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Barker PA, Allen G, Pitt JR, Bauguitte SJB, Pasternak D, Cliff S, France JL, Fisher RE, Lee JD, Bower KN, Nisbet EG. Airborne quantification of net methane and carbon dioxide fluxes from European Arctic wetlands in Summer 2019. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210192. [PMID: 34865529 PMCID: PMC8646143 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arctic wetlands and surrounding ecosystems are both a significant source of methane (CH4) and a sink of carbon dioxide (CO2) during summer months. However, precise quantification of this regional CH4 source and CO2 sink remains poorly characterized. A research flight using the UK Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurement was conducted in July 2019 over an area (approx. 78 000 km2) of mixed peatland and forest in northern Sweden and Finland. Area-averaged fluxes of CH4 and carbon dioxide were calculated using an aircraft mass balance approach. Net CH4 fluxes normalized to wetland area ranged between 5.93 ± 1.87 mg m-2 h-1 and 4.44 ± 0.64 mg m-2 h-1 (largest to smallest) over the region with a meridional gradient across three discrete areas enclosed by the flight survey. From largest to smallest, net CO2 sinks ranged between -513 ± 74 mg m-2 h-1 and -284 ± 89 mg m-2 h-1 and result from net uptake of CO2 by vegetation and soils in the biosphere. A clear gradient of decreasing bulk and area-averaged CH4 flux was identified from north to south across the study region, correlated with decreasing peat bog land area from north to south identified from CORINE land cover classifications. While N2O mole fraction was measured, no discernible gradient was measured over the flight track, but a minimum flux threshold using this mass balance method was calculated. Bulk (total area) CH4 fluxes determined via mass balance were compared with area-weighted upscaled chamber fluxes from the same study area and were found to agree well within measurement uncertainty. The mass balance CH4 fluxes were found to be significantly higher than the CH4 fluxes reported by many land-surface process models compiled as part of the Global Carbon Project. There was high variability in both flux distribution and magnitude between the individual models. This further supports previous studies that suggest that land-surface models are currently ill-equipped to accurately capture carbon fluxes inthe region. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Rising methane: is warming feeding warming? (part 2)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A. Barker
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Grant Allen
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Joseph R. Pitt
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, 145 Endeavour Hall, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA
| | - Stéphane J.-B. Bauguitte
- FAAM Airborne Laboratory, National Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Building 146, College Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Dominika Pasternak
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Samuel Cliff
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - James L. France
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Rebecca E. Fisher
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - James D. Lee
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Keith N. Bower
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Euan G. Nisbet
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
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2
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Francoeur CB, McDonald BC, Gilman JB, Zarzana KJ, Dix B, Brown SS, de Gouw JA, Frost GJ, Li M, McKeen SA, Peischl J, Pollack IB, Ryerson TB, Thompson C, Warneke C, Trainer M. Quantifying Methane and Ozone Precursor Emissions from Oil and Gas Production Regions across the Contiguous US. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9129-9139. [PMID: 34161066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We present an updated fuel-based oil and gas (FOG) inventory with estimates of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from oil and natural gas production in the contiguous US (CONUS). We compare the FOG inventory with aircraft-derived ("top-down") emissions for NOx over footprints that account for ∼25% of US oil and natural gas production. Across CONUS, we find that the bottom-up FOG inventory combined with other anthropogenic emissions is on average within ∼10% of top-down aircraft-derived NOx emissions. We also find good agreement in the trends of NOx from drilling- and production-phase activities, as inferred by satellites and in the bottom-up inventory. Leveraging tracer-tracer relationships derived from aircraft observations, methane (CH4) and non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) emissions have been added to the inventory. Our total CONUS emission estimates for 2015 of oil and natural gas are 0.45 ± 0.14 Tg NOx/yr, 15.2 ± 3.0 Tg CH4/yr, and 5.7 ± 1.7 Tg NMVOC/yr. Compared to the US National Emissions Inventory and Greenhouse Gas Inventory, FOG NOx emissions are ∼40% lower, while inferred CH4 and NMVOC emissions are up to a factor of ∼2 higher. This suggests that NMVOC/NOx emissions from oil and gas basins are ∼3 times higher than current estimates and will likely affect how air quality models represent ozone formation downwind of oil and gas fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colby B Francoeur
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Brian C McDonald
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Jessica B Gilman
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Kyle J Zarzana
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Barbara Dix
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Steven S Brown
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Joost A de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Gregory J Frost
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Meng Li
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Stuart A McKeen
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Jeff Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Ilana B Pollack
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Thomas B Ryerson
