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Mukhopadhyay A, Welling D, Liemohn M, Ridley A, Burleigh M, Wu C, Zou S, Connor H, Vandegriff E, Dredger P, Tóth G. Global Driving of Auroral Precipitation: 1. Balance of Sources. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2022; 127:e2022JA030323. [PMID: 36248015 PMCID: PMC9539890 DOI: 10.1029/2022ja030323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The accurate determination of auroral precipitation in global models has remained a daunting and rather inexplicable obstacle. Understanding the calculation and balance of multiple sources that constitute the aurora, and their eventual conversion into ionospheric electrical conductance, is critical for improved prediction of space weather events. In this study, we present a semi-physical global modeling approach that characterizes contributions by four types of precipitation-monoenergetic, broadband, electron, and ion diffuse-to ionospheric electrodynamics. The model uses a combination of adiabatic kinetic theory and loss parameters derived from historical energy flux patterns to estimate auroral precipitation from magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) quantities. It then converts them into ionospheric conductance that is used to compute the ionospheric feedback to the magnetosphere. The model has been employed to simulate the 5-7 April 2010 Galaxy15 space weather event. Comparison of auroral fluxes show good agreement with observational data sets like NOAA-DMSP and OVATION Prime. The study shows a dominant contribution by electron diffuse precipitation, accounting for ∼74% of the auroral energy flux. However, contributions by monoenergetic and broadband sources dominate during times of active upstream solar conditions, providing for up to 61% of the total hemispheric power. The study also finds a greater role played by broadband precipitation in ionospheric electrodynamics which accounts for ∼31% of the Pedersen conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnit Mukhopadhyay
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering DepartmentUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Department of PhysicsAmerican UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Daniel Welling
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
| | - Michael Liemohn
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering DepartmentUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Aaron Ridley
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering DepartmentUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | | | - Chen Wu
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering DepartmentUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Shasha Zou
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering DepartmentUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Hyunju Connor
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAKUSA
| | | | - Pauline Dredger
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
| | - Gabor Tóth
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering DepartmentUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
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Weimer DR, Mlynczak MG, Hunt LA, Tobiska WK. High correlations between temperature and nitric oxide in the thermosphere. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2015; 120:5998-6009. [PMID: 27668141 PMCID: PMC5014240 DOI: 10.1002/2015ja021461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining accurate predictions of the neutral density in the thermosphere has been a long-standing problem. During geomagnetic storms the auroral heating in the polar ionospheres quickly raises the temperature of the thermosphere, resulting in higher neutral densities that exert a greater drag force on objects in low Earth orbit. Rapid increases and decreases in the temperature and density may occur within a couple days. A key parameter in the thermosphere is the total amount of nitric oxide (NO). The production of NO is accelerated by the auroral heating, and since NO is an efficient radiator of thermal energy, higher concentrations of this molecule accelerate the rate at which the thermosphere cools. This paper describes an improved technique that calculates changes in the global temperature of the thermosphere. Starting from an empirical model of the Poynting flux into the ionosphere, a set of differential equations derives the minimum, global value of the exospheric temperature, which can be used in a neutral density model to calculate the global values. The relative variations in NO content are used to obtain more accurate cooling rates. Comparisons with the global rate of NO emissions that are measured with the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry instrument show that there is very good agreement with the predicted values. The NO emissions correlate highly with the total auroral heating that has been integrated over time. We also show that the NO emissions are highly correlated with thermospheric temperature, as well as indices of solar extreme ultraviolet radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. R. Weimer
- Center for Space Science and Engineering ResearchVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
- National Institute of AerospaceHamptonVirginiaUSA
| | - M. G. Mlynczak
- Science DirectorateNASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVirginiaUSA
| | - L. A. Hunt
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.HamptonVirginiaUSA
| | - W. Kent Tobiska
- Space Environment TechnologiesPacific PalisadesCaliforniaUSA
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Lu G, Mlynczak MG, Hunt LA, Woods TN, Roble RG. On the relationship of Joule heating and nitric oxide radiative cooling in the thermosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Lu
- High Altitude Observatory; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - M. G. Mlynczak
- Science Directorate; NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - L. A. Hunt
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - T. N. Woods
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - R. G. Roble
- High Altitude Observatory; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
