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Zito P, Sihota N, Mohler RE, Podgorski DC. The formation, reactivity, and fate of oxygen-containing organic compounds in petroleum-contaminated groundwaters: A state of the science review and future research directions. Sci Total Environ 2024; 918:170619. [PMID: 38311075 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Hydrocarbon (HC) contamination in groundwater (GW) is a widespread environmental issue. Dissolved hydrocarbons in water are commonly utilized as an energy source by natural microbial communities, which can produce water soluble intermediate metabolite compounds, herein referred to as oxygen containing organic compounds (OCOCs), before achieving complete mineralization. This review aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the literature focused on the state of the science for OCOCs detected and measured in GW samples collected from petroleum contaminated aquifers. In this review, we discuss and evaluate two hypotheses investigating OCOC formation, which are major points of contention in the freshwater oil spill community that need to be addressed. We reviewed over 150 articles compiling studies investigating OCOC formation and persistence to uncover knowledge gaps in the literature and studies that recommend quantitative and qualitative measurements of OCOCs in petroleum-contaminated aquifers. This review is essential because no consensus exists regarding specific compounds and related concerns. We highlight the knowledge gaps to progressing the discussion of hydrocarbon conversion products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Zito
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Analysis & Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA.
| | - Natasha Sihota
- Chevron Technical Center, 6001 Bollinger Canyon Road, San Ramon, CA 94583, USA
| | - Rachel E Mohler
- Chevron Technical Center, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, CA 94801, USA
| | - David C Podgorski
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Analysis & Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA; Pontchartrain Institute of Environmental Science, Shea Penland Coastal Education and Research Facility, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
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Podgorski DC, Walley J, Shields MP, Hebert D, Harsha ML, Spencer RGM, Tarr MA, Zito P. Dispersant-enhanced photodissolution of macondo crude oil: A molecular perspective. J Hazard Mater 2024; 461:132558. [PMID: 37729707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous laboratory studies developed a conceptual model based on elevated non-volatile dissolved organic carbon (NVDOC) concentrations after photodegradation and subsequent dissolution of Macondo oil following the Deepwater Horizon blowout. However, those experiments did not account for the effects of ∼1 million gallons of dispersant applied to the surface oil. Here, laboratory results show photodissolution in the presence of dispersant results in > 2x increase in NVDOC concentrations after extensive photoprocessing relative to oil without dispersant. This result corresponds with an apparent increase in the percentage of surface oil photodissolution from approximately 4% in the absence of dispersant to 7% in the presence of dispersant. The oil and dissolved products were analyzed by excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy and ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. The compounds that persisted in the oil phase are relatively aromatic without dispersant, while those in the presence of dispersant are highly aliphatic, paraffinic, wax-like compounds. The composition of the dissolved compounds produced from both treatment types are nearly identical after 240 h of exposure to simulated sunlight. The NVDOC and chemical composition information indicate that the photodissolution of MC252 oil in the presence of dispersant is enhanced and accelerated, suggesting that the effects of dispersants should be included in mass transfer calculations from the oil to the aqueous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Podgorski
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive New Orleans, LA 70148, United States; Chemical Analysis & Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive New Orleans, LA 70148, United States; Pontchartrain Institute for Environmental Sciences, Shea Penland Coastal Education and Research Facility, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive New Orleans, LA 70148, United States.
