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Shahraki T, Arabi A, Feizi S. Pterygium: an update on pathophysiology, clinical features, and management. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2021; 13:25158414211020152. [PMID: 34104871 PMCID: PMC8170279 DOI: 10.1177/25158414211020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pterygium is a relatively common ocular surface disease. The clinical aspects and
the treatment options have been studied since many years ago, but many
uncertainties still exist. The core pathologic pathway and the role of heredity
in the development of pterygium are still attractive fields for the researchers.
The role of pterygium in corneal irregularities, in addition to the refractive
properties of pterygium removal, has been increasingly recognized through
numerous studies. The association between pterygium and ocular surface neoplasia
is challenging the traditional beliefs regarding the safe profile of the
disease. The need for a comprehensive clinical classification system has
encouraged homogenization of trials and prediction of the recurrence rate of the
pterygium following surgical removal. Evolving surgical methods have been
associated with some complications, whose diagnosis and management are necessary
for ophthalmic surgeons. According to the review, the main risk factor of
pterygium progression remains to be the ultraviolet exposure. A major part of
the clinical evaluation should consist of differentiating between typical and
atypical pterygia, where the latter may be associated with the risk of ocular
surface neoplasia. The effect of pterygium on astigmatism and the aberrations of
the cornea may evoke the need for an early removal with a purpose of reducing
secondary refractive error. Among the surgical methods, conjunctival or
conjunctival-limbal autografting seems to be the first choice for ophthalmic
surgeons because the recurrence rate following the procedure has been reported
to be lower, compared with other procedures. The use of adjuvant options is
supported in the literature, where intraoperative and postoperative mitomycin C
has been the adjuvant treatment of choice. The efficacy and safety of
anti–vascular endothelial growth factor agents and cyclosporine have been
postulated; however, their exact role in the treatment of the pterygium requires
further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toktam Shahraki
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Arabi
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 16666, Iran
| | - Sepehr Feizi
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
The main treatment for pterygium is surgical removal. However, pterygium surgery is concerned with high rates of postoperative recurrence. Predicting factors of recurrence are not fully understood, yet, but they probably depend on a multitude of patient-related, clinical, and/or surgical factors. Several adjuvant treatments have been proposed to reduce postoperative pterygium recurrence, including different antimetabolites, antiangiogenetic factors, and radiation therapy. The purpose of this review is to collect the current evidence regarding application and limits of different therapeutic approaches for preventing postoperative recurrence of pterygium, giving insights and perspectives for better management of this disease. In the light of the current evidence, pterygium surgery cannot disregard wound coverage with conjunctival autografting or rotational flap combined with adjuvant treatments. The rotational flap technique is associated with shorter surgical time rates and prevents graft displacement and necrosis, given its vascular pedicle. Amniotic membrane may still be reserved in case of great conjunctival defects or insufficient conjunctiva. Repeated subconjunctival antivascular endothelial growth factor injections can be considered as an effective and safe adjuvant treatment. Moreover, management of postoperative pain is crucial. Innovative treatment strategies will probably target different molecular pathways, considering recent findings regarding pterygium pathogenesis, to improve better understanding and develop universally shared guidelines. Great importance shall be dedicated to the identification of novel molecular biomarkers and favoring factors of recurrence, in order to achieve a customized surgical treatment for each patient and obtain maximal reduction of postoperative recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Nuzzi
- S.C.U. Ophthalmology Unit, "City of Health and Science" University Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,
| | - Federico Tridico
- S.C.U. Ophthalmology Unit, "City of Health and Science" University Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,
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Oguz H, Kilitcioglu A, Yasar M. Limbal Conjunctival Mini-Autografting for Preventing Recurrence after Pterygium Surgery. Eur J Ophthalmol 2018; 16:209-13. [PMID: 16703536 DOI: 10.1177/112067210601600203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to evaluate limbal conjunctival mini-autografting procedure based on recurrence rates following pterygium surgery. METHODS A total of 63 eyes (53 patients) with pterygium, of which 60 were primary and 3 were recurrent, underwent surgery for the removal of pterygia with limbal conjunctival mini-autograft. After the pterygium excision, the limbal portion of the graft was oriented and sutured to the limbus at the recipient bed with the epithelial surface upside. Recurrence was defined as fibrovascular tissue of more than 1 mm over the cornea in the area of previous pterygium excision. The mean follow-up period was 12.5 months (ranging between 6 and 29 months). RESULTS The time required for the surgery was approximately 30 minutes (range 20-40 minutes). Recurrence of pterygium was observed in 6 of 63 eyes (9.52%). No eyes with recurrent pterygium developed recurrence postoperatively. There were no severe complications during the operative and postoperative period. Most patients had temporary graft edema, lasting a few days after the operation, and they experienced and complained of foreign body sensations and epiphora. CONCLUSIONS Limbal conjunctival mini-autografting appears to be an effective procedure for pterygium surgery resulting in a low recurrence rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Oguz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harran University School of Medicine, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
