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Vaverková E, Neradová Richterová M, Adamcová D, Vaverková MD. Environmental changes and their impact on human behaviour - Case study of the incidence of skin cancer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 738:139788. [PMID: 32531595 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Climatological research over the past two decades makes it clear that the Earth's climate will change. Climate change has many, mostly adverse, effects on the human health. Environmental anthropogenic changes represent significant health risks including factors that may increase probability and seriousness of skin cancer diseases. There are many scientific studies on skin cancer but only a few of them are focused on environment changes and their influence on the behaviour of humans, which may lead to skin cancer. The goal of the research was to analyse environment changes in the city of Brno (Czech Republic) and their influence on the behaviour of people and some skin diseases. A research hypothesis was set up that total increase in the incidence of skin diseases would be monitored. 1757 patients aged 25-65 years participated in the research. The analysis was performed based on measured (mean annual temperatures, average monthly temperatures, ultraviolet index values, and numbers of sunny days and sunny hours) data in 2011-2019. In order to monitor the trend, temperature data from 1961 to 2019 were evaluated too. The analysed data indicate that the trend of average monthly and annual temperatures observed was increasing in recent years. Moreover, based on data obtained from the analysed doctor's office it was found out that the incidence of skin diseases increased in the studied period. The main reasons to increase include excessive exposure to sun, extended average age of the population, ozone layer depletion, climatic and weather changes, increased migration and behaviour of people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vaverková
- Grammar school Brno-Řečkovice, Terezy Novákové 2, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Dana Adamcová
- Department of Applied and Landscape Ecology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Daria Vaverková
- Department of Applied and Landscape Ecology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02 776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Kelbch A, Wittlich M, Bott A. Quantifying the effects of a low-ozone event and shallow stratocumulus clouds on ultraviolet erythemal radiation exposure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2019; 63:359-369. [PMID: 30685788 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-018-01669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Meteorological and dosimetric ultraviolet (UV) erythemal radiation (UVER) measurements were performed in Didcot, England, on 6 and 7 April 2017. Both days were characterized by clear-sky conditions in the morning and the afternoon with development of shallow stratocumulus clouds (SSC) around noon. In addition, a low-ozone event occurred on 7 April characterized by a 34 DU (Dobson Unit) drop in total stratospheric ozone content. Compared to 6 April, the ozone mini-hole caused UVER increases of 2.67 standard erythema dose (SED) for diffuse and 4.32 SED for global radiation characterized by radiation amplification factors (RAF) of 1.62 and 1.52, respectively. The total global UVER dose reductions due to SSC coverage amount to 2.33 SED (6 April) and 2.81 SED (7 April). As innovation the RAF is decomposed into two parts, named cloud ozone factor (COF) and radiation amplification factor based on measured data (RAFm), to quantify the low-ozone event's effect and the SSC influence in independently modifying the UVER doses. Hereby, the weight of each of these two effects acting during the same low-ozone event is expressed by the new COF. In this case, the COF values range between -0.13 and -0.11 for diffuse UVER and -0.03 to -0.07 for the global UV and UV-B parts. A positive COF value (0.18) results for the global UV-A range.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kelbch
- Institute for Geosciences and Meteorology, University of Bonn, Auf dem Huegel 20, Bonn, D-53121, Germany.
