1
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In vitro assessment of the biocompatibility of chemically treated silicone materials with human lens epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4649. [PMID: 35301374 PMCID: PMC8931081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxicity testing is a regulatory requirement for safety testing of new ocular implants. In vitro toxicity tests determine whether toxic chemicals are present on a material surface or leach out of the material matrix. A method of evaluating the cytotoxicity of ocular implants was developed using fluorescent viability dyes. To assess the assay’s sensitivity in detecting toxic substances on biomaterials, zinc diethydithiocarbamate (ZDEC) and benzalkonium chloride (BAK) were deposited on silicone surfaces at different concentrations. Human lens epithelial cells (HLEC) were added to the surface of these treated silicone surfaces and were assessed for viability. The viability of both the adherent and non-adherent cells was determined using confocal microscopy with, annexin V, ethidium homodimer, and calcein. Cell metabolism was also evaluated using resazurin and the release of inflammatory cytokines was quantified using a multiplex Mesoscale Discovery platform. Confocal microscopy was shown to be a sensitive assay for evaluating material toxicity, as significant toxicity (p < 0.05) from ZDEC and BAK-treated surfaces compared to the untreated silicone control was detected. Patterns of cytokine release from cells varied depending on the toxin evaluated and the toxin concentration and did not directly correlate with the reduction in cell metabolic activity measured by alamarBlue.
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2
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Lopushinsky KM, Gill N, Shea WK, Elliott JF, Straube S, Dytoc MT. Making Glove Decision Less of a White Knuckling Experience: A Systematic Review and Inventory of Glove Accelerator Contents. J Cutan Med Surg 2020; 24:386-398. [DOI: 10.1177/1203475420919398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Accelerators in medical gloves are a common cause of allergic contact dermatitis among healthcare workers. Objective A systematic review of medical and nursing literature, patch testing reports, and chemical analyses of gloves was conducted to assess accelerator contents reported in the literature and to identify accelerator-free gloves. Methods A systematic literature search was performed in OVID Medline and OVID EMBASE. Hand-searching of reference lists of articles in the field and author input generated the remainder of articles assessed. Results We present an inventory of accelerator contents of gloves and accelerator-free glove options as reported in the literature as a clinical reference tool to assist allergen-free glove selection for individuals suffering from allergic contact dermatitis due to rubber accelerators. Limitations Pertinent limitations of our review include lack of predefined study exclusion criteria and screening of the studies identified in the search by 1 review author only. Conclusion The glove inventory we provide summarizes the available literature regarding medical and surgical glove accelerator content, describing gloves both by brand and manufacturer as well as by accelerators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M. Lopushinsky
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Navjeet Gill
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Whitney K. Shea
- Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - John F. Elliott
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, University Dermatology Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sebastian Straube
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marlene T. Dytoc
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, University Dermatology Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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3
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Cytotoxicity and In Vivo Biosafety Studies of the Poly(alkylphenol) Derivatives as Vulcanizing Agents. Macromol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-019-7150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Virdi R, Grover B, Ghuman K. “NITROSAMINE SAFE” THIURAM DISULFIDE. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.18.82617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
An investigation into the technological performance of a new nitrosamine safe thiuram disulfide, tetraisononylthiuramdisulfide (TINTD), in natural rubber was undertaken. Initially, TINTD was synthesized from di(3,5,5-trimethylhexyl)amine. It was then demonstrated to function as a sulfur donor, a primary accelerator, and as a secondary accelerator when combined with sulfenamides. These investigations found that the long-branched alkyl chain on the nitrogen of TINTD and of its vulcanization breakdown product zinc diisononyldithiocarbamate (ZDNC) makes both chemical species very soluble in the elastomer. This high solubility of TINTD and ZDNC in the rubber makes TINTD highly attractive for use in soluble efficient vulcanization systems. In addition, the nature of the long-branched alkyl chain means that the formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosamine is difficult, and if formed, it is toxicologically much less hazardous in terms of both acute toxicity and metabolic activity. Thus, concerns of accelerator toxicity, irritant dermatitis from thiuram and dithiocarbamate, and type IV allergy may be reduced or totally eliminated. The curing efficiency of various thiuram disulfides was also investigated as a function of alkyl chain length and the degree of chain branching. The cure performance was found to be determined by both chain length and chain branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranvir Virdi
- Robinson Brothers Limited, Phoenix Street, West Bromwich, B70 0AH, U.K
| | - Boyd Grover
- Robinson Brothers Limited, Phoenix Street, West Bromwich, B70 0AH, U.K
| | - Kiruan Ghuman
- Robinson Brothers Limited, Phoenix Street, West Bromwich, B70 0AH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
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5
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Abstract
Hand dermatitis is a common condition with a lifetime prevalence of 20%. Glove allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a very important dermatitis affecting health care workers, hairdressers, cleaning personnel, kitchen workers, craftsmen, construction workers, laboratory workers, and homemakers. Occupationally related cases may be severe and can result in significant disability. Glove ACD is most commonly due to exposure to rubber accelerators, which are compounds that are added to rubber during production to increase strength and durability. Given the known allergic potential of these compounds, glove manufacturing companies have reformulated gloves leading to the introduction of new rubber allergens. In this review, we will discuss risk factors for glove ACD, both common and uncommon allergens in gloves, common contact allergens that permeate gloves, and patch testing to help uncover the inciting allergen(s).
