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Arias-Moliz MT, Ordinola-Zapata R, Staley C, Pérez-Carrasco V, García-Salcedo JA, Uroz-Torres D, Soriano M. Exploring the root canal microbiome in previously treated teeth: A comparative study of diversity and metabolic pathways across two geographical locations. Int Endod J 2024; 57:885-894. [PMID: 37209012 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM To analyse and compare the root canal microbiome present in root-filled teeth of two different geographical populations, and to study their functional potential using a next-generation sequencing approach. METHODOLOGY Sequencing data obtained from surgical specimens from previously treated teeth with periapical bone loss from Spain and USA were included in the study. Taxa were classified using SILVA v.138 database. Differences in genera abundances among the 10 most abundant genera were evaluated using a Kruskal-Wallis test. Alpha diversity indices were calculated in mothur. The Shannon and Chao1 indices were used. Analyses of similarity (ANOSIM) to determine differences in community composition were done in mothur, with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. p-Values < .05 were considered statistically significant. Identification of enriched bacteria function prediction in the study groups (KEGG pathways) was carried out by linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) via Python 3.7.6. RESULTS A greater alpha-diversity (Shannon and Chao1 indices) was observed from samples obtained in Spain (p = .002). Geography showed no significant effects on community composition via an ANOSIM using Bray-Curtis dissimilarities (R = 0.03, p = .21). Bacterial functional analysis prediction obtained by PICRUSt showed that 5.7% KEGG pathways differed between the Spain and US samples. CONCLUSIONS The taxonomic assessment alone does not fully capture the microbiome's differences from two different geographical locations. Carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism were enriched in samples from Spain, while samples from USA had a higher representation of pathways related to nitrogen, propanoate metabolism, and secretion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Arias-Moliz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - R Ordinola-Zapata
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - C Staley
- Division of Basic & Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - V Pérez-Carrasco
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
- Microbiology Unit, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - J A García-Salcedo
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
- Microbiology Unit, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | | | - M Soriano
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
- Center for Research in Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Almería, Spain
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Pinnell LJ, Whitlow CW, Huebner KL, Bryant TC, Martin J, Belk KE, Morley PS. Not All Liver Abscesses Are Created Equal: The Impact of Tylosin and Antibiotic Alternatives on Bovine Liver Abscess Microbial Communities and a First Look at Bacteroidetes-Dominated Communities. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:882419. [PMID: 35572696 PMCID: PMC9094069 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.882419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver abscesses (LAs) are extremely prevalent in cattle and result in significant economic losses due to liver condemnation, decreased growth and production, and lower carcass quality. LAs are commonly attributed to the transition to diets high in rapidly fermentable starch which results in rumen epithelial inflammation that allows pathogenic bacteria to gain entry to liver through transport via the hepatic portal vein. The most common intervention for LAs is the inclusion of antibiotics in feedlot diets, under the supervision of a veterinarian; this treatment is associated with reduced occurrence of LAs in this and other studies. Here, through the largest LA 16S rRNA gene sequencing study to date, we demonstrate that the inclusion of tylosin and antibiotic alternatives (the essential oil limonene and Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product) had little impact on LA microbial community composition. Importantly, members of Bacteroidetes (Bacteroides spp. and Porphyromonas spp.) were identified as the dominant taxa in conjunction with low proportions of Fusobacteria in nearly a quarter (61/259) of all LA communities analyzed in this study. The relative abundances of the phyla Fusobacteria and Bacteroidetes had a strongly negative correlation, and LA microbial communities rarely contained high abundances of both of these dominant phyla. Further, based on the presence of taxa discriminant of Bacteroidetes-dominated LAs within over 400 bovine gut communities, we provide evidence suggestive of Bacteroidetes-dominated abscess communities originating in more distal portions of the bovine gut. Together, these findings suggest that some LA microbial communities may originate from portions of the gut other than the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J Pinnell
- Veterinary Education, Research, and Outreach Program, Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, United States
| | - Carla Weissend Whitlow
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Katherine L Huebner
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Tony C Bryant
- Five River Cattle Feeding, Johnstown, CO, United States