| | - M Wittlich
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, Alte Heerstraße 111, Sankt Augustin, D-53757, Germany
| | - A Bott
- Institute for Geosciences and Meteorology, University of Bonn, Auf dem Huegel 20, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
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Ranjan S, Wordsworth R, Sasselov DD. Atmospheric Constraints on the Surface UV Environment of Mars at 3.9 Ga Relevant to Prebiotic Chemistry. ASTROBIOLOGY 2017; 17:687-708. [PMID: 28537771 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that Mars may have been a clement environment for the emergence of life and may even have compared favorably to Earth in this regard. These findings have revived interest in the hypothesis that prebiotically important molecules or even nascent life may have formed on Mars and been transferred to Earth. UV light plays a key role in prebiotic chemistry. Characterizing the early martian surface UV environment is key to understanding how Mars compares to Earth as a venue for prebiotic chemistry. Here, we present two-stream, multilayer calculations of the UV surface radiance on Mars at 3.9 Ga to constrain the surface UV environment as a function of atmospheric state. We explore a wide range of atmospheric pressures, temperatures, and compositions that correspond to the diversity of martian atmospheric states consistent with available constraints. We include the effects of clouds and dust. We calculate dose rates to quantify the effect of different atmospheric states on UV-sensitive prebiotic chemistry. We find that, for normative clear-sky CO2-H2O atmospheres, the UV environment on young Mars is comparable to young Earth. This similarity is robust to moderate cloud cover; thick clouds (τcloud ≥ 100) are required to significantly affect the martian UV environment, because cloud absorption is degenerate with atmospheric CO2. On the other hand, absorption from SO2, H2S, and dust is nondegenerate with CO2, meaning that, if these constituents build up to significant levels, surface UV fluence can be suppressed. These absorbers have spectrally variable absorption, meaning that their presence affects prebiotic pathways in different ways. In particular, high SO2 environments may admit UV fluence that favors pathways conducive to abiogenesis over pathways unfavorable to it. However, better measurements of the spectral quantum yields of these pathways are required to evaluate this hypothesis definitively. Key Words: Radiative transfer-Origin of life-Mars-UV radiation-Prebiotic chemistry. Astrobiology 17, 687-708.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukrit Ranjan
- 1 Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Robin Wordsworth
- 2 Harvard Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts
- 3 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Dimitar D Sasselov
- 1 Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics , Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Antón M, Cazorla A, Mateos D, Costa MJ, Olmo FJ, Alados-Arboledas L. Sensitivity of UV Erythemal Radiation to Total Ozone Changes under Different Sky Conditions: Results for Granada, Spain. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 92:215-9. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Antón
- Departamento de Física; Universidad de Extremadura; Badajoz Spain
- Departamento de Física; Instituto de Ciências da Terra; Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade de Évora; Évora Portugal
| | - Alberto Cazorla
- Instituto Interuniversitario del Sistema Tierra en Andalucía; Granada Spain
- Departamento de Física Aplicada; Universidad de Granada; Granada Spain
| | - David Mateos
- Grupo de Óptica Atmosférica (GOA); Universidad de Valladolid; Valladolid Spain
| | - Maria J. Costa
- Departamento de Física; Instituto de Ciências da Terra; Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade de Évora; Évora Portugal
| | - Francisco J. Olmo
- Instituto Interuniversitario del Sistema Tierra en Andalucía; Granada Spain
- Departamento de Física Aplicada; Universidad de Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Lucas Alados-Arboledas
- Instituto Interuniversitario del Sistema Tierra en Andalucía; Granada Spain
- Departamento de Física Aplicada; Universidad de Granada; Granada Spain
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Ervens B. Modeling the processing of aerosol and trace gases in clouds and fogs. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4157-98. [PMID: 25898144 DOI: 10.1021/cr5005887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ervens
