1
|
Monzel M, Handlogten J, Reuter M. No verbal overshadowing in aphantasia: The role of visual imagery for the verbal overshadowing effect. Cognition 2024; 245:105732. [PMID: 38325233 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The verbal overshadowing effect refers to the phenomenon that the verbal description of a past complex stimulus impairs its subsequent recognition. Theoretical explanations range from interference between different mental representations to the activation of different processing orientations or a provoked shift in the recognition criterion. In our study, 61 participants with aphantasia (= lack of mental imagery) and 70 controls participated in a verbal overshadowing paradigm. The verbal overshadowing effect did not occur in people with aphantasia, although the effect was replicated in controls. We speculate that this is either due to the lack of visual representations in people with aphantasia that verbal descriptions could interfere with, or to the absence of a shift in processing orientation during verbalisation. To rule out criterion-based explanations, further research is needed to distinguish between discriminability and response bias in people with aphantasia. Finally, data indicated that the verbal overshadowing effect may even be reversed in individuals with aphantasia, partly due to a lower memory performance in the no verbalisation condition. Effects of further variables are discussed, such as mental strategies, memory confidence, and difficulty, quantity and quality of verbalisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Monzel
- Personality Psychology and Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
| | | | - Martin Reuter
- Personality Psychology and Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, 53111 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee J, Penrod SD. Three‐level meta‐analysis of the other‐race bias in facial identification. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jungwon Lee
- Department of Psychology Hallym University Chuncheon South Korea
| | - Steven D. Penrod
- Department of Psychology John Jay College of Criminal Justice New York USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
de Lissa P, Watanabe K, Gu L, Ishii T, Nakamura K, Kimura T, Sagasaki A, Caldara R. Race categorization in noise. Iperception 2022; 13:20416695221119530. [PMID: 36061242 PMCID: PMC9437912 DOI: 10.1177/20416695221119530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
People are typically faster to categorize the race of a face if it belongs to a race different from their own. This Other Race Categorization Advantage (ORCA) is thought to reflect an enhanced sensitivity to the visual race signals of other race faces, leading to faster response times. The current study investigated this sensitivity in a cross-cultural sample of Swiss and Japanese observers with a race categorization task using faces that had been parametrically degraded of visual structure, with normalized luminance and contrast. While Swiss observers exhibited an increasingly strong ORCA in both reaction time and accuracy as the face images were visually degraded up to 20% structural coherence, the Japanese observers manifested this pattern most distinctly when the faces were fully structurally-intact. Critically, for both observer groups, there was a clear accuracy effect at the 20% structural coherence level, indicating that the enhanced sensitivity to other race visual signals persists in significantly degraded stimuli. These results suggest that different cultural groups may rely on and extract distinct types of visual race signals during categorization, which may depend on the available visual information. Nevertheless, heavily degraded stimuli specifically favor the perception of other race faces, indicating that the visual system is tuned by experience and is sensitive to the detection of unfamiliar signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li Gu
- School of Innovation Design, Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts,
Guangzhou, China
| | - Tatsunori Ishii
- Japan Womens' University, Tokyo, Japan; Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koyo Nakamura
- University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan; Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
de Lissa P, Sokhn N, Lasrado S, Tanaka K, Watanabe K, Caldara R. Rapid saccadic categorization of other-race faces. J Vis 2021; 21:1. [PMID: 34724530 PMCID: PMC8572436 DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.12.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human visual system is very fast and efficient at extracting socially relevant information from faces. Visual studies employing foveated faces have consistently reported faster categorization by race response times for other-race compared with same-race faces. However, in everyday life we typically encounter faces outside the foveated visual field. In study 1, we explored whether and how race is categorized extrafoveally in same- and other-race faces normalized for low-level properties by tracking eye movements of Western Caucasian and East Asian observers in a saccadic response task. The results show that not only are people sensitive to race in faces presented outside of central vision, but the speed advantage in categorizing other-race faces occurs astonishingly quickly in as little as 200 ms. Critically, this visual categorization process was approximately 300 ms faster than the typical button press responses on centrally presented foveated faces. Study 2 investigated the genesis of the extrafoveal saccadic response speed advantage by comparing the influences of the response modality (button presses and saccadic responses), as well as the potential contribution of the impoverished low-spatial frequency spectrum characterizing extrafoveal visual information processing. Button press race categorization was not significantly faster with reconstructed retinal-filtered low spatial frequency faces, regardless of the visual field presentation. The speed of race categorization was significantly boosted only by extrafoveal saccades and not centrally foveated faces. Race is a potent, rapid, and effective visual signal transmitted by faces used for the categorization of ingroup/outgroup members. This fast universal visual categorization can occur outside central vision, igniting a cascade of social processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter de Lissa
- Eye and Brain Mapping Laboratory (iBMLab), Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,
| | - Nayla Sokhn
- Eye and Brain Mapping Laboratory (iBMLab), Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,
| | - Sasha Lasrado
- Eye and Brain Mapping Laboratory (iBMLab), Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,
| | - Kanji Tanaka
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,
| | - Katsumi Watanabe
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Arts, Design, and Architecture, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,
| | - Roberto Caldara
- Eye and Brain Mapping Laboratory (iBMLab), Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wyer NA, Hollins TJ, Pahl S. Remembering Social Events: A Construal Level Approach. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2021; 48:1238-1254. [PMID: 34404279 PMCID: PMC9245159 DOI: 10.1177/01461672211038188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Social events are rich in information, yet research into how people remember such events has typically been limited to considering one aspect (e.g., faces, behaviors) at a time. Based on an internal meta-analysis of a program work encompassing 15 laboratory, field, and on-line experiments involving 1,230 participants, we found that construal level influences both the ability to recognize people involved in the event (d = 0.30) and the way the social aspects of the event are described (average d = 0.48). In contrast, memory for background objects/scenes that were present during the event was unaffected by construal level. We discuss these findings in terms of their implications for both event memory (and situations where different aspects of the same event are remembered) and for construal level (and the question of how and when construal is likely to affect memory).