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Deng Y, Ridley AJ. Possible reasons for underestimating Joule heating in global models:Efield variability, spatial resolution, and vertical velocity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja012006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Deng
- High Altitude Observatory; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
- Center for Space Environment Modeling; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Aaron J. Ridley
- Center for Space Environment Modeling; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
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Matsuo T. Optimal interpolation analysis of high-latitude ionospheric electrodynamics using empirical orthogonal functions: Estimation of dominant modes of variability and temporal scales of large-scale electric fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004ja010531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mlynczak MG, Martin-Torres FJ, Crowley G, Kratz DP, Funke B, Lu G, Lopez-Puertas M, Russell JM, Kozyra J, Mertens C, Sharma R, Gordley L, Picard R, Winick J, Paxton L. Energy transport in the thermosphere during the solar storms of April 2002. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005ja011141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Galand M. Contribution of proton precipitation to space-based auroral FUV observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003ja010321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Matsuo T. High-latitude ionospheric electric field variability and electric potential derived from DE-2 plasma drift measurements: Dependence on IMF and dipole tilt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002ja009429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Temerin M, Li X. A new model for the prediction ofDston the basis of the solar wind. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001ja007532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Temerin
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - Xinlin Li
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
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Belehaki A, Tsagouri I. On the occurrence of storm-induced nighttime ionization enhancements at ionospheric middle latitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001ja005029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Belehaki
- Institute for Space Applications and Remote Sensing; National Observatory of Athens; Palaia Penteli Greece
| | - I. Tsagouri
- Institute for Space Applications and Remote Sensing; National Observatory of Athens; Palaia Penteli Greece
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Hubert B, Gérard JC, Evans DS, Meurant M, Mende SB, Frey HU, Immel TJ. Total electron and proton energy input during auroral substorms: Remote sensing with IMAGE-FUV. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001ja009229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Hubert
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire; Université de Liège; Liège-Ougrée Belgium
| | - J.-C. Gérard
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire; Université de Liège; Liège-Ougrée Belgium
| | - D. S. Evans
- NOAA Space Environment Center; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - M. Meurant
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire; Université de Liège; Liège-Ougrée Belgium
| | - S. B. Mende
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - H. U. Frey
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - T. J. Immel
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
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Wu CC. Effects of magnetic clouds on the occurrence of geomagnetic storms: The first 4 years of Wind. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001ja000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Häkkinen LVT. Effects of induced currents onDstand on magnetic variations at midlatitude stations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001ja900130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Galand M. Electron and proton aurora observed spectroscopically in the far ultraviolet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001ja000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Comparison of auroral processes: Earth and Jupiter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/130gm08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Tanskanen E. Substorm energy budget during low and high solar activity: 1997 and 1999 compared. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001ja900153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Baker DN, Barth CA, Mankoff KE, Kanekal SG, Bailey SM, Mason GM, Mazur JE. Relationships between precipitating auroral zone electrons and lower thermospheric nitric oxide densities: 1998 - 2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001ja000078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
The solar wind, magnetosphere, and ionosphere form a single system driven by the transfer of energy and momentum from the solar wind to the magnetosphere and ionosphere. Variations in the solar wind can lead to disruptions of space- and ground-based systems caused by enhanced currents flowing into the ionosphere and increased radiation in the near-Earth environment. The coupling between the solar wind and the magnetosphere is mediated and controlled by the magnetic field in the solar wind through the process of magnetic reconnection. Understanding of the global behavior of this system has improved markedly in the recent past from coordinated observations with a constellation of satellite and ground instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- JG Lyon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Turner NE, Baker DN, Pulkkinen TI, McPherron RL. Evaluation of the tail current contribution toDst. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Knipp DJ, Emery BA, Engebretson M, Li X, McAllister AH, Mukai T, Kokubun S, Reeves GD, Evans D, Obara T, Pi X, Rosenberg T, Weatherwax A, McHarg MG, Chun F, Mosely K, Codrescu M, Lanzerotti L, Rich FJ, Sharber J, Wilkinson P. An overview of the early November 1993 geomagnetic storm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98ja00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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