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Chelsea Thompson
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Michael Trainer
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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3
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Cui YY, Vijayan A, Falk M, Hsu YK, Yin D, Chen XM, Zhao Z, Avise J, Chen Y, Verhulst K, Duren R, Yadav V, Miller C, Weiss R, Keeling R, Kim J, Iraci LT, Tanaka T, Johnson MS, Kort EA, Bianco L, Fischer ML, Stroud K, Herner J, Croes B. A Multiplatform Inversion Estimation of Statewide and Regional Methane Emissions in California during 2014-2016. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9636-9645. [PMID: 31347357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
California methane (CH4) emissions are quantified for three years from two tower networks and one aircraft campaign. We used backward trajectory simulations and a mesoscale Bayesian inverse model, initialized by three inventories, to achieve the emission quantification. Results show total statewide CH4 emissions of 2.05 ± 0.26 (at 95% confidence) Tg/yr, which is 1.14 to 1.47 times greater than the anthropogenic emission estimates by California Air Resource Board (CARB). Some of differences could be biogenic emissions, superemitter point sources, and other episodic emissions which may not be completely included in the CARB inventory. San Joaquin Valley (SJV) has the largest CH4 emissions (0.94 ± 0.18 Tg/yr), followed by the South Coast Air Basin, the Sacramento Valley, and the San Francisco Bay Area at 0.39 ± 0.18, 0.21 ± 0.04, and 0.16 ± 0.05 Tg/yr, respectively. The dairy and oil/gas production sources in the SJV contribute 0.44 ± 0.36 and 0.22 ± 0.23 Tg CH4/yr, respectively. This study has important policy implications for regulatory programs, as it provides a thorough multiyear evaluation of the emissions inventory using independent atmospheric measurements and investigates the utility of a complementary multiplatform approach in understanding the spatial and temporal patterns of CH4 emissions in the state and identifies opportunities for the expansion and applications of the monitoring network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yan Cui
- California Air Resources Board , 1001 I Street , Sacramento , California 95814 , United States
| | - Abhilash Vijayan
- California Air Resources Board , 1001 I Street , Sacramento , California 95814 , United States
| | - Matthias Falk
- California Air Resources Board , 1001 I Street , Sacramento , California 95814 , United States
| | - Ying-Kuang Hsu
- California Air Resources Board , 1001 I Street , Sacramento , California 95814 , United States
| | - Dazhong Yin
- California Air Resources Board , 1001 I Street , Sacramento , California 95814 , United States
| | - Xue Meng Chen
- California Air Resources Board , 1001 I Street , Sacramento , California 95814 , United States
| | - Zhan Zhao
- California Air Resources Board , 1001 I Street , Sacramento , California 95814 , United States
| | - Jeremy Avise
- California Air Resources Board , 1001 I Street , Sacramento , California 95814 , United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Washington State University , Pullman , Washington 99163 , United States
| | - Yanju Chen
- California Air Resources Board , 1001 I Street , Sacramento , California 95814 , United States
| | - Kristal Verhulst
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91109 , United States
| | - Riley Duren
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91109 , United States
| | - Vineet Yadav
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91109 , United States
| | - Charles Miller
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91109 , United States
| | - Ray Weiss
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California , San Diego , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Ralph Keeling
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California , San Diego , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Jooil Kim
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California , San Diego , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Laura T Iraci
- Earth Science Division , NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field , California 94035 , United States
| | - Tomoaki Tanaka
- Earth Science Division , NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field , California 94035 , United States
- Japan Weather Association , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Matthew S Johnson
- Earth Science Division , NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field , California 94035 , United States
| | - Eric A Kort
- Department of Physics , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Laura Bianco
- Physical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
- The Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Marc L Fischer
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Kenneth Stroud
- California Air Resources Board , 1001 I Street , Sacramento , California 95814 , United States
| | - Jorn Herner
- California Air Resources Board , 1001 I Street , Sacramento , California 95814 , United States
| | - Bart Croes
- California Air Resources Board , 1001 I Street , Sacramento , California 95814 , United States
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4