Collapse
|
6
|
Never forget a face: Verbalization facilitates recollection as evidenced by flexible responding to contrasting recognition memory tests. Mem Cognit 2021; 49:323-339. [PMID: 32844382 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-020-01085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Verbal facilitation occurs when describing a face improves its subsequent recognition; but there are several theoretical explanations debated in the literature. The results of the present studies support a relatively unrestricted, parsimonious theory that verbal facilitation occurs because describing a face supports recollection of several different facets of the face-viewing experience. This recollection is then demonstrated by flexibly responding to two competing types of recognition task demands. Participants studied a list of faces and, following each face, performed a nonverbalization task (Experiment 1) or described its features or traits (Experiment 2). Two subsequent recognition tests included intact faces, new faces, and conjunctions (each of which recombined features of two studied faces). Inclusion test instructions emphasized featural information: respond "yes" to both intact and conjunction faces (both of which contained studied features), but "no" to new faces. Exclusion test instructions emphasized configural information: respond "yes" only to intact faces (which were the only test items that matched studied configurations), and "no" to both conjunctions and new faces. Both yes/no responses and confidence ratings supported our hypothesis that verbalization improved discrimination between (a) conjunctions and new faces in the inclusion test, and (b) intact faces and conjunctions in the exclusion test. Additional secondary responses about face type elucidated that verbalization at study improves the ability to recollect either featural or configural information, depending on which type of response the recognition test required. We discuss these findings about practical applications of improved face memory in real-world contexts.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kramer RSS, Gous G. Eyewitness descriptions without memory: The (f)utility of describing faces. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgina Gous
- School of PsychologyUniversity of Lincoln Lincoln UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kok EM, Jarodzka H, de Bruin ABH, BinAmir HAN, Robben SGF, van Merriënboer JJG. Systematic viewing in radiology: seeing more, missing less? ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2016; 21:189-205. [PMID: 26228704 PMCID: PMC4749649 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-015-9624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To prevent radiologists from overlooking lesions, radiology textbooks recommend "systematic viewing," a technique whereby anatomical areas are inspected in a fixed order. This would ensure complete inspection (full coverage) of the image and, in turn, improve diagnostic performance. To test this assumption, two experiments were performed. Both experiments investigated the relationship between systematic viewing, coverage, and diagnostic performance. Additionally, the first investigated whether systematic viewing increases with expertise; the second investigated whether novices benefit from full-coverage or systematic viewing training. In Experiment 1, 11 students, ten residents, and nine radiologists inspected five chest radiographs. Experiment 2 had 75 students undergo a training in either systematic, full-coverage (without being systematic) or non-systematic viewing. Eye movements and diagnostic performance were measured throughout both experiments. In Experiment 1, no significant correlations were found between systematic viewing and coverage, r = -.10, p = .62, and coverage and performance, r = -.06, p = .74. Experts were significantly more systematic than students F2,25 = 4.35, p = .02. In Experiment 2, significant correlations were found between systematic viewing and coverage, r = -.35, p < .01, but not between coverage and performance, r = .13, p = .31. Participants in the full-coverage training performed worse compared with both other groups, which did not differ between them, F2,71 = 3.95, p = .02. In conclusion, the data question the assumption that systematic viewing leads to increased coverage, and, consequently, to improved performance. Experts inspected cases more systematically, but students did not benefit from systematic viewing training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M Kok
- Department of Educational Development and Research, School of Health Professions Education, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Halszka Jarodzka
- Welten Institute, Research Centre for Learning, Teaching and Technology, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands
- Humanities Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anique B H de Bruin
- Department of Educational Development and Research, School of Health Professions Education, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hussain A N BinAmir
- International Master in Medicine, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Simon G F Robben
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J G van Merriënboer
- Department of Educational Development and Research, School of Health Professions Education, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sporer SL, Kaminski KS, Davids MC, McQuiston D. The verbal facilitation effect: re-reading person descriptions as a system variable to improve identification performance. Memory 2015; 24:1329-44. [PMID: 26540313 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2015.1106561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
When witnesses report a crime, police usually ask for a description of the perpetrator. Several studies suggested that verbalising faces leads to a detriment in identification performance (verbal overshadowing effect [VOE]) but the effect has been difficult to replicate. Here, we sought to reverse the VOE by inducing context reinstatement as a system variable through re-reading one's own description before an identification task. Participants (N = 208) watched a video film and were then dismissed (control group), only described the perpetrator, or described and later re-read their own descriptions before identification in either target-present or target-absent lineups after a 2-day or a 5-week delay. Identification accuracy was significantly higher after re-reading (85.0%) than in the no description control group (62.5%) irrespective of target presence. Data were internally replicated using a second target and corroborated by several small meta-analyses. Identification accuracy was related to description quality. Moreover, there was a tendency towards a verbal facilitation effect (VFE) rather than a VOE. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses confirm that our findings are not due to a shift in response bias but truly reflect improvement of recognition performance. Differences in the ecological validity of study paradigms are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maike C Davids