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Mandour SS, Elmazar HM, Marey HM, Rahman AKA, Sakr RA. Mucous Membrane Grafting Augmented with Topical Mitomycin C Application in Contracted Socket Repair Surgeries. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2016; 32:691-694. [DOI: 10.1089/jop.2016.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sameh S. Mandour
- Ophthalmology Department, Menoufia University, Faculty of Medicine, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Hesham M. Elmazar
- Ophthalmology Department, Menoufia University, Faculty of Medicine, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Hatem M. Marey
- Ophthalmology Department, Menoufia University, Faculty of Medicine, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Ahmed K. Abdel Rahman
- Ophthalmology Department, Menoufia University, Faculty of Medicine, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Rokia A. Sakr
- Ophthalmology Department, Menoufia University, Faculty of Medicine, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
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Martins TGDS, Costa ALFDA, Alves MR, Chammas R, Schor P. Mitomycin C in pterygium treatment. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:465-8. [PMID: 27158622 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.03.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pterygium is a benign lesion usually growing from the nasal side of the conjunctiva onto the cornea. Most cases of pterygium does not cause problem or requires specific treatment. The exact cause of pterygium is not clear yet, but some factors are pointed as causes, being the most important the long-term ultraviolet ray exposure. Pterygium surgery is usually considered when there are symptoms that do not respond to conservative treatment. Recurrence is the main complication of the surgery, and much has been done to avoid it. Mitomycin C (MMC) has been used as a fibroblast proliferation inhibitor during the surgery to reduce the chance of recurrence of the pterygium. This review describes the use of MMC as an adjunctive, the optimal dosage, the duration of administration of MMC and possible complications, when used during, after and before the surgery. Most studies suggest that increased exposure (dose or duration) of MMC is associated with a lower recurrence, but with higher risks of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Roger Chammas
- University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 01246903, Brazil
| | - Paulo Schor
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023062, Brazil
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Lampus HF, Kusmayadi DD, Nawas BA. The influence of topical mitomycin-C on total fibroblasts, epithelialization, and collagenization in anoplasty wound healing in Wistar rats. J Pediatr Surg 2015; 50:1347-51. [PMID: 25917621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of topical mitomycin-C on total fibroblasts, epithelialization, and collagenization in anoplasty wound healing in Wistar rats. METHODS In this experimental study, anoplasty procedures were performed on twelve Wistar rats that were subsequently randomly placed into two groups; i.e., control and treated groups. In the treated group, topical mitomycin-C was applied to the wound following the anoplasty procedure. All rats were sacrificed on the seventh day, and tissue samples of the wounds were obtained for histopathological evaluations. The total fibroblasts, epithelialization, and collagenization were evaluated by scoring methods. The Mann-Whitney test was used to analyze the statistical significance of differences, and p values below 0.05 were considered to be significant. RESULTS The mean fibroblast scores for the treated and control groups were 1.5 and 3.0. The mean epithelialization scores for the treated and control groups were 5 and 3.33. The mean collagenization scores for the treated and control groups were 5 and 3.5. Statistical evaluations revealed significant differences between the groups in total fibroblasts (p=0.006), epithelialization (p=0.022), and collagenization (p=0.022). CONCLUSIONS Topical mitomycin-C reduced the fibroblasts; however, the treatment did not suppress epithelialization or collagenization during anoplasty wound healing in Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsali Fransiscus Lampus
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sam Ratulangi-Prof. R. D. Kandou General Hospital Manado, Jalan Raya Tanawangko No. 56, Manado 95115, Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia.
| | - Dikki Drajat Kusmayadi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran-Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung, Jalan Pasteur no 38, Bandung 4016, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.
| | - Bustanul Arifin Nawas
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran-Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung, Jalan Pasteur no 38, Bandung 4016, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.