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Warburton KL, Uter W, Geier J, Spiewak R, Mahler V, Crépy MN, Schuttelaar ML, Bauer A, Wilkinson M. Patch testing with rubber series in Europe: a critical review and recommendation. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 76:195-203. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; University of Erlangen/Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK); University Medical Centre; 37075 Goettingen Germany
| | - Radoslaw Spiewak
- Department of Experimental Dermatology and Cosmetology; Jagiellonian University Medical College; 30-688 Krakow Poland
| | - Vera Mahler
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital of Erlangen; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Marie-Noëlle Crépy
- Department of Occupational Diseases, Centre Hôtel-Dieu, AP-HP; Paris University Hospital; 75004 Paris France
| | - Marie Louise Schuttelaar
- Department of Dermatology; University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen; 9713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Allergy Centre, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus; Technical University Dresden; 01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- Department of Dermatology; Chapel Allerton Hospital; Leeds LS7 4SA UK
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7
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Aalto-Korte K, Pesonen M. Patterns of simultaneous patch test reactions to thiurams and dithiocarbamates in 164 patients. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 75:353-357. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Aalto-Korte
- Occupational Medicine; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH); 00250 Helsinki Finland
| | - Maria Pesonen
- Occupational Medicine; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH); 00250 Helsinki Finland
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8
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Warburton KL, Bauer A, Chowdhury MMU, Cooper S, Kręcisz B, Chomiczewska-Skóra D, Kieć-Świerczyńska M, Filon FL, Mahler V, Sánchez-Pérez J, Schnuch A, Uter W, Wilkinson M. ESSCA results with the baseline series, 2009-2012: rubber allergens. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 73:305-12. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of Dermatology; University Allergy Centre, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden; Dresden D-01307 Germany
| | | | - Susan Cooper
- Department of Dermatology; Churchill Hospital; Oxford OX3 7LJ UK
| | - Beata Kręcisz
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine; Lodz 91-348 Poland
| | | | | | - Francesca L. Filon
- Department of Public Health, Occupational Medicine; University of Trieste; IT-34129 Trieste Italy
| | - Vera Mahler
- Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Erlangen; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Javier Sánchez-Pérez
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa; 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Axel Schnuch
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology; University Medicine Göttingen; 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; University of Erlangen/Nurnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- Department of Dermatology; The Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust; Leeds LS7 4SA UK
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9
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Warburton KL, Urwin R, Carder M, Turner S, Agius R, Wilkinson SM. UK rates of occupational skin disease attributed to rubber accelerators, 1996-2012. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 72:305-11. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Urwin
- Department of Dermatology; Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust; Leeds LS7 4SA UK
| | - Melanie Carder
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Susan Turner
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Raymond Agius
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PL UK
- Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Manchester M13 9WL UK
| | - S. Mark Wilkinson
- Department of Dermatology; Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust; Leeds LS7 4SA UK
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10
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García-Malinis AJ, Santamarina-Albertos A, Martin-Martin G, Carrera-Aguado N, Miranda-Romero A. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by undisclosed thiurams in a patch test tubular net. Contact Dermatitis 2014; 72:116-7. [PMID: 25441105 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Julia García-Malinis
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valladolid, Avenida Ramón y Cajal, 13, 47005, Valladolid, Spain
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11
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Hansson C, Pontén A, Svedman C, Bergendorff O. Reaction profile in patch testing with allergens formed during vulcanization of rubber. Contact Dermatitis 2014; 70:300-8. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christer Hansson
- Department of Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital; SE-221 85 Lund Sweden
| | - Ann Pontén
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital; SE-205 02 Malmö Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital; SE-205 02 Malmö Sweden
| | - Ola Bergendorff
- Department of Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital; SE-221 85 Lund Sweden
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12
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Schlögl S, Temel A, Schaller R, Holzner A, Kern W. Characteristics of the photochemical prevulcanization in a falling film photoreactor. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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13
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Survey of chemical residues and biological evaluation of photochemically pre-vulcanized surgical gloves. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-010-0404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Clinical Patterns of Hand and Foot Dermatitis: Emphasis on Rubber and Chromate Allergens. Dermatol Clin 2009; 27:281-7, vi. [DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Crépy MN, Francuz B, Gorodetzky M, Choudat D. Les gants : une cause fréquente d’eczéma d’origine professionnelle. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Bergendorff O, Persson C, Hansson C. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of rubber allergens in protective gloves used in health care. Contact Dermatitis 2006; 55:210-5. [PMID: 16958918 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2006.00912.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method developed for analysis of zinc dithiocarbamates was validated and used to perform a survey of disposable medical gloves used in southern Sweden. The gloves were extracted with acetone at room temperature for 10 min by shaking. The extracts were injected into a polyether ether ketone lined HPLC column, and peaks were analysed by a diode-array detector. The survey shows that of 19 gloves analysed, 10 contained zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (0.070-3.5 mg/g), 3 contained zinc pentamethylenedithiocarbamate (1.0-4.3 mg/g), 4 contained zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate (0.9-1.1 mg/g), and 2 contained 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (0.005-0.008 mg/g). None of them contained thiurams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Bergendorff
