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Liao S, Liu Y, Yuan B. The effects of awe on interpersonal forgiveness: the mediating role of small-self. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1336068. [PMID: 38379626 PMCID: PMC10877021 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1336068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Awe could increase prosocial behavior, but little is known about its effects on interpersonal forgiveness. This study aims to explore the potential impact of awe on interpersonal forgiveness and the underlying mechanism of this process, using a combination of questionnaires, economic game and computational modeling. In Study 1, we utilized Trait Awe Scale (TAS) and Forgiveness Trait Scale (FTS) to examine the association between trait awe and trait forgiveness. In Study 2, we employed pre-screened video to induce awe, happy and neutral emotions, then evaluated the effects of induced awe on small-self and interpersonal forgiveness in hypothetical interpersonal offensive situations (Study 2a) and two economic interaction situations (Study 2b). Results from Study 1 indicate that there is a positive correlation between trait awe and trait forgiveness. Study 2 reveal that awe can enhance interpersonal forgiveness in both interpersonal conflict situations and economic interaction situations, and this effect is mediated by the sense of small-self elicited by awe. Overall, these findings contribute to our understanding of the potential impact of awe on interpersonal forgiveness and provide valuable insights into the mechanisms through which awe may influence forgiveness. Further research in this area could help to elucidate the potential applications of awe-based interventions in promoting forgiveness and positive social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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2
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Lautenbach F. Effects of positive affect and positive emotions on executive functions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cogn Emot 2024; 38:1-22. [PMID: 37943253 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2279173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Positive emotions (PEs) impact cognitive processes, including executive functions (EFs; i.e. inhibition, working memory, cognitive flexibility). However, previous reviews and meta-analyses report contradicting results. Thus, this review takes a novel approach to overcome conflicting findings by clearly conceptualising PE induction and by providing a detailed description of the tasks used to assess EFs, as well as by exclusively focusing on EFs. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis was performed. Study inclusion criteria required that subjects were healthy individuals over 18 years, PEs were induced in a controlled laboratory setting, a baseline measurement and a control condition was required, and finally, EFs were measured as a dependent variable using valid measurement instruments. The literature search was performed on PRIMUS, including relevant databases such as ERIC, MEDLINE, Psych ARTICLES, Psych INFO or SocINDEX. From a total of 6,661 identified articles, only 13, which featured 20 experimental studies, were included. Results show that the overall induction of PEs successfully caused an increase in valence and/or positive emotions. However, no significant effects of PE on EFs were detected (d = -0.051, p = .405). Reasons and future research will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Lautenbach
- Institute of Sport Science, Sport Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Hinojosa JA, Guasch M, Montoro PR, Albert J, Fraga I, Ferré P. The bright side of words: Norms for 9000 Spanish words in seven discrete positive emotions. Behav Res Methods 2023:10.3758/s13428-023-02229-8. [PMID: 37749425 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, assumptions about the existence of a single construct of happiness that accounts for all positive emotions have been questioned. Instead, several discrete positive emotions with their own neurobiological and psychological mechanisms have been proposed. Of note, the effects of positive emotions on language processing are not yet properly understood. Here we provide a database for a large set of 9000 Spanish words scored by 3437 participants in the positive emotions of awe, contentment, amusement, excitement, serenity, relief, and pleasure. We also report significant correlations between discrete positive emotions and several affective (e.g., valence, arousal, happiness, negative discrete emotions) and lexico-semantic (e.g., frequency of use, familiarity, concreteness, age of acquisition) characteristics of words. Finally, we analyze differences between words conveying a single emotion ("pure" emotion words) and those denoting more than one emotion ("mixed" emotion words). This study will provide researchers a rich source of information to do research that contributes to expanding the current knowledge on the role of positive emotions in language. The norms are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21533571.v2.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Hinojosa
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Dpto. Psicología Experimental, Procesos Cognitivos y Logopedia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Nebrija en Cognición (CINC), Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marc Guasch
- Department of Psychology and CRAMC, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pedro R Montoro
- Departamento de Psicología Básica 1, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacobo Albert
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fraga
- Cognitive Processes & Behaviour Research Group, Department of Social Psychology, Basic Psychology & Methodology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pilar Ferré
- Department of Psychology and CRAMC, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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4
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Walle EA, Dukes D. We (Still!) Need to Talk About Valence: Contemporary Issues and Recommendations for Affective Science. Affect Sci 2023; 4:463-469. [PMID: 37744985 PMCID: PMC10514250 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Valence is central to the experience of emotion. However, to the detriment of affective science, it is often ill-defined and poorly operationalized. Being more precise about what is meant by valence would make for more readily comparable emotion stimuli, methodologies, and results, and would promote consideration of the diversity, complexity, and function of discrete emotions. This brief review uses prior literature and an informal survey of affective scientists to illustrate disagreements in conceptualizing valence. Next, we describe issues of valence in affective science, particularly as they pertain to the emotion process, the functions of emotion, and precision in empirical research. We conclude by providing recommendations for the future of valence in affective science.