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Mandour SS, Marey HM, Farahat HG, Mohamed HM. Preoperative Versus Intraoperative Subpterygial Mitomycin C Injection for Prevention of Pterygium Recurrence. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2015; 31:340-3. [DOI: 10.1089/jop.2014.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Saad Mandour
- Department of Ophthalmology, Menoufia Faculty of Medicine, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Hatem M. Marey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Menoufia Faculty of Medicine, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Hassan G. Farahat
- Department of Ophthalmology, Menoufia Faculty of Medicine, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Hala Mosa Mohamed
- Department of Ophthalmology, Menoufia Faculty of Medicine, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
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Tsim NC, Young AL, Jhanji V, Ho M, Cheng LL. Combined conjunctival rotational autograft with 0.02% mitomycin C in primary pterygium surgery: a long-term follow-up study. Br J Ophthalmol 2015; 99:1396-400. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Katırcıoglu YA, Altiparmak U, Engur Goktas S, Cakir B, Singar E, Ornek F. Comparison of Two Techniques for the Treatment of Recurrent Pterygium: Amniotic Membrane vs Conjunctival Autograft Combined with Mitomycin C. Semin Ophthalmol 2014; 30:321-7. [PMID: 24506693 DOI: 10.3109/08820538.2013.874468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the results of amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) combined with mitomycin C (MMC) to the results of free conjunctival autograft (CA) combined with MMC for the treatment of patients with recurrent pterygium. METHODS In this prospective study, 60 eyes of 55 patients with recurrent pterygium were included and randomly assigned into group I (n = 30) who underwent AMT combined with MMC (AMT-MMC) and group II (n = 30) who underwent CA combined with MMC (CA-MMC). During a mean follow-up of 27.2 ± 20.8 months, recurrence of pterygium, change in uncorrected visual acuity and complications (including pain, corneal, conjunctival or scleral changes) were analyzed and were compared between groups. RESULTS Five eyes of 5 patients were lost to follow-up and were removed from analysis. The mean age (p = 0.274), the mean follow-up (p = 0.063), the number of prior pterygium excision surgeries (p = 0.641) and the mean preoperative visual acuity (p = 0.959) were similar in both groups. Recurrence was seen in 2 eyes (8%) in AMT-MMC group and 4 patients (13.3%) in CA-MMC group (p = 0.531). Postoperative visual acuity (p = 0.237), change in visual acuity (p = 0.525), severe pain (p = 0.531) and epithelial defect lasting more than 5 days (p = 0.510) were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Amniotic membrane combined with MMC has similar recurrence rate to CA combined with MMC, in patients with recurrent pterygium. Similar outcomes and complication rates make AMT-MMC a promising method for the treatment of recurrent pterygium cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ugur Altiparmak
- a Ministry of Health, Ankara Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Seniz Engur Goktas
- a Ministry of Health, Ankara Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Burcin Cakir
- a Ministry of Health, Ankara Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Evin Singar
- a Ministry of Health, Ankara Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Firdevs Ornek
- a Ministry of Health, Ankara Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
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Mahar PS, Manzar N. The study of etiological and demographic characteristics of pterygium recurrence: a consecutive case series study from Pakistan. Int Ophthalmol 2013; 34:69-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s10792-013-9797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kaufman SC, Jacobs DS, Lee WB, Deng SX, Rosenblatt MI, Shtein RM. Options and Adjuvants in Surgery for Pterygium. Ophthalmology 2013; 120:201-8. [PMID: 23062647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Suh JS, Choi SK. The Effect of Subconjunctival Bevacizumab Injection after Primary Pterygium Surgery. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2013. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2013.54.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Shin Suh
- Department of Ophthalmology, VHS Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Kyung Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, VHS Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Koranyi G, Artzén D, Seregard S, Kopp ED. Intraoperative mitomycin C versus autologous conjunctival autograft in surgery of primary pterygium with four-year follow-up. Acta Ophthalmol 2012; 90:266-70. [PMID: 20528781 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.01936.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the 4-year outcome of primary pterygium excision using intraoperative mitomycin C (MMC) with suturing a free conjunctival autograft (CA). METHODS A total of 115 eyes with nasal primary pterygium of 115 patients were included in the study. After randomization into two groups, the eyes were operated on by a single surgeon (GK). After excision of the pterygium, 56 eyes received 0.04% MMC intraoperatively on the bare sclera for 3 min and 59 eyes received a free CA sutured using 7-0 Vicryl. Postoperative follow-up was 4 years. Main outcome measures were recurrences, re-operations, surgery time, complications, visual acuity and astigmatism. Statistical evaluation was performed with the chi-squared test. RESULTS The recurrence rate was 38% in the MMC group and 15% in the CA group (p < 0.05). The re-operation rate of the recurrences was 53% in the MMC group and 29% in the CA group. Average surgery time was 13 minutes (range: 6-22 min) in the MMC group and 26 min (range: 18-32 min) in the CA group (p < 0.01). There was no significant change in best-corrected visual acuity and astigmatism. One major complication occurred in each group. The most frequently observed complication was delayed epithelial healing (40%) and mild scleral thinning (20%) in the MMC group and suture-related inflammation in the CA group (10%). CONCLUSION Pterygium surgery including free autologous conjunctival grafting is associated with fewer recurrences, re-operations and complications than using the bare sclera technique together with single-dose intraoperative MMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Koranyi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Växjö Central Hospital, Växjö, Sweden.