| | - Jennifer Martin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Keith E Belk
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Paul S Morley
- Veterinary Education, Research, and Outreach Program, Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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3
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Jiménez C, Garrido M, Pussinen P, Bordagaray MJ, Fernández A, Vega C, Chaparro A, Hoare A, Hernández M. Systemic burden and cardiovascular risk to Porphyromonas species in apical periodontitis. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 26:993-1001. [PMID: 34313848 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Porphyromonas (P.) species (spp.) are a major etiological agent of apical periodontitis (AP), which in turn represents a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. This study explored the associations between endodontic infection with Porphyromonas species, the systemic bacterial burden, and cardiovascular risk, based on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), in young adults with AP. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cross-sectional study. Otherwise, healthy individuals with AP and controls (n = 80, ≤ 40 years) were recruited at the University Dental Clinic. Oral parameters and classic cardiovascular risk factors were registered. Endodontic Porphyromonas endodontalis and Porphyromonas gingivalis were identified using conventional PCR. Serum concentrations of anti-P. endodontalis and anti-P. gingivalis antibodies, and endotoxins were determined through ELISA and Limulus-amebocyte assays. Serum hsCRP was determined for cardiovascular risk stratification. RESULTS Intracanal detection of P. endodontalis and P. gingivalis in AP were 33.3% and 22.9%, respectively. Serum anti-P. endodontalis and anti-P. gingivalis IgG was higher in AP than controls (p < 0.05 and p = 0.057, respectively). Intracanal P. endodontalis associated with higher endotoxemia (p < 0.05). Among endodontic factors, the presence (OR 4.2-5.5, p < 0.05) and the number of apical lesions (OR 2.3, p < 0.05) associated with moderate-severe cardiovascular risk, whereas anti-P. endodontalis IgG were protective (OR 0.3, p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS AP and infection with P. endodontalis positively associated with cardiovascular risk based on hsCRP levels and endotoxemia, respectively, whereas anti-P. endodontalis IgG response seems to be protective against low-grade systemic inflammation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Apical periodontitis and endodontic P. endodontalis can influence the systemic burden with impact on the surrogate cardiovascular risk marker hsCRP, providing mechanistic links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Jiménez
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Garrido
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pirkko Pussinen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - María José Bordagaray
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Fernández
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Vega
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Chaparro
- Department of Periodontology, Centro de Investigación E Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anilei Hoare
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Olivos 943, Box 8380492, Independencia , Santiago, Chile.
| | - Marcela Hernández
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Olivos 943, Box 8380492, Independencia , Santiago, Chile.
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4
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Staton GJ, Sullivan LE, Blowey RW, Carter SD, Evans NJ. Surveying bovine digital dermatitis and non-healing bovine foot lesions for the presence of Fusobacterium necrophorum, Porphyromonas endodontalis and Treponema pallidum. Vet Rec 2020; 186:450. [PMID: 32066637 PMCID: PMC7279135 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-healing bovine foot lesions, including non-healing white line disease, non-healing sole ulcer and toe necrosis, are an increasingly important cause of chronic lameness that are poorly responsive to treatment. Recent studies have demonstrated a high-level association between these non-healing lesions and the Treponema phylogroups implicated in bovine digital dermatitis (BDD). However, a polymicrobial aetiology involving other gram-stain-negative anaerobes is suspected. METHODS A PCR-based bacteriological survey of uncomplicated BDD lesions (n=10) and non-healing bovine foot lesions (n=10) targeting Fusobacterium necrophorum, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Dichelobacter nodosus and Treponema pallidum/T. paraluiscuniculi was performed. RESULTS P. endodontalis DNA was detected in 80.0% of the non-healing lesion biopsies (p=<0.001) but was entirely absent from uncomplicated BDD lesion biopsies. When compared to the BDD lesions, F. necrophorum was detected at a higher frequency in the non-healing lesions (33.3% vs 70.0%, respectively), whereas D. nodosus was detected at a lower frequency (55.5% vs 20.0%, respectively). Conversely, T. pallidum/T. paraluiscuniculi DNA was not detected in either lesion type. CONCLUSION The data from this pilot study suggest that P. endodontalis and F. necrophorum should be further investigated as potential aetiological agents of non-healing bovine foot lesions. A failure to detect syphilis treponemes in either lesion type is reassuring given the potential public health implications such an infection would present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth James Staton
