021/es301691k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In June 2010, the NOAA WP-3D aircraft conducted two survey flights around the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill. The Gulf oil spill resulted in an isolated source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors in a relatively clean environment. Measurements of aerosol composition and volatile organic species (VOCs) indicated formation of SOA from intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) downwind of the oil spill (Science2011, 331, doi 10.1126/science.1200320). In an effort to better understand formation of SOA in this environment, we present mass spectral characteristics of SOA in the Gulf and of SOA formed in the laboratory from evaporated light crude oil. Compared to urban primary organic aerosol, high-mass-resolution analysis of the background-subtracted SOA spectra in the Gulf (for short, "Gulf SOA") showed higher contribution of C(x)H(y)O(+) relative to C(x)H(y)(+) fragments at the same nominal mass. In each transect downwind of the DWH spill site, a gradient in the degree of oxidation of the Gulf SOA was observed: more oxidized SOA (oxygen/carbon = O/C ∼0.4) was observed in the area impacted by fresher oil; less oxidized SOA (O/C ∼0.3), with contribution from fragments with a hydrocarbon backbone, was found in a broader region of more-aged surface oil. Furthermore, in the plumes originating from the more-aged oil, contribution of oxygenated fragments to SOA decreased with downwind distance. Despite differences between experimental conditions in the laboratory and the ambient environment, mass spectra of SOA formed from gas-phase oxidation of crude oil by OH radicals in a smog chamber and a flow tube reactor strongly resembled the mass spectra of Gulf SOA (r(2) > 0.94). Processes that led to the observed Gulf SOA characteristics are also likely to occur in polluted regions where VOCs and IVOCs are coemitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bahreini
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
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