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Lee S, Luque J, Reppel J, Brown A, Crosley DR. Rotational energy transfer in NO (A 2Σ+,v′=0) by N2 and O2 at room temperature. J Chem Phys 2004; 121:1373-82. [PMID: 15260681 DOI: 10.1063/1.1756868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
State-to-state rotational energy transfer (RET) rate coefficients for NO (A 2Sigma+, v'=0, J=5.5, 11.5, 17.5) were measured for N2 and O2 at room temperature using a pump-probe method. The NO A 2Sigma+ state is prepared by 226 nm light and the RET is monitored by fluorescence from the D 2Sigma+ v'=0 state, following excitation by a time-delayed laser at approximately 1.1 microm. Additionally, total collisional removal and final state distributions were measured exciting in the Q1+P21 band head, to simulate an NO laser-induced fluorescence atmospheric monitoring scheme. Time-resolved modeling is used to understand relaxation mechanisms and predict relaxation times in ambient air. H2O at atmospherically relevant concentrations does not affect the degree of RET in ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonkyung Lee
- Molecular Physics Laboratory, SRI International, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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Smith D, Spanĕl P, Dabill D, Cocker J, Rajan B. On-line analysis of diesel engine exhaust gases by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2004; 18:2830-2838. [PMID: 15517528 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) has been used to analyse on-line and in real time the exhaust gas emissions from a Caterpillar 3304 diesel engine under different conditions of load (idle and 50% of rated load) and speed (910, 1500 and 2200 rpm) using three types of fuel: an ultra-low-sulphur diesel, a rapeseed methyl ester and gas oil. SIFT-MS analyses of the alkanes, alkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons in the headspace of these fuels were also performed, but the headspace of the rapeseed methyl ester consists mainly of methanol and a compound with the molecular formula C4H8O. The exhaust gases were analysed for NO and NO2 using O2+* reagent ions and for HNO2 using H3O+ reagent ions. The following aldehydes and ketones in the exhaust gases were quantified by using the combination of H3O+ and NO+ reagent ions: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propenal, propanal, acetone, butanal, pentanal, butanone and pentanone. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and pentenal, all known respiratory irritants associated with sensitisation to asthma of workers exposed to diesel exhaust, are variously present within the range 100-2000 ppb. Hydrocarbons in the exhaust gases accessible to SIFT-MS analyses were also quantified as total concentrations of the various isomers of C3H4, C3H6, C4H6, C5H8, C5H10, C6H8, C6H10, C7H14, C6H6, C7H8, C8H10 and C9H12.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Smith
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK.
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Boxe CS, Colussi AJ, Hoffmann MR, Tan D, Mastromarino J, Case AT, Sandholm ST, Davis DD. Multiscale Ice Fluidity in NOx Photodesorption from Frozen Nitrate Solutions. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0349536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. S. Boxe
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - A. J. Colussi
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - M. R. Hoffmann
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - D. Tan
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - J. Mastromarino
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - A. T. Case
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - S. T. Sandholm
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - D. D. Davis
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwayne E Heard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
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DiNunno B. Central/eastern North Pacific photochemical precursor distributions for fall/spring seasons as defined by airborne field studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Miyazaki Y, Kita K, Kondo Y, Koike M, Ko M, Hu W, Kawakami S, Blake DR, Ogawa T. Springtime photochemical ozone production observed in the upper troposphere over east Asia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Smith D, Cheng P, Spanel P. Analysis of petrol and diesel vapour and vehicle engine exhaust gases using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2002; 16:1124-1134. [PMID: 11992517 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have used selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) to analyse the vapours emitted by petrol and diesel fuels and the exhaust gases from petrol (spark ignition) and diesel (compression ignition) engine vehicles fitted with catalytic converters. Only those components of these media that have significant vapour pressures at ambient temperatures were analysed and thus particulates were obviously not detected. These media have been analysed using the full scope of SIFT-MS, i.e., with the three available precursor ions H3O+, NO+ and O2+. The combination of the H3O+ and NO+ analyses is seen to be essential to distinguish between different product ions at the same mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) especially in identifying aldehydes in the exhaust gases. The O2+ precursor ions are used to detect and quantify the large amount of nitric oxide present in the exhaust gases from both engine types. The petrol and diesel vapours consist almost exclusively of aliphatic alkanes, alkenes and alkynes (and dienes) and aromatic hydrocarbons. Some of these compounds appear in the exhaust gases together with several aldehydes, viz. formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, pentanal, pentenal (acrolein), butenal, and also methanol and ethanol. Acetone, nitric oxide and ammonia are also present, acetone and nitric oxide being much more abundant in the diesel exhaust gas than in the petrol exhaust gas. These data were obtained from samples collected into pre-evacuated stainless steel vessels. Trapping of the volatile compounds from the gas samples is not required and analysis was completed a few minutes later. All the above compounds are detected simultaneously, which demonstrates the value of SIFT-MS in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Smith
- Centre for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Postgraduate Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK.