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - Leigh Emma Sullivan
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | | | - Stuart D Carter
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - Nicholas James Evans
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, UK
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5
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Makino K, Takeichi O, Imai K, Inoue H, Hatori K, Himi K, Saito I, Ochiai K, Ogiso B. Porphyromonas endodontalis reactivates latent Epstein-Barr virus. Int Endod J 2018; 51:1410-1419. [PMID: 29858508 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether Porphyromonas endodontalis can reactivate latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). METHODOLOGY The concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in P. endodontalis culture supernatants were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. A promoter region of BamHI fragment Z leftward open reading frame 1 (BZLF-1), which is a transcription factor that controls the EBV lytic cycle, was cloned into luciferase expression vectors. Then, the luciferase assay was performed using P. endodontalis culture supernatants. Histone acetylation using Daudi cells treated with P. endodontalis culture supernatants was examined using Western blotting. BZLF-1 mRNA and BamHI fragment Z EB replication activator (ZEBRA) protein were also detected quantitatively using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting. Surgically removed periapical granulomas were examined to detect P. endodontalis, EBV DNA, and BZLF-1 mRNA expression using quantitative real-time PCR. Statistical analysis using Steel tests was performed. RESULTS The concentrations of n-butyric acid in P. endodontalis culture supernatants were significantly higher than those of other SCFAs (P = 0.0173). Using B-95-8-221 Luc cells treated with P. endodontalis culture supernatants, the luciferase assay demonstrated that P. endodontalis induced BZLF-1 expression. Hyperacetylation of histones was also observed with the culture supernatants. BZLF-1 mRNA and ZEBRA protein were expressed by Daudi cells in a dose-dependent manner after the treatment with P. endodontalis culture supernatants. P. endodontalis and BZLF-1 in periapical granulomas were also detected. The expression levels of BZLF-1 mRNA were similar to the numbers of P. endodontalis cells in each specimen. CONCLUSIONS n-butyric acid produced by P. endodontalis reactivated latent EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Makino
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - O Takeichi
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Centre, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Imai
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Centre, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Inoue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - K Hatori
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Centre, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Himi
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - I Saito
- Department of Pathology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - K Ochiai
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Centre, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - B Ogiso
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Centre, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Frequency and levels of candidate endodontic pathogens in acute apical abscesses as compared to asymptomatic apical periodontitis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190469. [PMID: 29293651 PMCID: PMC5749828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acute apical abscess is caused by bacteria that leave the infected dental root canal to invade the periodontal tissues. Most species occurring in abscesses are also found in asymptomatic infections; therefore, the possibility exists that not only the presence of certain species but also their specific counts influence the appearance of symptoms. This molecular study compared the frequency and levels of several candidate endodontic pathogens in teeth with acute apical abscesses and asymptomatic apical periodontitis. Methods Samples were taken from the root canals of teeth with asymptomatic apical periodontitis (n = 73) and by aspiration of purulent exudate from acute abscesses (n = 55). DNA was extracted from samples and bacterial identifications were performed by a closed-ended semi-quantitative reverse-capture checkerboard approach targeting 40 bacterial species/phylotypes. Results Bacterial DNA was detected in all cases. In abscesses, the most prevalent taxa were Fusobacterium nucleatum (60%), Porphyromonas endodontalis (53%), Parvimonas micra (51%), and Streptococcus species (45%). The most frequently detected taxa in asymptomatic teeth were P. endodontalis (63%), Dialister invisus (58%), Olsenella uli (56%), and F. nucleatum (51%). None of the targeted taxa were significantly associated with abscesses when only mere presence was evaluated (p>0.05). However, semi-quantitative data demonstrated that P. endodontalis, Prevotella baroniae, Treponema denticola and Streptococcus species were significantly more frequent at levels >105 in abscesses than in asymptomatic cases (p<0.05). Conclusion None of the target species/phylotypes were associated with abscesses in terms of frequency. However, some taxa were significantly found in higher levels in abscesses. Presence of a potentially virulent pathogen in high counts may increase the collective pathogenicity of the bacterial community and give rise to symptoms.
