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Bakhtiari T, Ahmadvand M, Yaghmaie M, Sadeghi A, Mousavi SA, Rostami T, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M. Investigation of KIR/HLA relationship and other clinical variables after T-cell-replete haploidentical bone marrow transplantation in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). BMC Immunol 2023; 24:10. [PMID: 37340345 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-023-00548-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND KIR/HLA mismatch in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), particularly in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), was related to decreased recurrence rates, improved engraftment, and a reduction in graft-versus-host disease, according to recent research (GVHD). Uncertainty exists about the impact of KIR/HLA mismatch on haploidentical-HSCTs treated with post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy). We attempted to analyze the effects of KIR/HLA mismatch on clinical outcomes on transplant outcomes using the cohort of 54 AML patients who received a haplo-HSCT with PTCy. RESULTS In contrast to KIR/HLA match, our findings showed that donor KIR/HLA mismatch was substantially associated with superior OS (HR, 2.92; (P = 0.04)). Moreover, donor KIR/HLA mismatch (KIR2DS1D/C2+ R and KIR2DS2D/C1+ R mismatch versus KIR2DL1D/C2- R mm, KIR2DL2/3D/C1- R mm and KIR3DL1D/Bw4- mm) was correlated with the improvements in OS (HR, 0.74; P = 0.085) and activating. KIR/HLA mismatch versus KIR/HLA match was significantly correlated with improvements in OS (HR, .46; P = 0.03) and inhibitory. KIR/HLA mismatch versus KIR/HLA match was enhancement in the OS (HR, .93; P = 0.06). Despite a higher rate of aGvHD (grade I-IV) in the patients with KIR/HLA mismatch compared to KIR/HLA matched (57% vs. 33% (p = 0.04). However, the KIR/HLA mismatch group saw a decreased relapse rate (3.2% vs. 23%, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION This analysis shows the significance of KIR/HLA Incompatibility, other clinical variables like CMV, the relationship between donor/recipient and donor age, and the relationship between donor/recipient and donor age in the haplo-donor selection process. It also suggests that KIR and HLA mismatching between donor and recipient could be routinely performed for haplo-donor selection and may improve clinical outcomes after haplo-HSCTs with PTCy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Bakhtiari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ahmadvand
- Cell Therapy and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Research Institute for Oncology, Hematology and Cell Therapy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Marjan Yaghmaie
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Research Institute for Oncology, Hematology and Cell Therapy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Sadeghi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seied Asadollah Mousavi
- Cell Therapy and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Research Institute for Oncology, Hematology and Cell Therapy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Rostami
- Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Research Institute for Oncology, Hematology and Cell Therapy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mazdak Ganjalikhani-Hakemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Bakhtiari T, Ahmadvand M, Salmaninejad A, Ghaderi A, Yaghmaie M, Sadeghi A, Mousavi SA, Rostami T, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M. The Influence of KIR Gene Polymorphisms and KIR-ligand Binding on Outcomes in Hematologic Malignancies following Haploidentical Stem Cell Transplantation: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2023; 23:868-878. [PMID: 37226789 DOI: 10.2174/1568009623666230523155808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell behavior and function are controlled by a balance between negative or positive signals generated by an extensive array of activating and inhibiting receptors, including killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) proteins, main components of the innate immune system that contribute to initial responses against viral infected-transformed cells through generation of the release of cytokines and cytotoxicity. What is certain is that KIRs are genetically polymorphic and the extent of KIRs diversity within the individuals may have the potential outcomes for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In this regard, recent studies suggest that KIR is as imperative as its ligand (HLA) in stem cell transplantation for malignant diseases. However, unlike HLA epitope mismatches, which are well-known causes of NK alloreactivity, a complete understanding of KIR genes' role in HSCT remains unclear. Because of genetic variability in KIR gene content, allelic polymorphism, and cell-surface expression among individuals, an appropriate selection of donors based on HLA and KIR profiles is crucial to improve outcomes of stem cell transplantation. In addition, the impact of the KIR/HLA interaction on HSCT outcomes needs to be investigated more comprehensively. The present work aimed to review the NK cell regeneration, KIR gene polymorphisms, and KIRligand binding on outcomes in hematologic malignancies following haploidentical stem cell transplantation. Comprehensive data gathered from the literature can provide new insight into the significance of KIR matching status in transplantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Bakhtiari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ahmadvand
- Cell Therapy and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Research Institute for Oncology, Hematology, and Cell Therapy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Salmaninejad
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Regenerative Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multi-Disciplinary Center, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Afshin Ghaderi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology Ward, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Marjan Yaghmaie
- Cell Therapy and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Research Institute for Oncology, Hematology, and Cell Therapy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Sadeghi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seied Asadollah Mousavi
- Cell Therapy and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Research Institute for Oncology, Hematology, and Cell Therapy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Rostami
- Cell Therapy and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Research Institute for Oncology, Hematology, and Cell Therapy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mazdak Ganjalikhani-Hakemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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NurWaliyuddin HZA, Norazmi MN, Zafarina Z. Allelic Polymorphisms of Killer Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor Genes in Malay and Orang Asli Populations of Peninsular Malaysia. Hum Immunol 2022; 83:564-573. [PMID: 35483989 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS) technology advancements provide new insight into the level of variation in killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes. High resolution allele genotyping of seven KIR genes was conducted among 94 unrelated Malay and Orang Asli (OA) individuals of Peninsular Malaysia. A manual bioinformatics analysis is performed and optimised by Sanger sequencing method. The Malays expressed a total of 22 alleles, as compared to only 15 alleles in the OA population. In total, 12 centromeric and 9 telomeric allelic haplotypes were identified in the Malays, whereas 8 centromeric and 5 telomeric allelic haplotypes were identified in the OA. The KIR2DL1, KIR2DL3, and KIR2DS4 genes exhibited a high degree of variation and balanced distribution in the Malay and OA populations. On the other hand, KIR2DL4, KIR3DL1, KIR3DL2 and KIR3DL3 genes exhibited a high degree of conservation, with less number of alleles identified and the dominance of a single allele at high frequency. High-resolution KIR allele genotyping has revealed unique sequence variations and allelic haplotypes between individuals and populations. The distributions of KIR alleles and haplotypes are useful for genetic population studies and serve as a baseline for future transplantation matching and disease association research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanis Z A NurWaliyuddin
- Human Identification/DNA Unit, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nor Norazmi
- Human Identification/DNA Unit, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zainuddin Zafarina
- Human Identification/DNA Unit, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia; Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre (ABrC), Inkubator Inovasi Universiti (I(2)U), SAINS@usm, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia.
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4
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Vargas LDB, Beltrame MH, Ho B, Marin WM, Dandekar R, Montero-Martín G, Fernández-Viña MA, Hurtado AM, Hill KR, Tsuneto LT, Hutz MH, Salzano FM, Petzl-Erler ML, Hollenbach JA, Augusto DG. Remarkably low KIR and HLA diversity in Amerindians reveals signatures of strong purifying selection shaping the centromeric KIR region. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 39:6388041. [PMID: 34633459 PMCID: PMC8763117 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) recognize human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules to regulate the cytotoxic and inflammatory responses of natural killer cells. KIR genes are encoded by a rapidly evolving gene family on chromosome 19 and present an unusual variation of presence and absence of genes and high allelic diversity. Although many studies have associated KIR polymorphism with susceptibility to several diseases over the last decades, the high-resolution allele-level haplotypes have only recently started to be described in populations. Here, we use a highly innovative custom next-generation sequencing method that provides a state-of-art characterization of KIR and HLA diversity in 706 individuals from eight unique South American populations: five Amerindian populations from Brazil (three Guarani and two Kaingang); one Amerindian population from Paraguay (Aché); and two urban populations from Southern Brazil (European and Japanese descendants from Curitiba). For the first time, we describe complete high-resolution KIR haplotypes in South American populations, exploring copy number, linkage disequilibrium, and KIR-HLA interactions. We show that all Amerindians analyzed to date exhibit the lowest numbers of KIR-HLA interactions among all described worldwide populations, and that 83-97% of their KIR-HLA interactions rely on a few HLA-C molecules. Using multiple approaches, we found signatures of strong purifying selection on the KIR centromeric region, which codes for the strongest NK cell educator receptors, possibly driven by the limited HLA diversity in these populations. Our study expands the current knowledge of KIR genetic diversity in populations to understand KIR-HLA coevolution and its impact on human health and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana de Brito Vargas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Marcia H Beltrame
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Brenda Ho
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Wesley M Marin
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Ravi Dandekar
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Gonzalo Montero-Martín
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | | | - A Magdalena Hurtado
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Kim R Hill
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Luiza T Tsuneto
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Mara H Hutz
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Francisco M Salzano
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Jill A Hollenbach
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Danillo G Augusto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil.,Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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5
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Bolarín JM, Pérez-Cárceles M, Luna A, Minguela A, Muro M, Legaz I. Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) genes can be an adequate tool in forensic anthropological studies: evaluation in a wide Caucasian Spanish population. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2021.1930156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Bolarín
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - M.D. Pérez-Cárceles
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - A. Luna
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - A. Minguela
- Immunology Service, Instituto Murciano de investigación biosanitaria (IMIB) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (HCUVA), Murcia, Spain
| | - M. Muro
- Immunology Service, Instituto Murciano de investigación biosanitaria (IMIB) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (HCUVA), Murcia, Spain
| | - I. Legaz
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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6
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Lee H, Da Silva IP, Palendira U, Scolyer RA, Long GV, Wilmott JS. Targeting NK Cells to Enhance Melanoma Response to Immunotherapies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061363. [PMID: 33802954 PMCID: PMC8002669 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a key component of an innate immune system. They are important not only in initiating, but also in augmenting adaptive immune responses. NK cell activation is mediated by a carefully orchestrated balance between the signals from inhibitory and activating NK cell receptors. NK cells are potent producers of proinflammatory cytokines and are also able to elicit strong antitumor responses through secretion of perforin and granzyme B. Tumors can develop many mechanisms to evade NK cell antitumor responses, such as upregulating ligands for inhibitory receptors, secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines and recruiting immunosuppressive cells. Enhancing NK cell responses will likely augment the effectiveness of immunotherapies, and strategies to accomplish this are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. A comprehensive understanding of NK cell biology will likely provide additional opportunities to further leverage the antitumor effects of NK cells. In this review, we therefore sought to highlight NK cell biology, tumor evasion of NK cells and clinical trials that target NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansol Lee
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (H.L.); (I.P.D.S.); (U.P.); (R.A.S.); (J.S.W.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Inês Pires Da Silva
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (H.L.); (I.P.D.S.); (U.P.); (R.A.S.); (J.S.W.)