- Department of Dermatology, Lund University, University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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17
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Diepgen TL, Bruynzeel DP, Andersen KE, Brandão FM, Bruze M, Gonçalo M, Goossens A, Lahti A, Mahler V, Menné T, White IR, Wilkinson JD. Mercaptobenzothiazole or the mercapto-mix: which should be in the standard series? Contact Dermatitis 2006; 55:36-8. [PMID: 16842552 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2006.00864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) compounds are well known contact allergens. To detect rubber allergic patients we use both MBT (2% in petrolatum) and a mercapto-mix with 4 constituents of 0.5% each in our standard series. In this article the EECDRG presents data of in total 32,475 consecutive tested patients attending the respective contact dermatitis clinics from 11 centres in Europe to determine if the mix and MBT detected the same allergic patients. We found 327 patients positive to the mix or MBT, or to both. 261 were positive to the mix and 254 to MBT. MBT was negative in 73 patients who were positive to the mix. If the mix had not been in the standard series, on average 22% of patients allergic to a mercapto-compound would have been missed, for MBT this would have been on average 20%. All clinics would have missed a significant number of positive reactions if both compounds had not been tested. We conclude, that both the mercapto mix and MBT are required in the standard series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Diepgen
- Department of Occupational Dermatology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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18
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Knudsen B, Lerbaek A, Johansen JD, Menné T. Reduction in the frequency of sensitization to thiurams. A result of legislation? Contact Dermatitis 2006; 54:170-1. [PMID: 16524443 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.0739c.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Knudsen
- Department of Dermatology, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Niels Andersensvej 65, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
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19
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Depree GJ, Bledsoe TA, Siegel PD. Survey of sulfur-containing rubber accelerator levels in latex and nitrile exam gloves. Contact Dermatitis 2005; 53:107-13. [PMID: 16033405 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole and zinc dialkyldithiocarbamates are commonly used sulfur-containing rubber vulcanization accelerators known to cause allergic contact dermatitis. Exposure to these agents occurs through clothing such as undergarments and shoes, latex medical devices and latex and nitrile gloves. A simple, inexpensive screening method for total sulfur accelerator and a high performance liquid chromatographic speciation method were developed in the present study. These methods were applied to screen and quantify the sulfur accelerator content from 38 brands of 'off-the-shelf' latex and nitrile gloves obtained from commercial vendors. It was found that accelerator levels ranged from not detectable to 7.35 mg/g in the gloves analysed. Brands were found to contain single and multiple accelerator species within the glove. Powdered gloves had significantly higher accelerator levels than powder-free gloves from the same manufacturer; however, these chemical accelerators do not preferentially partition to the powder. The present analytical methodology is suitable for both manufacturing quality validation purposes, as well as for accelerator allergy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Depree
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888, USA
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20
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Bergendorff O, Persson C, Hansson C. Extraction of haptens from solid products and their delivery to the skin, exemplified by dithiocarbamates from rubber gloves. Contact Dermatitis 2005; 53:22-6. [PMID: 15982227 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis is often caused by solid products such as rubber gloves. Patch testing with the product as is often gives negative results. Extraction of the haptens into an organic solvent is commonly performed to achieve a more correct investigation. The technique used for extraction of haptens from solid materials is only sporadically described. In this study, we investigated and optimized the yields of dithiocarbamates obtained by extraction from rubber gloves. The influence of solvent, extraction time and the procedures for extraction are evaluated. The delivery of zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate from the patch test preparation to the skin is determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Bergendorff
- Department of Dermatology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergies to natural rubber latex (NRL) were unknown in dentistry until 1987. That changed with the publication of a report documenting NRL-based anaphylaxis in a dental worker. This case and others prompted regulatory and manufacturing changes in rubber products and increased awareness throughout the profession. However, other common dental chemicals cause allergic reactions and irritation and often are handled with insufficient precautions. Although recognition of NRL allergy has improved, awareness of other potential allergens and irritants in dentistry still is limited. OVERVIEW Recent research indicates that the prevalence of NRL protein allergy may be decreasing. In contrast, occupation-related dermatoses associated with other dental products may be more common. Encounters with bonding agents, disinfectants, rubber, metals and detergents can cause occupation-based irritant contact dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. These conditions may be found in more than one-quarter of dental and medical personnel. Therefore, dental-specific information about the recognition and management of allergic and irritant reactions is needed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The prevalence of occupation-related dermatitis may be increasing in dentistry. Reducing exposure to potential irritants and allergens and educating personnel about proper skin care are essential to reversing this trend.
