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Jaume-Feliciosi N, Benca-Bachman CE, Holliday E, Palmer RH. Individual Differences in Substance Use Motives, Trauma, and Stress Among College-Based Polysubstance Users. Subst Use Misuse 2024; 59:1228-1239. [PMID: 38544304 PMCID: PMC11157642 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2024.2330911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Background: Co-use of alcohol and other drugs within a certain time frame (i.e., polysubstance use) has become increasingly prevalent, particularly among college-aged individuals, but understanding motives for co-use remains limited. Polysubstance use has been associated with a higher likelihood of negative health consequences as compared to single substance use. Objectives: The current study examined associations between motivations for using alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis among college students who use multiple substances versus students using only one substance or no substances. Additionally, we examined the effect of trauma and daily stress on polysubstance use in self-report data from individuals (N=134) participating in the MAPme Study. Results: First, the observed prevalence of polysubstance use was greater than expected by chance, with most individuals co-using alcohol and cannabis. "Alcohol and Other Drug Users" were more frequently motivated to drink for social (β=0.27, CI=[0.07, 0.44]), enhancement (β=0.26, CI=[0.01, 0.42]) and coping (β=0.21, CI=[0.06, 0.47]) reasons compared to individuals who consumed alcohol alone. Conclusions: Individual differences in motivations for use were partly explained by frequency of alcohol use and alcohol problem severity, but not by history of trauma or stress. Finally, while patterns of correlations among motivations for use across substances suggested a general tendency to be motivated to use substances for similar reasons, this was not supported by confirmatory factor models. Overall, shared motives may inform potential behavioral patterns for co-use of substances during college and might advise future treatment efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jaume-Feliciosi
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C E Benca-Bachman
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - E Holliday
- Neuropsychology of Emerging Adulthood, Addiction, Recovery and Related Disorders Lab, Department of Psychology at Kennesaw State University & Center for Young Adult Addiction and Recovery, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - R H Palmer
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Tokdemir G. Software professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey: Factors affecting their mental well-being and work engagement in the home-based work setting. THE JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE 2022; 188:111286. [PMID: 35250124 PMCID: PMC8885087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.111286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the COVID-19 pandemic, strict measures have been taken to slow down the spread of the virus, and consequently, software professionals have been forced to work from home. However, home-based working entails many challenges, as the home environment is shared by the whole family simultaneously under pandemic conditions. The aim of this study is to explore software professionals' mental well-being and work engagement and the relationships of these variables with job strain and resource-related factors in the forced home-based work setting during the COVID-19 pandemic. An online cross-sectional survey based on primarily well-known, validated scales was conducted with software professionals in Turkey. The analysis of the results was performed through hierarchical multivariate regression. The results suggest that despite the negative effect of job strain, the resource-related protective factors, namely, sleep quality, decision latitude, work-life balance, exercise predict mental well-being. Additionally, work engagement is predicted by job strain, sleep quality, and decision latitude. The results of the study will provide valuable insights to management of the software companies and professionals about the precautions that can be taken to have a better home-based working experience such as allowing greater autonomy and enhancing the quality of sleep and hence mitigating the negative effects of pandemic emergency situations on software professionals' mental well-being and work engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul Tokdemir
- Cankaya University, Computer Engineering Department, Eskisehir Yolu 29.km. Mimar Sinan Cad. No:4, 06790, Ankara, Turkey
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3
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A data-driven approach for examining the demand for relaxation games on Steam during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261328. [PMID: 34914782 PMCID: PMC8675663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has been a major source of stress for a majority of people that might have negative long-term effects on mental health and well-being. In recent years, video games and their potential positive effects on stress relief have been researched and "relaxation" has been an important keyword in marketing a certain kind of video game. In a quasi-experimental design, this study investigated the increase of average daily player peak (ADPPs) for the COVID period compared to the pre-COVID period and if this increase was significantly larger for relaxing games in contrast to non-relaxing games. Results showed a medium-sized increase of ADPPs over all types of games but no difference between relaxing games and non-relaxing games. These results are discussed in regards to their potential of presenting gaps between the current theoretical models of the influence of video games on mental health and actual observed player behaviour.