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Complications of Cosmetic Wide Conjunctivectomy Combined With Postsurgical Mitomycin C Application. Cornea 2012; 31:245-52. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e3182343073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mandour SS, Farahat HG, Mohamed HM. Preoperative subpterygial mitomycin C injection versus limbal conjunctival autograft transplantation for prevention of pterygium recurrence. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2011; 27:481-5. [PMID: 21992490 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2011.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate postoperative outcome and recurrence rate after primary pterygium excision using preoperative Mitomycin C (MMC) injection versus limbal conjunctival autograft transplantation (LCAT). METHODS Ninety-one eyes with primary pterygium were divided into 2 groups. Group A eyes (included 48 eyes) were operated upon with pterygium excision 1 month after subpterygial injection of MMC 0.015%. Group B eyes (included 43 eyes) were operated upon with pterygium excision followed by LCAT technique. Pterygium regrowth over the cornea for 1 mm or more was considered as a recurrence. RESULTS The follow-up period was 24 months. In group A, reported recurrence was found in 2 (4.2%) eyes with a complication rate of 16.80%. While in group B, recurrence was reported in 4 (9.3%) eyes with a complication rate of 11.63%. No serious postoperative complications were reported. There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups regarding the recurrence rate as well as the complication rate. CONCLUSION Both techniques used in the current study proved to be effective in reducing the recurrence rate after excision of primary nasal pterygium with minimal postoperative complications. Preoperative MMC injection was technically easier, with shorter operative and preservation of healthy conjunctiva. However, LCAT is a one-stage procedure and independent from adjunctive pharmacological or radiation therapies with their hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh S Mandour
- Department of Ophthalmology, Menoufia Faculty of Medicine, Shebin El Kom, Egypt.
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Westermeyer HD, Hendrix DVH, Ward DA. Long-term evaluation of the use of Ahmed gonioimplants in dogs with primary glaucoma: nine cases (2000–2008). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 238:610-7. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.238.5.610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zou Y, Zhang M. Inhibitory effect of PPARγ agonist on the proliferation of human pterygium fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 30:809-14. [PMID: 21181377 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-010-0663-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The effects of DK2, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist, on cultured human pterygium fibroblasts (HPFs) in virto were studied. The HPFs were incubated with 0-200 μmol/L DK2 for 12-72 h. The MTT method was used to assay the bio-activity of DK2 at different doses and time. The cytotoxic effect of DK2 was measured by LDH release assay. The cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were flow cytometrically detected. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in each group was detected by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. The results showed that administration of 1-75 μmol/L DK2 for 12-72 h could significantly inhibit HPF proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. DK2-treated cells did not release significant amount of LDH as compared with rosiglitazone-treated cells. After treatment with DK2 at concentrations of 15, 25 μmol/L for 24 h, the number of HPFs in G(0)/G(1) phase was significantly increased while that in S phase was significantly decreased (P<0.05), leading to arrest at G(0)/G(1) phase. The apoptosis rates of HPF cells in drug-treated groups were significantly higher than the rate of control group (P<0.05). At the dosage range between 15-25 μmol/L, DK2 could inhibit the expression of PCNA mRNA and protein in HPFs in a dose-dependent fashion (P<0.05). It was concluded that PPARγ agonist can significantly inhibit HPF proliferation, resulting in the arrest at G(0)/G(1) phase, induce the apoptosis of HPFs, and suppress the synthesis of PCNA, in dose- and time-dependent manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Clinical Medical Science College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443003, China.