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Wei J, Chen S, Huang C, Guo W, Yang S, Feng B, Chu J. The cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT1R) antagonist montelukast suppresses matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression induced by lipopolysaccharide. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 55:193-197. [PMID: 29268191 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial products such as LPS are critical factors responsible for bone destruction. MMP-13, a member of the matrix metalloproteinase family, plays a critical role in the proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix components, which includes collagen fibrils in the bone matrix. Montelukast is a selective cysteinyl leukotrienes receptor 1 (cysLT1R) antagonist used clinically for the treatment of asthma, as it reduces eosinophilic inflammation in airways. This study aims to explore the role of montelukast in regulating MMP-13 expression induced by LPS in osteoblasts. Our results indicate that LPS stimulated cysLT1R expression in mouse MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Notably, LPS-induced up-regulation of MMP-13 was ameliorated by treatment with montelukast in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, treatment with montelukast stimulated the expression of SOCS3, an inhibitor of MMP-13. Silencing of SOCS3 abolished the inhibitory effects of montelukast on MMP-13 expression. Mechanistically, we found that montelukast suppressed LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 as well as NF-κB transcriptional activity by inhibiting the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα. These data suggest that montelukast can modulate inflammatory events in bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China.
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengshuo Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Weixiong Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Shukai Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Bailin Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaqi Chu
- Department of Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
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8
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Qu L, Yu Y, Qiu L, Yang D, Yan L, Guo J, Jahan R. Sirtuin 1 regulates matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression induced by Porphyromonas endodontalis lipopolysaccharide via targeting nuclear factor-κB in osteoblasts. J Oral Microbiol 2017; 9:1317578. [PMID: 28473882 PMCID: PMC5405711 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2017.1317578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas endodontalis lipopolysaccharide (P.e LPS) is an important initiating factor for periapical inflammation and bone destruction. Matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) has been shown to participate in the formation and diffusion of periapical bone lesion in chronic apical periodontitis. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a key regulator of inflammation in mammalian cells which suppresses the release of inflammatory mediators. This study aimed to explore the role of SIRT1 in regulating MMP-13 expression induced by P.e LPS in osteoblasts. P.e LPS stimulated MMP-13 expression in MC3T3-E1 cells. Knockdown of SIRT1 reinforced the increase of MMP-13mRNA expression induced by P.e LPS. SIRT1 activator resveratrol significantly reduced the expression of MMP-13 and SIRT1 inhibitor EX-527 enhanced the expression of MMP-13. Moreover, SIRT1 activation with resveratrol inhibited acetylation of NF-κB p65 and NF-κB transcriptional activity, which were enhanced by P.e LPS. In addition, NF-κB p65 was involved in P.e LPS-induced MMP-13 expression via directly binding to the MMP-13 promoter. However, SIRT1 activation significantly interfered with this binding. These findings strongly suggest that P.e LPS induces MMP-13 expression in osteoblasts, and SIRT1 suppresses this expression of MMP-13 through targeting NF-κB p65. This provides new insights into understanding the actions of SIRT1 on anti-inflammatory and anti-bone resorption activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Qu
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaqiong Yu
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lihong Qiu
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lu Yan
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiajie Guo
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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9
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Silva TA, Garlet GP, Fukada SY, Silva JS, Cunha FQ. Chemokines in Oral Inflammatory Diseases: Apical Periodontitis and Periodontal Disease. J Dent Res 2016; 86:306-19. [PMID: 17384024 DOI: 10.1177/154405910708600403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory oral diseases are characterized by the persistent migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, plasma and mast cells, and osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In the last decade, there has been a great interest in the mediators responsible for the selective recruitment and activation of these cell types at inflammatory sites. Of these mediators, the chemokines have received particular attention in recent years. Chemokine messages are decoded by specific receptors that initiate signal transduction events, leading to a multitude of cellular responses, including chemotaxis and activation of inflammatory and bone cells. However, little is known about their role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory oral diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize the findings regarding the role of chemokines in periapical and periodontal tissue inflammation, and the integration, into experimental models, of the information about the role of chemokines in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Silva