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Vinci C, Sawyer L, Yang MJ. Minding the Gap: Leveraging Mindfulness to Inform Cue Exposure Treatment for Substance Use Disorders. Front Psychol 2021; 12:649409. [PMID: 33828515 PMCID: PMC8019935 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.649409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extinction-based processes demonstrating efficacy in the animal extinction and human anxiety literatures, extinction for substance use disorders (SUD) has shown poor efficacy (i. e., cue exposure treatment [CET]). Reasons for this lack of success include common threats to extinction, such as renewal and reinstatement. In recent decades, research on mindfulness for SUD has flourished, and a key aspect of these mindfulness-based interventions includes teaching individuals to stay present with whatever experience they have, even if unpleasant, without trying to change/escape/avoid it. Similarly, CET teaches individuals to not escape/avoid conditioned responses (e.g., craving) by engaging in drug use behavior. This paper discusses how mindfulness-based research and practices could positively influence CET through future research (e.g., Could mindfulness practice attenuate renewal? Might mindfulness training + CET enhance the ability to extinguish the most salient or motivational cues?), with the long-term goal of improving SUD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Vinci
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Leslie Sawyer
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Min-Jeong Yang
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
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Student burnout and engagement: Relationship with adolescent use of alcohol and attitudes towards authority. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2021; 21:100225. [PMID: 33679999 PMCID: PMC7890408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2021.100225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The burnout syndrome has been related to development of transgressive attitudes toward norms that facilitate risk behaviors in youth, such as drinking alcohol. On the contrary, academic engagement is related to positive attitudes toward authority which can slow down its use. The objective was analyze the relationships between burnout and academic engagement, attitudes toward authority and use of alcohol. Method: The sample included a total of 1,287 high school students who anonymously filled out the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey, the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale for Students and the Scale of Attitudes toward Institutional Authority in adolescents, along with questions on drinking alcohol. Results: It was observed that cynicism had a significant effect on positive attitude toward rule-breaking, and this in turn, on frequency of drinking. The engagement dedication factor was shown to have a significant direct effect on positive attitude toward institutional authority, and this on drinking frequency. Conclusions: Promoting measures for decreasing burnout in youth and stimulating academic engagement could have repercussions on attitudes toward rules and the presence of risk behavior.
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Sawyer LE, Galuska CM, Cutright EJ, Hopper KM. Effects of negative incentive shifts in food reward on rats' consumption of concurrent ethanol solutions. J Exp Anal Behav 2019; 112:310-333. [DOI: 10.1002/jeab.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Kuster AT, Dalsbø TK, Luong Thanh BY, Agarwal A, Durand‐Moreau QV, Kirkehei I. Computer-based versus in-person interventions for preventing and reducing stress in workers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 8:CD011899. [PMID: 28853146 PMCID: PMC6483691 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011899.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic exposure to stress has been linked to several negative physiological and psychological health outcomes. Among employees, stress and its associated effects can also result in productivity losses and higher healthcare costs. In-person (face-to-face) and computer-based (web- and mobile-based) stress management interventions have been shown to be effective in reducing stress in employees compared to no intervention. However, it is unclear if one form of intervention delivery is more effective than the other. It is conceivable that computer-based interventions are more accessible, convenient, and cost-effective. OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of computer-based interventions versus in-person interventions for preventing and reducing stress in workers. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, NIOSHTIC, NIOSHTIC-2, HSELINE, CISDOC, and two trials registers up to February 2017. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled studies that compared the effectiveness of a computer-based stress management intervention (using any technique) with a face-to-face intervention that had the same content. We included studies that measured stress or burnout as an outcome, and used workers from any occupation as participants. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Three authors independently screened and selected 75 unique studies for full-text review from 3431 unique reports identified from the search. We excluded 73 studies based on full-text assessment. We included two studies. Two review authors independently extracted stress outcome data from the two included studies. We contacted study authors to gather additional data. We used standardised mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to report study results. We did not perform meta-analyses due to variability in the primary outcome and considerable statistical heterogeneity. We used the GRADE approach to rate the quality of the evidence. MAIN RESULTS Two studies met the inclusion criteria, including a total of 159 participants in the included arms of the studies (67 participants completed computer-based interventions; 92 participants completed in-person interventions). Workers were primarily white, Caucasian, middle-aged, and college-educated. Both studies delivered education about stress, its causes, and strategies to reduce stress (e.g. relaxation or mindfulness) via a computer in the computer-based arm, and via small group sessions in the in-person arm. Both studies measured stress using different scales at short-term follow-up only (less than one month). Due to considerable heterogeneity in the results, we could not pool the data, and we analysed the results of the studies separately. The SMD of stress levels in the computer-based intervention group was 0.81 standard deviations higher (95% CI 0.21 to 1.41) than the in-person group in one study, and 0.35 standard deviations lower (95% CI -0.76 to 0.05) than the in-person group in another study. We judged both studies as having a high risk of bias. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found very low-quality evidence with conflicting results, when comparing the effectiveness of computer-based stress management interventions with in-person stress management interventions in employees. We could include only two studies with small sample sizes. We have very little confidence in the effect estimates. It is very likely that future studies will change these conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anootnara Talkul Kuster
- Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen UniversityDepartment of Environmental Health Science, Occupational Health and Safety123 Moo 16 Mittapap Rd.Khon KaenThailand40002
| | - Therese K Dalsbø
- Norwegian Institute of Public HealthDepartment for Health ServicesPO Box 4404, NydalenOsloOslo, NorwayNorwayN‐0403
| | - Bao Yen Luong Thanh
- Faculty of Public Health, Hue University of Medicine and PharmacyDepartment of Biostatistics ‐ Demography ‐ Reproductive Health06 Ngo QuyenHueThua Thien HueVietnam47000
| | - Arnav Agarwal
- University of TorontoFaculty of Medicine1 King's College CircleTorontoONCanadaM5S 1A8
| | - Quentin V Durand‐Moreau
- University Hospital of BrestOccupational and Environmental Diseases Center5 avenue FochBrestFrance29609
| | - Ingvild Kirkehei
- Norwegian Institute of Public HealthDivision for health servicesPO Box 4404 NydalenOsloNorwayN‐0403
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Oviatt DP, Baumann MR, Bennett JM, Garza RT. Undesirable Effects of Working While in College: Work-School Conflict, Substance Use, and Health. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 151:433-452. [DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2017.1314927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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9
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Galuska CM, Sawyer LE. Effects of shifts in food reinforcement context on rats’ consumption of concurrently available water or sucrose solution. J Exp Anal Behav 2017; 107:85-100. [DOI: 10.1002/jeab.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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How psychoactive drugs shape human culture: A multi-disciplinary perspective. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:138-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ashong G, Rogers H, Botwe B, Anim-Sampong S. Effects of occupational stress and coping mechanisms adopted by radiographers in Ghana. Radiography (Lond) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients often consider health professionals to be role models for leading a healthy lifestyle but no data is available on tobacco, alcohol, or substance use among GPs in Flanders (northern Belgium). AIM To estimate the prevalence of smoking, alcohol, and substance use among GPs, in order to determine factors that influence these habits and to elucidate GPs' attitudes toward a healthy lifestyle. DESIGN AND SETTING Online survey-based study in Flanders, Belgium. METHOD Sociodemographic data and individual risk behaviour were collected by an anonymous self-administered questionnaire. GPs and family doctors in training were sent an email request between 1 April and 31 May 2011. RESULTS Of 626 responders, 57% were male. The mean age was 45 years. Eight per cent (n = 50) were current smokers. Independent risk factors for smoking were: working alone, hazardous alcohol consumption, and smoking cannabis. Fourteen per cent (n = 86) consumed alcohol daily and 12% (n = 73) admitted at least one episode of binge drinking per month. Being male, cigarette smoking, cannabis use, and long working hours were associated with an increased likelihood of hazardous drinking. Sixteen per cent (n = 101) had used sleeping pills and 12% (n = 72) had used minor opiates as painkillers in the year before the study. Two-thirds (64%, n = 399) of GPs said they would be reluctant to seek medical help if they were misusing drugs or alcohol. CONCLUSION Smoking is uncommon in Flemish GPs; in contrast, alcohol consumption is high. GPs who misuse substances will not seek help readily.