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Katircioğlu YA, Altiparmak UE, Duman S. Comparison of Three Methods for the Treatment of Pterygium: Amniotic Membrane Graft, Conjunctival Autograft and Conjunctival Autograft plus Mitomycin C. Orbit 2009; 26:5-13. [PMID: 17510864 DOI: 10.1080/01676830600972724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare three techniques combined with excision in the treatment of primary and recurrent pterygium: amniotic membrane transplantation, conjunctival autograft, and conjunctival autograft plus mitomycin C. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-nine eyes of 49 subjects (30 primary, 19 recurrent pterygium) were included in this study. Combined with excision, 25 eyes (18 primary, 7 recurrent pterygium) were treated with conjunctival autografts (Group 1), and 16 eyes (12 primary, 4 recurrent pterygium) were treated with amniotic membrane transplantation for the closure of the defect (Group 2). In 8 eyes (all recurrent pterygium) low-dose mitomycin C (0.02%) was applied topically to the defect area and a conjunctival autograft was applied thereafter (Group 3). The three groups were compared with regard to the recurrence of pterygium and the defect area requiring treatment. RESULTS The number and percentages of recurrence seen in groups 1, 2 and 3 were as follows: 4 (16%), 4 (25%), and 0(-), respectively. For the treatment of primary pterygium cases, amniotic membrane closure and conjunctival autograft closure were comparable in effectiveness (p > 0.05). In the treatment of recurrent pterygium, there was no significant difference between the three techniques (p > 0.05). Amniotic membrane closure and conjunctival autografts were equally effective for the treatment of both primary and recurrent pterygium (p > 0.05). The graft size was significantly larger in the cases with recurrent pterygium (p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS Amniotic membrane closure and conjunctival autografts seem to be equally effective in the prevention of recurrence of primary pterygium. Conjunctival autografts combined with mitomycin C are as effective as the above two techniques to prevent recurrence in the treatment of recurrent pterygium. Due to the larger area of subconjunctival fibrosis, a larger defect area is created after the excision of pterygium tissue and a larger graft is needed to close this defect in recurrent pterygium. This factor can guide the surgeon during the planning of the surgery to choose the most appropriate technique for closure of the defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Arslan Katircioğlu
- Department of Ophthalmology, S.B. Ankara Research & Training Hospital, Ophthalmology Clinics, Ankara. Turkey.
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Oh JH, Kim HK. The Effect of Preoperative Subconjunctival Injection of Mitomycin C and Triamcinolone in Recurrent Pterygium. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2009. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2009.50.7.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hong Kyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Prospective Study of Primary Pterygium Surgery using Pterygium Extended Removal Followed by Extended Conjunctival Transplantation. Ophthalmology 2008; 115:1663-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Abstract
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is a primary or adjuvant therapeutic method used in treatment of various acute or chronic disorders. Currently, eye diseases are among the off-label use of hyperbaric oxygen. However, there is an increasing body of evidence showing its safety and efficacy in retinal artery occlusion, cystoid macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion, scleral thinning and necrosis faced after pterygium surgery, orbital rhino-cerebral mucormycosis, nonhealing corneal edema, and anterior segment ischemia. Its potential to treat some blinding disease has also been pointed out in recent studies. This article constitutes an up-to-date summary of knowledge and therapeutic use of hyperbaric oxygen, and aims to contribute understanding of current and potential use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halit Oguz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harran University Medical School, Sanliurfa, Turkey
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23
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pterygium is a common ocular disorder in many parts of the world. At present, there is a wide variety of surgical methods but very few clinical guidelines on the optimal treatment of primary or recurrent pterygium. The purpose of this review is to summarize the more recent and relevant studies on pterygium treatment. RECENT FINDINGS The primary aim is to excise the pterygium and prevent its recurrence. As bare sclera excision is associated with a high recurrence rate, pterygium excision is often combined with conjunctival autograft, mitomycin C, beta-irradiation or other adjunctive therapies to reduce recurrence rates. There is currently, however, no consensus regarding the ideal treatment for the disease. Comparability between studies is also hampered by the various definitions of pterygium recurrence. SUMMARY This article reviews the current concepts and techniques used for the treatment of pterygium. Conjunctival autografting and mitomycin C application are the most commonly used methods for preventing recurrences. The use of mitomycin C and beta-irradiation should be used judiciously because of the potential long-term risk of sight-threatening complications. Additional clinical trials should be performed to evaluate the relative efficacies and long-term safety of the various treatment modalities.