| | - Umaimainthan Palendira
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (H.L.); (I.P.D.S.); (U.P.); (R.A.S.); (J.S.W.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Richard A. Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (H.L.); (I.P.D.S.); (U.P.); (R.A.S.); (J.S.W.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Georgina V. Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (H.L.); (I.P.D.S.); (U.P.); (R.A.S.); (J.S.W.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital and Mater Hospital, Sydney 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-9911-7336
| | - James S. Wilmott
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (H.L.); (I.P.D.S.); (U.P.); (R.A.S.); (J.S.W.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
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7
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Dizaji Asl K, Velaei K, Rafat A, Tayefi Nasrabadi H, Movassaghpour AA, Mahdavi M, Nozad Charoudeh H. The role of KIR positive NK cells in diseases and its importance in clinical intervention. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 92:107361. [PMID: 33429335 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are essential for the elimination of the transformed and cancerous cells. Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) which expressed by T and NK cells, are key regulator of NK cell function. The KIR and their ligands, MHC class I (HLA-A, B and C) molecules, are highly polymorphic and their related genes are located on 19 q13.4 and 6 q21.3 chromosomes, respectively. It is clear that particular interaction between the KIRs and their related ligands can influence on the prevalence, progression and outcome of several diseases, like complications of pregnancy, viral infection, autoimmune diseases, and hematological malignancies. The mechanisms of immune signaling in particular NK cells involvement in causing pathological conditions are not completely understood yet. Therefore, better understanding of the molecular mechanism of KIR-MHC class I interaction could facilitate the treatment strategy of diseases. The present review focused on the main characteristics and functional details of various KIR and their combination with related ligands in diseases and also highlights ongoing efforts to manipulate the key checkpoints in NK cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Dizaji Asl
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kobra Velaei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Rafat
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Tayefi Nasrabadi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Movassaghpour
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Mahdavi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Hanis Zainal Abidin NW, Mohd Nor N, Sundararajulu P, Zafarina Z. Understanding the genetic history of Malay populations in Peninsular Malaysia via KIR genes diversity. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 33:e23545. [PMID: 33289243 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes with high polymorphism at genotypic levels are important in providing immune defense and have been expanded towards human population genetics. The aim of this study is to provide supporting information from this new biomarker to strengthen the comprehension of genetic history of the complex Malay population. METHODS KIR genotyping for 213 unadmixed Malay individuals from six subethnic groups (Acheh, Bugis, Champa, Mandailing, Minang and Kedah) was carried out using PCR-SSP (sequence specific primers) method in 16 independent reactions. RESULTS The most frequent KIR genotype observed is AA1, followed by AB4 and AB5. Five genotypes; AA1, AB4, AB5, AB7 and AB8 were shared among all Malay subethnic groups. The highest frequency of KIR haplotype A was observed in Minang Malays, whereas Acheh and Kedah Malays carry a balanced distribution of A and B KIR haplotypes. PCA for the KIR genes clearly illustrated six ethnogeographical population clusters; Africans, Amerindian, Northeast Asian, South Asian, Oceania and Southeast Asian populations. All six Malay subethnic groups fell within the Southeast Asian cluster. CONCLUSIONS The complex array of KIR genotypes observed in the Malays indicates their historical interactions with various populations, especially with the Chinese, Indians and Orang Asli. This study has demonstrated the potential of KIR genes as a genetic marker for deducing population structure and genetic relationship between populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norazmi Mohd Nor
- Human Identification/DNA Unit, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Panneerchelvam Sundararajulu
- Human Identification/DNA Unit, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zainuddin Zafarina
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, USM, Penang, Malaysia
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Chaisri S, Jumnainsong A, Romphruk A, Leelayuwat C. The effect of KIR and HLA polymorphisms on dengue infection and disease severity in northeastern Thais. Med Microbiol Immunol 2020; 209:613-620. [PMID: 32524212 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-020-00685-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are cell surface receptors on natural killer (NK) cells and subsets of T cells. The interaction between KIRs and their cognate ligands (Human leukocyte antigen class I molecules, HLA class I) modulates the immune response of NK cells, in particular through clearance of virus-infected cells. Here, we investigated the effect of KIRs and HLA ligands on dengue infections and disease severity. The KIRs and HLA ligands were identified in 235 healthy controls (HC) and 253 dengue patients (DEN) using polymerase chain reaction with sequence specific primer (PCR-SSP); moreover, DEN was classified to 100 dengue fever (DF) and 153 dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF). Risks were expressed as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with significance set at a two-tailed P value of < 0.05. The Bonferroni correction was applied for multiple comparisons. Twelve significant associations were observed in dengue infections and disease severity; however, two outcomes survived after the Bonferroni correction. Of these, HLA-A11 was associated with an increased risk to develop dengue disease (OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.62-3.60, Pc = 0.004), while KIR3DS1+ Bw4 was a protective genotype to developing DHF (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.16-0.48, Pc < 0.001). This study revealed an important role of KIR and HLA ligands in innate immune responses to dengue viral infections and, in particular, their effect on clinical outcomes and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwit Chaisri
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine (CICM), Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12121, Thailand.,The Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories (CMDL), Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Amonrat Jumnainsong
- The Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories (CMDL), Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Sciences, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Amornrat Romphruk
- The Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories (CMDL), Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Blood Transfusion Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Chanvit Leelayuwat
- The Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories (CMDL), Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand. .,Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Sciences, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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10
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SPECTRUM AND FREQUENCY OF NK CELL RECEPTOR GENES AMONG CYSTIC FIBROSIS PATIENTS. EUREKA: LIFE SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.21303/2504-5695.2020.001328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim – to establish and analyze the spectrum of KIR genes in people with a confirmed diagnosis of Cystic fibrosis (CF), homozygote of F508del mutation of the СFTR gene for understanding the genetic predisposition of congenital immunity key part functioning during CF.
Materials and Methods. Examined 48 people with a confirmed diagnosis of CF, homozygotes of the F508del mutation of the CFTR gene, and 104 practically healthy people without the F508del mutation of the CFTR gene from the control group. The following molecular genetic methods were used: DNA extraction from peripheral blood cells, KIR genotyping by PCR-SSP for the presence or absence of the 14 KIR genes (KIR2DL1, 2DL2, 2DL3, 2DL4, 2DL5, 2DS1, 2DS2, 2DS3, 2DS4, 2DS5, 3DL1, 3DL2, 3DL3, 3DS1).