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Tassell N, Flett R. Obsessive Passion as an Explanation for Burnout: An Alternative Theoretical Perspective Applied to Humanitarian Work. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION COUNSELLING 2015. [DOI: 10.1375/jrc.13.2.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBurnout is an occupationally based syndrome that develops as a result of prolonged and cumulative stress. The experience of burnout has been documented in detail in a variety of human service professions. The purpose of this article is two-fold: to provide an alternative theoretical perspective on the development of burnout, which suggests it is not stressors per se that are responsible for burnout development; and, to use this alternative perspective as an explanation for burnout in the context of another human service profession — humanitarian work. Using the passion for activities notion conceptualised by Vallerand and colleagues (2003), it is explained how a lack of self-determination and autonomy leads to the development of an obsessive passion for an activity. Obsessive passion is linked to a variety of adverse cognitive and affective outcomes. This is then applied to the domain of humanitarian work, and it is suggested individuals with an obsessive passion are more likely to suffer adverse outcomes and consequently develop burnout when working in humanitarian crises. Some suggestions for future theoretical and empirical investigations regarding the relationship between obsessive passion and burnout are provided.
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Brown RL, Richman JA, Rospenda KM. Economic stressors and alcohol-related outcomes: exploring gender differences in the mediating role of somatic complaints. J Addict Dis 2015; 33:303-13. [PMID: 25310370 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2014.969604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examined processes linking economic stressors, somatic complaints, and two alcohol-related outcomes (past-month drinking and problematic drinking). Structural equation models of data from a national survey revealed that somatic complaints partly explain the association between economic stressors and problematic drinking. The associations of both economic stressors and somatic complaints with problematic drinking were significantly greater for men than women. However, the association between economic stressors and somatic complaints was greater for women. These findings clarify the circumstances in which gender matters most for the associations among economy-related stressors, somatic complaints, and drinking. They highlight the significance of difficult economic circumstances for physical health and, in turn, problematic drinking-particularly among men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Lewis Brown
- a Department of Sociology , DePaul University , Chicago , Illinois , USA
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Houmanfar RA, Alavosius MP, Morford ZH, Herbst SA, Reimer D. Functions of Organizational Leaders in Cultural Change: Financial and Social Well-Being. JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/01608061.2015.1035827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
This study examines the role of workplace risk factors associated with stress, social availability, and policy enforcement in explaining the severity of alcohol misuse among truck and bus drivers. Using a sample of 227 commercial (i.e., bus and truck) drivers drawn randomly from the employees of eight Israeli transportation enterprises, findings indicate that less than 6% of drivers engage in hazardous drinking, with a far smaller proportion engaging in more risky forms of misuse (i.e., harmful or dependent drinking). Key work-related factors associated with the severity of drivers’ alcohol misuse include the perception of permissive coworker drinking norms, role conflict, and supervisory abuse. Consistent with tension relief models of alcohol misuse, felt strain mediated the association between driver stressors and the severity of alcohol misuse. Perceptions of coworker drinking norms moderated the associations between stressors and supervisory monitoring (on one hand) and alcohol misuse (on the other). Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Bamberger
- Tel Aviv University, Israel and Smithers Institute, ILR School, Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Ayala Cohen
- Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Byrne A, Dionisi AM, Barling J, Akers A, Robertson J, Lys R, Wylie J, Dupré K. The depleted leader: The influence of leaders' diminished psychological resources on leadership behaviors. LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wolff JM, Rospenda KM, Richman JA, Liu L, Milner LA. Work-family conflict and alcohol use: examination of a moderated mediation model. J Addict Dis 2013; 32:85-98. [PMID: 23480251 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2012.759856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Research consistently documents the negative effects of work-family conflict; however, little research focuses on alcohol use. This study embraces a tension reduction theory of drinking, wherein alcohol use is thought to reduce the negative effects of stress. The purpose of the study was to test a moderated mediation model of the relationship between work-family conflict and alcohol use in a Chicagoland community sample of 998 caregivers. Structural equation models showed that distress mediated the relationship between work-family conflict and alcohol use. Furthermore, tension reduction expectancies of alcohol exacerbated the relationship between distress and alcohol use. The results advance the study of work-family conflict and alcohol use, helping explain this complicated relationship using sophisticated statistical techniques. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Wolff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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Darshan MS, Raman R, Rao TSS, Ram D, Annigeri B. A study on professional stress, depression and alcohol use among Indian IT professionals. Indian J Psychiatry 2013; 55:63-9. [PMID: 23439801 PMCID: PMC3574458 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5545.105512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress has touched almost all professions posing threat to mental and physical health. India being the Information Technology (IT) hub with lakhs involved as IT Professionals, there is a need to assess prevalence of professional stress, depression and problem alcohol use and understand their association. OBJECTIVES (1) To screen for the prevalence of professional stress, risk for depression and harmful alcohol use among software engineers. (2) To study the association between professional stress, risk for depression and harmful alcohol use. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a cross-sectional online study conducted using screeing questionnaires like professional life stress scale, centre for epidemiological studies depression scale and alcohol use disorders identification test. This study was conducted specifically on professionals working in an IT firm with the designation of a software engineer. RESULTS A total of 129 subjects participated in the study. 51.2% of the study sample was found to be professionally stressed at the time of the interview. 43.4% of the study population were found to be at risk for developing depression. 68.2% of those who were professionally stressed were at risk for developing depression compared with only 17.5% of those who were not professionally stressed. Odds ratio revealed that subjects who were professionally stressed had 10 times higher risk for developing depression compared to those who were not professionally stressed. Subjects who were professionally stressed had 5.9 times higher prevalence of harmful alcohol use compared to those who were not professionally stressed. Subjects who were at risk for developing depression had 4.1 times higher prevalence of harmful alcohol use compared with those who were not at risk for developing depression. CONCLUSION Such higher rates of professional stress, risk for developing depression and harmful alcohol use among software engineers could hinder the progress of IT development and also significantly increase the incidence of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Darshan
- Department of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS University, M.G. Road, Mysore, Karnataka, India
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Vijayasiri G, Richman JA, Rospenda KM. The Great Recession, somatic symptomatology and alcohol use and abuse. Addict Behav 2012; 37:1019-24. [PMID: 22632797 PMCID: PMC3383405 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
While most research has examined the long-term effects of alcohol consumption on health, the current study examines how health status impacts on drinking behavior. Using data from a national study conducted between 2010 and 2011 to assess the impact of the recession on drinking behavior, this study examines how economic hardships linked to the recent economic recession affect physical health, and how physical health may in turn affect alcohol use. Structural equation models were used to test the predicted associations. The data demonstrate that many of the economic stressors linked to the recession are associated with increased somatic symptoms. Somatic symptoms are also associated with increased drinking for men, but not for women. These findings suggest that men may use alcohol to self medicate somatic symptomatology. The current findings are consistent with gender role-based explanations that account for gender disparities in the utilization of medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganga Vijayasiri
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 West Roosevelt Street (MC 275), Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Judith A. Richman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street (MC 912), Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Rospenda
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street (MC 912), Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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Abstract
The purpose of this review was to provide current knowledge about the possible association between psychosocial job stress and immune parameters in blood, saliva, and urine. Using bibliographic databases (PubMed, PsychINFO, Web of Science, Medline) and the snowball method, 56 studies were found. In general, exposure to psychosocial job stress (high job demands, low job control, high job strain, job dissatisfaction, high effort-reward imbalance, overcommitment, burnout, unemployment, organizational downsizing, economic recession) had a measurable impact on immune parameters (reduced NK cell activity, NK and T cell subsets, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and increased inflammatory markers). The evidence supports that psychosocial job stresses are related to disrupted immune responses but further research is needed to demonstrate cause-effect relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Nakata
- Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Legleye S, Baumann M, Peretti-Watel P, Beck F, Chau N. Gender and age disparities in the associations of occupational factors with alcohol abuse and smoking in the French working population. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2011; 59:223-32. [PMID: 21764233 DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2011.02.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study assessed the associations of short-term employment, physical and psychological occupational demands, and job dissatisfaction with alcohol abuse (using the Audit-C test) and daily smoking among working French men and women in different age groups. METHODS The sample included 13,241 working people, 18-29, 30-39, and 40-59-years-old, randomly selected in France and interviewed by phone. Occupation, type of employment, physical demands, psychological demands, job dissatisfaction, gender, age, educational level, and income were considered. Data were analyzed with logistic models. RESULTS Alcohol abuse affected 20.4% of men and 7.5% of women; smoking 32.1% and 24.2%, respectively. Their patterns of association with the occupational factors varied with gender and age. Job dissatisfaction was the leading factor among young men (adjusted odds ratio for alcohol abuse and smoking: 1.71 and 2.02), whereas short-term employment was the leading factor among young women (1.69 and 1.58), this pattern being reversed in older generations. The pattern of associations of physical and psychological demands with outcomes is more complex, but overall psychological demands were more important for women (especially the younger ones) than men, especially for smoking (OR>1.6). Smoking within 5 min after waking was much more common among male and female smokers with these occupational factors, suggesting a potential dependency. CONCLUSIONS Workers with short-term employment and occupational demands are subject to a higher risk for alcohol abuse and smoking with high gender and age disparities. Gender and age should be considered when designing measures to prevent substance abuse related to occupation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Legleye
- Institut national des études démographiques (Ined), Paris, France.