| | - Jacob Walley
- Department of Natural Sciences, Gardner-Webb University, Boiling Springs, NC 28017, United States
| | - Matthew P Shields
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive New Orleans, LA 70148, United States
| | - Deja Hebert
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive New Orleans, LA 70148, United States
| | - Maxwell L Harsha
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive New Orleans, LA 70148, United States
| | - Robert G M Spencer
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Geochemistry Group, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States
| | - Matthew A Tarr
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive New Orleans, LA 70148, United States
| | - Phoebe Zito
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive New Orleans, LA 70148, United States; Chemical Analysis & Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive New Orleans, LA 70148, United States
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Counihan KL, McKenna AM, Hebert D, Tomco P, Zito P. Photo-Enhanced Oil Toxicity to Alcid Immune Function. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023; 42:2701-2711. [PMID: 37671848 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Oil spills are devastating to seabirds, causing high levels of mortality and toxic physiological effects, especially to immune function. Sunlight exposure can further enhance the toxicity of oil to marine species by generating photodegradation products. Photo-enhanced oil toxicity to marine birds has not been studied. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to investigate the toxicity and photo-enhanced toxicity of oil to lymphocyte proliferation, macrophage phagocytosis, and reactive oxygen species production in three alcid species, common murres (Uria aalge), tufted puffins (Fratercula cirrhata), and horned puffins (Fratercula corniculata). Intrinsic factors (species, age, and sex) had a more significant effect on lymphocyte proliferation than exposure to oil or photoactivated oil. Macrophage phagocytosis was significantly reduced in oil and photoactivated oil treatments, whereas hydrogen peroxide production was significantly increased. Interestingly, nonphotoactivated oil stimulated significantly more hydrogen peroxide than photoactivated oil. The results suggest that alcid immune function could be variably influenced during an oil spill depending on the species, sex, and age of the bird as well as the season and level of sunlight exposure. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2701-2711. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy M McKenna
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Ion Cyclotron Resonance Facility, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Deja Hebert
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Analysis & Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Patrick Tomco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Phoebe Zito
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Analysis & Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
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Zito P, Bekins BA, Martinović-Weigelt D, Harsha ML, Humpal KE, Trost J, Cozzarelli I, Mazzoleni LR, Schum SK, Podgorski DC. Photochemical mobilization of dissolved hydrocarbon oxidation products from petroleum contaminated soil into a shallow aquifer activate human nuclear receptors. J Hazard Mater 2023; 459:132312. [PMID: 37604033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Elevated non-volatile dissolved organic carbon (NVDOC) concentrations in groundwater (GW) monitoring wells under oil-contaminated hydrophobic soils originating from a pipeline rupture at the National Crude Oil Spill & Natural Attenuation Research Site near Bemidji, MN are documented. We hypothesized the elevated NVDOC is comprised of water-soluble photooxidation products transported from the surface to the aquifer. We use field and laboratory samples in combination with complementary analytical methods to test this hypothesis and determine the biological response to these products. Observations from optical spectroscopy and ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry reveal a significant correlation between the chemical composition of NVDOC leached from photochemically weathered soils and GW monitoring wells with high NVDOC concentrations measured in the aquifer beneath the contaminated soil. Conversely, the chemical composition from the uncontaminated soil photoleachate matches the NVDOC observed in the uncontaminated wells. Contaminated GW and photodissolution leachates from contaminated soil activated biological targets indicative of xenobiotic metabolism and exhibited potential for adverse effects. Newly formed hydrocarbon oxidation products (HOPs) from fresh oil could be distinguished from those downgradient. This study illustrates another pathway for dissolved HOPs to infiltrate GW and potentially affect human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Zito
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Analysis Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA.
| | | | | | - Maxwell L Harsha
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Analysis Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | - Katherine E Humpal
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Analysis Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | - Jared Trost
- US Geological Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112, USA
| | - Isabelle Cozzarelli
- US Geological Survey, Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center, Reston, VA 20191, USA
| | - Lynn R Mazzoleni
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Advanced Resolution Methods Laboratory, Michigan Technological University, 1400, Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Simeon K Schum
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Advanced Resolution Methods Laboratory, Michigan Technological University, 1400, Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - David C Podgorski
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Analysis Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA; Pontchartrain Institute for Environmental Sciences, Shea Penland Coastal Education Research Facility, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA
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Hebert D, Nelson J, Diehl BN, Zito P. Single-Particle ICP-MS/MS Application for Routine Screening of Nanoparticles Present in Powder-Based Facial Cosmetics. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:2681. [PMID: 37836322 PMCID: PMC10574118 DOI: 10.3390/nano13192681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The short- and long-term impacts of nanoparticles (NPs) in consumer products are not fully understood. Current European Union (EU) regulations enforce transparency on products containing NPs in cosmetic formulations; however, those set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration are lacking. This study demonstrates the potential of single-particle inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (spICP-MS/MS) as a screening method for NPs present in powder-based facial cosmetics (herein referred to as FCs). A proposed spICP-MS/MS method is presented along with recommended criteria to confirm particle presence and particle detection thresholds in seven FCs. FC products of varying colors, market values, and applications were analyzed for the presence of Bi, Cr, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sn, Ag, Al, and Zn NPs based on their ingredient lists as well as those commonly used in cosmetic formulations. The presence of NPs smaller than 100 nm was observed in all FC samples, and no correlations with their presence and market value were observed. Here, we report qualitative and semi-quantitative results for seven FC samples ranging in color, brand, and shimmer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deja Hebert
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA; (D.H.); (B.N.D.)