Results – molecular genetic studies of KIR-genes repertoire in the group of cystic fibrosis patients showed a decrease in the frequency of genes, responsible for activating NK cells receptors. Of the five examined NK cell activation genes, one gene was completely absent, namely 2DS4, and another (2DS1) was detected in only 3 of 48 patients examined, which was 6.25 %, and this figure is significantly lower in comparison with the control group (c2=4.801, p<0.05). Regarding the genes of NK-cell inhibitory receptors, all investigated genes were detected in the study group (8 in general). By detection frequency, they mostly correspond to the control group, with the exception of the 2DL3 gene, found in patients with CF with a significantly lower frequency (c2=11.97, p<0.005).
Conclusion – for the first time in the group of patients with CF, a study was performed on the frequency and spectrum of KIR-genes, responsible for NK cell receptors. Reducing the frequency of activation NK cell receptor genes in patients with CF can lead to a weakening of congenital immunity and the severity of infectious processes during CF
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11
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Auer ED, Tong HV, Amorim LM, Malheiros D, Hoan NX, Issler HC, Petzl-Erler ML, Beltrame MH, Boldt ABW, Toan NL, Song LH, Velavan TP, Augusto DG. Natural killer cell receptor variants and chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the Vietnamese population. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 96:541-547. [PMID: 32422377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genes of host immunity play an important role in disease pathogenesis and are determinants of clinical courses of infections, including hepatitis B virus (HBV). Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR), expressed on the surface of natural killer cells (NK), regulate NK cell cytotoxicity by interacting with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules and are candidates for influencing the course of HBV. This study evaluated whether variations in KIR gene content and HLA-C ligands are associated with HBV and with the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS A Vietnamese study cohort (HBV n = 511; controls n = 140) was genotyped using multiplex sequence-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR-SSP) followed by melting curve analysis. RESULTS The presence of the functional allelic group of KIR2DS4 was associated with an increased risk of chronic HBV (OR = 1.86, pcorr = 0.02), while KIR2DL2+HLA-C1 (OR = 0.62, pcorr = 0.04) and KIR2DL3+HLA-C1 (OR = 0.48, pcorr = 0.04) were associated with a decreased risk. The pair KIR2DL3+HLA-C1 was associated with liver cirrhosis (OR = 0.40, pcorr = 0.01). The presence of five or more activating KIR variants was associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (OR = 0.53, pcorr = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS KIR gene content variation and combinations KIR-HLA influence the outcome of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Delabio Auer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Hoang Van Tong
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Vietnamese German Center for Medical Research (VGCARE), Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Leonardo Maldaner Amorim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Danielle Malheiros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Nghiem Xuan Hoan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Vietnamese German Center for Medical Research (VGCARE), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hellen Caroline Issler
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Márcia Holsbach Beltrame
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Angelica Beate Winter Boldt
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Nguyen Linh Toan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Vietnamese German Center for Medical Research (VGCARE), Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Le Huu Song
- Vietnamese German Center for Medical Research (VGCARE), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thirumalaisamy P Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Vietnamese German Center for Medical Research (VGCARE), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.
| | - Danillo G Augusto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil.
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12
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Falco M, Pende D, Munari E, Vacca P, Mingari MC, Moretta L. Natural killer cells: From surface receptors to the cure of high-risk leukemia (Ceppellini Lecture). HLA 2020; 93:185-194. [PMID: 30828978 PMCID: PMC6767140 DOI: 10.1111/tan.13509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune effector cells involved in the first line of defense against viral infections and malignancies. In the last three decades, the identification of HLA class I‐specific inhibitory killer immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIR) and of the main activating receptors has strongly improved our understanding of the mechanisms regulating NK cell functions. The increased knowledge on how NK cells discriminate healthy cells from damaged cells has made it possible to transfer basic research notions to clinical applications. Of particular relevance is the strong NK‐mediated anti‐leukemia effect in haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to cure high‐risk leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Falco
- Laboratorio di Immunologia Clinica e Sperimentale, IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniela Pende
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Enrico Munari
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy
| | - Paola Vacca
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria C Mingari
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) and CEBR, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
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13
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Blunt MD, Khakoo SI. Activating killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors: Detection, function and therapeutic use. Int J Immunogenet 2020; 47:1-12. [PMID: 31755661 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) have a central role in the control of natural killer (NK) cell function. The functions of the activating KIRs, as compared to those of the inhibitory KIR, have been more difficult to define due to difficulties in antibody-mediated identification and their apparent low affinities for HLA class I. Immunogenetic studies have shown associations of activating KIRs with the outcome of autoimmune diseases, pregnancy-associated disorders, infectious diseases and cancers. Activating KIR are thus thought to have important roles in the control of natural killer cell functions and their role in disease. In this review, we discuss current knowledge on activating KIR, their ligands and, their roles in the pathogenesis and potential therapy of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Blunt
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Salim I Khakoo
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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14
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Closa L, Vidal F, Herrero MJ, Caro JL. Distribution of human killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors and ligands among blood donors of Catalonia. HLA 2019; 95:179-188. [DOI: 10.1111/tan.13754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Closa
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Blood and Tissue Bank Barcelona Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Clínic, Transfusional Medicine Group, Vall d'Hebron Research InstituteAutonomous University of Barcelona (VHIR‐UAB) Barcelona Spain
| | - Francisco Vidal
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Clínic, Transfusional Medicine Group, Vall d'Hebron Research InstituteAutonomous University of Barcelona (VHIR‐UAB) Barcelona Spain
- Congenital Coagulopathy Laboratory, Blood and Tissue Bank Barcelona Spain
- CIBER of Cardiovascular Diseases Barcelona Spain
| | - Maria J. Herrero
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Blood and Tissue Bank Barcelona Spain
| | - Jose L. Caro
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Clínic, Transfusional Medicine Group, Vall d'Hebron Research InstituteAutonomous University of Barcelona (VHIR‐UAB) Barcelona Spain
- Department of ImmunologyHospital Clínic Barcelona Spain
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15
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Amorim LM, Santos THS, Hollenbach JA, Norman PJ, Marin WM, Dandekar R, Ribeiro EMSF, Petzl-Erler ML, Augusto DG. Cost-effective and fast KIR gene-content genotyping by multiplex melting curve analysis. HLA 2019; 92:384-391. [PMID: 30468002 DOI: 10.1111/tan.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes encode cell surface molecules that recognize HLA molecules and modulate the activity of natural killer (NK) cells. KIR genes exhibit presence and absence polymorphism, which generates a variety of gene-content haplotypes in worldwide populations. KIR gene-content variation is implicated in many diseases and is also important for placentation and transplantation. Because of the complexity of KIR polymorphism, variation in this family is still mostly studied at the gene-content level, even with the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods. Gene-content determination is generally expensive and/or time-consuming. To overcome these difficulties, we developed a method based on multiplex polymerase chain reaction with specific sequence primers (PCR-SSP) followed by melting curve analysis that allows cost-effective, precise and fast generation of results. Our method was 100% concordant with a gel-based method and 99.9% concordant with presence and absence determination by NGS. The limit of detection for accurate typing was 30 ng of DNA (0.42 μM) with 260/230 and 260/280 ratios as low as 0.19 and of 0.44. In addition, we developed a user-friendly Java-based computational application called killerPeak that interprets the raw data generated by Viia7 or QuantStudio 7 quantitative PCR machines and reliably exports the final genotyping results in spreadsheet file format. The combination of a reliable method that requires low amount of DNA with an automated interpretation of results allows scaling the KIR genotyping in large cohorts with reduced turnaround time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo M Amorim
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Tiago H S Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Jill A Hollenbach
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Paul J Norman
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, and Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver
| | - Wesley M Marin
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ravi Dandekar
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Enilze M S F Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Citogenética Humana e Oncogenética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Maria L Petzl-Erler
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Danillo G Augusto
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
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16
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are bone marrow-derived large granular lymphocytes defined by CD3negCD56pos and represent 5% to 25% of peripheral blood mononuclear cell fraction of the healthy humans. NK cells have a highly specific and sophisticated target cell recognition receptor system arbitrated by the integration of signals triggered by a multitude of inhibitory and activating receptors. Human NK cells express distinct families of receptors, including (1) killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors, (2) killer cell lectin-like receptors, (3) leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors, and (4) natural cytotoxicity receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Rajalingam
- Department of Surgery, Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, University of California San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Suite 150, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
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17
