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Tényi T, Halmai T, Antal A, Benke B, Jeges S, Tényi D, Tóth ÁL, Csábi G. Minor physical anomalies are more common in schizophrenia patients with the history of homicide. Psychiatry Res 2015; 225:702-5. [PMID: 25500346 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Minor physical anomalies may be external markers of abnormal brain development, so the more common appearance of these signs in homicidal schizophrenia might suggest the possibility of a more seriously aberrant neurodevelopment in this subgroup. The aim of the present study was to investigate the rate and topological profile of minor physical anomalies in patients with schizophrenia with the history of committed or attempted homicide comparing them to patients with schizophrenia without homicide in their history and to normal control subjects. Using a list of 57 minor physical anomalies, 44 patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia were examined with the history of committed or attempted homicide, as a comparison 22 patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia without the history of any kind of homicide and violence and 21 normal control subjects were examined. Minor physical anomalies are more common in homicidal schizophrenia patients compared to non-homicidal schizophrenia patients and normal controls, which could support a stronger neurodevelopmental component of etiology in this subgroup of schizophrenia. The higher rate of minor physical anomalies found predominantly in the head and mouth regions in homicidal schizophrenia patients might suggest the possibility of a more seriously aberrant brain development in the case of homicidal schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Tényi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Pécs, Faculty of Medicine, Rét u.2, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Halmai
- Forensic Psychiatric Mental Institution, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Albert Antal
- Forensic Psychiatric Mental Institution, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Benke
- Forensic Psychiatric Mental Institution, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sára Jeges
- Institute of Nursing and Patients Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dalma Tényi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Pécs, Faculty of Medicine, Rét u.2, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ákos Levente Tóth
- Institute of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Györgyi Csábi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, Faculty of Medicine, Pécs, Hungary
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Cheng H, Chang CC, Chang YC, Lee WK, Tzang RF. A Pilot Study: Association between Minor Physical Anomalies in Childhood and Future Mental Problems. Psychiatry Investig 2014; 11:228-31. [PMID: 25110493 PMCID: PMC4124179 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2014.11.3.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate association between early recognizable minor physical abnormality (MPA) during childhood is associated with mental health problems in young adults. METHODS In 1984, 169 preschool children in central Taiwan underwent a detailed physical examination for subtle abnormalities (MPA). Fourteen years later, the Brief Symptom Rating Scale (BSRS) and Chinese Health Questionnaire (CHQ) were used to measure specific psychiatric symptoms. RESULTS There is an association between MPA during childhood and adult characterized with interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, depression and paranoid mental health symptoms. CONCLUSION The signs of childhood MPA can be easily identified and should be regarded as risk factors when predicting mental disorder. Mental health professionals should consider MPAs as important signs for possible development of emotional problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chen Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Institutes of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Cune Chang
- Department of Mathematics, Tamkang University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Kuei Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruu-Fen Tzang
- Department of Psychiatry, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Health Care Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
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Hope D, Bates T, Gow AJ, Starr JM, Deary IJ. Minor physical anomalies, intelligence, and cognitive decline. Exp Aging Res 2012; 38:265-78. [PMID: 22540382 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2012.672126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND/STUDY CONTEXT: Minor physical anomalies are thought to be markers of development and increased frequency of such anomalies has been linked to lower levels of intelligence. Here the authors examine a finger curvature anomaly, and evaluate its potential as a marker of the causes of cognitive aging. METHODS Participants were members of the Lothian Birth Cohort 1921 (LBC 1921). Intelligence was assessed at ages 11, 79, and 87. In wave 3, at age 87, 192 participants had both hands scanned with a high-resolution flatbed scanner and the curvature of the fifth digit was measured with image editing software. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the proportion of unique variance in cognitive decline that could be explained by the finger curvature anomaly. RESULTS Finger curvature was significantly associated with cognitive decline across the life span (β= -.19, p= .02). Curvature was not associated with intelligence at age 11 or with decline during the period age 79 to age 87. CONCLUSION Continuously varying minor physical anomalies may accumulate to provide a marker of factors impacting life span cognitive change. Curvature anomalies may reflect the common causes underlying cognitive and physical decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hope
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology and Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Abstract
AbstractThis article reviews evidence from neuropsychological tests that brain dysfunction is a correlate of conduct disorder. Most studies report consistent findings of differential neuropsychological deficits for antisocial samples in verbal and “executive” functions. Neuropsychological measures are related to some of the best indicators of poor outcome for children with conduct symptoms, such as early onset, stability across time, hyperactive symptoms, and aggressiveness. Neuropsychological tests statistically predict variance in antisocial behavior independently of appropriate control variables. This article argues that neuropsychological variables warrant further study as possible causal factors for conduct disorder and presents one developmental perspective on how neuropsychological problems might contribute risk for conduct disorder.
