1
|
Saini J, Marino D, Badalov N, Vugelman M, Tenner S. Drug-Induced Acute Pancreatitis: An Evidence-Based Classification (Revised). Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2023; 14:e00621. [PMID: 37440319 PMCID: PMC10461957 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug induced acute pancreatitis is a difficult diagnosis for clinicians. We previously published an "Evidence-Based Classification System" on Drug-Induced Acute Pancreatitis widely used by clinicians to assist in the identification of drugs. Unfortunately, this prior analysis based only on published case reports has been misunderstood. The prior review did not include studies with higher evidentiary value, such as randomized trials, case-control studies, and/or pharmacoepidemiologic studies. The use of the prior classification system has led to many patients being inappropriately labeled as having drug-induced acute pancreatitis. We now propose a "Revised" Evidence- Based Classification System for the purpose of determining which drugs cause acute pancreatitis based on the Grading of Recommendations, Development, and Evaluation criteria. METHODS A search of the English Language literature was performed to identify all case reports with medication and/or drug induced acute pancreatitis. We divided the drugs implicated as causing acute pancreatitis into four groups based on the quality of evidence as defined by GRADE quality parameters. RESULTS Although 141 drugs were identified in the literature as causing acute pancreatitis, only 106 drugs published in the literature as causing acute pancreatitis were high quality case reports. Only 3 drugs had evidence as causing acute pancreatitis from randomized controlled clinical trials, including 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine. DISCUSSION The vast majority of drugs implicated as causing acute pancreatitis in the literature have low or very low quality of evidence supporting those claims.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Saini
- Maimonides Medical Center, State University of New York–Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Marino
- Maimonides Medical Center, State University of New York–Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Nison Badalov
- Maimonides Medical Center, State University of New York–Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Melanie Vugelman
- Maimonides Medical Center, State University of New York–Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Scott Tenner
- Maimonides Medical Center, State University of New York–Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Akazawa Y, Ohtani M, Namikawa S, Nosaka T, Takahashi K, Naito T, Ofuji K, Matsuda H, Hiramatsu K, Nakamoto Y. Severe necrotizing pancreatitis immediately after non-abdominal surgery under general anesthesia with propofol. Clin J Gastroenterol 2021; 14:1798-1803. [PMID: 34436725 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-021-01504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative pancreatitis is a relatively rare disease and is poorly recognized. Herein, we present a case of necrotizing pancreatitis that developed immediately after non-abdominal surgery under general anesthesia. In this report, 4 h after thyroidectomy under general anesthesia using propofol, the patient developed upper abdominal pain and was diagnosed with severe acute pancreatitis with extensive pancreatic necrosis. Immediately after the diagnosis, the patient received appropriate treatment, and acute pancreatitis was improved. Subsequently, the patient has the formation of non-infectious giant walled-off necrosis and remained in good condition without additional treatment for 1.5 years after pancreatitis onset. In this case report, our detailed causative search suggested that propofol administration could be the cause of this pancreatitis. Propofol-induced pancreatitis is extremely rare but develops often severely, resulting in fatality. In this case, the patient developed severe acute pancreatitis within a very short time after surgery but was able to survive by immediate intervention of treatment. We suggest that clinicians should consider acute pancreatitis as a life-threatening adverse event under general anesthesia with propofol and perform thorough postoperative management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Akazawa
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui, Yoshida-gun, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohtani
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui, Yoshida-gun, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Shoichi Namikawa
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui, Yoshida-gun, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Takuto Nosaka
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui, Yoshida-gun, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Kazuto Takahashi
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui, Yoshida-gun, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Naito
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui, Yoshida-gun, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ofuji
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui, Yoshida-gun, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Matsuda
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui, Yoshida-gun, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Katsushi Hiramatsu
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui, Yoshida-gun, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Yasunari Nakamoto