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Qu Y. The Relationship Between Dispositional Awe and Reactive Aggression: The Serial Mediation Role of Trait Anger and Self-Control. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231168558. [PMID: 37012025 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231168558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that state awe will decrease aggressive behavior in individuals and reduce implicit trait aggression. However, hardly any studies have been conducted to show the relationship between individual dispositional awe and reactive aggression as well as the underlying psychological mechanisms. Based on the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotion and the expanded model of awe, this study explored the effects of trait anger and self-control on the relationship between dispositional awe predicting reactive aggression. The trait anger, self-control, dispositional awe, and reactive aggression scales were completed by a total of 611 college students who were recruited from universities. The findings demonstrated a negative correlation between dispositional awe and reactive aggression (r = -.35, p < .01). The link between dispositional awe and reactive aggression is mediated by trait anger (β = -.201, 95% CI [-.25, -.15]) and self-control (β = -.038, 95% CI [-.07, -.01]). Additionally, a serial mediation effect of trait anger and self-control was observed between dispositional awe and reactive aggression (β = -.022, 95% CI [-.04, -.01]). This study reveals the relationship between dispositional awe and reactive aggression and its mechanism of effect which has some practical implications for the prevention and reduction of reactive aggression among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangwenjie Qu
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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6
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Pasquini L, Noohi F, Veziris CR, Kosik EL, Holley SR, Lee A, Brown JA, Roy ARK, Chow TE, Allen I, Rosen HJ, Kramer JH, Miller BL, Saggar M, Seeley WW, Sturm VE. Dynamic autonomic nervous system states arise during emotions and manifest in basal physiology. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14218. [PMID: 36371680 PMCID: PMC10038867 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The outflow of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is continuous and dynamic, but its functional organization is not well understood. Whether ANS patterns accompany emotions, or arise in basal physiology, remain unsettled questions in the field. Here, we searched for brief ANS patterns amidst continuous, multichannel physiological recordings in 45 healthy older adults. Participants completed an emotional reactivity task in which they viewed video clips that elicited a target emotion (awe, sadness, amusement, disgust, or nurturant love); each video clip was preceded by a pre-trial baseline period and followed by a post-trial recovery period. Participants also sat quietly for a separate 2-min resting period to assess basal physiology. Using principal components analysis and unsupervised clustering algorithms to reduce the second-by-second physiological data during the emotional reactivity task, we uncovered five ANS states. Each ANS state was characterized by a unique constellation of patterned physiological changes that differentiated among the trials of the emotional reactivity task. These ANS states emerged and dissipated over time, with each instance lasting several seconds on average. ANS states with similar structures were also detectable in the resting period but were intermittent and of smaller magnitude. Our results offer new insights into the functional organization of the ANS. By assembling short-lived, patterned changes, the ANS is equipped to generate a wide range of physiological states that accompany emotions and that contribute to the architecture of basal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pasquini
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fatemeh Noohi
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christina R. Veziris
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eena L. Kosik
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah R. Holley
- San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alex Lee
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jesse A. Brown
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ashlin R. K. Roy
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany E. Chow
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Isabel Allen
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Howard J. Rosen
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joel H. Kramer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L. Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Manish Saggar
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - William W. Seeley
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Virginia E. Sturm
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Global Brain Health Institute, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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7