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Bono M, Pende D, Bertaina A, Moretta A, Della Chiesa M, Sivori S, Zecca M, Locatelli F, Moretta L, Bottino C, Falco M. Analysis of KIR3DP1 Polymorphism Provides Relevant Information on Centromeric KIR Gene Content. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1460-1467. [PMID: 30068594 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Four killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) genes, collectively referred to as framework genes, characterize almost all KIR haplotypes. In particular, KIR3DL3 and KIR3DL2 mark the ends of the locus, whereas KIR3DP1 and KIR2DL4 are located in the central part. A recombination hot spot, mapped between KIR3DP1 and KIR2DL4, splits the haplotypes into two regions: a centromeric (Cen) region (spanning from KIR3DL3 to KIR3DP1) and a telomeric region (from KIR2DL4 to KIR3DL2), both varying in KIR gene content. In this study, we analyzed KIR3DP1 polymorphism in a cohort of 316 healthy, unrelated individuals. To this aim, we divided KIR3DP1 alleles into two groups by the use of a sequence-specific primer- PCR approach. Our data clearly indicated that KIR3DP1 alleles present on haplotypes carrying Cen-A or Cen-B1 regions differ from those having Cen-B2 motifs. Few donors (∼3%) made exceptions, and they were all, except one, characterized by uncommon haplotypes, including either KIR deletions or KIR duplications. Consequently, as KIR2DL1 is present in Cen-A and Cen-B1 regions but absent in Cen-B2 regions, we demonstrated that KIR3DP1 polymorphism might represent a suitable marker for KIR2DL1 gene copy number analysis. Moreover, because Cen-B1 and Cen-B2 regions are characterized by different KIR3DP1 alleles, we showed that KIR3DP1 polymorphism analysis also provides information to dissect between Cen-B1/Cen-B1 and Cen-B1/Cen-B2 donors. Taken together, our data suggest that the analysis of KIR3DP1 polymorphism should be included in KIR repertoire evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bono
- Dipartimento dei Laboratori di Ricerca, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniela Pende
- Dipartimento delle Terapie Oncologiche Integrate, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Alice Bertaina
- Dipartimento di Oncoematologia e Terapia Cellulare e Genica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Moretta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy.,Centro di Eccellenza per le Ricerche Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Mariella Della Chiesa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy.,Centro di Eccellenza per le Ricerche Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Sivori
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy.,Centro di Eccellenza per le Ricerche Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Zecca
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo Oncoematologia Pediatrica, 27100 Pavia, Italy; and
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Dipartimento di Oncoematologia e Terapia Cellulare e Genica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Area di Ricerca Immunologica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Bottino
- Dipartimento dei Laboratori di Ricerca, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Michela Falco
- Dipartimento dei Laboratori di Ricerca, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
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18
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Amorim LM, van Tong H, Hoan NX, Vargas LDB, Ribeiro EMDSF, Petzl-Erler ML, Boldt ABW, Toan NL, Song LH, Velavan TP, Augusto DG. KIR-HLA distribution in a Vietnamese population from Hanoi. Hum Immunol 2017; 79:93-100. [PMID: 29191786 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The KIR (killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors) gene family codifies a group of receptors that recognize human leukocyte antigens (HLA) and modulate natural killer (NK) cells response. Genetic diversity of KIR genes and HLA ligands has not yet been deeply investigated in South East Asia. Here, we characterized KIR gene presence and absence polymorphism of 14 KIR genes and two pseudogenes, as well as the frequencies of the ligands HLA-Bw4, HLA-C1 and HLA-C2 in a Vietnamese population from Hanoi (n = 140). Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction with specific sequence primers (PCR-SSP). We compared KIR frequencies and performed principal component analysis with 43 worldwide populations of different ancestries. KIR carrier frequencies in Vietnamese were similar to those reported for Thai and Chinese Han, but differed significantly from other geographically close populations such as Japanese and South Korean. This similarity was also observed in KIR gene-content genotypes and is in accordance with the origin from Southern China and Thailand proposed for the Vietnamese population. The frequencies of HLA ligands observed in Vietnamese did not differ from those reported for other East-Asian populations (p > .05). Studies regarding KIR-HLA in populations are of prime importance to understand their evolution, function and role in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hoang van Tong
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Vietnamese - German Center for Excellence in Medical Research, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nghiem Xuan Hoan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Vietnamese - German Center for Excellence in Medical Research, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | | | | | - Angelica B W Boldt
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Nguyen Linh Toan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Vietnamese - German Center for Excellence in Medical Research, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Le Huu Song
- Vietnamese - German Center for Excellence in Medical Research, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thirumalaisamy P Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Vietnamese - German Center for Excellence in Medical Research, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Danillo G Augusto
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil.
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19
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Su N, Wang H, Zhang B, Kang Y, Guo Q, Xiao H, Yang H, Liao S. Maternal natural killer cell immunoglobulin receptor genes and human leukocyte antigen-C ligands influence recurrent spontaneous abortion in the Han Chinese population. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:327-337. [PMID: 29387191 PMCID: PMC5769230 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The underlying mechanism of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) has remained elusive for many years. Several previous studies have suggested that the killer cell immunoglobulin receptor (KIR) gene family is associated with RSA, however, it is not clear exactly how. The present study detected KIR and human leukocyte antigen-C (HLA-C) genes in 110 Han Chinese women with unexplained RSA and 105 Han Chinese healthy females. The aim of the present study was to determine if certain genotypes were more susceptible to the occurrence of miscarriage. The frequency of KIR genes and different KIR haplotypes in the 2 groups demonstrated no statistical differences. However, in women who had miscarried ≥3 times, the frequency of KIR3DL1 was significantly reduced and the BB haplotype frequency was significantly higher compared with the control group. HLA-C2C2 was significantly increased in the KIR AB and KIR BB groups in the RSA groups compared with the control group. The women in the RSA group who had a homozygous HLA-C2C2 had a significantly higher frequency of the 2DS1 gene compared with the control group. The reduction of inhibitory gene and increased activation combinations may induce the activation of uterine natural killer cells, which may reduce the probability of fetal survival. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first report demonstrating the association between maternal KIR and HLA-C genes and RSA in women of a Han Chinese ethnicity. The present study revealed that females who miscarry ≥3 times may be used as selection criteria for RSA and so may exhibit higher research value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China.,Henan Medical Genetics Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Hongdan Wang
- Henan Medical Genetics Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Bowei Zhang
- International Office for Research and Development, Henan Red Cross Blood Center, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Yiqing Kang
- International Office for Research and Development, Henan Red Cross Blood Center, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Qiannan Guo
- Henan Medical Genetics Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Hai Xiao
- Henan Medical Genetics Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Hecai Yang
- International Office for Research and Development, Henan Red Cross Blood Center, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Shixiu Liao
- Henan Medical Genetics Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
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20
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Thiruchelvam-Kyle L, Hoelsbrekken SE, Saether PC, Bjørnsen EG, Pende D, Fossum S, Daws MR, Dissen E. The Activating Human NK Cell Receptor KIR2DS2 Recognizes a β 2-Microglobulin-Independent Ligand on Cancer Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2556-2567. [PMID: 28202613 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The functions of activating members of the killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) family are not fully understood, as the ligands for these receptors are largely unidentified. In this study, we report that KIR2DS2 reporter cells recognize a ligand expressed by cancer cell lines. All cancer targets recognized by KIR2DS2 were also recognized by KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 reporters. Trogocytosis of membrane proteins from the cancer targets was observed with responding reporter cells, indicating the formation of KIR2DS2 ligand-specific immunological synapses. HLA-C typing of target cells showed that KIR2DS2 recognition was independent of the HLA C1 or C2 group, whereas targets cells that were only recognized by KIR2DL3 expressed C1 group alleles. Anti-HLA class I Abs blocked KIR2DL3 responses toward C1-expressing targets, but they did not block KIR2DS2 recognition of cancer cells. Small interfering RNA knockdown of β2-microglobulin reduced the expression of class I H chain on the cancer targets by >97%, but it did not reduce the KIR2DS2 reporter responses, indicating a β2-microglobulin-independent ligand for KIR2DS2. Importantly, KIR2DL3 responses toward some KIR2DS2 ligand-expressing cells were also undiminished after β2-microglobulin knockdown, and they were not blocked by anti-HLA class I Abs, suggesting that KIR2DL3, in addition to the traditional HLA-C ligands, can bind to the same β2-microglobulin-independent ligand as KIR2DS2. These observations indicate the existence of a novel, presently uncharacterized ligand for the activating NK cell receptor KIR2DS2. Molecular identification of this ligand may lead to improved KIR-HLA mismatching in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation therapy for leukemia and new, more specific NK cell-based cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Thiruchelvam-Kyle
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; and
| | - Sigurd E Hoelsbrekken
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; and
| | - Per C Saether
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; and
| | - Elisabeth Gyllensten Bjørnsen
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; and
| | - Daniela Pende
- Laboratorio Immunologia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Sigbjørn Fossum
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; and
| | - Michael R Daws
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; and
| | - Erik Dissen
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; and
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Leone P, De Re V, Vacca A, Dammacco F, Racanelli V. Cancer treatment and the KIR-HLA system: an overview. Clin Exp Med 2017; 17:419-429. [PMID: 28188495 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-017-0455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the success of cancer therapy depends not only on a combination of adequate procedures (surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy) that aim to eliminate all tumor cells, but also on the functional state of the host immune system. HLA and KIR molecules, in particular, are critical to the interactions between tumor cells and both innate and adaptive immune cells such as NK cells and T cells. Different KIR-HLA gene combinations as well as different HLA expression levels on tumor cells associate with variable tumor prognosis and response to treatment. On the other hand, different therapies have different effects on HLA molecules and immune cell functions regulated by these molecules. Here, we provide an overview of the KIR-HLA system, a description of its alterations with clinical relevance in diverse tumor types, and an analysis of the consequences that conventional cancer therapies may have on it. We also discuss how this knowledge can be exploited to identify potential immunological biomarkers that can help to select patients for tailored therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Leone
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Policlinico - 11, Piazza G. Cesare, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Valli De Re
- Bio-Proteomics Facility, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Angelo Vacca
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Policlinico - 11, Piazza G. Cesare, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Franco Dammacco
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Policlinico - 11, Piazza G. Cesare, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Policlinico - 11, Piazza G. Cesare, 70124, Bari, Italy.