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Nicolaysen PH, Klink KJ, Shriver E, Knutsen G, Hubbs AF, Depree GJ, Siegel PD, Weissman DN, Whitmer M, Meade BJ. Local and Systemic Toxicity in Mice Following Subcutaneous Implantation of Latex Penrose Drains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/cus-200036691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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23
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Abstract
The prevalence of IgE mediated natural latex rubber allergy is estimated to be < 1% in the general population, < 17% in medical personnel and approximately 0% in children with spina bifida. We review the definition, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of NLR allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolf Brehler
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Geier J, Lessmann H, Uter W, Schnuch A. Occupational rubber glove allergy: results of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), 1995-2001. Contact Dermatitis 2003; 48:39-44. [PMID: 12641577 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0536.2003.480107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
About 21% of the patients with occupational contact dermatitis registered in the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) in the years 1995-2001 were patch tested due to suspected rubber glove allergy. We analysed reaction frequencies to thiurams, dithiocarbamates, mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) and its derivatives, thioureas, and 1,3-diphenylguanidine (1,3-DPG). Thiurams were by far the most frequent rubber allergens in these patients (16.2% positive reactions, age- and sex-standardized), and the reaction frequency showed a decline from 20.9% in 1997 to 12.8% in 2000. However, this trend was not statistically significant, and was followed by an increase to 16.5% in 2001. All other rubber allergens showed no time trend at all. Although, according to manufacturers' information, the use of dithiocarbamates and MBT derivatives in rubber glove production increased in recent years, these allergens elicited positive reactions in only about 3% of the patients tested, and showed no increasing trend. Thioureas and 1,3-DPG are not widely used in rubber glove production, and play only a minor role in rubber glove contact allergy. Most of the positive reactions to 1,3-DPG are probably false-positive, irritant reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology, University of Göttingen, Germany.
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De Jong WH, Tentij M, Spiekstra SW, Vandebriel RJ, Van Loveren H. Determination of the sensitising activity of the rubber contact sensitisers TMTD, ZDMC, MBT and DEA in a modified local lymph node assay and the effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate pretreatment on local lymph node responses. Toxicology 2002; 176:123-34. [PMID: 12062936 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(02)00131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A modified local lymph node assay (LLNA) was used to determine the sensitising activity of four chemicals used for the production of natural rubber latex products. Tetramethylthiuramdisulfide (TMTD), 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) and zincdimethyldithiocarbamate (ZDMC), three moderate human sensitisers, and diethylamine (DEA) a known human sensitiser, were epicutaneously administered on the ear and the proliferating activity in the draining (auricular) lymph node (LN) was determined by ex vivo (3)H-thymidine incorporation. Consistent results were obtained for TMTD and ZDMC with stimulation indices (SI) above 3, identifying these compounds as sensitiser, while for DEA and MBT inconsistent results were obtained. For all parameters determined such as LN weight, LN cell number, cell proliferation per 2 x 10(6) cells, and cell proliferation per LN statistical significant increases were observed. The SI, expressed as cellular proliferation per LN or per animal (left and right LN combined), was the most sensitive parameter with an optimum at day 5 after start of treatment.Furthermore, we investigated whether the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was able to enhance weak responses in the LLNA. SDS treatment with dosages of 10% and higher resulted in a SI above 3, while a dosage of 1% SDS showed no activity. Pretreatment with 1% SDS 1 h before application of the rubber chemicals enhanced the responses to these chemicals consistently, identifying also DEA and MBT as sensitisers. Our results indicate that SDS had synergistic activity on the LN responses of the administered rubber chemicals in the LLNA. For the moderately responding sensitisers TMTD and ZDMC both IFN-gamma and IL-4 production was observed. For the weakly responding sensitisers DEA and MBT both IFN-gamma and IL-4 cytokine production was only observed after pretreatment of the animals with 10% SDS. For 10% and 20% SDS, inducing approximately a SI of 20 in the LLNA, no induction of cytokines was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim H De Jong