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Ellen C. Joseph, Trisha L. Raque. Feasibility of a Loving Kindness Intervention for Mitigating Weight Stigma in Nursing Students: A Focus on Self-Compassion. Mindfulness (N Y) 2023. [PMID: 37090853 PMCID: PMC9975442 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-023-02094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Preliminary research on self-compassion as a target for reducing forms of bias is promising, yet healthcare provider self-compassion has not yet been explored in relationship to weight bias. Healthcare providers commonly endorse weight stigma and bias, contributing to health disparities for patients with “obesity.” The current study explores the feasibility of the self-compassion loving kindness meditation (LKM) as a brief intervention that reduces weight bias in nursing students. Method Participants (189 nursing students) were randomly assigned to the LKM condition or body scan control condition before engaging in an implicit bias task and answering self-report measures of internalization of the thin ideal, weight bias, positive attitudes towards people with “obesity,” positive emotions, self-compassion, cognitive flexibility, and compassionate care. Results Statistically significant differences in self-compassion, cognitive flexibility, weight bias, and compassionate care failed to be found between the groups. Participants in the LKM condition endorsed significantly higher levels of positive emotionality compared to the control condition. Higher levels of self-compassion were related to lower levels of weight bias for participants in both conditions. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that internalization of the thin ideal and self-compassion accounted for 19.2% of the variance in positive attitudes towards people with “obesity.” Conclusions This study suggests the importance of examining self- and other-compassion in the context of weight stigma. Its findings exemplify the complexity of weight stigma and the need to further explore the mechanisms to be targeted to effectively reduce healthcare professionals’ bias. Pre-registration This study is not preregistered.
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8
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Chin AA, Sweet AM, Taylor CT. Beyond Positive Affect: Discrete Positive Emotions Differentiate Major Depression from Social Anxiety Disorder. Cognit Ther Res 2023; 47:377-385. [PMID: 37179573 PMCID: PMC10164670 DOI: 10.1007/s10608-023-10355-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Social anxiety disorder (SAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are both associated with diminished global positive affect. However, little is known about which specific positive emotions are affected, and which positive emotions differentiate MDD from SAD. Methods Four groups of adults recruited from the community were examined (N = 272): control group (no psychiatric history; n = 76), SAD without MDD group (n = 76), MDD without SAD group (n = 46), and comorbid group (diagnoses of both SAD and MDD; n = 74). Discrete positive emotions were measured with the Modified Differential Emotions Scale, which asked about the frequency of 10 different positive emotions experienced during the past week. Results The control group had higher scores on all positive emotions compared to all three clinical groups. The SAD group had higher scores on awe, inspiration, interest, and joy compared to the MDD group, and higher scores on those emotions, as well as amusement, hope, love, pride, and contentment, than the comorbid group. MDD and comorbid groups did not differ on any positive emotions. Gratitude did not differ significantly between clinical groups. Conclusion Adopting a discrete positive emotion approach revealed shared and distinct features across SAD, MDD, and their comorbidity. We consider possible mechanisms underlying transdiagnostic vs. disorder-specific emotion deficits. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10608-023-10355-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela A. Chin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037 San Diego, USA
| | - Alison M. Sweet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037 San Diego, USA
| | - Charles T. Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037 San Diego, USA
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9
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Meng L, Wang X. Awe in the workplace promotes prosocial behavior. Psych J 2023; 12:44-53. [PMID: 36058883 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the existing literature on awe, many research findings indicate the positive impact of awe on prosocial behavior. However, very few studies have examined awe in organizational contexts, and researchers have neglected to investigate the effect of awe induced by workplace elicitors. In a between-subject experimental study (N = 264), we introduced awe elicited by work factors, and examined its effect on prosocial intention and behavior (as compared with the neutral emotion condition and pleasantness condition). The results showed significant differences between prosocial intention and prosocial behavior in the three conditions. Importantly, awe evoked by workplace elicitors has a significant positive effect on prosocial behavior, and prosocial intention mediates this relationship. This study is among the first to examine the impact of awe induced by workplace elicitors, the results of which suggest that managers should consider creating workplaces that inspire awe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Meng