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Béziat V, Hilton HG, Norman PJ, Traherne JA. Deciphering the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor system at super-resolution for natural killer and T-cell biology. Immunology 2016; 150:248-264. [PMID: 27779741 PMCID: PMC5290243 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are components of two fundamental biological systems essential for human health and survival. First, they contribute to host immune responses, both innate and adaptive, through their expression by natural killer cells and T cells. Second, KIR play a key role in regulating placentation, and hence reproductive success. Analogous to the diversity of their human leucocyte antigen class I ligands, KIR are extremely polymorphic. In this review, we describe recent developments, fuelled by methodological advances, that are helping to decipher the KIR system in terms of haplotypes, polymorphisms, expression patterns and their ligand interactions. These developments are delivering deeper insight into the relevance of KIR in immune system function, evolution and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Béziat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Hugo G Hilton
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paul J Norman
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Kandilarova SM, Paschen A, Mihaylova A, Ivanova M, Schadendorf D, Naumova E. The Influence of HLA and KIR Genes on Malignant Melanoma Development and Progression. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 64:73-81. [PMID: 28083606 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have described the role of killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and their cognate human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I ligands in the immune protection against melanoma, but the effect of these markers on intra-individual variations in tumor development and progression has remained less clear. We performed KIR, HLA, and KIR/ligand analysis in 283 patients with malignant melanoma in order to evaluate their integrated influence on disease stage and progression. The patients were grouped according to AJCC staging, histological type of the primary tumor, progression, and survival rate. Analysis of HLA class I alleles revealed positive association of HLA-C*14 (Pc = 0.026, OR = 5.99) and negative association of HLA-C*02 (Pc = 0.026, OR = 0.43) with the disease. Decreased frequency of KIR2DS5 was observed in patients with rapid progression, as compared to those with slow progression. KIR BB genotype was prevalent in patients with metastasis (p = 0.004, OR = 0.025). KIR AA genotype was nearly twice as frequent in rapidly progressive cases, but without statistical relevance (p = 0.055, OR = 2.6). Significantly increased frequency of KIR2DL2 in the presence of C1 ligand (strong inhibition) was found in patients with AJCC III and IV, as compared to individuals with AJCC I stage (p = 0.045, OR = 1.93). In summary, our data imply that KIR/ligand gene content in patients could modulate the disease course towards unfavorable tumor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snezhina Mihailova Kandilarova
- Department of Clinical Immunology with Stem Cell Bank, Alexandrovska University Hospital, Medical University, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Annette Paschen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anastassia Mihaylova
- Department of Clinical Immunology with Stem Cell Bank, Alexandrovska University Hospital, Medical University, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Milena Ivanova
- Department of Clinical Immunology with Stem Cell Bank, Alexandrovska University Hospital, Medical University, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elissaveta Naumova
- Department of Clinical Immunology with Stem Cell Bank, Alexandrovska University Hospital, Medical University, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Sugioka DK, Gonçalves CEI, Bicalho MDG. KIR repertory in patients with hematopoietic diseases and healthy family members. BMC HEMATOLOGY 2016; 16:25. [PMID: 27708784 PMCID: PMC5041293 DOI: 10.1186/s12878-016-0064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Since the discovery of specific histocompatibility, literature has associated genes involved in the immune response, like the Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA), with a better prognosis in transplantation. However, other non-HLA genes may also influence the immune process, such as the genes encoding the immunoglobulin-like receptors of natural killer cells (KIRs). The discovery that NK cell KIR receptors interact with conservative epitopes (C1, C2, Bw4) presented in HLA class I molecules that are genetically polymorphic, also observed in KIR genes, led to the investigation of the relevance of the KIR system to hematopoietic stem cell transplant. The cure of patients with leukemias and other hematological malignancies after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) has been attributed in part to the ability of the donor immune cells, present in the graft, to recognize and eliminate neoplastic cells of the patient. The cytotoxic activity of NK cells is mediated by the absence of HLA class I-specific ligands on the target cell surface to inhibitory KIR receptors (hypothesis of “missing-self”). Methods We analyzed, by PCR typing-SSOP technique, the presence or absence of 16 KIR genes and haplotypes of 39 patients with hematopoietic disorders and 136 healthy individuals from Paraná State. The comparisons made between the patient and control group were performed using χ2 test or Fisher exact test (bilateral p-value), as appropriated. Significance level was considered when p-value ≤ 0.05. Results Framework genes KIR3DL3, KIR3DP1, KIR2DL4 and KIR3DL2 were positive in all samples. The comparison between KIR repertoire of patients and healthy individuals revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in inhibitors genes KIR2DL2 (p = 0.0005) and KIR2DL5 (p = 0.0067) and activating genes KIR2DS1 (p = 0.0013), KIR2DS2 (p = 0.0038), KIR2DS3 (p = 0.0153) that are more frequent in controls than in patients. The KIR2DS3 was significantly more frequent (p = 0.0031) in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) when compared to patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We observed a higher frequency of haplotype A (59 %) in the patients. Conclusion Our data suggests that susceptibility to leukemia can be influenced, at least, partly byKIR receptors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12878-016-0064-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Kazue Sugioka
- Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Imunogenética e Histocompatibilidade (LIGH), Universidade Federal do Paraná, R. Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos S/N, Centro Politécnico - Jardim das Américas, CEP 81.530.990, Curitiba, PR CP 19071 Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Ibaldo Gonçalves
- Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Imunogenética e Histocompatibilidade (LIGH), Universidade Federal do Paraná, R. Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos S/N, Centro Politécnico - Jardim das Américas, CEP 81.530.990, Curitiba, PR CP 19071 Brazil
| | - Maria da Graça Bicalho
- Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Imunogenética e Histocompatibilidade (LIGH), Universidade Federal do Paraná, R. Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos S/N, Centro Politécnico - Jardim das Américas, CEP 81.530.990, Curitiba, PR CP 19071 Brazil
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Ancient Genetic Signatures of Orang Asli Revealed by Killer Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor Gene Polymorphisms. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141536. [PMID: 26565719 PMCID: PMC4643969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aboriginal populations of Peninsular Malaysia, also known as Orang Asli (OA), comprise three major groups; Semang, Senoi and Proto-Malays. Here, we analyzed for the first time KIR gene polymorphisms for 167 OA individuals, including those from four smallest OA subgroups (Che Wong, Orang Kanaq, Lanoh and Kensiu) using polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer (PCR-SSP) analyses. The observed distribution of KIR profiles of OA is heterogenous; Haplotype B is the most frequent in the Semang subgroups (especially Batek) while Haplotype A is the most common type in the Senoi. The Semang subgroups were clustered together with the Africans, Indians, Papuans and Australian Aborigines in a principal component analysis (PCA) plot and shared many common genotypes (AB6, BB71, BB73 and BB159) observed in these other populations. Given that these populations also display high frequencies of Haplotype B, it is interesting to speculate that Haplotype B may be generally more frequent in ancient populations. In contrast, the two Senoi subgroups, Che Wong and Semai are displaced toward Southeast Asian and African populations in the PCA scatter plot, respectively. Orang Kanaq, the smallest and the most endangered of all OA subgroups, has lost some degree of genetic variation, as shown by their relatively high frequency of the AB2 genotype (0.73) and a total absence of KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS2 genes. Orang Kanaq tradition that strictly prohibits intermarriage with outsiders seems to have posed a serious threat to their survival. This present survey is a demonstration of the value of KIR polymorphisms in elucidating genetic relationships among human populations.