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Zebrowitz LA, Montepare JM. Social Psychological Face Perception: Why Appearance Matters. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2008; 2:1497. [PMID: 20107613 PMCID: PMC2811283 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We form first impressions from faces despite warnings not to do so. Moreover, there is considerable agreement in our impressions, which carry significant social outcomes. Appearance matters because some facial qualities are so useful in guiding adaptive behavior that even a trace of those qualities can create an impression. Specifically, the qualities revealed by facial cues that characterize low fitness, babies, emotion, and identity are overgeneralized to people whose facial appearance resembles the unfit (anomalous face overgeneralization), babies (babyface overgeneralization), a particular emotion (emotion face overgeneralization), or a particular identity (familiar face overgeneralization). We review studies that support the overgeneralization hypotheses and recommend research that incorporates additional tenets of the ecological theory from which these hypotheses are derived: the contribution of dynamic and multi-modal stimulus information to face perception; bidirectional relationships between behavior and face perception; perceptual learning mechanisms and social goals that sensitize perceivers to particular information in faces.
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Zebrowitz LA, Collins MA. Accurate social perception at zero acquaintance: the affordances of a Gibsonian approach. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2005; 1:204-23. [PMID: 15659350 DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0103_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
We review research on accurate social perception at zero acquaintance and apply a Gibsonian ecological approach to redress several shortcomings. We argue that recent use of Brunswik's lens model to determine what physical qualities accurately communicate psychological traits has limited utility because it fails to consider the structured information provided by configural physical qualities that is central to Gibson's (1979) theory. We elaborate a developmental model of relationships between physical and psychological qualities that highlights research needed to identify configural physical qualities that may inform accurate perceptions. This model and tenets of the ecological theory yield several hypotheses regarding such qualities. Finally, we advocate the value of studying perceived affordances (opportunities for acting, interacting, or being acted upon) because this will focus attention on the neglected issue of contextual influences on social perception accuracy, and because affordances may be perceived more accurately than global personality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Zebrowitz
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02254-9110, USA.
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Zebrowitz LA, Fellous JM, Mignault A, Andreoletti C. Trait impressions as overgeneralized responses to adaptively significant facial qualities: evidence from connectionist modeling. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2004; 7:194-215. [PMID: 12788687 DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0703_01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Connectionist modeling experiments tested anomalous-face and baby-face overgeneralization hypotheses proposed to explain consensual trait impressions of faces. Activation of a neural network unit trained to respond to anomalous faces predicted impressions of normal adult faces varying in attractiveness as well as several elderly stereotypes. Activation of a neural network unit trained to respond to babies' faces predicted impressions of adults varying in babyfaceness as well as 1 elderly stereotype. Thus, similarities of normal adult faces to anomalous faces or babies' faces contribute to impressions of them quite apart from knowledge of overlapping social stereotypes. The evolutionary importance of appropriate responses to unfit individuals or babies is presumed to produce a strong response preparedness that is overgeneralized to faces resembling the unfit or babies.