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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10
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Yu Y, Qiu L, Guo J, Yang D, Qu L, Yu J, Zhan F, Xue M, Zhong M. TRIB3 mediates the expression of Wnt5a and activation of nuclear factor-κB in Porphyromonas endodontalis lipopolysaccharide-treated osteoblasts. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 30:295-306. [PMID: 25601649 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas endodontalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is considered to be correlated with the progression of bone resorption in periodontal and periapical diseases. Wnt5a has recently been implicated in inflammatory processes, but its role is unclear as a P. endodontalis LPS-induced mediator in osteoblasts. Tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3) encodes a pseudokinase and has been linked to inflammation in certain situations. Here, we found that P. endodontalis LPS induced Wnt5a expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner and it also upregulated translocation, phosphorylation and transcriptional activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in MC3T3-E1 cells. Bay 11-7082 blocked the translocation of NF-κB and Wnt5a expression induced by P. endodontalis LPS. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay further established that induction of Wnt5a by P. endodontalis LPS was mediated through the NF-κB p65 subunit. Additionally, P. endodontalis LPS increased expression of TRIB3 in osteoblasts after 10 h simulated time. Overexpression of TRIB3 enhanced NF-κB phosphorylation and Wnt5a induction, whereas knockdown of TRIB3 inhibited NF-κB phosphorylation and Wnt5a expression in P. endodontalis LPS-stimulated osteoblasts. These results suggest that P. endodontalis LPS has the ability to promote the expression of Wnt5a in mouse osteoblasts, and this induction is mainly mediated by NF-κB pathway. TRIB3 seems to modulate the sustained expression of Wnt5a in osteoblasts stimulated by P. endodontalis LPS, as well as regulating NF-κB phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yu
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - L Qiu
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - J Guo
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - D Yang
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - L Qu
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - J Yu
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - F Zhan
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - M Xue
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - M Zhong
- Department of Oral Pathology, Central Laboratory, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Sousa ELR, Martinho FC, Leite FRM, Nascimento GG, Gomes BPFA. Macrophage cell activation with acute apical abscess contents determined by interleukin-1 Beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha production. J Endod 2014; 40:1752-7. [PMID: 25205261 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This clinical study has investigated the antigenic activity of bacterial contents from exudates of acute apical abscesses (AAAs) and their paired root canal contents regarding the stimulation capacity by levels of interleukin (IL)-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) throughout the root canal treatment against macrophage cells. METHODS Paired samples of infected root canals and exudates of AAAs were collected from 10 subjects. Endodontic contents were sampled before (root canal sample [RCS] 1) and after chemomechanical preparation (RCS2) and after 30 days of intracanal medication with calcium hydroxide + chlorhexidine gel (Ca[OH]2 + CHX gel) (RCS3). Polymerase chain reaction (16S rDNA) was used for detection of the target bacteria, whereas limulus amebocyte lysate was used to measure endotoxin levels. Raw 264.7 macrophages were stimulated with AAA exudates from endodontic contents sampled in different moments of root canal treatment. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure the levels of TNF-α and IL-1 beta. RESULTS Parvimonas micra, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Dialister pneumosintes, and Prevotella nigrescens were the most frequently detected species. Higher levels of endotoxins were found in samples from periapical exudates at RCS1 (P < .005). In fact, samples collected from periapical exudates showed a higher stimulation capacity at RCS1 (P < .05). A positive correlation was found between endotoxins from exudates with IL-1 beta (r = 0.97) and TNF-α (r = 0.88) production (P < .01). The significant reduction of endotoxins and bacterial species achieved by chemomechanical procedures (RCS2) resulted in a lower capacity of root canal contents to stimulate the cells compared with that at RCS1 (P < .05). The use of Ca(OH)2 + CHX gel as an intracanal medication (RCS3) improved the removal of endotoxins and bacteria from infected root canals (P < .05) whose contents induced a lower stimulation capacity against macrophages cells at RCS1, RCS2, and RCS3 (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS AAA exudates showed higher levels of endotoxins and showed a greater capacity of macrophage stimulation than the paired root canal samples. Moreover, the use of intracanal medication improved the removal of bacteria and endotoxins from infected root canals, which may have resulted in the reduction of the inflammatory potential of the root canal content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezilmara L R Sousa