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Pampel FC, Krueger PM, Denney JT. Socioeconomic Disparities in Health Behaviors. ANNUAL REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY 2010; 36:349-370. [PMID: 21909182 PMCID: PMC3169799 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 978] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The inverse relationships between socioeconomic status (SES) and unhealthy behaviors such as tobacco use, physical inactivity, and poor nutrition have been well demonstrated empirically but encompass diverse underlying causal mechanisms. These mechanisms have special theoretical importance because disparities in health behaviors, unlike disparities in many other components of health, involve something more than the ability to use income to purchase good health. Based on a review of broad literatures in sociology, economics, and public health, we classify explanations of higher smoking, lower exercise, poorer diet, and excess weight among low-SES persons into nine broad groups that specify related but conceptually distinct mechanisms. The lack of clear support for any one explanation suggests that the literature on SES disparities in health and health behaviors can do more to design studies that better test for the importance of the varied mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred C. Pampel
- Department of Sociology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0484;
| | - Patrick M. Krueger
- Department of Sociology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80217;
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Luginaah I. Local gin (akpeteshie) and HIV/AIDS in the Upper West Region of Ghana: The need for preventive health policy. Health Place 2008; 14:806-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Gimeno D, Amick BC, Barrientos-Gutiérrez T, Mangione TW. Work organization and drinking: an epidemiological comparison of two psychosocial work exposure models. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2008; 82:305-17. [PMID: 18506471 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-008-0335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the relationship between two alternative psychosocial work exposure measurement frameworks (i.e., job alienation and job stress) and three drinking behaviours (frequent, heavy and drinking and work). METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 3,099 US drinking workers. Job stress conditions were assessed according to the Karasek's job strain model. Alienating job conditions were assessed with measures based on Kohn and Schooler's occupational self-direction concept. Multivariate logistic regression controlling for a wide range of known covariates was used. RESULTS High strain work showed no associations, while workers in passive jobs had an increased likelihood of heavy (OR = 1.29; 95%CI: 1.02-1.64) and lower likelihood of frequent drinking (OR = 0.71; 95%CI: 0.52-0.97). Unexpectedly, low complexity combined with low constraint related to more frequent drinking (OR = 1.60; 95%CI: 1.22-2.10). No associations with drinking at work were observed. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest an association between different work environment features and drinking behaviours. Our findings highlight the value of exploring the hypothesized passive pathway of the job strain model together with other theoretical perspectives, such as alienating job conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gimeno
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, International Institute for Society and Health, UCL Medical School, London, UK.