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Raine A. Annotation: the role of prefrontal deficits, low autonomic arousal, and early health factors in the development of antisocial and aggressive behavior in children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2002; 43:417-34. [PMID: 12030589 DOI: 10.1111/1469-7610.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This article selectively reviews the biological bases of antisocial and aggressive behavior in children with a focus on low autonomic functioning, prefrontal deficits, and early health factors. RESULTS Low resting heart rate is thought to be the best-replicated biological correlate of antisocial and aggressive behavior in child and adolescent populations and may reflect reduced noradrenergic functioning and a fearless, stimulation-seeking temperament. Evidence from neuropsychological, neurological, and brain imaging studies converges on the conclusion that prefrontal structural and functional deficits are related to antisocial, aggressive behavior throughout the lifespan. A prefrontal dysfunction theory of antisocial behavior is advanced. This argues that social and executive function demands of late adolescence overload the late developing prefrontal cortex, giving rise to prefrontal dysfunction and a lack of inhibitory control over antisocial, violent behavior that peaks at this age. Birth complications and minor physical anomalies are selectively associated with later violent behavior, especially when combined with adverse psychosocial risk factors for violence. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy may increase the risk for antisocial and violent behavior in later life by disrupting noradrenergic functioning and enhancement of cholinergic receptors that inhibit cardiac functioning. Malnutrition during pregnancy is associated with later antisocial behavior and may be mediated by protein deficiency. CONCLUSIONS It is argued that early health intervention and prevention studies may provide the most effective way of reversing biological deficits that predispose to antisocial and aggressive behavior in children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Raine
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-1061, USA.
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Lohr JB, Alder M, Flynn K, Harris MJ, McAdams LA. Minor physical anomalies in older patients with late-onset schizophrenia, early-onset schizophrenia, depression, and Alzheimer's disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1997; 5:318-23. [PMID: 9363288 DOI: 10.1097/00019442-199700540-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The authors assessed five groups of older subjects (age > 45) for evidence of minor physical anomalies. The groups were patients with early-onset schizophrenia (onset at age < 45; n = 15), late-onset schizophrenia (onset at age > 45; n = 8), Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 11), and unipolar depression (n = 11), and normal comparison (NC) subjects (n = 15). Patients with late- and early-onset schizophrenia, and unipolar depression were found to have significantly more anomalies than NC subjects. Patients with AD did not have significantly more anomalies than NC subjects, although the patients with AD were significantly older than the NC subjects. The authors discuss implications of these findings on the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Lohr
- University of California, San Diego, USA
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Graves PL, Mead LA, Wang NY, Liang KY, Klag MJ. Temperament as a potential predictor of mortality: evidence from a 41-year prospective study. J Behav Med 1994; 17:111-26. [PMID: 8035447 DOI: 10.1007/bf01858100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Psychological factors were hypothesized to influence mortality, in particular, early versus later mortality. To explore the relationship between temperament, a psychological factor, and mortality in a prospective study of 1337 medical students, we constructed a measure portraying three temperament types, using latent class analysis. Death occurred in 113 subjects over 25-41 years of follow-up. In univariate survival analysis, subjects tending to direct tension "inward" when under stress ("Tension-In") had a higher risk of mortality than "Tension-Out" or "Stable" types. These associations persisted after adjustment for age, smoking, cholesterol level, and Quetelet Index. The relative risk (RR) of mortality for Tension-In was 1.56 (95% confidence interval, 1.00-2.44) compared with the Stable group. The risk was due entirely to the excess risk in persons under 55 years of age (RR, 2.59; 95% confidence interval, 1.46-4.62); the corresponding risk of death in older persons was 0.66 (0.30-1.48). Thus temperament is a significant risk factor for mortality, in particular, premature death.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Graves
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Abstract
Two independent investigations of the association between the temperamental dimensions of inhibition and lack of inhibition to the unfamiliar, on the one hand, and the degree of pigmentation of the iris, on the other, revealed a statistically significant relation in Caucasian children between behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar and blue irises and uninhibited behavior and brown irises. Several biochemical interpretations of this association were discussed and it was suggested that these behavioral styles might be influenced by biological factors that are partially marked by eye color in Caucasian populations.
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