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80302, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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Cordero RR, Seckmeyer G, Damiani A, Riechelmann S, Rayas J, Labbe F, Laroze D. The world's highest levels of surface UV. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:70-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50221j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sorooshian A, Wang Z, Coggon MM, Jonsson HH, Ervens B. Observations of sharp oxalate reductions in stratocumulus clouds at variable altitudes: organic acid and metal measurements during the 2011 E-PEACE campaign. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:7747-56. [PMID: 23786214 DOI: 10.1021/es4012383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This work examines organic acid and metal concentrations in northeastern Pacific Ocean stratocumulus cloudwater samples collected by the CIRPAS Twin Otter between July and August 2011. Correlations between a suite of various monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acid concentrations are consistent with documented aqueous-phase mechanistic relationships leading up to oxalate production. Monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids exhibited contrasting spatial profiles reflecting their different sources; the former were higher in concentration near the continent due to fresh organic emissions. Concentrations of sea salt crustal tracer species, oxalate, and malonate were positively correlated with low-level wind speed suggesting that an important route for oxalate and malonate entry in cloudwater is via some combination of association with coarse particles and gaseous precursors emitted from the ocean surface. Three case flights show that oxalate (and no other organic acid) concentrations drop by nearly an order of magnitude relative to samples in the same vicinity. A consistent feature in these cases was an inverse relationship between oxalate and several metals (Fe, Mn, K, Na, Mg, Ca), especially Fe. By means of box model studies we show that the loss of oxalate due to the photolysis of iron oxalato complexes is likely a significant oxalate sink in the study region due to the ubiquity of oxalate precursors, clouds, and metal emissions from ships, the ocean, and continental sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Sorooshian
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
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O'Malley-James JT, Raven JA, Cockell CS, Greaves JS. Life and light: exotic photosynthesis in binary and multiple-star systems. ASTROBIOLOGY 2012; 12:115-124. [PMID: 22283409 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2011.0678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The potential for Earth-like planets within binary/multiple-star systems to host photosynthetic life was evaluated by modeling the levels of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) such planets receive. Combinations of M and G stars in (i) close-binary systems; (ii) wide-binary systems, and (iii) three-star systems were investigated, and a range of stable radiation environments were found to be possible. These environmental conditions allow for the possibility of familiar, but also more exotic, forms of photosynthetic life, such as IR photosynthesizers and organisms that are specialized for specific spectral niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T O'Malley-James
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, UK.
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Fioletov VE, McLinden CA, McElroy CT, Savastiouk V. New method for deriving total ozone from Brewer zenith sky observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Aun M, Eerme K, Ansko I, Veismann U, Lätt S. Modification of Spectral Ultraviolet Doses by Different Types of Overcast Cloudiness and Atmospheric Aerosol. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:461-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fioletov VE, McArthur LJB, Mathews TW, Marrett L. On the relationship between erythemal and vitamin D action spectrum weighted ultraviolet radiation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2008; 95:9-16. [PMID: 19150601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 11/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Erythemally weighted solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is often used to characterize the production of vitamin D in a human body. However, the vitamin D production action spectrum is different than that for erythemal UV. The vitamin D action spectrum weighted UV is more sensitive to UV-B, while the erythemal UV action spectrum has higher weighting coefficients than the vitamin D action spectrum in the UV-A part of the spectrum. Therefore, by using the erythemal UV as an estimate for the vitamin D action spectrum weighted UV can give results that differ by up to a factor of 5. This study examines the relationship between erythemal and vitamin D action spectrum weighted UV radiation using measurements of spectral UV at the surface by Brewer spectrophotometers that are part of the US and Canadian observational networks. It is shown that the ratio of vitamin D action spectrum weighted UV to erythemal UV is nearly constant for high levels of UV (UV Index greater than 5.5) and therefore vitamin D action spectrum weighted UV can be described in terms of erythemal UV. For lower levels of UV though this relationship should not be used. A simple formula that calculates vitamin D action spectrum weighted UV from UV Index is developed. An empirical formula that expresses the ratio of vitamin D action spectrum weighted UV to erythemal UV as a function of the solar zenith angle and column ozone is also suggested. The geographical distributions of vitamin D action spectrum weighted UV in the US and Canada are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Fioletov
- Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3H 5T4.