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Altiparmak UE, Katircioğlu YA, Yağci R, Yalniz Z, Duman S. Mitomycin C and conjunctival autograft for recurrent pterygium. Int Ophthalmol 2007; 27:339-43. [PMID: 17486295 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-007-9085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To observe the efficiency of intraoperative low-dose Mitomycin-C combined with conjunctival autograft in the treatment of recurrent pterygium. METHODS Fifteen eyes with recurrent pterygium were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 51.6 +/- 11.4 (9 men, 6 women). All patients underwent excision of the pterygium tissue and subconjunctival fibrous tissue with a no cautery approach. 0.2 mg/ml Mitomycin-C (0.02%) was applied for 3 min. Conjunctival autograft was obtained from the superotemporal bulbar conjunctiva of the same eye. Eyes were followed for a mean period of 21.0 +/- 9.1 months. RESULTS Recurrence was seen in two eyes (13.3%) during the follow-up period. The only complication seen was graft edema (two eyes; 13.3%) which healed after pressure patching. Graft necrosis, scleral melting or failure of revascularization was not noted. CONCLUSION Intraoperative application of 0.2 mg/ml Mitomycin-C combined with conjunctival autograft reduces recurrence in recurrent pterygium cases, with minimal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uğur E Altiparmak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
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25
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Chetoni P, Burgalassi S, Monti D, Najarro M, Boldrini E. Liposome-encapsulated mitomycin C for the reduction of corneal healing rate and ocular toxicity. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(07)50006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Wan Norliza W, Raihan IS, Azwa JA, Ibrahim M. Scleral melting 16 years after pterygium excision with topical Mitomycin C adjuvant therapy. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2006; 29:165-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Prabhasawat P, Tesavibul N, Leelapatranura K, Phonjan T. Efficacy of Subconjunctival 5-Fluorouracil and Triamcinolone Injection in Impending Recurrent Pterygium. Ophthalmology 2006; 113:1102-9. [PMID: 16730066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Revised: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the efficacy of subconjunctival 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and triamcinolone injection in halting the progression of impending recurrent pterygium. DESIGN Randomized, prospective, controlled clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS One hundred nine patients who had undergone pterygium excision within the previous 6 months and developed grade 3 characteristics (impending recurrent pterygium). METHODS A total of 109 eyes with impending recurrent pterygium were stratified randomly into 3 groups by treatment: 35 eyes served as the control group, 39 eyes received a 5-mg intralesional injection of 5-FU weekly for 2 weeks, and 35 eyes received one 20-mg intralesional injection of triamcinolone. All groups received 1% prednisolone acetate eye drops 4 times daily for 8 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Recurrence rate, success rate, and survival analysis were compared among the groups. RESULTS With a mean follow-up time of 10.9+/-5.5 months (range, 6-26 months), the success rates of the 5-fluorouracil and triamcinolone groups were higher than the control group (87.2%, 71.4%, and 48.6%, respectively). 5-fluorouracil was significantly (P = 0.001) more effective in inhibiting the recurrence of pterygium compared with the control group at all time points during follow-up. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the recurrence-free period of pterygium in the 5-FU group was significantly (P = 0.005) longer than that of the control group but not in the triamcinolone group compared with the controls (P = 0.063). There was no significant difference between the 5-FU group and the triamcinolone group (P = 0.362). Minimal reversible complications such as steroid-induced glaucoma and superficial punctate epitheliopathy developed during the study. CONCLUSIONS Intralesional injection of 5-FU and triamcinolone was more effective in inhibiting the recurrence of pterygium than topical steroid alone, with the results in the 5-FU group reaching statistical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinnita Prabhasawat
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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28