- School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Organizational Behavior and Organizational Neuroscience, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Organizational Behavior and Organizational Neuroscience, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Hu J. Dispositional awe, meaning in life, and socially responsible consumption. The Service Industries Journal 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/02642069.2022.2154757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- School of Economics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan City, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Wang R, Zhang H. Who spread COVID-19 (mis)information online? Differential informedness, psychological mechanisms, and intervention strategies. Computers in Human Behavior 2023; 138:107486. [PMID: 36120514 PMCID: PMC9467818 DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Based on a regional survey conducted in five cities of China (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu, and Wuhan) in January 2020 and a national survey experiment conducted in 31 provinces of China in December 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, we investigated the intentions for the misinformed, uninformed, and informed individuals to spread COVID-19 related (mis)information online and the psychological factors affecting their distinct sharing behaviors. We found that (1) both misinformed and uninformed individuals were more likely to spread misinformation and less likely to share fact as compared with the informed ones; (2) the reasons for the misinformed individuals to spread misinformation resembled those for the informed ones to share truth, but the uninformed ones shared misinformation based on different motivations; and (3) information that arouses positive emotions were more likely to go viral than that arouses negative feelings in the context of COVID-19, regardless of facticity. The implications of these findings were discussed in terms of how people react to misinformation when coping with risk, and intervention strategies were proposed to combat COVID-19 or other types of misinformation in risk scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- School of Journalism and Communication, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhong Zhang
- School of Journalism and Communication, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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12
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Richesin MT, Baldwin DR. How Awe Shaped Us: An Evolutionary Perspective. Emotion Review 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/17540739221136893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Research shows the experience of awe is associated with a variety of benefits ranging from increased well-being and prosocial behavior to enhanced cognition. The adaptive purpose of awe, however, is elusive. In this article, we aim to show that the current framework used to conceptualize awe points towards higher-order cognition as the key adaptive function. This goes against past evolutionary positions that posit social benefits or unidimensional behavioral adaptations. In the second half of the article, we highlight a distinct cognitive advantage of awe. The literature connecting awe and cognition is surveyed and used to develop a view that situates awe as a critical component in the cognitive success of the human species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Richesin
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, USA
| | - Debora R. Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, USA
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13
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Notsu H, Iwakabe S, Thoma NC. Enhancing working alliance through positive emotional experience: A cross-lag analysis. Psychother Res 2022; 33:328-341. [PMID: 36226482 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2022.2124893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although psychotherapy research has traditionally focused on decrease in distress, emotion research suggests the important role of positive emotional experience in healing and growing. Objective: The present study investigates the relationship between positive emotional experiences and working alliance. Method: We chose to investigate this relationship in accelerated experiential dynamic psychotherapy (AEDP), taking advantage of the modality's focus on both negative and positive emotional experiences. Fifty-eight clients receiving 16-sessions individual AEDP reported on their post-session levels of working alliance and positive emotions (enlivenment affect, positive relational affect, and peacefulness). The alliance-emotion relationship for each emotional categories was tested with separate disaggregated cross-lagged panel models. Results: Across the three categories, higher positive emotions at the end of the previous session were associated with higher working alliance at the end of the next session. On the other hand, working alliance did not contribute to any of the positive emotions in the next time point. Furthermore, the three emotion categories showed different patterns of development. Conclusion: The findings suggest that fostering positive emotions may be a promising venue to enhance working alliance. Furthermore, differentiating specific positive emotions is likely important both for research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Notsu
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Shigeru Iwakabe
- Department of Psychology, Ritsumeikan University, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nathan C Thoma
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Chua KQ, Ng R, Sung CLQ, Hartanto A, Oh VYS, Tong EMW. Relationship between contentment and working memory capacity: experimental and naturalistic evidence. Curr Psychol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03714-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Tee EY, binti Raja Reza Shah RIA. Self‐transcendent emotions and their influence on organizational effectiveness: A literature review and synthesis. Asian J of Social Psycho 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Y.J. Tee