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Bernhard G, McKenzie RL, Kotkamp M, Wood S, Booth CR, Ehramjian JC, Johnston P, Nichol SE. Comparison of ultraviolet spectroradiometers in Antarctica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Seckmeyer G, Pissulla D, Glandorf M, Henriques D, Johnsen B, Webb A, Siani AM, Bais A, Kjeldstad B, Brogniez C, Lenoble J, Gardiner B, Kirsch P, Koskela T, Kaurola J, Uhlmann B, Slaper H, den Outer P, Janouch M, Werle P, Gröbner J, Mayer B, de la Casiniere A, Simic S, Carvalho F. Variability of UV Irradiance in Europe. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 84:172-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mohr SB, Garland CF, Gorham ED, Grant WB, Garland FC. Is ultraviolet B irradiance inversely associated with incidence rates of endometrial cancer: an ecological study of 107 countries. Prev Med 2007; 45:327-31. [PMID: 17395256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to perform an ecological analysis of the relationship between low levels of ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiance and age-standardized incidence rates of endometrial cancer by country, controlling for known confounders. METHODS The contributions of UVB irradiance, cloud cover, intake of energy from animal sources, proportion of population overweight, skin pigmentation, per capita cigarette consumption, per capita health expenditure, and total fertility rates, to age-standardized incidence rates of endometrial cancer in 107 countries were assessed using multiple regression. RESULTS Incidence rates were higher at higher latitudes (R2=0.47, p<0.01). According to multiple regression, UVB irradiance adjusted for cloud cover was negatively associated with incidence rates (p=0.02), while proportion of population overweight (p=0.004), intake of energy from animal sources (p=0.01) and per capita health expenditure (p<0.0001) were positively associated with incidence rates (overall R2=0.73, p<0.0001). CONCLUSION An association was found between low UVB irradiance, high intake of energy from animal sources, per capita health expenditure, proportion of population overweight, and incidence rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharif B Mohr
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine 0631C, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
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Casinière A, Touré ML, Masserot D, Cabot T, Vega JLP. Daily Doses of Biologically Active UV Radiation Retrieved from Commonly Available Parameters¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760171ddobau2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Winiecki S, Frederick JE. Ultraviolet radiation and clouds: Couplings to tropospheric air quality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yang J. Photostationary state deviation–estimated peroxy radicals and their implications for HOxand ozone photochemistry at a remote northern Atlantic coastal site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Monks PS. Attenuation of spectral actinic flux and photolysis frequencies at the surface through homogenous cloud fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Høiskar BAK, Haugen R, Danielsen T, Kylling A, Edvardsen K, Dahlback A, Johnsen B, Blumthaler M, Schreder J. Multichannel moderate-bandwidth filter instrument for measurement of the ozone-column amount, cloud transmittance, and ultraviolet dose rates. APPLIED OPTICS 2003; 42:3472-3479. [PMID: 12833946 DOI: 10.1364/ao.42.003472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A six-channel moderate-bandwidth filter instrument for measurement of UV and visible radiation has been developed. The characteristic of the instrument are described, including the spectral and the angular responses. Furthermore the calibration procedure is outlined. Combining information from several channels, one may determine the total ozone-column amount, various biological dose rates, a cloud transmission factor, and the effective cloud optical depth. The methods used to determine these parameters are presented, and the measured parameters are compared with similar ones obtained from other instruments. The total ozone as measured by the instrument agrees with measurements from a standard Brewer to -0.05% +/- 2.04% over a two-year period. Two weeks of cloudless Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage dose rates agree with those from a Bentham double monochromator spectroradiometer to 0.99 +/- 0.03.
