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Hobbs S, Lambert A, Ryan MJ, Paull DJ, Haythorpe J. Appraisal of Low-Cost Pushbroom Hyper-Spectral Sensor Systems for Material Classification in Reflectance. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:4398. [PMID: 34199026 PMCID: PMC8271520 DOI: 10.3390/s21134398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Near infrared (NIR) remote sensing has applications in vegetation analysis as well as geological investigations. For extra-terrestrial applications, this is particularly relevant to Moon, Mars and asteroid exploration, where minerals exhibiting spectral phenomenology between 600 and 800 nm have been identified. Recent progress in the availability of processors and sensors has created the possibility of development of low-cost instruments able to return useful scientific results. In this work, two Raspberry Pi camera types and a panchromatic astronomy camera were trialed within a pushbroom sensor to determine their utility in measuring and processing the spectrum in reflectance. Algorithmic classification of all 15 test materials exhibiting spectral phenomenology between 600 and 800 nm was easily performed. Calibration against a spectrometer considers the effects of the sensor, inherent image processing pipeline and compression. It was found that even the color Raspberry Pi cameras that are popular with STEM applications were able to record and distinguish between most minerals and, contrary to expectations, exploited the infra-red secondary transmissions in the Bayer filter to gain a wider spectral range. Such a camera without a Bayer filter can markedly improve spectral sensitivity but may not be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Hobbs
- School of Engineering and Information Technology (SEIT), University of New South Wales Canberra, Northcott Drive, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia;
| | - Andrew Lambert
- School of Engineering and Information Technology (SEIT), University of New South Wales Canberra, Northcott Drive, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia;
| | - Michael J. Ryan
- Capability Associates Pty Ltd., Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia;
| | - David J. Paull
- School of Science, University of New South Wales Canberra, Northcott Drive, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia;
| | - John Haythorpe
- Mars Society Australis, Clifton Hill, VIC 3068, Australia;
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McClintock WE, Izenberg NR, Holsclaw GM, Blewett DT, Domingue DL, Head JW, Helbert J, McCoy TJ, Murchie SL, Robinson MS, Solomon SC, Sprague AL, Vilas F. Spectroscopic Observations of Mercury's Surface Reflectance During MESSENGER's First Mercury Flyby. Science 2008; 321:62-5. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1159933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William E. McClintock
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Institute of Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt, Berlin 12489, Germany
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Noam R. Izenberg
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Institute of Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt, Berlin 12489, Germany
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Gregory M. Holsclaw
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Institute of Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt, Berlin 12489, Germany
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - David T. Blewett
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Institute of Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt, Berlin 12489, Germany
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Deborah L. Domingue
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Institute of Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt, Berlin 12489, Germany
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - James W. Head
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Institute of Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt, Berlin 12489, Germany
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Jörn Helbert
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Institute of Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt, Berlin 12489, Germany
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Timothy J. McCoy
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Institute of Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt, Berlin 12489, Germany
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Scott L. Murchie
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Institute of Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt, Berlin 12489, Germany
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Mark S. Robinson
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Institute of Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt, Berlin 12489, Germany
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Sean C. Solomon
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Institute of Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt, Berlin 12489, Germany
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Ann L. Sprague
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Institute of Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt, Berlin 12489, Germany
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Faith Vilas
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Institute of Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt, Berlin 12489, Germany
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
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