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Conservative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Pelotas School of Dentistry
| | - Frederico C Martinho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, São Jose dos Campos Dental School, State University of São Paulo, UNESP, São Jose dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo G Nascimento
- Pelotas School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Brenda P F A Gomes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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de Oliveira RDCM, Beghini M, Borges CRB, Alves PM, de Araújo MS, Pereira SADL, Rodrigues V, Rodrigues DBR. Higher expression of galectin-3 and galectin-9 in periapical granulomas than in radicular cysts and an increased toll-like receptor-2 and toll-like receptor-4 expression are associated with reactivation of periapical inflammation. J Endod 2013; 40:199-203. [PMID: 24461404 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cysts and periapical granulomas are inflammatory reactions that develop in response to periapical infection by microbial species in dental root canal. It is known that toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pathogen recognition molecules and that galectins are lectins that can be associated with the inflammatory process, stimulating or inhibiting the immune system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in situ expression of TLRs and galectins in radicular cysts and periapical granulomas. METHODS We analyzed 62 cases (30 radicular cysts, 27 periapical granulomas, and 5 control cases). Indirect immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of TLRs (TRL-2 and TLR-4) and galectins (Gal-3 and Gal-9). RESULTS The expression of Gal-3 and Gal-9 was significantly higher in periapical granulomas and radicular cysts than in the control group. Similarly, both Gal-3 and Gal-9 were expressed significantly more in periapical granulomas than in radicular cysts. The expression of TLR-2 was significantly higher in periapical granulomas and radicular cysts than in the control group, and it was also significantly higher in radicular cysts with sinus tract than in the cases without sinus tract. Furthermore, the expression of TLR-4 was significantly higher in the cases of periapical granulomas with sinus tract than in the cases without sinus tract. CONCLUSIONS Gal-3/Gal-9 and TLR-2/TLR-4 expression in the periapical granulomas and radicular cysts is associated with reactive periapical inflammation. Pathobiology of periapical disease is a very complex interplay of many bioactive molecules involved in immunoinflammatory responses. Up-regulation of these bioactive molecules might be an important modulator of inflammatory periapical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcela Beghini
- Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM/CEFORES), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcelo Sivieri de Araújo
- Laboratory of Biopathology and Molecular Biology, University of Uberaba (UNIUBE), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sanívia Aparecida de Lima Pereira
- Laboratory of Biopathology and Molecular Biology, University of Uberaba (UNIUBE), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM/CEFORES), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Virmondes Rodrigues
- Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM/CEFORES), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denise Bertulucci Rocha Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Biopathology and Molecular Biology, University of Uberaba (UNIUBE), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM/CEFORES), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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de Oliveira LD, Carvalho CAT, Carvalho AS, de Souza Alves J, Valera MC, Jorge AOC. Efficacy of Endodontic Treatment for Endotoxin Reduction in Primarily Infected Root Canals and Evaluation of Cytotoxic Effects. J Endod 2012; 38:1053-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Tang Y, Sun F, Li X, Zhou Y, Yin S, Zhou X. Porphyromonas endodontalis Lipopolysaccharides Induce RANKL by Mouse Osteoblast in a Way Different from That of Escherichia coli Lipopolysaccharide. J Endod 2011; 37:1653-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Patel M, Chettiar TP, Wadee AA. Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus and black-pigmented bacteroides indicate a high risk for the development of Ludwig's angina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 108:667-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Marcato LG, Ferlini AP, Bonfim RCF, Ramos-Jorge ML, Ropert C, Afonso LFC, Vieira LQ, Sobrinho APR. The role of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 on reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production by macrophage cells stimulated with root canal pathogens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:353-9. [PMID: 18793356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2008.00432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periapical lesions arise as a result of the activation and interaction of the host immune responses against root canal infection. Recently identified Toll-like receptors (TLR) seem to be involved in the recognition and development of immune responses against a myriad of microorganisms. However, very little information is available on the role of TLR in the induction of periapical lesions. METHOD The role of TLR-2 and TLR-4 in the activation of murine macrophages stimulated using Fusobacterium nucleatum and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius was investigated. The production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was assessed. RESULTS The results demonstrate that TLR-2 and TLR-4 are involved in the production of ROS by activated macrophages. The microorganisms induced similar levels of NO production by TLR-2-competent and TLR-2-deficient macrophages, regardless of the addition of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), ruling out a role for TLR-2 in the NO production induced by these bacteria. Only P. anaerobius induced NO production by TLR-4-competent macrophages without the addition of IFN-gamma. However, after IFN-gamma addition, F. nucleatum induced macrophage NO production. Therefore, NO production stimulated by IFN-gamma and these microorganisms seems to be TLR-4-independent. CONCLUSION TLR-2 seems to be involved in the induction of ROS production by macrophages in response to prevalent root canal bacteria, while only F. nucleatum induced ROS production by TLR-4-competent macrophages. Both microorganisms significantly induced large amounts of NO independent of TLR-2 and TLR-4. We conclude that microorganisms may participate in the induction and progression of periapical lesions through NO and ROS production by activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Marcato
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Effectiveness of ozonated water on Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, and endotoxins in root canals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 105:e85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Siqueira Jr JF, Rôças IN. Bacterial pathogenesis and mediators in apical periodontitis. Braz Dent J 2007; 18:267-80. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-64402007000400001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical periodontitis is a group of inflammatory diseases caused by microorganisms (mainly bacteria) infecting the necrotic root canal system. The pathogenesis of different types of apical periodontitis and even the same type in different individuals is unlikely to follow a stereotyped fashion with regard to the involved bacterial mediators. Disease pathogenesis is rather complex and involves a multitude of bacteria- and host-related factors. This review article discusses the bacterial pathogenesis of acute and chronic apical periodontitis, with the main focus on the bacterial mediators conceivably involved in the different stages of the infectious process, including secreted products (enzymes, exotoxins, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine peptides, heat-shock proteins and metabolic end-products) and structural components (lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid, lipoproteins, fimbriae, flagella, outer membrane proteins and vesicles, DNA, and exopolysaccharides). Knowledge of the bacterial factors involved in the pathogenesis of apical periodontitis is important to the understanding of the disease process and to help establishing proper therapeutic measures to inactivate this bacterial "artillery".
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Stübinger S, Leiggener C, Sader R, Kunz C. Intraorbital abscess: a rare complication after maxillary molar extraction. J Am Dent Assoc 2005; 136:921-5. [PMID: 16060473 DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.2005.0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The orbit is prone to being affected by an odontogenous infection, owing to its anatomical proximity to the maxillary sinus. A possible reason for an ophthalmic manifestation of a dental abscess is extraction of an acutely inflamed tooth. CASE DESCRIPTION The authors describe the treatment of a man who had painful swelling and redness in the area of his right eye after having a maxillary molar extracted a few days previous. A general dentist referred the patient to the clinic after he began to experience a progressive deterioration of vision of his right eye. Emergency surgical intervention prevented impending loss of vision, and subsequent healing was uneventful. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS To avoid serious complications, clinicians should not perform a tooth extraction when the patient is in the acute stage of a maxillary sinus infection. Appropriate diagnostic imaging and profound evaluation of the clinical state play major roles in managing the treatment of patients with inflammatory processes that involve the oral and paraoral regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Stübinger
- University Clinic for Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Cranio-and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital, Basle, Switzerland.