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Garnica RM, Appel MF, Eagan L, McKeachie JR, Benter T. A REMPI method for the ultrasensitive detection of NO and NO2 using atmospheric pressure laser ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2000; 72:5639-46. [PMID: 11101242 DOI: 10.1021/ac000816i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report on the development of a quasi-simultaneous highly selective method for NO and NO2 detection at the ultratrace level. Atmospheric pressure laser ionization (APLI), recently introduced by our group, is used to detect both compounds at low parts per trillion by volume (pptv) mixing ratios. APLI is based on resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization mass spectrometry. Two-color pump-probe experiments employing a single excimer pumped dye laser combination allow for the ultrasensitive measurement of NO and NO2 within a narrow range of maximum pumping efficiency of the laser dye Coumarin 120. NO is detected via excitation of the long-lived A 2sigma+ (nu' = 1) level at 215.36 nm and subsequently ionized with 308-nm radiation provided by the excimer pump laser. NO2 is ionized after double resonant excitation of the A2B1 and 3psigma manifolds in a (1 + 1' + 1(')) process using 431.65 + 308 nm. The selectivity of the NO measurement exceeds 2,000 with respect to NO2 and N2O5. For NO2, a selectivity of >3,000 with respect to N2O5 and organic nitrates is observed. The current APLI detection limit of NO and NO2 is 0.5 and 5 pptv, respectively, with a 20-s integration time.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Garnica
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697-2025, USA
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Wormhoudt J, Shorter JH, Cook CC, Zayhowski JJ. Diode-pumped 214.8-nm Nd:YAG /Cr4+:YAG microchip laser system for the detection of NO. APPLIED OPTICS 2000; 39:4418-4424. [PMID: 18350031 DOI: 10.1364/ao.39.004418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A passively Q-switched 214.8-nm Nd:YAG/Cr(4+):YAG microchip laser system for the detection of NO was designed, constructed, and tested. The system uses the fifth harmonic of the 1.074-microm transition in Nd:YAG to detect NO by laser-induced fluorescence. A significant challenge was the development of an environmentally stable coating to provide the necessary discrimination between the 1.074-microm laser line and the stronger transition at 1.064 microm. The exact position of the fifth-harmonic frequency was determined by use of NO fluorescence excitation spectra to be 46556 +/- 1.5 cm(-1). With a pulse energy of approximately 50 nJ of fifth-harmonic light, we observed a detection sensitivity for NO of approximately 15 parts per billion by volume in a simple, compact optical system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wormhoudt
- Center for Materials Technology, Aerodyne Research, Incorporated, 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821-3976, USA.
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Luque J, Crosley DR. Collisional Energy Transfer of NO D 2Σ+ (v‘ = 0) and A 2Σ+ (v‘ = 4) by O2, N2, Ar, and NO. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp993159a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Luque
- Molecular Physics Laboratory, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - David R. Crosley
- Molecular Physics Laboratory, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025
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Schultz MG, Jacob DJ, Bradshaw JD, Sandholm ST, Dibb JE, Talbot RW, Singh HB. Chemical NOxbudget in the upper troposphere over the tropical South Pacific. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Luque J, Crosley DR. Transition probabilities and electronic transition moments of the A 2Σ+–X 2Π and D 2Σ+–X 2Π systems of nitric oxide. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Simeonsson J, Elwood S, Niebes M, Carter R, Peck A. Trace detection of NO and NO2 by photoionization and laser induced fluorescence techniques. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Fox
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599-7400, USA
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Hoell JM, Davis DD, Jacob DJ, Rodgers MO, Newell RE, Fuelberg HE, McNeal RJ, Raper JL, Bendura RJ. Pacific Exploratory Mission in the tropical Pacific: PEM-Tropics A, August-September 1996. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bradshaw J, Sandholm S, Talbot R. An update on reactive odd-nitrogen measurements made during recent NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment programs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Simeonsson J, Sausa R. Laser photofragmentation/fragment detection techniques for chemical analysis of the gas phase. Trends Analyt Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(98)00055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kawakami S, Kondo Y, Koike M, Nakajima H, Gregory GL, Sachse GW, Newell RE, Browell EV, Blake DR, Rodriguez JM, Merrill JT. Impact of lightning and convection on reactive nitrogen in the tropical free troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Koike M, Kondo Y, Kawakami S, Nakajima H, Gregory GL, Sachse GW, Singh HB, Browell EV, Merrill JT, Newell RE. Reactive nitrogen and its correlation with O3and CO over the Pacific in winter and early spring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Talbot RW, Dibb JE, Lefer BL, Scheuer EM, Bradshaw JD, Sandholm ST, Smyth S, Blake DR, Blake NJ, Sachse GW, Collins JE, Gregory GL. Large-scale distributions of tropospheric nitric, formic, and acetic acids over the western Pacific basin during wintertime. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd02975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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