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Agilent Technologies, Inc., 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA;
| | - Brooke N. Diehl
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA; (D.H.); (B.N.D.)
| | - Phoebe Zito
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA; (D.H.); (B.N.D.)
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Zito P, Manganelli M, Lampasi A, Pipolo S, Lopes R. Final design of the DTT Toroidal power supply circuit. Fusion Engineering and Design 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2023.113595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
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Zito P, Podgorski DC, Tarr MA. Emerging Chemical Methods for Petroleum and Petroleum-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter Following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Annu Rev Anal Chem (Palo Alto Calif) 2023; 16:429-450. [PMID: 37314877 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091522-110825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that oil chemistry and oils spills have been studied for many years, there are still emerging techniques and unknown processes to be explored. The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico resulted in a revival of oil spill research across a wide range of fields. These studies provided many new insights, but unanswered questions remain. Over 1,000 journal articles related to the Deepwater Horizon spill are indexed by the Chemical Abstract Service. Numerous ecological, human health, and organismal studies were published. Analytical tools applied to the spill include mass spectrometry, chromatography, and optical spectroscopy. Owing to the large scale of studies, this review focuses on three emerging areas that have been explored but remain underutilized in oil spill characterization: excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy, black carbon analysis, and trace metal analysis using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Zito
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA;
- Chemical Analysis and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - David C Podgorski
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA;
- Chemical Analysis and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Pontchartrain Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Matthew A Tarr
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA;
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8
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Griva G, Musumeci S, Bojoi R, Zito P, Bifaretti S, Lampasi A. Cascaded multilevel inverter for vertical stabilization and radial control power supplies. Fusion Engineering and Design 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2023.113473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Lampasi A, Pipolo S, Albanese R, Ambrosino R, Bifaretti S, Bojoi R, Bonaiuto V, Castaldo A, Caldora M, Cocchi A, Di Pietrantonio M, Griva G, Lopes C, Manganelli M, Minucci S, Musumeci S, Romano R, Terlizzi C, Trotta A, Zito P. Overview of the Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) coil power supplies. Fusion Engineering and Design 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2023.113442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Tomco PL, Duddleston KN, Driskill A, Hatton JJ, Grond K, Wrenn T, Tarr MA, Podgorski DC, Zito P. Dissolved organic matter production from herder application and in-situ burning of crude oil at high latitudes: Bioavailable molecular composition patterns and microbial community diversity effects. J Hazard Mater 2022; 424:127598. [PMID: 34798546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemical herders and in-situ burning (ISB) are designed to mitigate the effects that oil spills may have on the high latitude marine environment. Little information exists on the water solubilization of petroleum residues stemming from chemically herded ISB and whether these bioavailable compounds have measurable impacts on marine biota. In this experiment, we investigated the effects of Siltech OP40 and crude oil ISB on a) petroleum-derived dissolved organic matter (DOMHC) composition and b) seawater microbial community diversity over 28 days at 4 °C in aquarium-scale mesocosms. Ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed increases in aromaticity over time, with ISB and ISB+OP40 samples having higher % aromatic classes in the initial incubation periods. ISB+OP40 contained a nearly 12-fold increase in the number of DOMHC formulae relative to those before ISB. 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified differences in microbial alpha diversity between seawater, ISB, OP40, and ISB+OP40. Microbial betadiversity shifts were observed that correlated strongly with aromatic/condensed relative abundance and incubation time. Proteobacteria, specifically from the genera Marinomonas and Perlucidibaca experienced -22 and +24 log2-fold changes in ISB+OP40 vs. seawater, respectively. These findings provide an important opportunity to advance our understanding of chemical herders and ISB in the high latitude marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L Tomco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA.