- a Department of Psychology , University of Giessen , Giessen , Germany
| | - Dawn McQuiston
- b Department of Psychology , Wofford College , Spartanburg , South Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hatano A, Ueno T, Kitagami S, Kawaguchi J. Why Verbalization of Non-Verbal Memory Reduces Recognition Accuracy: A Computational Approach to Verbal Overshadowing. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127618. [PMID: 26061046 PMCID: PMC4464652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Verbal overshadowing refers to a phenomenon whereby verbalization of non-verbal stimuli (e.g., facial features) during the maintenance phase (after the target information is no longer available from the sensory inputs) impairs subsequent non-verbal recognition accuracy. Two primary mechanisms have been proposed for verbal overshadowing, namely the recoding interference hypothesis, and the transfer-inappropriate processing shift. The former assumes that verbalization renders non-verbal representations less accurate. In contrast, the latter assumes that verbalization shifts processing operations to a verbal mode and increases the chance of failing to return to non-verbal, face-specific processing operations (i.e., intact, yet inaccessible non-verbal representations). To date, certain psychological phenomena have been advocated as inconsistent with the recoding-interference hypothesis. These include a decline in non-verbal memory performance following verbalization of non-target faces, and occasional failures to detect a significant correlation between the accuracy of verbal descriptions and the non-verbal memory performance. Contrary to these arguments against the recoding interference hypothesis, however, the present computational model instantiated core processing principles of the recoding interference hypothesis to simulate face recognition, and nonetheless successfully reproduced these behavioral phenomena, as well as the standard verbal overshadowing. These results demonstrate the plausibility of the recoding interference hypothesis to account for verbal overshadowing, and suggest there is no need to implement separable mechanisms (e.g., operation-specific representations, different processing principles, etc.). In addition, detailed inspections of the internal processing of the model clarified how verbalization rendered internal representations less accurate and how such representations led to reduced recognition accuracy, thereby offering a computationally grounded explanation. Finally, the model also provided an explanation as to why some studies have failed to report verbal overshadowing. Thus, the present study suggests it is not constructive to discuss whether verbal overshadowing exists or not in an all-or-none manner, and instead suggests a better experimental paradigm to further explore this phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Hatano
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Taiji Ueno
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Psychology Department, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shinji Kitagami
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jun Kawaguchi
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cheetham M, Suter P, Jancke L. Perceptual discrimination difficulty and familiarity in the Uncanny Valley: more like a "Happy Valley". Front Psychol 2014; 5:1219. [PMID: 25477829 PMCID: PMC4237038 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Uncanny Valley Hypothesis (UVH) predicts that greater difficulty perceptually discriminating between categorically ambiguous human and humanlike characters (e.g., highly realistic robot) evokes negatively valenced (i.e., uncanny) affect. An ABX perceptual discrimination task and signal detection analysis was used to examine the profile of perceptual discrimination (PD) difficulty along the UVH' dimension of human likeness (DHL). This was represented using avatar-to-human morph continua. Rejecting the implicitly assumed profile of PD difficulty underlying the UVH' prediction, Experiment 1 showed that PD difficulty was reduced for categorically ambiguous faces but, notably, enhanced for human faces. Rejecting the UVH' predicted relationship between PD difficulty and negative affect (assessed in terms of the UVH' familiarity dimension), Experiment 2 demonstrated that greater PD difficulty correlates with more positively valenced affect. Critically, this effect was strongest for the ambiguous faces, suggesting a correlative relationship between PD difficulty and feelings of familiarity more consistent with the metaphor happy valley. This relationship is also consistent with a fluency amplification instead of the hitherto proposed hedonic fluency account of affect along the DHL. Experiment 3 found no evidence that the asymmetry in the profile of PD along the DHL is attributable to a differential processing bias (cf. other-race effect), i.e., processing avatars at a category level but human faces at an individual level. In conclusion, the present data for static faces show clear effects that, however, strongly challenge the UVH' implicitly assumed profile of PD difficulty along the DHL and the predicted relationship between this and feelings of familiarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Cheetham
- Department of Neuropsychology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, Nungin UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Pascal Suter
- Department of Neuropsychology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Lutz Jancke
- Department of Neuropsychology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pitteri E, Mongillo P, Carnier P, Marinelli L, Huber L. Part-based and configural processing of owner's face in dogs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108176. [PMID: 25251285 PMCID: PMC4177116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs exhibit characteristic looking patterns when looking at human faces but little is known about what the underlying cognitive mechanisms are and how much these are influenced by individual experience. In Experiment 1, seven dogs were trained in a simultaneous discrimination procedure to assess whether they could discriminate a) the owner's face parts (eyes, nose or mouth) presented in isolation and b) whole faces where the same parts were covered. Dogs discriminated all the three parts of the owner's face presented in isolation, but needed fewer sessions to reach the learning criterion for the eyes than for both nose and mouth. Moreover, covering the eyes region significantly disrupted face