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Hueber A, Grisanti S, Diestelhorst M. Photodynamic therapy for wound-healing modulation in pterygium surgery. A clinical pilot study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2005; 243:942-6. [PMID: 15834608 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-004-1114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2004] [Revised: 08/17/2004] [Accepted: 12/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of photodynamic therapy with the carboxyfluorescein ester BCECF-AM as an adjunctive treatment procedure for pterygium surgery to reduce the rate of recurrence. METHODS In this nonrandomized prospective clinical trial, 19 eyes with nasally located primary pterygium were examined. All eyes were treated with the bare sclera surgical technique. Seven eyes received in addition treatment with BCECF-AM solution and blue light. All patients were evaluated at least after 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year. Postoperative fibrovascular growth from the limbus of at least 1 mm was defined as recurrence. RESULTS The intraoperative application of BCECF-AM solution did not cause anterior chamber flare or any other significant side effects. The bare sclera surgery rate of recurrence was 0% (zero of 12) after 3 months and 91% (11 of 12) after 1 year. The additional photodynamic therapy treatment had a rate of recurrence of 14.2% (one of seven) after 3 months and 71.4% (five of seven) after 1 year. CONCLUSIONS The applied PDT technique seems to be a safe procedure but is associated with a high rate of recurrence. In conclusion, the evaluated PDT treatment procedure, at this point, should not be considered. As we found a high rate of recurrence also in the control group, the bare sclera technique is not effective, even in primary pterygia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Hueber
- Department of Anterior Segment Surgery, Center of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924 Köln, Germany.
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29
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Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the safety and efficacy of intraoperative application of 5-fluorouracil as an adjuvant in primary pterygium surgery and to evaluate the effect of postoperative subconjunctival 5-fluorouracil injections on the recurrent pterygium. METHODS Of 25 consecutive white patients, 28 eyes with primary pterygium underwent pterygium excision with intraoperative application of 5-fluorouracil (25 mg/mL for 3 minutes). The superior and inferior conjunctiva was approximated to cover the scleral bed within 1 mm of the limbus. Recurrence of pterygium was defined as postoperative fibrovascular growth more than 1 mm onto the cornea. Eyes with recurrence less than 2 mm were treated with subconjunctival 5-fluorouracil injections. RESULTS After a mean follow-up of 14.1 +/- 3.9 months (mean +/- standard deviation), 7 recurrences (25%) were observed. All recurrences were detected within 12 months. In 4 of 7 recurrences, the fibrovascular growths were less than 2 mm. We, therefore, performed subconjunctival 5-fluorouracil injections. In 3 (75%) of 4 recurrences, the fibrovascular growths became atrophic. No serious complications were observed during and after the surgery. However, superficial punctate keratitis, pain, and hyperemia were detected in all patients in the early postoperative period. As a result, of 28 eyes, 4 (14%) had unacceptable cosmetic results and growing recurrences. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that intraoperative applications of 5-fluorouracil is both efficient and safe in the treatment of primary pterygium. Additionally, postoperative subconjunctival 5-fluorouracil injections may prevent the progression of fibrovascular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengiz Akarsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Kirikkale, Kirikkale, Turkey.
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30
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Maini R, Collison DJ, Maidment JM, Davies PD, Wormstone IM. Pterygial derived fibroblasts express functionally active histamine and epidermal growth factor receptors. Exp Eye Res 2002; 74:237-44. [PMID: 11950234 DOI: 10.1006/exer.2001.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pterygia are characterised by a fleshy outgrowth of altered conjunctival tissue over the cornea and are most common in tropical regions. Pterygial fibroblasts are characteristically distinct from normal conjunctival fibroblasts, and therefore the aim of this study was to determine the presence and functional significance of histamine and epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors in these cells. Pterygial specimens were cultured in vitro and cellular outgrowths were phenotypically characterised as fibroblasts using vimentin and cytokeratin staining. Intracellular calcium mobilization was used to characterise the functional activity of histamine receptors on these cells. Maximal response was obtained with 100 microM histamine. However, lower concentrations of histamine also caused mobilization of calcium that were totally abolished by pre-incubation with H1 but not H2 or H3 receptor antagonists. EGF receptor was diffusely expressed over the cell surfaces. EGF stimulated receptor internalization, ERK protein phosphorylation and intracellular calcium mobilization. Therefore, fibroblasts derived from human pterygia express functionally active histamine and epidermal growth factor receptors. Controlled modification of either the receptors or the appropriate ligands could have beneficial effects in pterygia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Maini
- Department of Ophthalmology, West Norwich Hospital, Norwich, U.K