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Chen X, Millet DB, Singh HB, Wisthaler A, Apel EC, Atlas EL, Blake DR, Bourgeois I, Brown SS, Crounse JD, de Gouw JA, Flocke FM, Fried A, Heikes BG, Hornbrook RS, Mikoviny T, Min KE, Müller M, Neuman JA, O'Sullivan DW, Peischl J, Pfister GG, Richter D, Roberts JM, Ryerson TB, Shertz SR, Thompson CR, Treadaway V, Veres PR, Walega J, Warneke C, Washenfelder RA, Weibring P, Yuan B. On the sources and sinks of atmospheric VOCs: an integrated analysis of recent aircraft campaigns over North America. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2019; 19:9097-9123. [PMID: 33688334 PMCID: PMC7939023 DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-9097-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We apply a high-resolution chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem CTM) with updated treatment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and a comprehensive suite of airborne datasets over North America to (i) characterize the VOC budget and (ii) test the ability of current models to capture the distribution and reactivity of atmospheric VOCs over this region. Biogenic emissions dominate the North American VOC budget in the model, accounting for 70 % and 95 % of annually emitted VOC carbon and reactivity, respectively. Based on current inventories anthropogenic emissions have declined to the point where biogenic emissions are the dominant summertime source of VOC reactivity even in most major North American cities. Methane oxidation is a 2x larger source of nonmethane VOCs (via production of formaldehyde and methyl hydroperoxide) over North America in the model than are anthropogenic emissions. However, anthropogenic VOCs account for over half of the ambient VOC loading over the majority of the region owing to their longer aggregate lifetime. Fires can be a significant VOC source episodically but are small on average. In the planetary boundary layer (PBL), the model exhibits skill in capturing observed variability in total VOC abundance (R 2 = 0:36) and reactivity (R 2 = 0:54). The same is not true in the free troposphere (FT), where skill is low and there is a persistent low model bias (~ 60 %), with most (27 of 34) model VOCs underestimated by more than a factor of 2. A comparison of PBL: FT concentration ratios over the southeastern US points to a misrepresentation of PBL ventilation as a contributor to these model FT biases. We also find that a relatively small number of VOCs (acetone, methanol, ethane, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, isoprene C oxidation products, methyl hydroperoxide) drive a large fraction of total ambient VOC reactivity and associated model biases; research to improve understanding of their budgets is thus warranted. A source tracer analysis suggests a current overestimate of biogenic sources for hydroxyacetone, methyl ethyl ketone and glyoxal, an underestimate of biogenic formic acid sources, and an underestimate of peroxyacetic acid production across biogenic and anthropogenic precursors. Future work to improve model representations of vertical transport and to address the VOC biases discussed are needed to advance predictions of ozone and SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eric C. Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Elliot L. Atlas
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ilann Bourgeois
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John D. Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joost A. de Gouw
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Frank M. Flocke
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Alan Fried
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Brian G. Heikes
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tomas Mikoviny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kyung-Eun Min
- School of Earth Science and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Markus Müller
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J. Andrew Neuman
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Jeff Peischl
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Gabriele G. Pfister
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Dirk Richter
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James M. Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas B. Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Stephen R. Shertz
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Chelsea R. Thompson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Victoria Treadaway
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Patrick R. Veres
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James Walega
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Petter Weibring
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Bin Yuan
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Zarzana KJ, Min KE, Washenfelder RA, Kaiser J, Krawiec-Thayer M, Peischl J, Neuman JA, Nowak JB, Wagner NL, Dubè WP, St. Clair JM, Wolfe GM, Hanisco TF, Keutsch FN, Ryerson TB, Brown SS. Emissions of Glyoxal and Other Carbonyl Compounds from Agricultural Biomass Burning Plumes Sampled by Aircraft. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11761-11770. [PMID: 28976736 PMCID: PMC7354696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We report enhancements of glyoxal and methylglyoxal relative to carbon monoxide and formaldehyde in agricultural biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NOAA WP-3D aircraft during the 2013 Southeast Nexus and 2015 Shale Oil and Natural Gas Nexus campaigns. Glyoxal and methylglyoxal were measured using broadband cavity enhanced spectroscopy, which for glyoxal provides a highly selective and sensitive measurement. While enhancement ratios of other species such as methane and formaldehyde were consistent with previous measurements, glyoxal enhancements relative to carbon monoxide averaged 0.0016 ± 0.0009, a factor of 4 lower than values used in global models. Glyoxal enhancements relative to formaldehyde were 30 times lower than previously reported, averaging 0.038 ± 0.02. Several glyoxal loss processes such as photolysis, reactions with hydroxyl radicals, and aerosol uptake were found to be insufficient to explain the lower measured values of glyoxal relative to other biomass burning trace gases, indicating that glyoxal emissions from agricultural biomass burning may be significantly overestimated. Methylglyoxal enhancements were three to six times higher than reported in other recent studies, but spectral interferences from other substituted dicarbyonyls introduce an estimated correction factor of 2 and at least a 25% uncertainty, such that accurate measurements of the enhancements are difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Zarzana
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kyung-Eun Min
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Rebecca A. Washenfelder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jennifer Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Mitchell Krawiec-Thayer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jeff Peischl