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Krueger PM, Chang VW. Being poor and coping with stress: health behaviors and the risk of death. Am J Public Health 2008; 98:889-96. [PMID: 18382003 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2007.114454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Individuals may cope with perceived stress through unhealthy but often pleasurable behaviors. We examined whether smoking, alcohol use, and physical inactivity moderate the relationship between perceived stress and the risk of death in the US population as a whole and across socioeconomic strata. METHODS Data were derived from the 1990 National Health Interview Survey's Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Supplement, which involved a representative sample of the adult US population (n = 40335) and was linked to prospective National Death Index mortality data through 1997. Gompertz hazard models were used to estimate the risk of death. RESULTS High baseline levels of former smoking and physical inactivity increased the impact of stress on mortality in the general population as well as among those of low socioeconomic status (SES), but not middle or high SES. CONCLUSIONS The combination of high stress levels and high levels of former smoking or physical inactivity is especially harmful among low-SES individuals. Stress, unhealthy behaviors, and low SES independently increase risk of death, and they combine to create a truly disadvantaged segment of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Krueger
- Division of Management, Policy, and Community Health, University of Texas School of Public Health, 1200 Herman Pressler, RAS E-907, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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28
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The psychosocial environment: towards an agenda for research. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WORKPLACE HEALTH MANAGEMENT 2008. [DOI: 10.1108/17538350810865596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Slaymaker VJ, Owen PL. Employed men and women substance abusers: Job troubles and treatment outcomes. J Subst Abuse Treat 2006; 31:347-54. [PMID: 17084788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The majority of U.S. adults with substance abuse or dependence are gainfully employed. However, little is known about outcomes among stably employed people in treatment for substance dependence. Participants (N = 212) entering a residential treatment program completed the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) at intake and 6 and 12 months follow-up. Significant improvements were seen in absenteeism, number of employment problem days, and whether their job was in jeopardy 12 months later. Overall, 65% were retained by their original employer. ASI composite alcohol, drug, legal, family, and psychiatric scores also improved significantly. Continuous abstinence was achieved by 65% and 51% at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Although less likely to be referred to treatment by their employer, women responded to treatment as well as men, reporting similar abstinence rates and overall quality of life during the year following discharge from treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J Slaymaker
- Butler Center for Research, Hazelden Foundation, Center City, MN 55012, USA.
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Edwards C, Dunham D, Ries A, Barnett J. Symptoms of traumatic stress and substance use in a non-clinical sample of young adults. Addict Behav 2006; 31:2094-104. [PMID: 16626877 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Revised: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The link between symptoms of traumatic stress and substance abuse is well established in the literature, but the specific features of trauma that contribute to substance abuse remain elusive and have not been studied in non-clinical samples. The current study assessed the relationship between traumatic symptoms and alcohol use in a sample of Midwestern college students. Using multiple regression analysis, traumatic stress symptoms, overall, accounted for 55% of the variance in use of alcohol. Most importantly, dissociative behavior, intrusive thoughts, as well as low levels of tension reduction behaviors uniquely contributed to the self-reported use of alcohol. We discuss the importance of educating college-aged students about this relationship as a preventative measure to alcohol and other drug use/abuse.
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Moos RH, Brennan PL, Schutte KK, Moos BS. Older adults' coping with negative life events: common processes of managing health, interpersonal, and financial/work stressors. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2006; 62:39-59. [PMID: 16454482 PMCID: PMC1948895 DOI: 10.2190/enlh-waa2-ax8j-wrt1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined how older adults cope with negative life events in health, interpersonal, and financial/work domains and whether common stress and coping processes hold across these three domains. On three occasions, older adults identified the most severe negative event they faced in the last year and described how they appraised and coped with that event, their ambient chronic stressors, and event and functioning outcomes. The stress and coping process was largely consistent across the three life domains. Individuals who appraised events as challenging and relied more on approach coping were more likely to report some benefit from those events. Individuals who experienced more chronic stressors and favored avoidance coping were more likely to be depressed and to have late-life drinking problems. Chronic stressors, as well as approach and avoidance coping, were predictably associated with overall outcomes in all three event domains. These findings provide a basis for preventive interventions that may help older adults' address the most prevalent stressors of aging more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf H Moos
- Department of Veterans Affairs and Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA.