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Guha P, Das A, Dutta S, Bhattacharjee S, Chaudhuri TK. Study of genetic diversity of KIR and TLR in the Rabhas, an endogamous primitive tribe of India. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:789-94. [PMID: 26429322 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Rabha tribe is a little known small endogamous population belonging to Indo-mongoloid group of north-eastern India. We have analyzed 16 KIR and 5 TLR gene polymorphisms in the Rabha population of northern West Bengal, India for the first time. The observed frequencies of the KIR genes (except framework and pseudogene loci) ranged between 0.26 (KIR2DS3) and 0.96 (KIR2DL1). Comparisons based on KIR polymorphism have revealed that although the Rabhas are of Indian origin the presence of mongoloid component in their gene pool cannot be denied. The frequencies of the 5 TLR genes ranged between 0.90 (TLR4) and 0.46 (TLR5). TLR variations found in the Rabhas may play a synergistic role in fighting against the bacterial invasions. Our results may contribute to the understanding of (1) genetic background and extent of genetic admixture in the Rabhas, (2) population migration events and (3) KIR-disease-TLR interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pokhraj Guha
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri, West Bengal 734013, India
| | - Avishek Das
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri, West Bengal 734013, India
| | - Somit Dutta
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri, West Bengal 734013, India
| | - Soumen Bhattacharjee
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri, West Bengal 734013, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri, West Bengal 734013, India.
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Chavan VR, Ahir S, Ansari Z, Samant-Mawani P, Nanavati R, Mehta P, Mania-Pramanik J. Diversity in KIR gene repertoire in HIV-1 exposed infected and uninfected infants: A study from India. J Med Virol 2015; 88:417-25. [PMID: 26255774 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have antiviral activity mediated through killer immunoglobulin receptors (KIRs). Studies have shown the importance of KIR receptors in HIV infection. However reports on association of KIR genes in HIV infection from Indian population are limited, not a single study is reported in HIV exposed uninfected (EU) and infected infants. This study compared the KIR gene repertoire of HIV-1 positive (n = 29) with EU (n = 76) infants to elucidate its association with transmission. KIR genotyping was analysed using the PCR-SSP method. Viral load of mothers, CD4 count of both mothers and infected infants were done using commercial kits. The data was analysed using SPSS software. Results revealed presence of significantly high frequencies of activating gene KIR 2DS5 (P = 0.040) and inhibitory gene KIR 2DL3 (P = 0.013) in EU infants as compared to HIV-1 positive infants, confirmed with multivariable linear regression modelling. Fifty-nine KIR genotypes were identified in these 105 infants. Nine genotypes were unique, reported for the first time. Twenty six genotypes were shared with the World populations. Twenty four genotypes were reported for the first time from India. Specific KIR genotype combinations (GIDs) were exclusively present either in HIV-1 positive (n = 19) or in EU infants (n = 30). The Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis shows a strong linkage between four pairs of genes in HIV-1 positive and three pairs of genes in EU infants. In conclusion, this study revealed that, besides maternal confounding factors such as ART and viral load, specific KIR genes are associated independently with perinatal HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay R Chavan
- Department of Infectious Diseases Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Swati Ahir
- Department of Infectious Diseases Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Zakiya Ansari
- Department of Infectious Diseases Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Padmaja Samant-Mawani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Seth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M. Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ruchi Nanavati
- Department of Neonatology, Seth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M. Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Preeti Mehta
- Department of Microbiology, Seth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M. Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jayanti Mania-Pramanik
- Department of Infectious Diseases Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Manser AR, Weinhold S, Uhrberg M. Human KIR repertoires: shaped by genetic diversity and evolution. Immunol Rev 2015; 267:178-96. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela R. Manser
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics; Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Medical Faculty; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Sandra Weinhold
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics; Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Medical Faculty; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Markus Uhrberg
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics; Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Medical Faculty; Düsseldorf Germany
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29
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Augusto DG, Petzl-Erler ML. KIR and HLA under pressure: evidences of coevolution across worldwide populations. Hum Genet 2015; 134:929-40. [PMID: 26099314 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
KIR (killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors) and HLA (human leukocyte antigens) are two distinct gene families with remarkable importance for human immune responses. The recognition of HLA molecules by activating and inhibitory KIR promotes a balance of signals that regulates NK cell function and is especially important for the innate defense against pathogens and early placentation. There is no documented gametic association between these two gene families and no evidence of common regulation. However, due to the critical role of KIR recognition for immunity and reproduction, the possibility of KIR-HLA combinations being under selective pressure is not surprising. In this manuscript, we first summarize the HLA-KIR system, the HLA molecules that are the putative ligands for KIR, and then we review the evidences that suggest these two gene families are coevolving as an integrated system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danillo G Augusto
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19071, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil,
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30
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A deep look at KIR–HLA in Amerindians: Comprehensive meta-analysis reveals limited diversity of KIR haplotypes. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:272-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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NurWaliyuddin HZA, Edinur HA, Norazmi MN, Sundararajulu P, Chambers GK, Zafarina Z. Killer immunoglobulin-like receptor diversity in Malay subethnic groups of Peninsular Malaysia. Int J Immunogenet 2014; 41:472-9. [DOI: 10.1111/iji.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Z. A. NurWaliyuddin
- Human Identification/DNA Unit; School of Health Sciences; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Kelantan Malaysia
| | - H. A. Edinur
- Human Identification/DNA Unit; School of Health Sciences; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Kelantan Malaysia
| | - M. N. Norazmi
- Human Identification/DNA Unit; School of Health Sciences; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Kelantan Malaysia
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Kelantan Malaysia
| | - P. Sundararajulu
- Human Identification/DNA Unit; School of Health Sciences; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Kelantan Malaysia
| | - G. K. Chambers
- School of Biological Sciences; Victoria University of Wellington; Wellington New Zealand
| | - Z. Zafarina
- Human Identification/DNA Unit; School of Health Sciences; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Kelantan Malaysia
- Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals; National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia; Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation; Penang Malaysia
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Guha P, Bhattacharjee S, Chaudhuri TK. Diversity of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes in the Bengali population of northern West Bengal, India. Scand J Immunol 2014; 80:441-51. [PMID: 25205074 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Indian Subcontinent exhibits extensive diversity in its culture, religion, ethnicity and linguistic heritage, which symbolizes extensive genetic variations within the populations. The highly polymorphic Killer cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR) family plays an important role in tracing genetic differentiation in human population. In this study, we aimed to analyse the KIR gene polymorphism in the Bengali population of northern West Bengal, India. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the KIR gene polymorphism in the Bengalis of West Bengal, India. Herein, we have studied the distribution of 14 KIR genes (KIR3DL1-3DL3, KIR2DL1-2DL5, KIR2DS1-2DS5 AND KIR3DS1) and two pseudogenes (KIR3DP1 and 2DP1) in the Bengalis. Apart from the framework genes (KIR2DL4, 3DL2, 3DL3 and 3DP1), which are present in all the individuals, the gene frequencies of other KIR genes varied between 0.34 and 0.88. Moreover, upon comparing the KIR polymorphism of the Bengalis with the available published data of other world populations, it has been found that the Indo-European-speaking Bengalis from the region share both Dravidian and Indo-Aryan gene pool with considerable influences of mongoloid and European descents. Furthermore, evidences from previously published data on human leucocyte antigen and Y-chromosome haplogroup diversity support the view. Our results will help to understand the genetic background of the Bengali population, in illustrating the population migration events in the eastern and north-eastern part of India, in explaining the extensive genetic admixture amongst the different linguistic groups of the region and also in KIR-related disease researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Guha
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, India
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33
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Variations in KIR genes: a study in HIV-1 serodiscordant couples. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:891402. [PMID: 24877146 PMCID: PMC4022261 DOI: 10.1155/2014/891402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background. NK cells have anti-HIV activity mediated through killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs). The current prospective cohort study evaluated whether variation in KIR genes is associated with HIV infection in discordant couples (DCs), where one spouse remains seronegative (HSN) despite repeated exposure to the HIV. Methods. KIR was genotyped using PCR SSP. Viral load and CD4 counts were estimated using commercially available reagents. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results. Among the 47 DCs, HSN spouses had significantly (P = 0.006) higher frequencies of KIR3DS1. Regression analysis revealed significant (P = 0.009) association of KIR2DS1 with low viral load. KIR2DS4 variant was associated (P = 0.032) with high viral load. Three pairs of KIR genes were in strong LD in HSNs and two pairs in HSPs. There were 60 KIR genotypes, and 16 are reported the first time in the Indian population. Exclusive genotypes were present either in HSPs (N = 22, 11 unique genotypes) or in HSNs (n = 27, 9 unique genotypes). Conclusions. This study highlights for the first time in the Indian population an association of KIR genes in HIV infection where presence of exclusive and unique genotypes indicates possible association with either HIV infection or with protection.
