1
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Reid SJ, Vaughan G, Kyro E. Occurrence of ozone laminae near the boundary of the stratospheric polar vortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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2
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Rood RB, Douglass AR, Kaye JA, Considine DB. Characteristics of wintertime and autumn nitric acid chemistry as defined by Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd01419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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3
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Austin J, Butchart N. A three-dimensional modeling study of the influence of planetary wave dynamics on polar ozone photochemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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4
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Pierce RB, Fairlie TDA. Chaotic advection in the stratosphere: Implications for the dispersal of chemically perturbed air from the polar vortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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5
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Thornton BF, Toohey DW, Tuck AF, Elkins JW, Kelly KK, Hovde SJ, Richard EC, Rosenlof KH, Thompson TL, Mahoney MJ, Wilson JC. Chlorine activation near the midlatitude tropopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Proffitt MH, Aikin K, Tuck AF, Margitan JJ, Webster CR, Toon GC, Elkins JW. Seasonally averaged ozone and nitrous oxide in the Northern Hemisphere lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. H. Proffitt
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES); Boulder Colorado USA
| | - K. Aikin
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES); Boulder Colorado USA
| | - A. F. Tuck
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. J. Margitan
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - C. R. Webster
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - G. C. Toon
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. W. Elkins
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); Boulder Colorado USA
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7
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Wonhas A. Mixing and geometry of advected, chemically reactive scalar fields: Application to chlorine deactivation over the midnorthern latitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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8
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Morgenstern O, Lee AM, Pyle JA. Cumulative mixing inferred from stratospheric tracer relationships. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Morgenstern
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Chemistry Department; Cambridge University; Cambridge UK
| | - Adrian M. Lee
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Chemistry Department; Cambridge University; Cambridge UK
| | - John A. Pyle
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Chemistry Department; Cambridge University; Cambridge UK
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9
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Tuck AF, Hovde SJ, Richard EC, Fahey DW, Gao RS, Bui TP. A scaling analysis of ER-2 data in the inner Arctic vortex during January-March 2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. F. Tuck
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - S. J. Hovde
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - D. W. Fahey
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - R. S. Gao
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - T. P. Bui
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
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10
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Li S, Cordero EC, Karoly DJ. Transport out of the Antarctic polar vortex from a three-dimensional transport model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Li
- School of Mathematical Sciences; Monash University; Australia
| | | | - David J. Karoly
- School of Mathematical Sciences; Monash University; Australia
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11
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Godin S. Influence of Arctic polar ozone depletion on lower stratospheric ozone amounts at Haute-Provence Observatory (43.92°N, 5.71°E). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Durry G. Balloon-borne near-infrared diode laser spectroscopy for in situ measurements of atmospheric CH4 and H2O. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2001; 57:1855-1863. [PMID: 11506037 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(01)00415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Absorption spectroscopy with near-infrared telecommunication laser diodes is a very convenient technique to measure in situ methane and water vapor in both the troposphere and the lower stratosphere (LS) and thereby to address many topics in the science of the atmosphere. This technique offers a high temporal resolution that ranges from 10 ms to 1 s, a precision error in the concentration retrieval of within a few percents and a dynamic range for the measurements of four orders of magnitude. A balloon-borne near-infrared diode laser spectrometer is described that provides simultaneous in situ methane (in the 1.65-microm region) and water vapor (in the 1.39-microm region) measurements at 1 s intervals. Tropospheric and stratospheric vertical concentration profiles of methane and water vapor are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Durry
- Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace, Service d'Aéronomie, CNRS, Verrières-le-Buisson, France.