| | - Khrystyne N Duddleston
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Adrienne Driskill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Jasmine J Hatton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Kirsten Grond
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Toshia Wrenn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Matthew A Tarr
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | - David C Podgorski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA; Chemical Analysis & Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA; Pontchartrain Institute for Environmental Sciences, Shea Penland Coastal Education and Research Facility, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | - Phoebe Zito
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA; Chemical Analysis & Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
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Podgorski DC, Zito P, Kellerman AM, Bekins BA, Cozzarelli IM, Smith DF, Cao X, Schmidt-Rohr K, Wagner S, Stubbins A, Spencer RGM. Hydrocarbons to carboxyl-rich alicyclic molecules: A continuum model to describe biodegradation of petroleum-derived dissolved organic matter in contaminated groundwater plumes. J Hazard Mater 2021; 402:123998. [PMID: 33254831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Relationships between dissolved organic matter (DOM) reactivity and chemical composition in a groundwater plume containing petroleum-derived DOM (DOMHC) were examined by quantitative and qualitative measurements to determine the source and chemical composition of the compounds that persist downgradient. Samples were collected from a transect down the core of the plume in the direction of groundwater flow. An exponential decrease in dissolved organic carbon concentration resulting from biodegradation along the transect correlated with a continuous shift in fluorescent DOMHC from shorter to longer wavelengths. Moreover, ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry showed a shift from low molecular weight (MW) aliphatic, reduced compounds to high MW, unsaturated (alicyclic/aromatic), high oxygen compounds that are consistent with carboxyl-rich alicyclic molecules. The degree of condensed aromaticity increased downgradient, indicating that compounds with larger, conjugated aromatic core structures were less susceptible to biodegradation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed a decrease in alkyl (particularly methyl) and an increase in aromatic/olefinic structural motifs. Collectively, data obtained from the combination of these complementary analytical techniques indicated that changes in the DOMHC composition of a groundwater plume are gradual, as relatively low molecular weight (MW), reduced, aliphatic compounds from the oil source were selectively degraded and high MW, alicyclic/aromatic, oxidized compounds persisted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Podgorski
- Pontchartrain Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Analysis & Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA.
| | - Phoebe Zito
- Pontchartrain Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Analysis & Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | - Anne M Kellerman
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA; National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | | | | | - Donald F Smith
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | | | - Sasha Wagner
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aron Stubbins
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert G M Spencer
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA; National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
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Zito P, Smith DF, Cao X, Ghannam R, Tarr MA. Barium ion adduct mass spectrometry to identify carboxylic acid photoproducts from crude oil-water systems under solar irradiation. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2020; 22:2313-2321. [PMID: 33150906 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00390e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum derived dissolved organic matter (DOMHC) samples were successfully cationized with barium, revealing many [M-H + Ba]+ peaks in both dark and simulated sunlight treatments. The DOMHC samples generated after light exposure exhibited a greater number of [M-H + Ba]+ peaks compared to the dark control. Multiple [M-H + Ba]+ peaks were investigated in the irradiated DOMHC using low resolution MS/MS in order to confirm the presence of diagnostic fragment ions, m/z 139, 155 and 196 in each treatment. Due to the high complexity of the bariated DOMHC mixture, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS/MS) was employed to obtain molecular level information for both irradiated and dark treatments. The irradiated DOMHC treatments had more bariated oxygenated species over a wide range of H/C and O/C when compared to the dark controls. Doubly bariated species were also observed in DOMHC, which provides evidence that photochemistry transforms DOMHC to even more complex mixtures with multiple oxygenations per molecule. This study provides evidence that barium adduct mass spectrometry can be successfully applied to DOMHC screening for the presence of COOHs, both in dark samples and solar irradiated samples. Furthermore, direct evidence and molecular composition of aqueous phase crude oil photoproducts is provided by this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Zito
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA. and Pontchartrain Institute for Environmental Sciences, Chemical Analysis & Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA
| | - Donald F Smith
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - Xian Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA.
| | - Rana Ghannam
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA. and Pontchartrain Institute for Environmental Sciences, Chemical Analysis & Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA
| | - Matthew A Tarr
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA.