- Department of Psychology Higher Education Learning Philosophy (HELP) University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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Abstract
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity is a fundamental component of emotional responding. It is not clear, however, whether positive emotional states are associated with differential ANS reactivity. To address this issue, we conducted a meta-analytic review of 120 articles (686 effect sizes, total N = 6,546), measuring ANS activity during 11 elicited positive emotions, namely amusement, attachment love, awe, contentment, craving, excitement, gratitude, joy, nurturant love, pride, and sexual desire. We identified a widely dispersed collection of studies. Univariate results indicated that positive emotions produce no or weak and highly variable increases in ANS reactivity. However, the limitations of work to date – which we discuss – mean that our conclusions should be treated as empirically grounded hypotheses that future research should validate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Behnke
- Faculty of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Adam Mickiewicz University
| | | | | | - Mark Assink
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam
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17
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Aurora P, Disabato DJ, Coifman KG. Positive affect predicts engagement in healthy behaviors within a day, but not across days. Motiv Emot. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-021-09924-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Kamiloğlu RG, Boateng G, Balabanova A, Cao C, Sauter DA. Superior Communication of Positive Emotions Through Nonverbal Vocalisations Compared to Speech Prosody. J Nonverbal Behav 2021; 45:419-54. [PMID: 34744232 DOI: 10.1007/s10919-021-00375-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The human voice communicates emotion through two different types of vocalizations: nonverbal vocalizations (brief non-linguistic sounds like laughs) and speech prosody (tone of voice). Research examining recognizability of emotions from the voice has mostly focused on either nonverbal vocalizations or speech prosody, and included few categories of positive emotions. In two preregistered experiments, we compare human listeners’ (total n = 400) recognition performance for 22 positive emotions from nonverbal vocalizations (n = 880) to that from speech prosody (n = 880). The results show that listeners were more accurate in recognizing most positive emotions from nonverbal vocalizations compared to prosodic expressions. Furthermore, acoustic classification experiments with machine learning models demonstrated that positive emotions are expressed with more distinctive acoustic patterns for nonverbal vocalizations as compared to speech prosody. Overall, the results suggest that vocal expressions of positive emotions are communicated more successfully when expressed as nonverbal vocalizations compared to speech prosody.
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19
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Shi J, Qiu J, Liu T. Disasters are not cute: Cute expressions increase dehumanisation. Journal of Psychology in Africa 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/14330237.2021.1978666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Development and Education for Special Needs Children; Department of Psychology, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Junjie Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Development and Education for Special Needs Children; Department of Psychology, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Tuo Liu
- Division for Psychological Methods and Statistics, Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
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Sassaroli S, Caselli G, Mansueto G, Palmieri S, Pepe A, Veronese G, Ruggiero GM. Validating the Diathesis–Stress Model Based Case Conceptualization Procedure in Cognitive Behavioral Therapies: The LIBET (Life Themes and Semi-Adaptive Plans—Implications of Biased Beliefs, Elicitation and Treatment) Procedure. J Rat-Emo Cognitive-Behav Ther. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-021-00421-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) approaches use case formulation procedures based on the diathesis–stress conceptualization model, arranged in two dimensions: emotional vulnerability (present in a patient’s consciousness in terms of core beliefs) and coping strategies. Nevertheless, despite its pivotal role, there are a limited number of validation studies for this model. Life themes and semi-adaptive plans: Implications of biased beliefs, elicitation and treatment (LIBET) is a CBT case formulation method grounded on the CBT diathesis–stress model that aims to help validate the CBT case formulation model, and, in particular, its bidimensional arrangement. In LIBET, the two classic CBT dimensions are called “life themes,” which are mental states of focused attention to emotional sensitivities represented as core beliefs in consciousness, and “semi-adaptive plans,” which are the rigid management strategies of “life themes” implemented by adopting coping strategies such as anxious safety behaviors, compulsive controls and aggressive or rewarding strategies. The study uses quantitative textual analysis to validate the LIBET procedure in a clinical sample. The investigation discusses the extent to which the results can be considered a validation of the arrangement of the general CBT diathesis–stress model in the two dimensions of core beliefs and coping strategies.