discriminability compared to the whole face condition while such difference was not found when the nose or mouth was hidden. In Experiment 2, dogs were presented with manipulated images of the owner's face (inverted, blurred, scrambled, grey-scale) to test the relative contribution of part-based and configural processing in the discrimination of human faces. Furthermore, by comparing the dogs enrolled in the previous experiment and seven ‘naïve’ dogs we examined if the relative contribution of part-based and configural processing was affected by dogs' experience with the face stimuli. Naïve dogs discriminated the owner only when configural information was provided, whereas expert dogs could discriminate the owner also when part-based processing was necessary. The present study provides the first evidence that dogs can discriminate isolated internal features of a human face and corroborate previous reports of salience of the eyes region for human face processing. Although the reliance on part-perception may be increased by specific experience, our findings suggest that human face discrimination by dogs relies mainly on configural rather than on part-based elaboration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pitteri
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Paolo Mongillo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Paolo Carnier
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Lieta Marinelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Ludwig Huber
- Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Alogna VK, Attaya MK, Aucoin P, Bahník Š, Birch S, Birt AR, Bornstein BH, Bouwmeester S, Brandimonte MA, Brown C, Buswell K, Carlson C, Carlson M, Chu S, Cislak A, Colarusso M, Colloff MF, Dellapaolera KS, Delvenne JF, Di Domenico A, Drummond A, Echterhoff G, Edlund JE, Eggleston CM, Fairfield B, Franco G, Gabbert F, Gamblin BW, Garry M, Gentry R, Gilbert EA, Greenberg DL, Halberstadt J, Hall L, Hancock PJB, Hirsch D, Holt G, Jackson JC, Jong J, Kehn A, Koch C, Kopietz R, Körner U, Kunar MA, Lai CK, Langton SRH, Leite FP, Mammarella N, Marsh JE, McConnaughy KA, McCoy S, McIntyre AH, Meissner CA, Michael RB, Mitchell AA, Mugayar-Baldocchi M, Musselman R, Ng C, Nichols AL, Nunez NL, Palmer MA, Pappagianopoulos JE, Petro MS, Poirier CR, Portch E, Rainsford M, Rancourt A, Romig C, Rubínová E, Sanson M, Satchell L, Sauer JD, Schweitzer K, Shaheed J, Skelton F, Sullivan GA, Susa KJ, Swanner JK, Thompson WB, Todaro R, Ulatowska J, Valentine T, Verkoeijen PPJL, Vranka M, Wade KA, Was CA, Weatherford D, Wiseman K, Zaksaite T, Zuj DV, Zwaan RA. Registered Replication Report: Schooler and Engstler-Schooler (1990). PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2014; 9:556-78. [PMID: 26186758 DOI: 10.1177/1745691614545653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trying to remember something now typically improves your ability to remember it later. However, after watching a video of a simulated bank robbery, participants who verbally described the robber were 25% worse at identifying the robber in a lineup than were participants who instead listed U.S. states and capitals-this has been termed the "verbal overshadowing" effect (Schooler & Engstler-Schooler, 1990). More recent studies suggested that this effect might be substantially smaller than first reported. Given uncertainty about the effect size, the influence of this finding in the memory literature, and its practical importance for police procedures, we conducted two collections of preregistered direct replications (RRR1 and RRR2) that differed only in the order of the description task and a filler task. In RRR1, when the description task immediately followed the robbery, participants who provided a description were 4% less likely to select the robber than were those in the control condition. In RRR2, when the description was delayed by 20 min, they were 16% less likely to select the robber. These findings reveal a robust verbal overshadowing effect that is strongly influenced by the relative timing of the tasks. The discussion considers further implications of these replications for our understanding of verbal overshadowing.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
In this review, we synthesize the existing literature demonstrating the dynamic interplay between conceptual knowledge and visual perceptual processing. We consider two theoretical frameworks that demonstrate interactions between processes and brain areas traditionally considered perceptual or conceptual. Specifically, we discuss categorical perception, in which visual objects are represented according to category membership, and highlight studies showing that category knowledge can penetrate early stages of visual analysis. We next discuss the embodied account of conceptual knowledge, which holds that concepts are instantiated in the same neural regions required for specific types of perception and action, and discuss the limitations of this framework. We additionally consider studies showing that gaining abstract semantic knowledge about objects and faces leads to behavioral and electrophysiological changes that are indicative of more efficient stimulus processing. Finally, we consider the role that perceiver goals and motivation may play in shaping the interaction between conceptual and perceptual processing. We hope to demonstrate how pervasive such interactions between motivation, conceptual knowledge, and perceptual processing are in our understanding of the visual environment, and to demonstrate the need for future research aimed at understanding how such interactions arise in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Collins
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, 1701 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kozbelt A, Dexter S, Dolese M, Meredith D, Ostrofsky J. Regressive Imagery in Creative Problem‐Solving: Comparing Verbal Protocols of Expert and Novice Visual Artists and Computer Programmers. JOURNAL OF CREATIVE BEHAVIOR 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jocb.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Kozbelt
- Brooklyn College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York
| | - Scott Dexter
- Brooklyn College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York
| | - Melissa Dolese
- Brooklyn College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York
| | - Daniel Meredith
- Brooklyn College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jung Y, Chong SC. The effect of verbalisation on repetition priming for faces. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2014.895370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
17
|
Hine K, Itoh Y. Carry-over effects in face recognition: Processing mode or attentional window? JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2013.845193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
18