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Leewis MC, Berlemont R, Podgorski DC, Srinivas A, Zito P, Spencer RGM, McFarland J, Douglas TA, Conaway CH, Waldrop M, Mackelprang R. Life at the Frozen Limit: Microbial Carbon Metabolism Across a Late Pleistocene Permafrost Chronosequence. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1753. [PMID: 32849382 PMCID: PMC7403407 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Permafrost is an extreme habitat yet it hosts microbial populations that remain active over millennia. Using permafrost collected from a Pleistocene chronosequence (19 to 33 ka), we hypothesized that the functional genetic potential of microbial communities in permafrost would reflect microbial strategies to metabolize permafrost soluble organic matter (OM) in situ over geologic time. We also hypothesized that changes in the metagenome across the chronosequence would correlate with shifts in carbon chemistry, permafrost age, and paleoclimate at the time of permafrost formation. We combined high-resolution characterization of water-soluble OM by Fourier-transform ion-cyclotron-resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), quantification of organic anions in permafrost water extracts, and metagenomic sequencing to better understand the relationships between the molecular-level composition of potentially bioavailable OM, the microbial community, and permafrost age. Both age and paleoclimate had marked effects on both the molecular composition of dissolved OM and the microbial community. The relative abundance of genes associated with hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis, carbohydrate active enzyme families, nominal oxidation state of carbon (NOSC), and number of identifiable molecular formulae significantly decreased with increasing age. In contrast, genes associated with fermentation of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the concentration of SCFAs and ammonium all significantly increased with age. We present a conceptual model of microbial metabolism in permafrost based on fermentation of OM and the buildup of organic acids that helps to explain the unique chemistry of ancient permafrost soils. These findings imply long-term in situ microbial turnover of ancient permafrost OM and that this pooled biolabile OM could prime ancient permafrost soils for a larger and more rapid microbial response to thaw compared to younger permafrost soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Cathrine Leewis
- U.S. Geological Survey, Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Renaud Berlemont
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, United States
| | - David C Podgorski
- Pontchartrain Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Archana Srinivas
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, United States
| | - Phoebe Zito
- Pontchartrain Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Robert G M Spencer
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Geochemistry Group, Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Jack McFarland
- U.S. Geological Survey, Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Thomas A Douglas
- U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Fort Wainwright, AK, United States
| | | | - Mark Waldrop
- U.S. Geological Survey, Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Rachel Mackelprang
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, United States
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14
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Zito P, Podgorski DC, Johnson J, Chen H, Rodgers RP, Guillemette F, Kellerman AM, Spencer RGM, Tarr MA. Correction to "Molecular-Level Composition and Acute Toxicity of Photosolubilized Petrogenic Carbon". Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:5922. [PMID: 32323973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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15
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Zito P, Podgorski DC, Johnson J, Chen H, Rodgers RP, Guillemette F, Kellerman AM, Spencer RGM, Tarr MA. Molecular-Level Composition and Acute Toxicity of Photosolubilized Petrogenic Carbon. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:8235-8243. [PMID: 31194531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To examine the molecular-level composition and acute toxicity per unit carbon of the petroleum-derived dissolved organic matter (DOMHC) produced via photo-oxidation, heavy and light oils were irradiated over seawater with simulated sunlight. Increases in dissolved organic carbon concentrations as a function of time were associated with changes in the DOMHC composition and acute toxicity per unit carbon. Parallel factor analysis showed that the fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) composition produced from the heavy oil became more blue-shifted over time, while the light oil produced a mixture of blue- and red-shifted components similar to FDOM signatures. Ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry reveals that the composition of the DOMHC produced from both heavy and light oils was initially relatively reduced, with low O/C. With time, the composition of the DOMHC produced from the heavy oil shifted to unsaturated, high-oxygen compounds, while that produced from the light oil comprised a range of high O/C aliphatic, unsaturated, and aromatic compounds. Microtox assays suggest that the DOMHC initially produced is the most toxic (62% inhibition); however, after 24 h, a rapid decrease in toxicity decreased linearly to 0% inhibition for the heavy DOMHC and 12% inhibition for the light DOMHC at extended exposure periods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joshua Johnson