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui, Yoshida-gun, 910-1193, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wolfe D, Kanji S, Yazdi F, Barbeau P, Rice D, Beck A, Butler C, Esmaeilisaraji L, Skidmore B, Moher D, Hutton B. Drug induced pancreatitis: A systematic review of case reports to determine potential drug associations. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231883. [PMID: 32302358 PMCID: PMC7164626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A current assessment of case reports of possible drug-induced pancreatitis is needed. We systematically reviewed the case report literature to identify drugs with potential associations with acute pancreatitis and the burden of evidence supporting these associations. METHODS A protocol was developed a priori (PROSPERO CRD42017060473). We searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and additional sources to identify cases of drug-induced pancreatitis that met accepted diagnostic criteria of acute pancreatitis. Cases caused by multiple drugs or combination therapy were excluded. Established systematic review methods were used for screening and data extraction. A classification system for associated drugs was developed a priori based upon the number of cases, re-challenge, exclusion of non-drug causes of acute pancreatitis, and consistency of latency. RESULTS Seven-hundred and thirteen cases of potential drug-induced pancreatitis were identified, implicating 213 unique drugs. The evidence base was poor: exclusion of non-drug causes of acute pancreatitis was incomplete or poorly reported in all cases, 47% had at least one underlying condition predisposing to acute pancreatitis, and causality assessment was not conducted in 81%. Forty-five drugs (21%) were classified as having the highest level of evidence regarding their association with acute pancreatitis; causality was deemed to be probable or definite for 19 of these drugs (42%). Fifty-seven drugs (27%) had the lowest level of evidence regarding an association with acute pancreatitis, being implicated in single case reports, without exclusion of other causes of acute pancreatitis. DISCUSSION Much of the case report evidence upon which drug-induced pancreatitis associations are based is tenuous. A greater emphasis on exclusion of all non-drug causes of acute pancreatitis and on quality reporting would improve the evidence base. It should be recognized that reviews of case reports, are valuable scoping tools but have limited strength to establish drug-induced pancreatitis associations. REGISTRATION CRD42017060473.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dianna Wolfe
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salmaan Kanji
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacy, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Yazdi
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pauline Barbeau
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle Rice
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Beck
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claire Butler
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leila Esmaeilisaraji
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Becky Skidmore
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Moher
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Hutton
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pradeep K, Wig J, Panda NB, Prasad R. Dose-related Effect of Propofol on Pancreatic Enzymes and Triglyceride Levels in Patients Undergoing Non-abdominal Surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care 2019; 37:27-31. [DOI: 10.1177/0310057x0903700113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Pradeep
- Departments of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
| | - J. Wig
- Departments of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
| | - N. B. Panda
- Departments of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
| | - R. Prasad
- Departments of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Biochemistry
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Haffar S, Kaur RJ, Garg SK, Hyder JA, Murad MH, Abu Dayyeh BK, Bazerbachi F. Acute pancreatitis associated with intravenous administration of propofol: evaluation of causality in a systematic review of the literature. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2018; 7:13-23. [PMID: 30792862 PMCID: PMC6375349 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goy038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) associated with intravenous administration of propofol has been described with unknown causal relation. We therefore assessed this causality in a systematic review. Multiple databases were searched on 16 August 2017; studies were appraised and selected by two reviewers based on a priori criteria. Propofol causality was evaluated with the Naranjo scale and Badalov classification. We identified 18 studies from 11 countries with a total of 21 patients, and the majority had adequate methodological quality. The median age was 35 years (range, 4–77) and 10 (48%) were males. Overall, propofol was administrated in 8 patients as sedative along with induction/maintenance of anesthesia in 13 patients; median dose was 200 mg, with intermediate latency (1–30 days) in 14 (67%). Serum triglycerides were >1000 mg/dL in four patients. Severe AP was observed in four patients (19%). AP recurrence occurred in one out of two patients who underwent rechallenge. Mortality related to AP was 3/21(14%). Propofol was the probable cause of AP according to the Naranjo scale in 19 patients (89%). Propofol-induced AP has a probable causal relation and evidence supports Badalov class Ib. Hypertriglyceridemia is not the only mechanism by which propofol illicit AP. Propofol-induced AP was severe in 19% of patients with a mortality rate related to AP of 14%. Future research is needed to delineate whether this risk is higher if combined with other procedures that portend inherent risk of pancreatitis such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Haffar
- Digestive Center for Diagnosis & Treatment, 29 Ayar Street, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Ravinder Jeet Kaur
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sushil Kumar Garg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joseph A Hyder
- Division of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M Hassan Murad
- Division of Health Care Policy and Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Barham K Abu Dayyeh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Fateh Bazerbachi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Crawford MW, Pehora C, Lopez AV. Drug-induced acute pancreatitis in children receiving chemotherapy for acute leukemia: does propofol increase the risk? Anesth Analg 2009; 109:379-81. [PMID: 19608806 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181ac13ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of propofol is controversial in patients with a history of acute pancreatitis or those taking drugs, including certain chemotherapeutic drugs, that are associated with pancreatitis. METHODS To investigate this issue, we reviewed the medical records of all children who were diagnosed with pancreatitis while receiving chemotherapy for acute leukemia during a 5-year period. RESULTS A temporal relationship between propofol use and development of acute pancreatitis could not be established. CONCLUSION Propofol can be considered for general anesthesia in children who are receiving chemotherapeutic drugs that are themselves associated with acute pancreatitis or those who have a history of chemotherapy-induced pancreatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Crawford