|
Dehon H, Vanootighem V, Brédart S. Verbal overshadowing of face memory does occur in children too! Front Psychol 2013; 4:970. [PMID: 24399985 PMCID: PMC3872075 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Verbal descriptions of unfamiliar faces have been found to impair later identification of these faces in adults, a phenomenon known as the “verbal overshadowing effect” (VOE). Although determining whether children are good at describing unfamiliar individuals and whether these descriptions impair their recognition performance is critical to gaining a better understanding children's eyewitness ability, only a couple of studies have examined this dual issue in children and these found no evidence of VOE. However, as there are some methodological criticisms of these studies, we decided to conduct two further experiments in 7–8, 10–11, and 13–14-year-old children and in adults using a more optimal method for the VOE to be observed. Evidence of the VOE on face identification was found in both children and adults. Moreover, neither the accuracy of descriptions, nor delay nor target presence in the lineup was found to be associated with identification accuracy. The theoretical and developmental implications of these findings are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hedwige Dehon
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Liège Liège, Belgium
| | - Valentine Vanootighem
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Liège Liège, Belgium
| | - Serge Brédart
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Liège Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Demarchi S, Py J, Groud-Than S, Parain T, Brunel M. Describing a face without overshadowing effect: Another benefice of the Person Description Interview. PSYCHOLOGIE FRANCAISE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psfr.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
20
|
Montalan B, Veujoz M, Boitout A, Leleu A, Camus O, Lalonde R, Rebaï M. Investigation of effects of face rotation on race processing: An ERPs study. Brain Cogn 2013; 81:360-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
21
|
Dijkstra KA, van der Pligt J, van Kleef GA. Deliberation Versus Intuition: Decomposing the Role of Expertise in Judgment and Decision Making. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joop van der Pligt
- Department of Social Psychology; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Gerben A. van Kleef
- Department of Social Psychology; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Megreya AM, White D, Burton AM. The other-race effect does not rely on memory: Evidence from a matching task. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2011; 64:1473-83. [PMID: 21812594 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2011.575228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Viewers are typically better at remembering faces from their own race than from other races; however, it is not yet established whether this effect is due to memorial or perceptual processes. In this study, UK and Egyptian viewers were given a simultaneous face-matching task, in which the target faces were presented upright or upside down. As with previous research using face memory tasks, participants were worse at matching other-race faces than own-race faces and showed a stronger face inversion effect for own-race faces. However, subjects' performance on own and other-race faces was highly correlated. These data provide strong evidence that difficulty in perceptual encoding of unfamiliar faces contributes substantially to the other-race effect and that accounts based entirely on memory cannot capture the full data. Implications for forensic settings are also discussed.
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhao L, Bentin S. The role of features and configural processing in face-race classification. Vision Res 2011; 51:2462-70. [PMID: 22008980 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We explored perceptual factors that might account for the other-race classification advantage (ORCA) in classifying faces by race. Testing Chinese participants in China and Israeli participants in Israel we show that: (a) The distinction between Chinese and Israeli faces is highly accurate even on the basis of isolated eyes or faces with eyes concealed, but full faces are categorized faster. (b) The ORCA is similarly robust for full faces and for face parts. (c) The ORCA was larger when the configuration of the inner-face components was distorted, reflecting delayed categorization of own-race distorted faces relative to own-race normally configured faces but no conspicuous distortion effect on other-race faces. These data demonstrate that perceptual factors can account for the ORCA independently of social bias. We suggest that one source of the ORCA in race categorization is the configural analysis applied by default while processing own-race but not other-race faces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lun Zhao
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Brebner JL, Krigolson O, Handy TC, Quadflieg S, Turk DJ. The importance of skin color and facial structure in perceiving and remembering others: An electrophysiological study. Brain Res 2011; 1388:123-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.02.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
25
|
Kirchoff BK, Leggett R, Her V, Moua C, Morrison J, Poole C. Principles of visual key construction-with a visual identification key to the Fagaceae of the southeastern United States. AOB PLANTS 2011; 2011:plr005. [PMID: 22476476 PMCID: PMC3072766 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plr005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Advances in digital imaging have made possible the creation of completely visual keys. By a visual key we mean a key based primarily on images, and that contains a minimal amount of text. Characters in visual keys are visually, not verbally defined. In this paper we create the first primarily visual key to a group of taxa, in this case the Fagaceae of the southeastern USA. We also modify our recently published set of best practices for image use in illustrated keys to make them applicable to visual keys. METHODOLOGY Photographs of the Fagaceae were obtained from internet and herbarium databases or were taken specifically for this project. The images were printed and then sorted into hierarchical groups. These hierarchical groups of images were used to create the 'couplets' in the key. A reciprocal process of key creation and testing was used to produce the final keys. PRINCIPAL RESULTS Four keys were created, one for each of the parts-leaves, buds, fruits and bark. Species description pages consisting of multiple images were also created for each of the species in the key. Creation and testing of the key resulted in a modified list of best practices for image use visual keys. CONCLUSIONS The inclusion of images into paper and electronic keys has greatly increased their ease of use. However, virtually all of these keys are still based upon verbally defined, atomistic characters. The creation of primarily visual keys allows us to overcome the well-known limitations of linguistic-based characters and create keys that are much easier to use, especially for botanical novices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce K. Kirchoff