- Department of Natural Sciences , Gardner-Webb University , 110 South Main Street , Boiling Springs , North Carolina 28017 , United States
| | - Huan Chen
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , Florida State University , 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive , Tallahassee , Florida 32310-4005 , United States
| | - Ryan P Rodgers
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , Florida State University , 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive , Tallahassee , Florida 32310-4005 , United States
| | - François Guillemette
- Research Center for Watershed Aquatic Ecosystem Interactions (RIVE), Department of Environmental Sciences , Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières , Trois-Rivières , Québec G8Z 4M3 Canada
| | - Anne M Kellerman
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science , Florida State University , 600 West College Avenue , Tallahassee , Florida 32306-4520 , United States
| | - Robert G M Spencer
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , Florida State University , 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive , Tallahassee , Florida 32310-4005 , United States
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science , Florida State University , 600 West College Avenue , Tallahassee , Florida 32306-4520 , United States
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16
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Trudell M, McKinnie R, Darweesh T, Zito P, Shields T. Synthesis of the 5-Fluoro-4-hydroxypentyl Side Chain Metabolites of Synthetic Cannabinoids 5F-APINACA and CUMYL-5F-PINACA. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1609914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method for the construction of the 5-fluoro-4-hydroxypentyl side chain common to a number of synthetic cannabinoid metabolites was developed. A series of hydroxyl protecting groups was examined to assess the viability as orthogonal protecting groups for epoxidation and regioselective hydrofluorination. The 1-[5-fluoro-4-(diphenyl-tert-butylsilyloxy)]pentyl tosylate was prepared in 67% overall yield (six steps) from pent-4-en-1-ol and was employed for the synthesis of the 4-hydroxy metabolites of the synthetic cannabinoid 5F-APINACA and CUMYL-5F-PINACA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Trudell
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans
| | | | | | - Phoebe Zito
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans
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17
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Podgorski DC, Zito P, McGuire JT, Martinovic-Weigelt D, Cozzarelli IM, Bekins BA, Spencer RGM. Rebuttal to Comment on "Examining Natural Attenuation and Acute Toxicity of Petroleum-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter with Optical Spectroscopy". Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:11962-11963. [PMID: 30260633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David C Podgorski
- Pontchartrain Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry , University of New Orleans , New Orleans , Louisiana United States
| | - Phoebe Zito
- Pontchartrain Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry , University of New Orleans , New Orleans , Louisiana United States
| | - Jennifer T McGuire
- Department of Biology , University of St. Thomas , St. Paul , Minnesota United States
| | | | | | | | - Robert G M Spencer
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida United States
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Podgorski DC, Zito P, McGuire JT, Martinovic-Weigelt D, Cozzarelli IM, Bekins BA, Spencer RGM. Examining Natural Attenuation and Acute Toxicity of Petroleum-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter with Optical Spectroscopy. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:6157-6166. [PMID: 29715014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater samples containing petroleum-derived dissolved organic matter (DOMHC) originating from the north oil body within the National Crude Oil Spill Fate and Natural Attenuation Research Site near Bemidji, MN, USA were analyzed by optical spectroscopic techniques (i.e., absorbance and fluorescence) to assess relationships that can be used to examine natural attenuation and toxicity of DOMHC in contaminated groundwater. A strong correlation between the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and absorbance at 254 nm ( a254) along a transect of the DOMHC plume indicates that a254 can be used to quantitatively assess natural attenuation of DOMHC. Fluorescence components, identified by parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis, show that the composition of the DOMHC beneath and adjacent to the oil body is dominated by aliphatic, low O/C compounds ("protein-like" fluorescence) and that the composition gradually evolves to aromatic, high O/C compounds ("humic-/fulvic-like" fluorescence) as a function of distance downgradient from the oil body. Finally, a direct, positive correlation between optical properties and Microtox acute toxicity assays demonstrates the utility of these combined techniques in assessing the spatial and temporal natural attenuation and toxicity of the DOMHC in petroleum-impacted groundwater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Podgorski