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Stefanopoulos PK, Kolokotronis AE. The clinical significance of anaerobic bacteria in acute orofacial odontogenic infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 98:398-408. [PMID: 15472653 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A review of the literature on orofacial odontogenic infections indicates that the underlying microflora is typically polymicrobial, predominantly involving strictly anaerobic gram-positive cocci and gram-negative rods, along with facultative and microaerophilic streptococci. Although no single species has been consistently implicated in all of these infections, the pathogenic potential of some of these organisms has been documented by many studies. This potential can be explained by a number of virulence factors demonstrated in anaerobic bacteria, as well as by synergistic interrelationships with other members of the infectious flora. Awareness of the anaerobic component of orofacial odontogenic infections dictates to a large extent the selection of antimicrobial therapy, mainly because of the frequency of beta-lactamase production by anaerobic gram-negative rods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis K Stefanopoulos
- Dental Corps, Hellenic Army, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, 401 Army Hospital of Athens, Greece.
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Murakami Y, Shoji M, Hanazawa S, Tanaka S, Fujisawa S. Preventive effect of bis-eugenol, a eugenol ortho dimer, on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated nuclear factor kappa B activation and inflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:1061-6. [PMID: 12963494 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Eugenol exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, but at higher concentrations acts as an oxidant and potent allergen. It was earlier shown that bis-eugenol synthesized by the oxidation of eugenol was less cytotoxic and more highly antioxidative than eugenol. But its anti-inflammatory mechanism remains yet unclear. Since nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) is a key transcriptional factor in the expression of inflammatory cytokines, we examined whether eugenol and bis-eugenol are inhibitors of NF-kappa B activation. We observed that bis-eugenol, but not eugenol, clearly inhibited the degradation of inhibitory kappa B-alpha in RAW264.7 murine macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and, consequently, the transcriptional activity of the stimulated NF-kappa B in the cells. In addition, bis-eugenol actually inhibited LPS-stimulated expression of inflammatory cytokines at both gene and protein levels. These findings suggest that bis-eugenol acts as a potent inhibitor of NF-kappa B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Murakami
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado City, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
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Sabeti M, Valles Y, Nowzari H, Simon JH, Kermani-Arab V, Slots J. Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus DNA transcription in endodontic symptomatic lesions. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 18:104-8. [PMID: 12654100 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-302x.2003.00055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Productive Herpesviridae infections are implicated in the etio-pathogenesis of aggressive periodontitis. However, virtually nothing is known about a possible role of herpesviruses in pulpal and periapical pathosis. This study employed a cDNA analysis to determine transcription of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) in 14 recalcitrant periapical lesions and in 2 periapical healthy control sites. METHODS Periapical samples were collected in conjunction with periapical surgery and kept frozen until virologic examination. RNA was isolated from periapical tissue by using a guanidinium isothiocyanate-acid phenol procedure (TRIZOL LS Reagent, GIBCO BRL, Rockville, MD). cDNAs were amplified by means of oligonucleotides targeting highly conserved regions of the test viruses and the RT-PCR-100 amplification kit (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO). Standardization of PCR primer sensitivity and validation was carried out according to established methods. Amplification products were identified by agarose gel electrophoresis. RESULTS HCMV transcript was detected in 12 of 13 symptomatic and in 1 asymptomatic periapical lesion. EBV transcript was demonstrated in 8 of the 13 symptomatic lesions but not in the asymptomatic periapical lesion. HCMV and EBV dual transcription occurred at higher frequency in periapical lesions showing radiographic bone destruction of 5 mm x 7 mm or larger than in smaller size lesions (P = 0.03; Chi-squared test). No HCMV or EBV transcription was identified in the 2 healthy control sites. HSV transcript was not detected in any study site. CONCLUSION The present data suggest that HCMV or EBV infections participate in the pathogenesis of periapical symptomatic lesions. Herpesviruses may produce periapical pathosis as a direct result of viral infection and replication, or as a consequence of virally induced impairment of the host defense and subsequent increased virulence of resident bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sabeti
- University of Southern California, School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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