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Jones DR, Smyth JM, Graham-Engeland JE. Associations between positively valenced affect and health behaviors vary by arousal. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2021; 14:215-235. [PMID: 34355861 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is mixed with regard to whether positively valanced affect (PA) is associated with engagement in health behaviors. Both affective arousal (activated/deactivated) and level of analysis (between and within-person) may influence such associations. Adults (N = 121; 25-65 years) completed ambulatory assessments of affect and daily reports of sleep, diet, and physical/sedentary activity. Patterns of association were generally consistent at between and within-person levels, although associations varied by arousal. Activated PA was positively associated with action tendencies (i.e., higher physical activity, lower sedentary activities) and riskier behaviors (such as poor diet) whereas deactivated PA was positively associated with engaging in satiety and rest (i.e., better diet, better sleep quality, and more sedentary activity). Results were maintained when covarying for indicators of relative socioeconomic advantage and neuroticism. Overall, arousal appears to be related to the nature of the associations between PA and health behaviors, highlighting the importance of assessing and evaluating a range of arousal states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusti R Jones
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Healthy Aging, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua M Smyth
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Oh J, Khoo GS, Lee JA, Sudarshan S. Source Interactivity Enhances Sense of Community and Reduces Psychological Reactance: Effects of the Like Button on Smoking Message Evaluations and Attitudes. J Health Commun 2021; 26:501-513. [PMID: 34428126 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2021.1964008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the psychological mechanism by which source interactivity influences health message evaluations. Combining health communication and interactivity literature, two theoretical routes to persuasion were proposed: enhanced sense of community and reduced psychological reactance. A 2 × 2 (source interactivity: absence vs. presence X smoking status: nonsmoker vs. current smoker) factorial-design experiment (N = 343) was conducted on an anti-smoking website. Result revealed that the endorsing and sharing features that resembled the Like button on Facebook enhanced self-as-source perceptions and sense of community, which exerted significant effects on message credibility for smokers and message enjoyment for nonsmokers. Among smokers, self-as-source perceptions reduced psychological reactance, which promoted greater message credibility and more negative attitudes toward smoking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeyun Oh
- The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | | | - Jung Ah Lee
- Postdoctoral Fellow, Department Of Communication, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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23
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Zhang M, Li L, Ye Y, Yu S, Zhong J. The effects of feelings of awe on the relationship between consumers’ narcissism and impulsive consumption behaviors: A mediated moderation model. Curr Psychol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Yoshikawa N, Masaki H. The Effects of Viewing Cute Pictures on Performance During a Basketball Free-Throw Task. Front Psychol 2021; 12:610817. [PMID: 33981267 PMCID: PMC8107233 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.610817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that viewing cute pictures leads to performance improvement in a subsequent fine motor task. We examined the beneficial effects of viewing cute pictures in a more complex sporting skill (i.e., basketball free throws) by comparing three conditions (viewing baby animal pictures, adult animal pictures, and no pictures) and two tests (no-pressure and pressure). The participants, all of whom were college basketball players, performed 16 free throws in each condition. In the no-pressure test, male participants improved performance after viewing pictures of baby animals but not after adult animals and no pictures. In the pressure test, no significant improvement was observed. For female participants, the cuteness-viewing effect was not observed in both tests. The results suggest that viewing cute pictures may improve performance during basketball free throws in a low-pressure situation by narrowing the breadth of attentional focus and inducing approach motivation and caregiving behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Masaki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
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Abstract
The human mind is unique in its ability to form, store, and manipulate elaborate conceptual models of the world; yet these models have vast, inevitable gaps. Where the models end, the potential for wonder and awe begins. Psychology research has begun to uncover distinctive implications of awe for how we perceive our environment and ourselves. More science investigating basic features of awe is needed to fulfill its promise for improving the human experience. Awe, accessible in everyday life, can be a valuable tool for enhancing well-being.