- Pontchartrain Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry , University of New Orleans , New Orleans , Louisiana 70148 , United States
| | - Phoebe Zito
- Pontchartrain Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry , University of New Orleans , New Orleans , Louisiana 70148 , United States
| | - Jennifer T McGuire
- Department of Biology , University of St. Thomas , St. Paul , Minnesota 55105 , United States
| | | | | | - Barbara A Bekins
- U.S. Geological Survey , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Robert G M Spencer
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32306 , United States
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19
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Bauters M, Drake TW, Verbeeck H, Bodé S, Hervé-Fernández P, Zito P, Podgorski DC, Boyemba F, Makelele I, Cizungu Ntaboba L, Spencer RGM, Boeckx P. High fire-derived nitrogen deposition on central African forests. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:549-554. [PMID: 29295919 PMCID: PMC5776982 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714597115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is an important determinant of N availability for natural ecosystems worldwide. Increased anthropogenic N deposition shifts the stoichiometric equilibrium of ecosystems, with direct and indirect impacts on ecosystem functioning and biogeochemical cycles. Current simulation data suggest that remote tropical forests still receive low atmospheric N deposition due to a lack of proximate industry, low rates of fossil fuel combustion, and absence of intensive agriculture. We present field-based N deposition data for forests of the central Congo Basin, and use ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry to characterize the organic N fraction. Additionally, we use satellite data and modeling for atmospheric N source apportionment. Our results indicate that these forests receive 18.2 kg N hectare-1 years-1 as wet deposition, with dry deposition via canopy interception adding considerably to this flux. We also show that roughly half of the N deposition is organic, which is often ignored in N deposition measurements and simulations. The source of atmospheric N is predominantly derived from intensive seasonal burning of biomass on the continent. This high N deposition has important implications for the ecology of the Congo Basin and for global biogeochemical cycles more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn Bauters
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory-ISOFYS, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
- CAVElab, Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Travis W Drake
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Geochemistry Group, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - Hans Verbeeck
- CAVElab, Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Samuel Bodé
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory-ISOFYS, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Pedro Hervé-Fernández
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory-ISOFYS, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Hydrology and Water Management, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Phoebe Zito
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Geochemistry Group, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - David C Podgorski
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Geochemistry Group, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - Faustin Boyemba
- Plant Department, Faculty of Science, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Isaac Makelele
- Plant Department, Faculty of Science, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Landry Cizungu Ntaboba
- Faculty of Agronomy, Université Catholique de Bukavu, BP 285 Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Robert G M Spencer
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Geochemistry Group, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory-ISOFYS, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Zito P, Lampasi A, Baulaigue O, Gharafi S, Novello L, Matsukawa M, Shimada K, Fasce F, Portesine M, Dorronsoro A, Vian D, Celaya K, Eikelboom B. Design and testing of Crowbar Protection System for the JT-60SA superconducting magnet power supplies. Fusion Engineering and Design 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Harriman BH, Zito P, Podgorski DC, Tarr MA, Suflita JM. Impact of Photooxidation and Biodegradation on the Fate of Oil Spilled During the Deepwater Horizon Incident: Advanced Stages of Weathering. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:7412-7421. [PMID: 28570062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
While the biogeochemical forces influencing the weathering of spilled oil have been investigated for decades, the environmental fate and effects of "oxyhydrocarbons" in sand patties deposited on beaches are not well-known. We collected sand patties deposited in the swash zone on Gulf of Mexico beaches following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. When sand patties were exposed to simulated sunlight, a larger concentration of dissolved organic carbon was leached into seawater than the corresponding dark controls. This result was consistent with the general ease of movement of seawater through the sand patties as shown with a 35SO42- radiotracer. Ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry, as well as optical measurements revealed that the chemical composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) leached from the sand patties under dark and irradiated conditions were substantially different, but neither had a significant inhibitory influence on the endogenous rate of aerobic or anaerobic microbial respiratory activity. Rather, the dissolved organic photooxidation products stimulated significantly more microbial O2 consumption (113 ± 4 μM) than either the dark (78 ± 2 μM) controls or the endogenous (38 μM ± 4) forms of DOM. The changes in the DOM quality and quantity were consistent with biodegradation as an explanation for the differences. These results confirm that sand patties undergo a gradual dissolution of DOM in both the dark and in the light, but photooxidation accelerates the production of water-soluble polar organic compounds that are relatively more amenable to aerobic biodegradation. As such, these processes represent previously unrecognized advanced weathering stages that are important in the ultimate transformation of spilled crude oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Harriman
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma , Norman, Oklahoma 73019
- Institute for Energy and the Environment, University of Oklahoma , Norman, Oklahoma 73019
| | - Phoebe Zito
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32310-3706
| | - David C Podgorski
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32310-3706
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Matthew A Tarr
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans , New Orleans, Louisiana 70148
| | - Joseph M Suflita
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma , Norman, Oklahoma 73019
- Institute for Energy and the Environment, University of Oklahoma , Norman, Oklahoma 73019
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Zito P, Chen H, Podgorski DC, McKenna AM, Tarr MA. Sunlight creates oxygenated species in water-soluble fractions of Deepwater Horizon oil. J Hazard Mater 2014; 280:636-643. [PMID: 25222929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess the impact of sunlight on oil fate, Macondo well oil from the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) rig was mixed with pure water and irradiated with simulated sunlight. After irradiation, the water-soluble organics (WSO) from the dark and irradiated samples were extracted and characterized by ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Liquid-liquid extraction yielded two fractions from dark and irradiated water/oil mixtures: acidic WSOs (negative-ion electrospray (ESI)), and base/neutral WSOs (positive-ion ESI) coupled to FT-ICR MS to catalog molecular-level transformations that occur to Macondo-derived WSOs after solar irradiation. Such direct measure of oil phototransformation has not been previously reported. The most abundant heteroatom class detected in the irradiated WSO acid fractions correspond to molecules that contain five oxygens (O5), while the most abundant acids in the dark samples contain two oxygen atoms per molecule (O2). Higher-order oxygen classes (O5-O9) were abundant in the irradiated samples, but <1.5% relative abundance in the dark sample. The increased abundance of higher-order oxygen classes in the irradiated samples relative to the dark samples indicates that photooxidized components of the Macondo crude oil become water-soluble after irradiation. The base/neutral fraction showed decreased abundance of pyridinic nitrogen (N1) concurrent with an increased abundance of N1Ox classes after irradiation. The predominance of higher-order oxygen classes indicates that multiple photochemical pathways exist that result in oxidation of petroleum compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Zito
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, United States
| | - Huan Chen
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310-4005, United States
| | - David C Podgorski
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310-4005, United States; Future Fuels Institute, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310-4005, United States
| | - Amy M McKenna
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310-4005, United States
| | - Matthew A Tarr
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, United States.
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Zito P, Sajeva M, Bruno M, Rosselli S, Maggio A, Senatore F. Essential oils composition of Periploca laevigata Aiton subsp. angustifolia (Labill.) Markgraf (Apocynaceae – Periplocoideae). Nat Prod Res 2012; 27:255-65. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2012.671319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Zito
- a Dipartimento DEMETRA , Università degli studi di Palermo,Viale delle Scienze , Edificio 4, 90128, Palermo , Italy
| | - M. Sajeva
- b Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale e Biodiversità , Università degli studi di Palermo , Via Archirafi38, 90123, Palermo , Italy
| | - M. Bruno
- c STEMBIO, Section of Organic Chemistry, Università degli studi di Palermo , Viale delle Scienze, Parco d’Orleans II, 90128, Palermo , Italy
| | - S. Rosselli
- c STEMBIO, Section of Organic Chemistry, Università degli studi di Palermo , Viale delle Scienze, Parco d’Orleans II, 90128, Palermo , Italy
| | - A. Maggio
- c STEMBIO, Section of Organic Chemistry, Università degli studi di Palermo , Viale delle Scienze, Parco d’Orleans II, 90128, Palermo , Italy
| | - F. Senatore
- d Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali , Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II” , Via D. Montesano 49, I-80131, Napoli , Italy
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