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - J. Andrew Neuman
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - John B. Nowak
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Nicholas L. Wagner
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - William P. Dubè
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jason M. St. Clair
- Atmospheric Chemistry & Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Glenn M. Wolfe
- Atmospheric Chemistry & Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Thomas F. Hanisco
- Atmospheric Chemistry & Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
| | - Frank N. Keutsch
- Atmospheric Chemistry & Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
| | - Thomas B. Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Steven S. Brown
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Corresponding Author: S. S. Brown. , Phone: 303 497 6306, Fax: 303 497 5126
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6
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Eilerman SJ, Peischl J, Neuman JA, Ryerson TB, Aikin KC, Holloway MW, Zondlo MA, Golston LM, Pan D, Floerchinger C, Herndon S. Characterization of Ammonia, Methane, and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations in Northeastern Colorado. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10885-10893. [PMID: 27662008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric emissions from animal husbandry are important to both air quality and climate, but are hard to characterize and quantify as they differ significantly due to management practices and livestock type, and they can vary substantially throughout diurnal and seasonal cycles. Using a new mobile laboratory, ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and other trace gas emissions were measured from four concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) in northeastern Colorado. Two dairies, a beef cattle feedlot, and a sheep feedlot were chosen for repeated diurnal and seasonal measurements. A consistent diurnal pattern in the NH3 to CH4 enhancement ratio is clearly observed, with midday enhancement ratios approximately four times greater than nighttime values. This diurnal pattern is similar, with slight variations in magnitude, at the four CAFOs and across seasons. The average NH3 to CH4 enhancement ratio from all seasons and CAFOs studied is 0.17 (+0.13/-0.08) mol/mol, in agreement with statewide inventory averages and previous literature. Enhancement ratios for NH3 to N2O and N2O to CH4 are also reported. The enhancement ratios can be used as a source signature to distinguish feedlot emissions from other NH3 and CH4 sources, such as fertilizer application and fossil fuel development, and the large diurnal variability is important for refining inventories, models, and emission estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Eilerman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder , 216 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) Chemical Sciences Division , 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Jeff Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder , 216 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) Chemical Sciences Division , 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - J Andrew Neuman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder , 216 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) Chemical Sciences Division , 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Thomas B Ryerson
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) Chemical Sciences Division , 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Kenneth C Aikin
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder , 216 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) Chemical Sciences Division , 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Maxwell W Holloway
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) Chemical Sciences Division , 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Science and Technology Corporation, Hampton, Virginia 23666, United States
| | - Mark A Zondlo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University , E209A Olden Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Levi M Golston
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University , E209A Olden Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Da Pan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University , E209A Olden Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Cody Floerchinger
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821-3976, United States
| | - Scott Herndon
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821-3976, United States
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Conley S, Franco G, Faloona I, Blake DR, Peischl J, Ryerson TB. Methane emissions from the 2015 Aliso Canyon blowout in Los Angeles, CA. Science 2016; 351:1317-20. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Warneke C, Trainer M, de Gouw JA, Parrish DD, Fahey DW, Ravishankara AR, Middlebrook AM, Brock CA, Roberts JM, Brown SS, Neuman JA, Lerner BM, Lack D, Law D, Hübler G, Pollack I, Sjostedt S, Ryerson TB, Gilman JB, Liao J, Holloway J, Peischl J, Nowak JB, Aikin K, Min KE, Washenfelder RA, Graus MG, Richardson M, Markovic MZ, Wagner NL, Welti A, Veres PR, Edwards P, Schwarz JP, Gordon T, Dube WP, McKeen S, Brioude J, Ahmadov R, Bougiatioti A, Lin JJ, Nenes A, Wolfe GM, Hanisco TF, Lee BH, Lopez-Hilfiker FD, Thornton JA, Keutsch FN, Kaiser J, Mao J, Hatch C. Instrumentation and Measurement Strategy for the NOAA SENEX Aircraft Campaign as Part of the Southeast Atmosphere Study 2013. ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2016; 9:3063-3093. [PMID: 29619117 PMCID: PMC5880326 DOI: 10.5194/amt-9-3063-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural emissions of ozone-and-aerosol-precursor gases such as isoprene and monoterpenes are high in the southeast of the US. In addition, anthropogenic emissions are significant in the Southeast US and summertime photochemistry is rapid. The NOAA-led SENEX (Southeast Nexus) aircraft campaign was one of the major components of the Southeast Atmosphere Study (SAS) and was focused on studying the interactions between biogenic and anthropogenic emissions to form secondary pollutants. During SENEX, the NOAA WP-3D aircraft conducted 20 research flights between 27 May and 10 July 2013 based out of Smyrna, TN. Here we describe the experimental approach, the science goals and early results of the NOAA SENEX campaign. The aircraft, its capabilities and standard measurements are described. The instrument payload is summarized including detection limits, accuracy, precision and time resolutions for all gas-and-aerosol phase instruments. The inter-comparisons of compounds measured with multiple instruments on the NOAA WP-3D are presented and were all within the stated uncertainties, except two of the three NO2 measurements. The SENEX flights included day- and nighttime flights in the Southeast as well as flights over areas with intense shale gas extraction (Marcellus, Fayetteville and Haynesville shale). We present one example flight on 16 June 2013, which was a daytime flight over the Atlanta region, where several crosswind transects of plumes from the city and nearby point sources, such as power plants, paper mills and landfills, were flown. The area around Atlanta has large biogenic isoprene emissions, which provided an excellent case for studying the interactions between biogenic and anthropogenic emissions. In this example flight, chemistry in and outside the Atlanta plumes was observed for several hours after emission. The analysis of this flight showcases the strategies implemented to answer some of the main SENEX science questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - M Trainer
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J A de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - D D Parrish
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - D W Fahey
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - A R Ravishankara
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - A M Middlebrook
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - C A Brock
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J M Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - S S Brown
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J A Neuman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - B M Lerner
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - D Lack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - D Law
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - G Hübler
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - I Pollack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - S Sjostedt
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - T B Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J B Gilman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J Liao
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J Holloway
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J B Nowak
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - K Aikin
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - K-E Min
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - R A Washenfelder
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - M G Graus
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - M Richardson
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - M Z Markovic
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - N L Wagner
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - A Welti
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - P R Veres
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - P Edwards
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J P Schwarz
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - T Gordon
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - W P Dube
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - S McKeen
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J Brioude
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - R Ahmadov
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | | | - J J Lin
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - A Nenes
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Greece
- National Observatory of Athens, Greece
| | - G M Wolfe
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
- University of Maryland Baltimore County
| | - T F Hanisco
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - B H Lee
- University of Washington, Madison, WI
| | | | | | - F N Keutsch
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - J Kaiser
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - J Mao
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, NOAA, Princeton, NJ
- Princeton University
| | - C Hatch
- Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, 1600 Washington Ave., Conway, AR, USA
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Abstract
This study quantitatively estimates the spatial distribution of anthropogenic methane sources in the United States by combining comprehensive atmospheric methane observations, extensive spatial datasets, and a high-resolution atmospheric transport model. Results show that current inventories from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research underestimate methane emissions nationally by a factor of ∼1.5 and ∼1.7, respectively. Our study indicates that emissions due to ruminants and manure are up to twice the magnitude of existing inventories. In addition, the discrepancy in methane source estimates is particularly pronounced in the south-central United States, where we find total emissions are ∼2.7 times greater than in most inventories and account for 24 ± 3% of national emissions. The spatial patterns of our emission fluxes and observed methane-propane correlations indicate that fossil fuel extraction and refining are major contributors (45 ± 13%) in the south-central United States. This result suggests that regional methane emissions due to fossil fuel extraction and processing could be 4.9 ± 2.6 times larger than in EDGAR, the most comprehensive global methane inventory. These results cast doubt on the US EPA's recent decision to downscale its estimate of national natural gas emissions by 25-30%. Overall, we conclude that methane emissions associated with both the animal husbandry and fossil fuel industries have larger greenhouse gas impacts than indicated by existing inventories.
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