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Crawford J. Cloud impacts on UV spectral actinic flux observed during the International Photolysis Frequency Measurement and Model Intercomparison (IPMMI). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bais AF. International Photolysis Frequency Measurement and Model Intercomparison (IPMMI): Spectral actinic solar flux measurements and modeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cantrell CA. Overview and conclusions of the International Photolysis Frequency Measurement and Modeling Intercomparison (IPMMI) study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bernhard G. Calculation of total column ozone from global UV spectra at high latitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Daily values of solar global ultraviolet (UV) B and UVA irradiation as well as erythemal irradiation have been parameterized to be estimated from pyranometer measurements of daily global and diffuse irradiation as well as from atmospheric column ozone. Data recorded at the Meteorological Observatory Potsdam (52 degrees N, 107 m asl) in Germany over the time period 1997-2000 have been used to derive sets of regression coefficients. The validation of the method against independent data sets of measured UV irradiation shows that the parameterization provides a gain of information for UVB, UVA and erythemal irradiation referring to their averages. A comparison between parameterized daily UV irradiation and independent values of UV irradiation measured at a mountain station in southern Germany (Meteorological Observatory Hohenpeissenberg at 48 degrees N, 977 m asl) indicates that the parameterization also holds even under completely different climatic conditions. On a long-term average (1953-2000), parameterized annual UV irradiation values are 15% and 21% higher for UVA and UVB, respectively, at Hohenpeissenberg than they are at Potsdam. Daily global and diffuse irradiation measured at 28 weather stations of the Deutscher Wetterdienst German Radiation Network and grid values of column ozone from the EPTOMS satellite experiment served as inputs to calculate the estimates of the spatial distribution of daily and annual values of UV irradiation across Germany. Using daily values of global and diffuse irradiation recorded at Potsdam since 1937 as well as atmospheric column ozone measured since 1964 at the same site, estimates of daily and annual UV irradiation have been derived for this site over the period from 1937 through 2000, which include the effects of changes in cloudiness, in aerosols and, at least for the period of ozone measurements from 1964 to 2000, in atmospheric ozone. It is shown that the extremely low ozone values observed mainly after the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991 have substantially enhanced UVB irradiation in the first half of the 1990s. According to the measurements and calculations, the nonlinear long-term changes observed between 1968 and 2000 amount to +4%, ..., +5% for annual global irradiation and UVA irradiation mainly because of changing cloudiness and + 14%, ..., +15% for UVB and erythemal irradiation because of both changing cloudiness and decreasing column ozone. At the mountain site, Hohenpeissenberg, measured global irradiation and parameterized UVA irradiation decreased during the same time period by -3%, ..., -4%, probably because of the enhanced occurrence and increasing optical thickness of clouds, whereas UVB and erythemal irradiation derived by the parameterization have increased by +3%, ..., +4% because of the combined effect of clouds and decreasing ozone. The parameterizations described here should be applicable to other regions with similar atmospheric and geographic conditions, whereas for regions with significantly different climatic conditions, such as high mountainous areas and arctic or tropical regions, the representativeness of the regression coefficients would have to be approved. It is emphasized here that parameterizations, as the one described in this article, cannot replace measurements of solar UV radiation, but they can use existing measurements of solar global and diffuse radiation as well as data on atmospheric ozone to provide estimates of UV irradiation in regions and over time periods for which UV measurements are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Feister
- Deutscher Wetterdienst, Meteorologisches Observatorium Potsdam, Germany.
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de La Casinière A, Touré ML, Masserot D, Cabot T, Pinedo Vega JL. Daily doses of biologically active UV radiation retrieved from commonly available parameters. Photochem Photobiol 2002; 76:171-5. [PMID: 12194213 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)076<0171:ddobau>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A multiple linear correlation is done between atmospheric transmissivity for four biologically active radiation daily doses (UVB, erythemal, DNA and plant damage) T, and three parameters (daily sunshine fraction sigma, cosine of the daily minimum solar zenith angle mu min and daily total ozone column omega). T is defined as the ratio of a daily dose to its extra-atmospheric value. The data used are spectral UV measurements (390-400 nm at 0.5 nm step) recorded along year 2000 and over 8 months of year 2001 at Briançon Station (Alps, 1300 m above sea level) that forms part of the French UV network. The coefficients obtained from year 2000 correlation permit to retrieve daily doses for year 2001 with an average error running from 3 to 9% for monthly mean values and from 2 to 4.5% for 3-monthly mean values, depending on daily dose type. The retrieval of yearly mean value gives an error between 4 and 7.5%. Retrieving the daily dose of a given day, where sigma > or = 0.2, introduces error running from 16 to 32% depending on daily dose. An attempt to retrieve the yearly mean UVB daily dose for a northern France site, from the previous coefficients, gives encouraging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain de La Casinière
