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Sabarathinam C, Mohan Viswanathan P, Senapathi V, Karuppannan S, Samayamanthula DR, Gopalakrishnan G, Alagappan R, Bhattacharya P. SARS-CoV-2 phase I transmission and mutability linked to the interplay of climatic variables: a global observation on the pandemic spread. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:72366-72383. [PMID: 35028838 PMCID: PMC8758228 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to determine the impact of global meteorological parameters on SARS-COV-2, including population density and initiation of lockdown in twelve different countries. The daily trend of these parameters and COVID-19 variables from February 15th to April 25th, 2020, were considered. Asian countries show an increasing trend between infection rate and population density. A direct relationship between the time-lapse of the first infected case and the period of suspension of movement controls the transmissivity of COVID-19 in Asian countries. The increase in temperature has led to an increase in COVID-19 spread, while the decrease in humidity is consistent with the trend in daily deaths during the peak of the pandemic in European countries. Countries with 65°F temperature and 5 mm rainfall have a negative impact on COVID-19 spread. Lower oxygen availability in the atmosphere, fine droplets of submicron size together with infectious aerosols, and low wind speed have contributed to the increase in total cases and mortality in Germany and France. The onset of the D614G mutation and subsequent changes to D614 before March, later G614 in mid-March, and S943P, A831V, D839/Y/N/E in April were observed in Asian and European countries. The results of the correlation and factor analysis show that the COVID-19 cases and the climatic factors are significantly correlated with each other. The optimum meteorological conditions for the prevalence of G614 were identified. It was observed that the complex interaction of global meteorological factors and changes in the mutational form of CoV-2 phase I influenced the daily mortality rate along with other comorbid factors. The results of this study could help the public and policymakers to create awareness of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidambaram Sabarathinam
- Water Research Centre, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, P.O. Box 24885, 13109, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Prasanna Mohan Viswanathan
- Department of Applied Geology, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Venkatramanan Senapathi
- Department of Disaster Management, Alagappa University, Karikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Shankar Karuppannan
- Department of Applied Geology, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Dhanu Radha Samayamanthula
- Water Research Centre, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, P.O. Box 24885, 13109, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Gnanachandrasamy Gopalakrishnan
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat -Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Center for Earth, Environment and Resources, Sun Yat -Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Fan X, Sakamoto M, Shao H, Kuga K, Ito K, Lan L, Wargocki P. Emission rate of carbon dioxide while sleeping. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:2142-2157. [PMID: 34337798 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Humans emit carbon dioxide (CO2 ) as a product of their metabolism. Its concentration in buildings is used as a marker of ventilation rate (VR) and degree of mixing of supply air, and indoor air quality (IAQ). The CO2 emission rate (CER) may be used to estimate the ventilation rate. Many studies have measured CERs from subjects who were awake but little data are available from sleeping subjects and the present publication was intended to reduce this gap in knowledge. Seven females (29 ± 5 years old; BMI: 22.2 ± 0.8 kg/m2 ) and four males (27 ± 1 years old; BMI: 20.5 ± 1.5 kg/m2 ) slept for four consecutive nights in a specially constructed capsule at two temperatures (24 and 28°C) and two VRs that maintained CO2 levels at ca. 800 ppm and 1700 ppm simulating sleeping conditions reported in the literature. The order of exposure was balanced, and the first night was for adaptation. Their physiological responses, including heart rate, pNN50, core body temperature, and skin temperature, were measured as well as sleep quality, and subjective responses were collected each evening and morning. Measured steady-state CO2 concentrations during sleep were used to estimate CERs with a mass-balance equation. The average CER was 11.0 ± 1.4 L/h per person and was 8% higher for males than for females (P < 0.05). Increasing the temperature or decreasing IAQ by decreasing VR had no effects on measured CERs and caused no observable differences in physiological responses. We also calculated CERs for sleeping subjects using the published data on sleep energy expenditure (SEE) and Respiratory Quotient (RQ), and our measured CERs confirmed both these calculations and the CERs predicted using the equations provided by ASHRAE Standard 62.1, ASHRAE Handbook, and ASTM D6245-18. The present results provide a valuable and helpful reference for the design and control of bedroom ventilation but require confirmation and extension to other age groups and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Fan
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mitsuharu Sakamoto
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Huiqi Shao
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Kazuki Kuga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ito
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Li Lan
- Department of Architecture, School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pawel Wargocki
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Ko FW, Chan KP, Ngai J, Ng S, Yip WH, Ip A, Chan T, Hui DS. Blood eosinophil count as a predictor of hospital length of stay in COPD exacerbations. Respirology 2019; 25:259-266. [DOI: 10.1111/resp.13660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny W.S. Ko
- SH Ho Research Center in Respiratory Diseases, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Ka Pang Chan
- SH Ho Research Center in Respiratory Diseases, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Jenny Ngai
- SH Ho Research Center in Respiratory Diseases, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - So‐Shan Ng
- SH Ho Research Center in Respiratory Diseases, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Wing Ho Yip
- SH Ho Research Center in Respiratory Diseases, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - April Ip
- SH Ho Research Center in Respiratory Diseases, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Tat‐On Chan
- SH Ho Research Center in Respiratory Diseases, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - David S.C. Hui
- SH Ho Research Center in Respiratory Diseases, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
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