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13
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Reid SJ, Tuck AF, Kiladis G. On the changing abundance of ozone minima at northern midlatitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Tuck AF, Hovde SJ, Proffitt MH. Persistence in Ozone Scaling under the Hurst Exponent as an Indicator of the Relative Rates of Chemistry and Fluid Mechanical Mixing in the Stratosphere. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9915937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. F. Tuck
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80303-3328, CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, and WMO, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - S. J. Hovde
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80303-3328, CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, and WMO, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - M. H. Proffitt
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80303-3328, CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, and WMO, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
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15
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Nagar VC, McDonald MK, de Zafra RL. Ground-based measurements of stratospheric ClO over Spitzbergen in the Arctic spring of 1997. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Bodeker GE, Boyd IS, Matthews WA. Trends and variability in vertical ozone and temperature profiles measured by ozonesondes at Lauder, New Zealand: 1986-1996. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Grewe V, Dameris M, Sausen R, Steil B. Impact of stratospheric dynamics and chemistry on northern hemisphere midlatitude ozone loss. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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David C, Bekki S, Godin S, Mégie G, Chipperfield MP. Polar stratospheric clouds climatology over Dumont d'Urville between 1989 and 1993 and the influence of volcanic aerosols on their formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Tan DGH, Haynes PH, MacKenzie AR, Pyle JA. Effects of fluid-dynamical stirring and mixing on the deactivation of stratospheric chlorine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Coy L, Swinbank R. Characteristics of stratospheric winds and temperatures produced by data assimilation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Balluch MG, Haynes PH. Quantification of lower stratospheric mixing processes using aircraft data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Yudin VA, Geller MA, Khattatov BV, Douglass AR, Cerniglia MC, Waters JW, Elson LS, Roche AE, Russell JM. A UARS study of lower stratospheric polar processing in the early stages of northern and southern winters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Pfeilsticker K, Blom OE, Brandtjen R, Fischer H, Glatthor N, Grendel A, Gulde T, Höpfner M, Perner D, Piesch C, Platt U, Renger W, Sessler J, Wirth M. Aircraft-borne detection of stratospheric column amounts of O3, NO2, OClO, ClNO3, HNO3, and aerosols around the arctic vortex (79°N to 39°N) during spring 1993: 1. Observational data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Wauben WMF, Bintanja R, van Velthoven PFJ, Kelder H. On the magnitude of transport out of the Antarctic polar vortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd02741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Eckman RS, Grose WL, Turner RE, Blackshear WT. Polar ozone depletion: A three-dimensional chemical modeling study of its long-term global impact. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd02130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Ansmann A, Wagner F, Wandinger U, Mattis I, Görsdorf U, Dier HD, Reichardt J. Pinatubo aerosol and stratospheric ozone reduction: Observations over central Europe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Santee ML, Froidevaux L, Manney GL, Read WG, Waters JW, Chipperfield MP, Roche AE, Kumer JB, Mergenthaler JL, Russell JM. Chlorine deactivation in the lower stratospheric polar regions during late winter: Results from UARS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Daniel JS, Schauffler SM, Pollock WH, Solomon S, Weaver A, Heidt LE, Garcia RR, Atlas EL, Vedder JF. On the age of stratospheric air and inorganic chlorine and bromine release. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Müller R, Crutzen PJ, Grooß JU, Brühl C, Russell JM, Tuck AF. Chlorine activation and ozone depletion in the Arctic vortex: Observations by the Halogen Occultation Experiment on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Grant WB, Browell EV, Long CS, Stowe LL, Grainger RG, Lambert A. Use of volcanic aerosols to study the tropical stratospheric reservoir. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Traub WA, Jucks KW, Johnson DG, Chance KV. Subsidence of the Arctic stratosphere determined from thermal emission of hydrogen fluoride. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Cerniglia MC, Rood RB, Douglass AR. Three-dimensional simulation of the influence of a cutoff low on the distribution of northern hemisphere processed air in late January 1992. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Norton WA, Chipperfield MP. Quantification of the transport of chemically activated air from the northern hemisphere polar vortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Orsolini Y, Cariolle D, Déqué M. Ridge formation in the lower stratosphere and its influence on ozone transport: A general circulation model study during late January 1992. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Bregman A, van Velthoven PFJ, Wienhold FG, Fischer H, Zenker T, Waibel A, Frenzel A, Arnold F, Harris GW, Bolder MJA, Lelieveld J. Aircraft measurements of O3, HNO3and N2O in the winter Arctic lower stratosphere during the Stratosphere-Troposphere Experiment by Aircraft Measurements (STREAM) 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Reid SJ, Vaughan G, Mitchell NJ, Prichard IT, Smit HJ, Jorgensen TS, Varotsos C, de Backer H. Distribution of ozone laminae during EASOE and the possible influence of inertia-gravity waves. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 1994; 21:1479-1482. [DOI: 10.1029/93gl01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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37