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
See What I’m Saying? Expertise and Verbalisation in Perception and Imagery of Complex Scenes. Cognit Comput 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12559-010-9065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
27
|
Greenberg SN, Macgregor-Hannah M. Disruptive effect of holistic bias on processing of other-race faces following face categorization. Percept Mot Skills 2010; 110:567-79. [PMID: 20499566 DOI: 10.2466/pms.110.2.567-579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Prior work on own-race bias in visual face recognition has considered cognitive and social-cognitive explanations to account for the more efficient recognition of own-race faces as compared to faces of models from other races. One perceptual account with reasonable support suggests that the pattern reflects a cognitive tendency away from holistic processing of other-race faces. The present study engaged participants in an orientation task that provoked either global (holistic) or local (feature) processing prior to a face recognition task. Response latencies suggested that inducing a global processing bias slowed recognition of other-race faces relative to that of own-race faces, whereas inducing a local processing bias led to nearly equal face recognition times for both categories of faces. Furthermore, processing of other-race faces was slower with a global rather than a local processing bias. Results provide converging evidence that own-race faces and other-race faces differ in global analysis received.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth N Greenberg
- Department of Psychology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lewis MB, Seeley J, Miles C. Processing Navon letters can make wines taste different. Perception 2010; 38:1341-6. [PMID: 19911631 DOI: 10.1068/p6280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has demonstrated that providing a verbal description of a wine impairs its recognition (Melcher and Schooler, 1996 Journal of Memory and Language 35 231-245). It was proposed that the effect was due to disruption of the perceptual memory by the verbalisation process as seen in face recognition. A similar impairment can be observed in face recognition after reading the small (local) letters of Navon stimuli. Here, it is suggested that the effect in wine recognition is due to a change in the processing style following the provision of a verbal description. In the current experiment we investigated whether the reading of Navon letters also affected the recognition of wines. We found that wine recognition was more accurate after the reading of the global letters rather than after the reading of the local letters of the Navon stimuli. The results demonstrate how the control of visual processing can affect perception in other modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Lewis
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dijksterhuis A, Bos MW, van der Leij A, van Baaren RB. Predicting Soccer Matches After Unconscious and Conscious Thought as a Function of Expertise. Psychol Sci 2009; 20:1381-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In two experiments, we investigated the effects of expertise and mode of thought on the accuracy of people's predictions. Both experts and nonexperts predicted the results of soccer matches after conscious thought, after unconscious thought, or immediately. In Experiment 1, experts who thought unconsciously outperformed participants in all other conditions. Whereas unconscious thinkers showed a correlation between expertise and accuracy of prediction, no such relation was observed for conscious thinkers or for immediate decision makers. In Experiment 2, this general pattern was replicated. In addition, experts who thought unconsciously were better at applying diagnostic information than experts who thought consciously or who decided immediately. The results are consistent with unconscious-thought theory.
Collapse
|
30
|
Perfect TJ, Weston NJ, Dennis I, Snell A. The effects of precedence on Navon-induced processing bias in face recognition. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2009; 61:1479-86. [PMID: 18609403 DOI: 10.1080/17470210802034678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrae and Lewis (2002) showed that repeated reporting of the global dimension of Navon stimuli improved performance in a subsequent face identification task, whilst reporting the features of the Navon stimuli impaired performance. Using a face composite task, which is assumed to require featural processing, Weston and Perfect (2005) showed the complementary pattern: Featural responding to Navon letters speeded performance. However, both studies used Navon stimuli with global precedence, in which the overall configuration is easier to report than the features. Here we replicate the two studies above, whilst manipulating the precedence (global or featural) of the letter stimuli in the orientation task. Both studies replicated the previously reported findings with global precedence stimuli, but showed the reverse pattern with local precedence stimuli. These data raise important questions as to what is transferred between the Navon orientation task and the face-processing tasks that follow.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Skilled athletes often maintain that overthinking disrupts performance of their motor skills. Here, we examined whether these experiences have a basis in verbal overshadowing, a phenomenon in which describing memories for ineffable perceptual experiences disrupts later retention. After learning a unique golf-putting task, golfers of low and intermediate skill either described their actions in detail or performed an irrelevant verbal task. They then performed the putting task again. Strikingly, describing their putting experience significantly impaired higher skill golfers' ability to reachieve the putting criterion, compared with higher skill golfers who performed the irrelevant verbal activity. Verbalization had no such effect, however, for lower skill golfers. These findings establish that the effects of overthinking extend beyond dual-task interference and may sometimes reflect impacts on long-term memory. We propose that these effects are mediated by competition between procedural and declarative memory, as suggested by recent work in cognitive neuroscience.