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Chen J, Zhang Y, Zhao G. The Qingdao Preschooler Facial Expression Set: Acquisition and Validation of Chinese Children's Facial Emotion Stimuli. Front Psychol 2021; 11:554821. [PMID: 33551893 PMCID: PMC7858654 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.554821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional research on emotion-face processing has primarily focused on the expression of basic emotions using adult emotional face stimuli. Stimulus sets featuring child faces or emotions other than basic emotions are rare. The current study describes the acquisition and evaluation of the Qingdao Preschooler Facial Expression (QPFE) set, a facial stimulus set with images featuring 54 Chinese preschoolers' emotion expressions. The set includes 712 standardized color photographs of six basic emotions (joy, fear, anger, sadness, surprise, and disgust), five discrete positive emotions (interest, contentment, relief, pride, and amusement), and a neutral expression. The validity of the pictures was examined based on 43 adult raters' online evaluation, including agreement between designated emotions and raters' labels, as well as intensity and representativeness scores. Overall, these data should contribute to the developmental and cross-cultural research on children's emotion expressions and provide insights for future research on positive emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guozhen Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Ferreira ME, Mendes P, Sardenberg B, Pinho MM. Awe: Efeitos Cognitivos, Emocionais e Motivacionais do Deslumbramento num Contexto Experimental. Psic : Teor e Pesq 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/0102.3772e37210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo A relativamente inexplorada emoção de awe, que pode ser descrita em português como a sensação de deslumbramento e transcendência perante a percepção subjetiva de grandiosidade, vem sendo experimentalmente associada a efeitos positivos de natureza diversa. Nos artigos encontrados para inclusão nesta revisão bibliográfica, foram relatados um aumento da pró-socialidade e de sentimentos afiliativos, melhoras no humor e na satisfação pessoal, e modificações na concepção dos participantes acerca do tempo, levando a uma redução da impaciência e incentivando a busca de experiências de crescimento pessoal em lugar de recompensas imediatas. Esse sentimento também pareceu encorajar o senso crítico com relação a tentativas de convencimento, além de promover a espiritualidade e a identificação de propósito na realidade.
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Abstract
Awe is a frequently represented and commonly experienced emotion in science communication. According to a popular account of this emotion, awe is an innate and universal human affective experience that occurs when a person evaluates a target as vast, forcing a shift in their worldview. This shift is portrayed in science communication as resulting in an enhanced interest in the scientific material at hand. Based on the latest research in affective science, however, we challenge this narrow version of awe in science communication and instead advocate a broader account of this emotion in line with a constructionist perspective. We argue that there are a variety of awe types in science communication, each with different forms and functions in relation to the mandates within the multiplicity of contexts in this cultural space. We also contend that people's awe experiences result from their previous interactions with this emotion and the unique affordances provided by the science communication situation.