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nanas S, Angelopoulos E, Tsikriki S, Kritikos K, Voutsinas E, Zervakis D, Kanaloupiti D, Pratikaki M, Roussos C. Propofol-induced hyperamylasaemia in a general intensive care unit. Anaesth Intensive Care 2008; 35:920-3. [PMID: 18084983 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x0703500610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the incidence of hyperamylasaemia, in the absence of other plausible causes of pancreatic dysfunction, in intensive care unit (ICU) patients who received propofol. One-hundred-and-seventy-two consecutive patients of a general ICU who stayed for more than 24 hours were studied. Patients with a diagnosis consistent with elevated serum amylase levels at admission were excluded from the study, as were patients who had received medications known to raise serum amylase levels. Forty-four patients 53 +/- 20 years of age and median duration of ICU stay of five days (range two to 55) were eligible. Thirty of those, aged 54 +/- 21 years and median duration of ICU stay of five days (range two to 27) received continuous infusion of propofol for sedation (maximum dose 45 microg/kg/min). Of the 30 patients who received propofol, 16 (53%) developed hyperamylasaemia (125 to 466 IU/l) after two to nine days of continuous infusion. Liver and kidney function remained normal throughout the observation period. Of the 14 patients who did not receive propofol (aged 51 +/- 18 years), only two (14%) developed hyperamylasaemia, a significantly lower incidence (P = 0.021). Propofol infusion is associated with biochemical evidence of pancreatic injury. Amylase levels monitoring of propofol-sedated patients is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Nanas
- First Critical Care Department, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Manfredi R, Dentale N, Fortunato L, Pavoni M, Calza L, Chiodo F. Pancreotoxicity of Propofol Sedation during Purulent Meningitis : What is the Role for Octreotide? Clin Drug Investig 2007; 24:181-3. [PMID: 17516703 DOI: 10.2165/00044011-200424030-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Manfredi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Bologna "Alma Mater Studiorum", S. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gottschling S, Larsen R, Meyer S, Graf N, Reinhard H. Acute pancreatitis induced by short-term propofol administration. Paediatr Anaesth 2005; 15:1006-8. [PMID: 16238566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2004.01562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of a drug-induced pancreatitis is rare and so far more than 85 different drugs have been reported to have induced pancreatitis. Some case reports consider a relationship between propofol and acute pancreatitis. However, in these cases a number of different drugs were coadministered, thus preventing a clear causal link being established. We report a case of a drug-induced acute pancreatitis that was most likely triggered by a single dosage of propofol. It occurred in a young girl who underwent elective magnetic resonance imaging. She developed pancreatitis within hours after exposure to propofol. Other possible triggers, e.g. gallstones or infection were ruled out. Physicians should consider pancreatitis as a potentially life-threatening adverse event associated with propofol sedation, which is nowadays extensively used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Gottschling
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Universtiy Children's Hospital, Kirrbergestr, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Priya G, Bhagat H, Pandia MP, Chaturvedi A, Seth A, Goswami R. Can propofol precipitate pancreatitis in patients with Cushing's syndrome? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49:1381-3. [PMID: 16146480 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2005.00751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We encountered two cases of acute pancreatitis in patients with Cushing's disease following transnasal transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. In both cases propofol was used in bolus doses, and is thought to be the probable factor for its development. Since elevated cortisol levels in Cushing's disease poses a threat for pancreatitis, there is a possibility that patients with Cushing's disease might be more prone to acute pancreatitis following propofol administration. Anaesthesiologists and physicians dealing with the management of Cushing's disease need to be aware of this possibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Priya
- Department of Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Devlin JW, Lau AK, Tanios MA. Propofol-Associated Hypertriglyceridemia and Pancreatitis in the Intensive Care Unit: An Analysis of Frequency and Risk Factors. Pharmacotherapy 2005; 25:1348-52. [PMID: 16185179 DOI: 10.1592/phco.2005.25.10.1348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To characterize the frequency, severity, risk factors, and clinician response to propofol-associated hypertriglyceridemia and hypertriglyceridemia-associated pancreatitis. DESIGN Retrospective analysis. SETTING Medical and surgical intensive care units. PATIENTS One hundred fifty-nine adult intensive care patients administered propofol for 24 hours or longer and who had at least one serum triglyceride concentration. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Patient records were reviewed to identify the frequency of hypertriglyceridemia (serum triglyceride concentration > or = 400 mg/dl) and pancreatitis (amylase concentration > or = 125 IU/L, lipase concentration > or = 60 IU/L, and abdominal computed tomography scan or clinical examination findings consistent with pancreatitis). Of the 159 patients, 29 (18%) developed hypertriglyceridemia; six (21%) of the 29 had a serum triglyceride concentration of 1000 mg/dl or greater. The median maximum serum triglyceride concentration was 696 mg/dl (range 403-1737 mg/dl). At the time when hypertriglyceridemia was detected, the median infusion rate of propofol was 50 microg/kg/minute (range 5-110 microg/kg/min). The median time from the start of propofol therapy to identification of hypertriglyceridemia was 54 hours (range 14-319 hrs). Propofol was discontinued within 24 hours of detecting the hypertriglyceridemia 84% of the time. Compared with those who did not develop hypertriglyceridemia, patients who developed hypertriglyceridemia were older, had a longer intensive care unit stay, and received propofol for a longer duration; they were also more likely to be admitted to the medical versus the surgical intensive care unit. Pancreatitis developed in three (10%) of the 29 patients with hypertriglyceridemia. CONCLUSION Hypertriglyceridemia and hypertriglyceridemia-associated pancreatitis are often seen in intensive care patients receiving propofol. Serum triglyceride concentrations should be routinely monitored in these patients. In addition, alternative sedation strategies should be considered when hypertriglyceridemia is detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Devlin
- School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, and the Department of Pharmacy, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gottschling S, Meyer S, Krenn T, Kleinschmidt S, Reinhard H, Graf N, Shamdeen GM. Effects of short-term propofol administration on pancreatic enzymes and triglyceride levels in children. Anaesthesia 2005; 60:660-3. [PMID: 15960715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2005.04231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This prospective, clinical trial evaluated the effects of short-term propofol administration on triglyceride levels and serum pancreatic enzymes in children undergoing sedation for magnetic resonance imaging. Laboratory parameters of 40 children, mean age (SD; range) 67 (66; 4-178) months undergoing short-term sedation were assessed before and 4 h after having received propofol. Mean (SD) propofol loading dose was 2.2 (1.1) mg.kg(-1) followed by continuous propofol infusion of 6.9 (0.9) mg.kg(-1).h(-1). Serum lipase levels (p = 0.035) and serum triglyceride levels (p = 0.003) were raised significantly after propofol administration but remained within normal limits. No significant changes in serum pancreatic-amylase levels were seen (p = 0.127). In two (5%) children, pancreatic enzymes and in four (10%) children triglyceride levels were raised above normal limits; however, no child showed clinical symptoms of pancreatitis. We conclude that even short-term propofol administration with standard doses of propofol may have a significant effect on serum triglyceride and pancreatic enzyme levels in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Gottschling
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Kirrbergerstrasse, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Perney P, Berthier E, Pageaux GP, Hillaire-Buys D, Roques V, Fabbro-Peray P, Melki M, Hanslik B, Bauret P, Larrey D, Blayac JP, Blanc F. Are drugs a risk factor of post-ERCP pancreatitis? Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 58:696-700. [PMID: 14595303 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107(03)02019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatitis is the most severe complication of ERCP. The aim of this study was to assess whether the use of potentially pancreatotoxic drugs is a risk factor for post-ERCP pancreatitis. METHODS Risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis and all drugs taken during the month before ERCP were recorded retrospectively in a database. Patients with other causes of acute pancreatitis or chronic pancreatitis were excluded from the analysis. Post-ERCP pancreatitis was defined as abdominal pain and/or vomiting associated with amylase/lipase plasma levels equal to or greater than twice the upper normal value. RESULTS A total of 173 patients (95 men, 78 women; mean age, 68 [16] years) were included. Post-ERCP pancreatitis occurred in 31 patients (18%). Several risk factors were identified in a multivariate analysis: difficulty in cannulation (p<0.001), endoscopic sphincterotomy (p<0.005), and female gender (p=0.02). Having taken potent pancreatotoxic drugs increased the occurrence of post-ERCP pancreatitis: odds ratio 3.7: 95% confidence intervals [1.1,12.4], p=0.04. CONCLUSIONS Use of pancreatotoxic drugs before or during ERCP significantly increased the risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Thus, discontinuation of the use of such drugs before ERCP seems justified whenever possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Perney
- Service de Médecine Interne E, Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Montpellier Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Intravenous anaesthetic agents are generally remarkably safe. However, it is clear that propofol infusion syndrome is a real, albeit rare, entity. This often lethal syndrome of metabolic acidosis, acute cardiomyopathy and skeletal myopathy is strongly associated with infusions of propofol at rates of 5 mg/kg/hour and greater for more than 48 hours. There is evidence to support the hypothesis that the syndrome is caused by the failure of free fatty acid metabolism due to inhibition of free fatty acid entry into the mitochondria and also specific sites in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The syndrome therefore mimics the mitochondrial myopathies. Midazolam causes seizure-like activity in very-low-birthweight premature infants requiring the drug prior to tracheal intubation or during prolonged positive pressure ventilation. This can be successfully reversed with the specific benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil. Midazolam can also cause paradoxical reactions, including increased agitation, poor co-operation and aggressive or violent behaviour, which has been successfully managed with flumazenil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G Short
- Department of Anaesthesia, Auckland Hospital, Park Road, Grafton, Auckland I, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Current awareness in pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2002; 11:169-74. [PMID: 12004884 DOI: 10.1002/pds.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|