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Prakash S, Alam S, Faridi RM, Sonawane A, Agrawal S. Killer immunoglobulin like receptor gene content diversity among Northern Indian population. Ann Hum Biol 2014; 41:540-7. [PMID: 24689793 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2014.899624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genes encoding KIR receptors are clustered in one of the most variable regions of the human genome. KIR gene frequencies vary in worldwide populations and reveal high probability of individuals differing in their gene content. AIM This study aimed to investigate KIR diversity among the northern Indian population who share features with either Western Eurasian or East Asian populations. It sought to decipher how northern Indians are associated phylogenetically with global populations whilst also focusing on differentiation of populations. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This paper studied 867 northern Indians using PCR-SSP. Gene and genotypic frequencies were calculated, using statistical analyses. Findings were compared against 76 global populations of differing ethnicities. RESULTS This northern Indian population shared characteristics with Western Eurasian or Asian Indian populations, as is evident from genetic distance, clustered heatmap, phylogenetic assessment and principal component analysis. The findings are consistent with the demographic history of northern India, including specific features, such as presence of comparatively high KIR B-haplotype as compared to A-haplotype. CONCLUSION KIR frequencies and profiles of northern Indians were more similar to Western Eurasians, Africans and Asian Indians. This may suggest that KIR genes are under constant evolutionary pressures and selection, which may be linked to different invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swayam Prakash
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology University , Bhubaneswar, Odisha , India
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Schellekens J, Gagne K, Marsh SGE. Natural killer cells and killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor polymorphisms: their role in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1109:139-58. [PMID: 24473783 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9437-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important effector cells in the early control of infected, malignant, and "nonself" cells. Various receptor families are involved in enabling NK cells to detect and efficiently eliminate these target cells. The killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) family is a set of receptors that are very polymorphic with regard to gene content, expression level, and expression pattern. KIRs are responsible for the induction of a NK cell alloreactive response through their interaction with HLA class I molecules. The role of NK cells in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been studied for many years, and induction of antileukemic responses by donor NK cells has been reported. Conflicting data still exist on the exact circumstances in which the KIR repertoire affects and influences clinical outcome after HSCT. More large-scale studies are needed on well-defined cohorts to unravel the mechanism of action of the NK cell-mediated alloresponse in an HSCT setting.
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Guha P, Srivastava SK, Bhattacharjee S, Chaudhuri TK. Human migration, diversity and disease association: a convergent role of established and emerging DNA markers. Front Genet 2013; 4:155. [PMID: 23950760 PMCID: PMC3738866 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
With the gradual development of intelligence, human got curious to know his origin and evolutionary background. Historical statements and anthropological findings were his primary tool for solving the puzzles of his own origin, until came the golden era of molecular markers which took no time to prove it's excellence in unveiling answers to the questions regarding the migration pattern of human across different geographical regions. As a bonus these markers proved very much beneficial in solving criminal offenses and in understanding the etiology of many dreaded diseases and to design their prevention. In this review, we have aimed to throw light on some of the promising molecular markers which are very much in application now-a-days for not only understanding the evolutionary background and ancient migratory routes of humans but also in the field of forensics and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pokhraj Guha
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, SiliguriWest Bengal, India
| | - Sanjeev K. Srivastava
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, SiliguriWest Bengal, India
- Department of Medical genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, LucknowUttar Pradesh, India
| | - Soumen Bhattacharjee
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North BengalSiliguri, West Bengal, India
| | - Tapas K. Chaudhuri
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, SiliguriWest Bengal, India
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Burek MK, Grubic Z, Stingl K, Zunec R. Distribution of KIR genes in the Croatian population. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:952-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Polymorphisms of killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and HLA ligands in northeastern Thais. Immunogenetics 2013; 65:645-53. [PMID: 23812166 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-013-0716-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are cell surface receptors on natural killer (NK) cells and subsets of T cells. The functions of NK cells are partly regulated by interactions between KIRs and HLA ligands on target cells. In this study, the presence or absence of 17 KIR genes and their known HLA ligands have been investigated in 235 unrelated individuals living in northeastern Thailand (NET). Subtypes of KIR2DS4 including full length (KIR2DS4F) and deleted forms (KIR2DS4D) have also been determined. Framework genes (KIR2DL4, 3DL2, 3DL3, and 3DP1) were found in all individuals and KIR genes belonging to the A haplotype (KIR2DL1, 2DL3, 3DL1, and 2DS4) were present in more than 90% of NET. KIR2DS4D (61.7%) was more common than KIR2DS4F (52.8%). A total of 33 different KIR genotypes were observed. Of these, three new genotypes were identified. The most common genotype (AA) was observed in 35.7% of NET, and HLA-C alleles bearing the C1 epitope (HLA-C1) had the highest frequency (97%). All individuals had at least one inhibitory KIR and its corresponding HLA ligand; 40.9% of NET had three pairs of receptor-ligand combinations, and 18.3% had all three receptor-ligand combinations of KIR2DL3+C1, 3DL1+Bw4, and 3DL2+A11. Surprisingly, the patterns of KIR gene frequencies in NET are more similar to those of Caucasians than Japanese, Korean, and Chinese. This is the first report on complete analysis of KIR and known HLA ligands in Thais. These data provide basic knowledge on KIR for further studies on disease associations and transplantation in northeastern Thais.
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Study of the KIR gene profiles and analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of Rajbanshi population of West Bengal, India. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:673-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Augusto DG, Piovezan BZ, Tsuneto LT, Callegari-Jacques SM, Petzl-Erler ML. KIR gene content in amerindians indicates influence of demographic factors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56755. [PMID: 23451080 PMCID: PMC3581531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the KIR gene content polymorphism has been studied worldwide, only a few isolated or Amerindian populations have been analyzed. This extremely diverse gene family codifies receptors that are expressed mainly in NK cells and bind HLA class I molecules. KIR-HLA combinations have been associated to several diseases and population studies are important to comprehend their evolution and their role in immunity. Here we analyzed, by PCR-SSP (specific sequencing priming), 327 individuals from four isolated groups of two of the most important Brazilian Amerindian populations: Kaingang and Guarani. The pattern of KIR diversity among these and other ten Amerindian populations disclosed a wide range of variation for both KIR haplotypes and gene frequencies, indicating that demographic factors, such as bottleneck and founder effects, were the most important evolutionary factors in shaping the KIR polymorphism in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Zagonel Piovezan
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Luiza Tamie Tsuneto
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a potentially life-threatening complication of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Many genes are presumed to be involved in GVHD, but the best characterized genetic system is that of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) located on chromosome 6. Among the hundreds of genes located within the MHC region, the best known and characterized are the classical HLA genes, HLA-A, C, B, DRB1, DQB1, and DPB1. They play a fundamental role in T cell immune responses, and HLA-A, C, and B also function as ligands for the natural killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors involved in innate immunity. This review highlights the state-of-the art in the field of histocompatibility and immunogenetics of the MHC with respect to genetic risk factors for GVHD.