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Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this report was to describe the number of Australians affected by pterygium in recent years, treatment options, number of treatment encounters and costs of treatment. METHOD A review of published literature was conducted to identify the prevalence of pterygium in Australian populations. Costs of primary care were based on national general practitioner (GP) survey data. Costs of surgical intervention were based on Health Insurance Commission claims data and Australian Institute of Health and Welfare National Hospital Morbidity Data. RESULTS Pterygium occurs in 1.1% of Australians. It is more prevalent in populations with higher exposure to ultraviolet radiation, and older men (occurring in 12% of males over 60 years). The estimated annual number of GP contacts was 58,900. Forty per cent of primary care contacts for pterygium were referred to an ophthalmologist and topical medication was prescribed by GPs in 32% of contacts. The estimated annual cost of GP visits, specialist visits and topical medication was AUD$3.2 m. There were 6997 claims for pterygium removal in 1999/2000 with 3192 conjunctival autografts. Rates of pterygium removal were highest in Queensland with 56 per 100,000 population. The annual costs of surgical intervention were estimated at AUD$4.8 m. CONCLUSIONS The direct medical costs of pterygium in Australia are AUD$8.3 m annually. This is likely to be an underestimate of total cost because indirect costs such as loss of work time could not be measured. More data are needed on the long-term benefits of pterygium intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wlodarczyk
- John Wlodarczyk Consulting Services, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia.
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Oguz H, Karadede S, Bitiren M, Gurler B, Cakmak M. Tear functions in patients with pinguecula. ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 2001; 79:262-5. [PMID: 11401635 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0420.2001.790310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the tear flow, tear film stability and condition of mucus in patients with pinguecula. METHODS The Schirmer I and ferning tests were performed and break-up time (BUT) was determined in 57 patients with pinguecula [random eyes; 34 males and 23 females, 18 to 70 years of age (mean +/- SD: 39.1 +/- 13.5 years)] and in 57 age-matched subjects (control) [random eyes; 35 males and 22 females, 11 to 70 years of age (mean +/- SD: 37.8 +/- 15.2 years)], and the test results were statistically analysed. RESULTS The mean Schirmer test value was 22.72 +/- 12 mm in the eyes with pinguecula and 22.7 +/- 8.5 mm in the control eyes. There was no statistically significant difference (t = 0.01, p = 0.99) between the groups. The mean BUTs were 11.42 +/- 6.89 s in the eyes with pinguecula and 15.46+/-5.85 s in the control eyes. Comparison of BUTs between the groups revealed a statistically significant difference (t = 3.37, p = 0.0010). Also, ferning types were found to be significantly abnormal in the eyes with pinguecula (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The alteration in the mucin layer is a possible change inducing pinguecula formation, or it may reflect an already existing pathology in the cells on the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Oguz
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology, Harran University, School of Medicine, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
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Yanyali AC, Talu H, Alp BN, Karabas L, Ay GM, Caglar Y. Intraoperative mitomycin C in the treatment of pterygium. Cornea 2000; 19:471-3. [PMID: 10928760 DOI: 10.1097/00003226-200007000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effectiveness of intraoperative mitomycin C in preventing the recurrence of primary pterygium. METHODS In this prospective, randomized study, 38 eyes of 35 patients with primary pterygium were evaluated. In 19 eyes, the "bare sclera technique" combined with intraoperative application of 0.2 mg/mL (0.02%) mitomycin C for five minutes was performed (mitomycin C treated group). The other 19 eyes--taken as control group--underwent surgical excision alone. Statistics were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Fischer's exact test. RESULTS Patients were 20-38 years of age. The mean age was 25.29 +/- 5.08 in the mitomycin C treated group and 25.00 +/- 5.19 in the control group. During the mean follow-up of 17.04 months (range, 12-36 months; SD = 5.89), 4 recurrences (21%) were observed in the mitomycin C treated group and 11 (57.8%) in the control group. The difference between the two groups was significant (p = 0.045). No postoperative complication was encountered in both groups except for recurrences. CONCLUSION Intraoperative mitomycin C was found to be effective in preventing the recurrence of primary pterygium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Yanyali
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kocaeli University, School of Medicine, Turkey
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