- Laboratory for Pathology and Immunobiology, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Geier J, Frosch PJ, Schnuch A, Agathos M, Bauer A, Brasch J, Gaber G, Gottlöber P, Grabbe J, Hartmann M, Jappe UTA, Kaatz M, Lübbe D, Pirker C, Gefeller O. Patch tests with thiurams at 0.25% pet. and 1% pet. are of equal diagnostic value. Contact Dermatitis 2002; 46:258-61. [PMID: 12084077 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0536.2002.460502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Thiuram mix is tested in the standard series at a test concentration of 1% pet. The single thiurams (DPTD, TMTD, TMTM, TETD), however, are usually tested at 0.25% pet. in Germany. In other countries, the individual components of thiuram mix are tested at 1% pet. The German Contact Dermatitis Research Group (DKG) compared both patch test concentrations in 530 patients in order to find out if (i) a significant number of positive patch tests are missed by testing at the lower concentration, (ii) problems with irritant test reactions occur by increasing the test concentration to 1%, and (iii) the sensitivity of the thiuram mix rises when the breakdown test is done with the higher concentration. Slightly more positive reactions were seen with the higher concentration, but this increase did not reach statistical significance. The reaction index, as a measure for the relation of positive to irritant and/or questionable reactions, remained unchanged for the individual thiurams. The sensitivity of the mix also did not change when the breakdown test was performed with 1% pet. instead of 0.25% pet. Thus, we conclude that both concentrations are of equal diagnostic value in patch testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Department of Dermatology, University of Göttingen, Germany.
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27
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Abstract
The concentrations of proteins, allergens and rubber chemicals are essential parameters of the allergenicity of NRL gloves. To date, a standardized method has been given only for analysis of the protein concentration (DIN EN 455-3), and not for the concentrations of allergens and rubber chemicals. In the present study, we investigated 11 brands of surgical gloves currently available on the German market. Additionally 1 glove, not subjected to final leaching procedures, was added for comparison purposes. Protein concentrations were analysed by different methods in different laboratories. Allergen concentrations were assayed by prick tests in NRL-allergic volunteers and by RAST inhibition methods. Rubber chemicals were analysed by HPTLC and GC. The protein concentrations analysed by the Lowry method in the 2 laboratories gave concordant results, but the correlations between protein and allergen concentrations were low. The protein concentration analysed by HPLC correlated with the allergen concentration, and gave better information on the allergenicity of the gloves. The development of standardized methods for allergen analysis in the assessment routine is necessary, due to significant discrepancy between protein and allergen levels of some gloves. Thiurams were not found in any of the gloves, though carbamates were present in all gloves tested. Our data indicate that washing procedures have little or no effect on the concentration of rubber chemicals.
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Bergendorff O, Hansson C. Stability of thiuram disulfides in patch test preparations and formation of asymmetric disulfides. Contact Dermatitis 2001; 45:151-7. [PMID: 11553141 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.045003151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The thiuram mix used in patch testing originally contains 4 compounds. However, chemical analysis of the test preparation revealed that several new compounds are spontaneously formed during storage. The structures of these compounds have been determined and the rate of their formation has been studied in buffer solution at pH 7.4. After a few hours, a large amount of mixed disulfides are formed in solutions originally containing only symmetric disulfides. The impact on the test result of the formation of asymmetric disulfides has been investigated by testing on thiuram-sensitive volunteers with different preparations of mixed thiuram disulfides. In our study, the formation of new asymmetric thiuram disulfides from the original symmetric thiuram disulfides in the test preparation had no influence on the result of the patch testing. However, as the chemical analysis showed that the mix composition changes during the period when the preparations are used, and differs between suppliers, the question is raised as to whether it is acceptable to use test preparations with a composition that is different from that labelled on the protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Bergendorff
- Department of Dermatology, Lund University, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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