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Kouvonen A, Kivimäki M, Cox SJ, Poikolainen K, Cox T, Vahtera J. Job strain, effort-reward imbalance, and heavy drinking: a study in 40,851 employees. J Occup Environ Med 2005; 47:503-13. [PMID: 15891529 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000161734.81375.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the relationship of the job strain model and the effort-reward imbalance model with heavy drinking. METHODS Questionnaire survey data were obtained from 32,352 women and 8499 men employed in the Finnish public sector (participation 67%). Logistic regression analyses for all employees and for separate subgroups were undertaken by sex, adjusted for age, education, occupational position, marital status, job contract, smoking, and negative affectivity. Different cutoff points of heavy drinking were used for men and women. RESULTS High job strain and high effort-reward imbalance as global constructs were not associated with heavy drinking. However, some components of these models were associated with heavy drinking but the relationships were not all in the expected direction and they varied by sex, age, and occupational position. CONCLUSIONS Stressful work conditions are not consistently associated with heavy drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kouvonen
- Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Luginaah I, Dakubo C. Consumption and impacts of local brewed alcohol (akpeteshie) in the Upper West Region of Ghana: a public health tragedy. Soc Sci Med 2003; 57:1747-60. [PMID: 12948582 DOI: 10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper is part of a larger project on the consumption of a locally made alcohol, akpeteshie, and its impact on the health and well-being of the people in the Upper West Region of Ghana. The paper reports the findings of a qualitative study using focus group discussions about community perceptions and impacts of akpeteshie. Focus groups were undertaken differently for men (n=25) and women (n=20), and the contents were analysed using grounded theory and from a social learning perspective. Participants indicated that both the elderly and the young were engaged in the use and abuse of akpeteshie. Men drink mainly for coping responses, such as, increased self-confidence, adult status, and to cope with the various social demands. Women seem to drink for socialising with peers. Akpeteshie drinking by both men and women is on the rise, and is increasingly used for sexual abuse and rape. The findings reveal strong perceptions of the health and economic damage that alcohol is having on the people of the area; and the need for policy intervention that not only target health promotion, but an improvement of the socioeconomic conditions of the people and the akpeteshie vendors in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Luginaah
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Ont., N9B 3P4 Windsor, Canada.
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Moore S, Grunberg L, Greenberg E. A longitudinal exploration of alcohol use and problems comparing managerial and nonmanagerial men and women. Addict Behav 2003; 28:687-703. [PMID: 12726784 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4603(01)00271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to compare the job attitude and drinking context correlates of alcohol beliefs, consumption, and problems between managerial and nonmanagerial women and men. Using longitudinal, self-report data from 1244 workers in a large manufacturing organization, we found that managerial women reported significantly higher levels of alcohol problems on a number of measures on both Times 1 and 2 surveys. Using partial correlations and controlling for Time 1 levels of the alcohol-related dependent variables, we found that few work attitudes predicted the outcomes of escape drinking reasons, alcohol consumption, and alcohol problems. However, those correlations that were significant reflected a differential pattern for managerial women as compared to managerial men and nonmanagerial women and men. Due to the small subsample size of managerial women, we regard these findings as suggestive only. We discuss the findings in terms of the stress-reduction hypothesis of alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Moore
- Department of Psychology, University of Puget Sound, 1500 North Warner, Tacoma, WA 98416, USA.
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Abstract
Predictors of overall and on-the-job substance (alcohol and marijuana) use were studied in a sample of young workers. The 18 predictors represent 6 general domains of risk factors: demographic, personality, substance use outcome expectancies, workplace substance availability, workplace social control, and work stressors. Data were obtained from a sample of 319 individuals ages 16 to 19. Hierarchical tobit regression analyses revealed that 5 of the 6 domains of risk factors were related to employee substance use. Similarities and differences were found in the predictors of overall and on-the-job substance use and in the predictors of alcohol and marijuana use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Frone
- Research Institute on Addictions, State University of New York at Buffalo, 14203, USA.
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Holahan CJ, Moos RH, Holahan CK, Cronkite RC, Randall PK. Drinking to cope and alcohol use and abuse in unipolar depression: A 10-year model. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2003. [DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.112.1.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Eslick G, Raj V. Occupational stress amongst radiographers: does working in private or public practice make a difference? Radiography (Lond) 2002. [DOI: 10.1053/radi.2001.0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Carney MA, Armeli S, Tennen H, Affleck G, O'Neil TP. Positive and negative daily events, perceived stress, and alcohol use: A diary study. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.68.5.788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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