Collapse
|
32
|
Hughson AL, Boakes RA. Passive perceptual learning in relation to wine: short-term recognition and verbal description. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2008; 62:1-8. [PMID: 18622887 DOI: 10.1080/17470210802214890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This experiment addressed the question of whether untutored experience of drinking wine improves human ability to discriminate between wines. Using a short-term recognition task a two-factor design compared more with less experienced wine drinkers (intermediates vs. novices) and a condition requiring description of the to-be-remembered wine samples with a control condition. Overall intermediates were more accurate than novices in selecting the target sample from a distractor set. The procedure was modelled on a previous study in which verbal descriptions reduced the performance of intermediates (verbal overshadowing), but here both novices and intermediates performed better in the description than in the control condition. The major result was to demonstrate that untutored experience can improve wine recognition (passive perceptual learning).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angus L Hughson
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
McQuiston-Surrett D, Topp LD. Externalizing visual images: examining the accuracy of facial descriptions vs. composites as a function of the own-race bias. Exp Psychol 2008; 55:195-202. [PMID: 18549167 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169.55.3.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two studies investigated whether the recall accuracy of facial details would differ depending on recall method, and also explored the own-race/ethnic bias in face recall. In Experiment 1, Hispanic participants (N = 120) viewed either a Hispanic or a White face and then were asked to recall the face by either giving a physical description or constructing a facial composite. Independent judges then determined the accuracy of the recalled information in both a rating task and a matching task. Results revealed reliably higher accuracy scores for the descriptions over the facial composites but showed no evidence for an own-race bias. A second experiment (N = 120) was conducted to attempt to replicate the description-advantage effect and to further explore the own-race bias in a stronger test using Black faces as the cross-ethnic group. This experiment again showed a description advantage and provided some evidence for an own-race bias in recall similar to that found in the facial recognition literature. Directions for future research based on the current findings are discussed.
Collapse
|
34
|
Brandimonte MA, Collina S. Verbal overshadowing in visual imagery is due to recoding interference. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09541440701728441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
35
|
Brown C, Lloyd-Jones TJ, Robinson M. Eliciting person descriptions from eyewitnesses: A survey of police perceptions of eyewitness performance and reported use of interview techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09541440701728474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
36
|
Weston NJ, Perfect TJ, Schooler JW, Dennis I. Navon processing and verbalisation: A holistic/featural distinction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09541440701728557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
37
|
Sauerland M, Holub FE, Sporer SL. Person descriptions and person identifications: Verbal overshadowing or recognition criterion shift? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09541440701728417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
38
|
Chin JM, Schooler JW. Why do words hurt? Content, process, and criterion shift accounts of verbal overshadowing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09541440701728623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
39
|
Nakabayashi K, Mike Burton A. The role of verbal processing at different stages of recognition memory for faces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09541440801946174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
40
|
Lloyd-Jones TJ, Brown C. Verbal overshadowing of multiple face recognition: Effects on remembering and knowing over time. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09541440701728425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
41
|
Meissner CA, Sporer SL, Susa KJ. A theoretical review and meta-analysis of the description-identification relationship in memory for faces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09541440701728581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
42
|
Perfect TJ, Dennis I, Snell A. The effects of local and global processing orientation on eyewitness identification performance. Memory 2007; 15:784-98. [PMID: 17852730 DOI: 10.1080/09658210701654627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated that performance on a simultaneous target-present photographic line-up can be enhanced by prior global processing orientation, and hindered by prior local processing orientation induced by processing Navon letter stimuli. A series of studies explore the generality of this processing bias effect using either videotaped scenarios or live interactions. Five experiments demonstrate that these effects are seen across a range of test stimuli, test formats, and test instructions. These data inform the processes engaged in by witnesses when making line-up identifications and indicate that it may be possible to improve the accuracy of witnesses making such judgements.