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Dibb JE, Meeker LD, Finkel RC, Southon JR, Caffee MW, Barrie LA. Estimation of stratospheric input to the Arctic troposphere:7Be and10Be in aerosols at Alert, Canada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Tao X, Tuck AF. On the distribution of cold air near the vortex edge in the lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd02054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Tuck AF, Fahey DW, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Kelly KK, Hovde SJ, Murphy DM, Elkins JW. Spread of denitrification from 1987 Antarctic and 1988–1989 Arctic stratospheric vortices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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Waugh DW, Plumb RA, Atkinson RJ, Schoeberl MR, Lait LR, Newman PA, Loewenstein M, Toohey DW, Avallone LM, Webster CR, May RD. Transport out of the lower stratospheric Arctic vortex by Rossby wave breaking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd02556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Plumb RA, Waugh DW, Atkinson RJ, Newman PA, Lait LR, Schoeberl MR, Browell EV, Simmons AJ, Loewenstein M. Intrusions into the lower stratospheric Arctic vortex during the winter of 1991–1992. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd02557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Dahlberg SP, Bowman KP. Climatology of large-scale isentropic mixing in the Arctic winter stratosphere from analyzed winds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd01927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Lefèvre F, Brasseur GP, Folkins I, Smith AK, Simon P. Chemistry of the 1991–1992 stratospheric winter: Three-dimensional model simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd03476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Proffitt MH, Aikin K, Margitan JJ, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Weaver A, Chan KR, Fast H, Elkins JW. Ozone Loss Inside the Northern Polar Vortex During the 1991-1992 Winter. Science 1993; 261:1150-4. [PMID: 17790350 DOI: 10.1126/science.261.5125.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Measurements made in the outer ring of the northern polar vortex from October 1991 through March 1992 reveal an altitude-dependent change in ozone, with a decrease at the bottom of the vortex and a substantial increase at the highest altitudes accessible to measurement. The increase is the result of ozone-rich air entering the vortex, and the decrease reflects ozone loss accumulated after the descent of the air through high concentrations of reactive chlorine. The depleted air that is released out of the bottom of the vortex is sufficient to significantly reduce column ozone at mid-latitudes.
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46
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47
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Webster CR, May RD, Toohey DW, Avallone LM, Anderson JG, Newman P, Lait L, Schoeberl MR, Elkins JW, Chan KR. Chlorine Chemistry on Polar Stratospheric Cloud Particles in the Arctic Winter. Science 1993; 261:1130-4. [PMID: 17790344 DOI: 10.1126/science.261.5125.1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous in situ measurements of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and chlorine monoxide (ClO) in the Arctic winter vortex showed large HCl losses, of up to 1 part per billion by volume (ppbv), which were correlated with high ClO levels of up to 1.4 ppbv. Air parcel trajectory analysis identified that this conversion of inorganic chlorine occurred at air temperatures of less than 196 +/- 4 kelvin. High ClO was always accompanied by loss of HCI mixing ratios equal to (1/2)(ClO + 2Cl(2)O(2)). These data indicate that the heterogeneous reaction HCl + ClONO(2) --> Cl(2) + HNO(3) on particles of polar stratospheric clouds establishes the chlorine partitioning, which, contrary to earlier notions, begins with an excess of ClONO(2), not HCl.
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48
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Fahey DW, Kawa SR, Woodbridge EL, Tin P, Wilson JC, Jonsson HH, Dye JE, Baumgardner D, Borrmann S, Toohey DW, Avallone LM, Proffitt MH, Margitan J, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Salawitch RJ, Wofsy SC, Ko MKW, Anderson DE, Schoeber MR, Chan KR. In situ measurements constraining the role of sulphate aerosols in mid-latitude ozone depletion. Nature 1993. [DOI: 10.1038/363509a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Schoeberl MR, Lait LR, Newman PA, Rosenfield JE. The structure of the polar vortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd02168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Kawa SR, Fahey DW, Heidt LE, Pollock WH, Solomon S, Anderson DE, Loewenstein M, Proffitt MH, Margitan JJ, Chan KR. Photochemical partitioning of the reactive nitrogen and chlorine reservoirs in the high-latitude stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd02399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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