- Equipe Interactions Rayonnement Solaire Atmosphère (IRSA), Université Joseph Fourier, 17 quai Claude Bernard, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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Newchurch MJ, Liu X, Kim JH, Bhartia PK. On the accuracy of Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer retrievals over tropical cloudy regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fioletov VE, McArthur LJB, Kerr JB, Wardle DI. Long-term variations of UV-B irradiance over Canada estimated from Brewer observations and derived from ozone and pyranometer measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McKenzie RL, Seckmeyer G, Bais AF, Kerr JB, Madronich S. Satellite retrievals of erythemal UV dose compared with ground-based measurements at northern and southern midlatitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Krotkov NA, Herman JR, Bhartia PK, Fioletov V, Ahmad Z. Satellite estimation of spectral surface UV irradiance: 2. Effects of homogeneous clouds and snow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Martin TJ, Gardiner BG, Seckmeyer G. Uncertainties in satellite-derived estimates of surface UV doses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kylling A, Persen T, Mayer B, Svenøe T. Determination of an effective spectral surface albedo from ground-based global and direct UV irradiance measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Taalas P, Amanatidis GT, Heikkilä A. European Conference on Atmospheric UV Radiation: Overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McArthur LJB, Fioletov VE, Kerr JB, McElroy CT, Wardle DI. Derivation of UV-A irradiance from pyranometer measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wendisch M, Keil A. Discrepancies between measured and modeled solar and UV radiation within polluted boundary layer clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Thorseth TM, Kjeldstad B. All-weather ultraviolet solar spectra retrieved at a 0.5-Hz sampling rate. APPLIED OPTICS 1999; 38:6247-6252. [PMID: 18324148 DOI: 10.1364/ao.38.006247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A measurement scheme and an algorithm have been developed to retrieve global irradiance ultraviolet solar spectra (290-400 nm) at a sampling rate of 0.5 Hz. The algorithm combines spectral irradiance measurements performed with a slow (a few minutes) scanning spectroradiometer (Optronic Model OL752) and a moderate bandwidth multichannel radiometer (Biospherical ground-based ultraviolet radiometer Model 541). The filter radiometer instrument allows for continuous observations of global UV radiation at five channels (approximately 10-nm bandwidth), performed simultaneously with spectral measurements. Information about changing cloud conditions during a spectral scan was retrieved from filter measurements and applied to spectral data, hence estimated spectra without cloud variations could be constructed. The quality of the estimated spectra depends on data quality from both instruments. The method works well in all kinds of weather conditions, as long as the Sun is above the horizon and none of the instruments are hampered by measurement errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Thorseth
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Bernhard G, Seckmeyer G. Uncertainty of measurements of spectral solar UV irradiance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Slusser J, Gibson J, Bigelow D, Kolinski D, Mou W, Koenig G, Beaubien A. Comparison of column ozone retrievals by use of an UV multifilter rotating shadow-band radiometer with those from Brewer and Dobson spectrophotometers. APPLIED OPTICS 1999; 38:1543-1551. [PMID: 18305778 DOI: 10.1364/ao.38.001543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. Department of Agriculture UV-B Monitoring Program measures ultraviolet light at seven wavelengths from 300 to 368 nm with an ultraviolet multifilter rotating shadow-band radiometer (UV-MFRSR) at 25 sites across the United States, including Mauna Loa, Hawaii. Column ozone has been retrieved under all-sky conditions near Boulder, Colorado (40.177 degrees N, 105.276 degrees W), from global irradiances of the UV-MFRSR 332- and 305-nm channels (2 nm FWHM) using lookup tables generated from a multiple-scattering radiative transfer code suitable for solar zenith angles (SZA's) up to 90 degrees. The most significant sources of error for UV-MFRSR column ozone retrievals at SZA's less than 75 degrees are the spectral characterizations of the filters and the absolute calibration uncertainty, which together yield an estimated uncertainty in ozone retrievals of +/-4.0%. Using model sensitivity studies, we determined that the retrieved column ozone is