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John E, Christiansen FT, Mueller I, Schofield L, Senitzer D, Siba P, Witt CS. Distinct distribution of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes in the Mugil and Ilaita areas of Papua New Guinea. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2012; 79:263-71. [PMID: 22320834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2012.01848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The frequency of the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes and transmembrane alleles of KIR2DL4 were studied in coastal (Mugil community) and inland (Ilaita community) communities in Papua New Guinea. Linkage disequilibria between KIR genes and between alleles of KIR2DL4 and the KIR genes were similar to those found in other populations suggesting conservation of the usual gene order in Papua New Guinean haplotypes. Significant differences in the frequency of KIR genes were found between the two populations despite being separated by only 300 km. Examples of individuals who lacked the KIR2DL4 gene and others whose KIR2DL4 allele appeared to have 11 adenines in the polyadenine tract in exon 6 were identified. A relatively low frequency of the KIR A haplotype was found in both populations and particularly in the inland community. The KIR gene frequencies were consistent with the inland Ilaita community being closely related to Australian Aborigines and southern Indians, whereas the KIR gene frequencies of the coastal Mugil community appeared to have been influenced either by recent or ancient admixture from populations with a higher frequency of the KIR A haplotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- E John
- Department of Clinical Immunology, PathWest, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are more than simple killers and have been implicated in control and clearance of malignant and virally infected cells, regulation of adaptive immune responses, rejection of bone marrow transplants, and autoimmunity and the maintenance of pregnancy. Human NK cells largely use a family of germ-line encoded killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) to respond to the perturbations from self-HLA class I molecules present on infected, malignant, or HLA-disparate fetal or allogenic transplants. Genes encoding KIR receptors and HLA class I ligands are located on different chromosomes, and both feature extraordinary diversity in the number and type of genes. The independent segregation of KIR and HLA gene families produce diversity in the number and type of KIR-HLA gene combinations inherited in individuals, which may determine their immunity and susceptibility to diseases. This chapter provides an overview of NK cells and their unprecedented phenotypic and functional diversity within and between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Rajalingam
- UCLA Immunogenetics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Rajalingam R. Human diversity of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors and disease. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY 2011; 46:216-28. [PMID: 22259627 PMCID: PMC3259513 DOI: 10.5045/kjh.2011.46.4.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are the third population of lymphocyte in the mononuclear cell compartment that triggers first-line of defense against viral infection and tumor transformation. Historically, NK cells were thought of as components of innate immunity based on their intrinsic ability to spontaneously kill target cells independent of HLA antigen restriction. However, it is now clear that NK cells are quite sophisticated and use a highly specific and complex target cell recognition receptor system arbitrated via a multitude of inhibitory and activating receptors. Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) are the key receptors of human NK cells development and function. To date, fourteen distinct KIRs have been identified: eight are inhibitory types, and six are activating types. The number and type of KIR genes present varies substantially between individuals. Inhibitory KIRs recognize distinct motifs of polymorphic HLA class I molecules. Upon engagement of their specific HLA class I ligands, inhibitory KIR dampen NK cell reactivity. In contrast, activating KIRs are believed to stimulate NK cell reactivity when they sense their ligands (unknown). KIR and HLA gene families map to different human chromosomes (19 and 6, respectively), and their independent segregation produces a wide diversity in the number and type of inherited KIR-HLA combinations, likely contributing to overall immune competency. Consistent with this hypothesis, certain combinations of KIR-HLA variants have been correlated with susceptibility to diseases as diverse as autoimmunity, viral infections, and cancer. This review summarizes our emerging understanding of KIR-HLA diversity in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Rajalingam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Immunogenetics Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Petlichkovski A, Djulejic E, Trajkov D, Efinska-Mladenovska O, Hristomanova S, Kirijas M, Senev A, Spiroski M. Distribution of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes in Roma from Republic of Macedonia. Int J Immunogenet 2011; 38:493-500. [PMID: 21955885 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2011.01039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze Killer Ig-Like Receptor (KIR) gene polymorphisms in Roma people from Republic of Macedonia. The studied sample consists of 103 healthy unrelated individuals, aged 20-45 years. All individuals are of Roma origin, residents of different geographical regions (Gostivar, Skopje, and Kochani). The population genetics analysis package, Arlequin, was used for analysis of the data. We found that all 16 KIR genes were observed in the Roma individuals and framework genes (KIR3DL3, KIR3DP1, KIR- 2DL4, and KIR3DL2) were present in all individuals. The frequencies of other KIR genes were: KIR2DP1 (1), KIR2DL1 (0.961), KIR2DL2 (0.544), KIR2DL3 (0.874), KIR2DL5 (0.311), KIR3DL1 (0.990), KIR- 2DS1 (0.330), KIR2DS2 (0.553), KIR2DS3 (0.359), KIR2DS4 (0.981), KIR2DS5 (0.291), and KIR3DS1 (0.379). The results of tested linkage disequilibrium (LD) among KIR genes demonstrated that KIR genes present a wide range of linkage disequilibrium. The obtained results for KIR genes and genotype frequencies in Macedonian Roma individuals can be used for anthropological comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petlichkovski
- Institute of Immunobiology and Human Genetics, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
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Solgi G, Ghafari H, Ashouri E, Alimoghdam K, Rajalingam R, Amirzargar A. Comparison of KIR gene content profiles revealed a difference between northern and southern Persians in the distribution of KIR2DS5 and its linked loci. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:1079-83. [PMID: 21867738 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) are the key receptors of human natural killer (NK) cells that mount an early immune response against infection and tumors. The number and type of KIR genes are substantially variable between individuals and populations. Recently we reported KIR gene content diversity in a Persian population living in the southern province of Fars, which is comparable to that of European Caucasians. These results are consistent with the ethnic ancestry and affinity between Persians and Caucasians. Herein we analyzed another Persian population living in the northern province of Tehran and discovered an unexpected increase in the distribution of KIR2DS5 and its linked loci KIR3DS1, -2DS1, and -2DL5 in northern Persians compared with that reported in the southern Persian population. Although the geographic barriers may have limited the gene flow, the impact of the local environment on the natural selection of KIR2DS5 and its linked loci in the northern Persians cannot be completely ruled out. The difference in northern and southern populations in activating KIR gene content creates an appealing hypothesis that KIR2DS5-enriched northern Persians are more resistant to developing clinical conditions demonstrated to be associated with KIR2DS5, such as psoriasis vulgaris, endometriosis, ankylosing spondylitis, and acute rejection of kidney grafts, compared with those living in the southern part of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghasem Solgi
- Immunology Department, Medical School, Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Purdy AK, Campbell KS. [Natural killer cells and cancer. Regulation by the killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR)]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2011; 13:731-6. [PMID: 21644387 PMCID: PMC6135950 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2010.07.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
自然杀伤(natural killer, NK)细胞是先天性免疫效应细胞,约占人外周血淋巴细胞总数的10%-15%,主要参与免疫监视,以消除转化细胞和病毒感染细胞。NK细胞最初被界定是由于它们具有自发消除少数主要组织相容性复合物Ⅰ类(major histocompatibility class Ⅰ, MHC-Ⅰ)自身分子表达缺乏细胞的能力,即常说的“丢失自我”识别能力。NK细胞表面表达的MHC-Ⅰ特异性抑制性受体,可使NK细胞对表达MHC-Ⅰ的正常细胞耐受,此为丢失自我识别能力的分子基础。由于缺乏抑制性受体的配体,表面MHC-Ⅰ表达下调的肿瘤细胞和病毒感染细胞易受NK细胞攻击。杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体(KIR; CD158)组成MHC-Ⅰ结合受体家族,对调节人NK细胞和部分T细胞的活化阈值起重要作用。KIR多样性使NK细胞具有多种功能,在此我们将综述多个水平上的KIR多样性,并诠释KIR多样性是如何影响各种疾病(包括癌症)的易感性的。我们将进一步阐述通过针对KIR进行癌症治疗的策略:利用KIR/MHC-Ⅰ配体的错配以强化造血干细胞移植的效果,以及通过阻滞KIR以增强对肿瘤细胞的杀伤力。
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Purdy
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Ozturk OG, Polat G, Atik U. Diversity of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes in Southern Turkey. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:1989-95. [PMID: 21655956 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0945-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are a family of inhibitory and activating receptors expressed by natural killer (NK) cells and regulate NK cells' activity. KIR genes are highly polymorphic markers, characterized by a wide diversity, and can therefore be considered as good population genetic markers. The aim of this study was to determine KIR gene frequencies, ratios of haplotypes and genotypes in Southern Turkey and also to compare the data with other worldwide populations studied previously. The study group consisted of 200 non-related individuals from Southern Turkey. The percentage of each KIR gene in the population group was determined by direct counting. Differences between populations in the distribution of each KIR gene and genotype profile were estimated by two-tailed Fisher Exact test. The most frequent non-framework KIR genes detected in Southern Turkey population were: KIR 2DL1 (97%), KIR 3DL1 (91%), KIR 2DS4 (92%) and the pseudogene 2DP1 (96%). Fourty different genotypes were found in 200 subjects and AA1 genotype was the most frequent (27%). Among 40 different genotypes, ten of these were described for the first time in this study and were added to the database ( http://www.allelefrequencies.net ) numerized as genotype ID from 400 to 409. Gene frequencies and found genotypes demonstrated similarity of Southern Turkey's KIR repertoire with the KIR repertoires of Middle East and European population. High variability seen in KIR genome in this region is thought to be formed as a result of migration and settlement of different civilizations in this region and heterogenity formed in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Goruroglu Ozturk
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova Universitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Biyokimya AD, 01330 Adana, Turkey.
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Yao Y, Shi L, Tao Y, Lin K, Liu S, Yu L, Yang Z, Yi W, Huang X, Sun H, Chu J, Shi L. Diversity of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes in four ethnic groups in China. Immunogenetics 2011; 63:475-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Shi L, Shi L, Tao Y, Lin K, Liu S, Yu L, Yang Z, Yi W, Huang X, Sun H, Chu J, Yao Y. Distribution of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes and combinations with HLA-C ligands in an isolated Han population in southwest China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 78:60-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2011.01683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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