Collapse
|
43
|
McKone E, Brewer JL, MacPherson S, Rhodes G, Hayward WG. Familiar other-race faces show normal holistic processing and are robust to perceptual stress. Perception 2007; 36:224-48. [PMID: 17402665 DOI: 10.1068/p5499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Other-race individuals are remembered more poorly and receive less holistic/configural processing than same-race individuals, at least when faces are novel. Here, we examine the amelioration of these effects with familiarity, using distinctiveness-matched Caucasian and Asian stimulus sets. We confirmed a cross-race deficit for upright faces following a single encoding trial, which disappeared rapidly with practice on a small set of other-race 'friends' and did not re-emerge when perceptual processing was put under stress (presentation in the periphery). We also examined holistic/configural processing for familiarised faces using the peripheral inversion effect (McKone, 2004 Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 30 181 - 197). A test for faces and nonface objects (dogs) confirmed the validity of this technique as providing a direct measure of holistic processing; we then showed that, after 1 h of training, holistic processing was as strong for other-race as same-race faces. We conclude that practice with other-race individuals can rapidly engage normal face-processing mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elinor McKone
- School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bohn A, Berntsen D. Pleasantness bias in flashbulb memories: positive and negative flashbulb memories of the fall of the Berlin Wall among East and West Germans. Mem Cognit 2007; 35:565-77. [PMID: 17691154 DOI: 10.3758/bf03193295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Flashbulb memories for the fall of the Berlin Wall were examined among 103 East and West Germans who considered the event as either highly positive or highly negative. The participants in the positive group rated their memories higher on measures of reliving and sensory imagery, whereas their memory for facts was less accurate than that of the participants in the negative group. The participants in the negative group had higher ratings on amount of consequences but had talked less about the event and considered it less central to their personal and national identity than did the participants in the positive group. In both groups, rehearsal and the centrality of the memory to the person's identity and life story correlated positively with memory qualities. The results suggest that positive and negative emotions have different effects on the processing and long-term retention of flashbulb memories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Bohn
- Department of Psychology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lawson R. Local and global processing biases fail to influence face, object, and word recognition. VISUAL COGNITION 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/13506280601112519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
46
|
Kounios J, Fleck JI, Green DL, Payne L, Stevenson JL, Bowden EM, Jung-Beeman M. The origins of insight in resting-state brain activity. Neuropsychologia 2007; 46:281-91. [PMID: 17765273 PMCID: PMC2293274 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
People can solve problems in more than one way. Two general strategies involve (A) methodical, conscious, search of problem-state transformations, and (B) sudden insight, with abrupt emergence of the solution into consciousness. This study elucidated the influence of initial resting brain-state on subjects' subsequent strategy choices. High-density electroencephalograms (EEGs) were recorded from subjects at rest who were subsequently directed to solve a series of anagrams. Subjects were divided into two groups based on the proportion of anagram solutions derived with self-reported insight versus search. Reaction time and accuracy results were consistent with different cognitive problem-solving strategies used for solving anagrams with versus without insight. Spectral analyses yielded group differences in resting-state EEG supporting hypotheses concerning insight-related attentional diffusion and right-lateralized hemispheric asymmetry. These results reveal a relationship between resting-state brain activity and problem-solving strategy, and, more generally, a dependence of event-related neural computations on the preceding resting state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Kounios
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Koutstaal W, Cavendish M. Using what we know: Consequences of intentionally retrieving gist versus item-specific information. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 2006; 32:778-91. [PMID: 16822146 DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.32.4.778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a prior gist-based versus item-specific retrieval orientation on recognition of objects and words was examined. Prior item-specific retrieval increased item-specific recognition of episodically related but not previously tested objects relative to both conceptual- and perceptual-gist retrieval. An item-specific retrieval advantage also was found when the stimuli were words (synonyms) rather than objects but not when participants overtly named objects during gist-based recognition testing, which suggests that they did not always label objects under general gist-retrieval instructions. Unlike verbal overshadowing, labeling objects during recognition attenuated (but did not eliminate) test- and interference-related forgetting. A full understanding of how retrieval affects subsequent memory, even for events or facts that are not themselves retrieved, must take into account the specificity with which that retrieval occurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilma Koutstaal
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
Michel C, Rossion B, Han J, Chung CS, Caldara R. Holistic processing is finely tuned for faces of one's own race. Psychol Sci 2006; 17:608-15. [PMID: 16866747 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognizing individual faces outside one's race poses difficulty, a phenomenon known as the other-race effect. Most researchers agree that this effect results from differential experience with same-race (SR) and other-race (OR) faces. However, the specific processes that develop with visual experience and underlie the other-race effect remain to be clarified. We tested whether the integration of facial features into a whole representation-holistic processing-was larger for SR than OR faces in Caucasians and Asians without life experience with OR faces. For both classes of participants, recognition of the upper half of a composite-face stimulus was more disrupted by the bottom half (the composite-face effect) for SR than OR faces, demonstrating that SR faces are processed more holistically than OR faces. This differential holistic processing for faces of different races, probably a by-product of visual experience, may be a critical factor in the other-race effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Michel
- Unité Cognition et Développement and Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Weston NJ, Perfect TJ. Effects of processing bias on the recognition of composite face halves. Psychon Bull Rev 2006; 12:1038-42. [PMID: 16615325 DOI: 10.3758/bf03206440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that face recognition accuracy can be improved by prior global processing and impaired by prior local processing (Macrae & Lewis, 2002). The aim of this study was to test the processing bias account of face recognition, using the composite face task (Young, Hellawell, & Hay, 1987), a test of featural recognition. Undergraduate volunteers (N = 75) participated in a between-subjects design that tested their ability to recognize face halves within a composite, following either global or local Navon processing or a control task. Results showed that, as compared with the control task, local processing speeded ability to recognize face halves. These results provide support for the processing bias account of face recognition.
Collapse
|