relatively insensitive (<+/-2%) to typical variations in aerosol optical depth, cloud cover, surface pressure, stratospheric temperature, and surface albedo. For 5 months in 1996-1997 the mean ratio of column ozone retrieved by the UV-MFRSR divided by that retrieved by the collocated Brewer was 1.024 and for the UV-MFRSR divided by those from a nearby Dobson was 1.025. The accuracy of the retrieval becomes unreliable at large SZA's of more than 75 degrees as the detection limit of the 305-nm channel is reached and because of overall angular response errors. The UV-MFRSR advantages of relatively low cost, unattended operation, automated calibration stability checks using Langley plots, and minimal maintenance make it a unique instrument for column ozone measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Slusser
- UV-B Radiation Monitoring Program, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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Madronich S, McKenzie RL, Björn LO, Caldwell MM. Changes in biologically active ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1998; 46:5-19. [PMID: 9894350 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(98)00182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 643] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Stratospheric ozone levels are near their lowest point since measurements began, so current ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation levels are thought to be close to their maximum. Total stratospheric content of ozone-depleting substances is expected to reach a maximum before the year 2000. All other things being equal, the current ozone losses and related UV-B increases should be close to their maximum. Increases in surface erythemal (sunburning) UV radiation relative to the values in the 1970s are estimated to be: about 7% at Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes in winter/spring; about 4% at Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes in summer/fall; about 6% at Southern Hemisphere mid-latitudes on a year-round basis; about 130% in the Antarctic in spring; and about 22% in the Arctic in spring. Reductions in atmospheric ozone are expected to result in higher amounts of UV-B radiation reaching the Earth's surface. The expected correlation between increases in surface UV-B radiation and decreases in overhead ozone has been further demonstrated and quantified by ground-based instruments under a wide range of conditions. Improved measurements of UV-B radiation are now providing better geographical and temporal coverage. Surface UV-B radiation levels are highly variable because of cloud cover, and also because of local effects including pollutants and surface reflections. These factors usually decrease atmospheric transmission and therefore the surface irradiances at UV-B as well as other wavelengths. Occasional cloud-induced increases have also been reported. With a few exceptions, the direct detection of UV-B trends at low- and mid-latitudes remains problematic due to this high natural variability, the relatively small ozone changes, and the practical difficulties of maintaining long-term stability in networks of UV-measuring instruments. Few reliable UV-B radiation measurements are available from pre-ozone-depletion days. Satellite-based observations of atmospheric ozone and clouds are being used, together with models of atmospheric transmission, to provide global coverage and long-term estimates of surface UV-B radiation. Estimates of long-term (1979-1992) trends in zonally averaged UV irradiances that include cloud effects are nearly identical to those for clear-sky estimates, providing evidence that clouds have not influenced the UV-B trends. However, the limitations of satellite-derived UV estimates should be recognized. To assess uncertainties inherent in this approach, additional validations involving comparisons with ground-based observations are required. Direct comparisons of ground-based UV-B radiation measurements between a few mid-latitude sites in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres have shown larger differences than those estimated using satellite data. Ground-based measurements show that summertime erythemal UV irradiances in the Southern Hemisphere exceed those at comparable latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere by up to 40%, whereas corresponding satellite-based estimates yield only 10-15% differences. Atmospheric pollution may be a factor in this discrepancy between ground-based measurements and satellite-derived estimates. UV-B measurements at more sites are required to determine whether the larger observed differences are globally representative. High levels of UV-B radiation continue to be observed in Antarctica during the recurrent spring-time ozone hole. For example, during ozone-hole episodes, measured biologically damaging radiation at Palmer Station, Antarctica (64 degrees S) has been found to approach and occasionally even exceed maximum summer values at San Diego, CA, USA (32 degrees N). Long-term predictions of future UV-B levels are difficult and uncertain. Nevertheless, current best estimates suggest that a slow recovery to pre-ozone depletion levels may be expected during the next half-century. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division, Boulder, CO 80307-3000, USA.
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