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Sturm VE, Roy ARK, Datta S, Wang C, Sible IJ, Holley SR, Watson C, Palser ER, Morris NA, Battistella G, Rah E, Meyer M, Pakvasa M, Mandelli ML, Deleon J, Hoeft F, Caverzasi E, Miller ZA, Shapiro KA, Hendren R, Miller BL, Gorno-Tempini ML. Enhanced visceromotor emotional reactivity in dyslexia and its relation to salience network connectivity. Cortex 2021; 134:278-295. [PMID: 33316603 PMCID: PMC7880083 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental disorder mainly defined by reading difficulties. During reading, individuals with dyslexia exhibit hypoactivity in left-lateralized language systems. Lower activity in one brain circuit can be accompanied by greater activity in another, and, here, we examined whether right-hemisphere-based emotional reactivity may be elevated in dyslexia. We measured emotional reactivity (i.e., facial behavior, physiological activity, and subjective experience) in 54 children ages 7-12 with (n = 32) and without (n = 22) dyslexia while they viewed emotion-inducing film clips. Participants also underwent task-free functional magnetic resonance imaging. Parents of children with dyslexia completed the Behavior Assessment System for Children, which assesses real-world behavior. During film viewing, children with dyslexia exhibited significantly greater reactivity in emotional facial behavior, skin conductance level, and respiration rate than those without dyslexia. Across the sample, greater emotional facial behavior correlated with stronger connectivity between right ventral anterior insula and right pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pFWE<.05), key salience network hubs. In children with dyslexia, greater emotional facial behavior related to better real-world social skills and higher anxiety and depression. Our findings suggest there is heightened visceromotor emotional reactivity in dyslexia, which may lead to interpersonal strengths as well as affective vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia E Sturm
- Department of Neurology, University of California, UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Ashlin R K Roy
- Department of Neurology, University of California, UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Samir Datta
- Department of Neurology, University of California, UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Isabel J Sible
- Department of Neurology, University of California, UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Sarah R Holley
- Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Christa Watson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Eleanor R Palser
- Department of Neurology, University of California, UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Nathaniel A Morris
- Department of Neurology, University of California, UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Giovanni Battistella
- Department of Neurology, University of California, UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Esther Rah
- Department of Neurology, University of California, UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Marita Meyer
- Department of Neurology, University of California, UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Mikhail Pakvasa
- Department of Neurology, University of California, UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Maria Luisa Mandelli
- Department of Neurology, University of California, UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Jessica Deleon
- Department of Neurology, University of California, UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Fumiko Hoeft
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Eduardo Caverzasi
- Department of Neurology, University of California, UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Zachary A Miller
- Department of Neurology, University of California, UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Kevin A Shapiro
- Department of Neurology, University of California, UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Robert Hendren
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, University of California, UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Maria Luisa Gorno-Tempini
- Department of Neurology, University of California, UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Ke J, Yoon J. Design for Breathtaking Experiences: An Exploration of Design Strategies to Evoke Awe in Human–Product Interactions. MTI 2020; 4:82. [DOI: 10.3390/mti4040082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
From looking up at a skyscraper to the Grand Canyon’s vastness, you may have experienced awe in one way or another. Awe is experienced when one encounters something greater or more powerful than themselves and is associated with prosocial behavior through a diminishment of self-importance. In design research, most studies on awe have been conducted in lab conditions by using technologies such as virtual reality because of its efficiency to simulate typical awe-stimulating conditions (e.g., nature scenes). While useful in inducing awe and assessing its effects on users, they give little guidance about how design can deliberately evoke awe. Most attempts focus on the response of awe instead of its eliciting conditions. With an aim to support designers to facilitate awe, this paper explores design strategies to evoke awe. Based on appraisal theory, the cause of awe was formulated, and its relevance to designing for awe was investigated. The conditions that underlie awe in design were explored through a survey in which participants reported 150 awe experiences, resulting in six design strategies. The paper describes these strategies and discusses how they can be used in a design process, giving attention to addressing the experiential value of awe.
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Kitson A, Chirico A, Gaggioli A, Riecke BE. A Review on Research and Evaluation Methods for Investigating Self-Transcendence. Front Psychol 2020; 11:547687. [PMID: 33312147 PMCID: PMC7701337 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.547687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-transcendence has been characterized as a decrease in self-saliency (ego disillusionment) and increased connection, and has been growing in research interest in the past decade. Several measures have been developed and published with some degree of psychometric validity and reliability. However, to date, there has been no review systematically describing, contrasting, and evaluating the different methodological approaches toward measuring self-transcendence including questionnaires, neurological and physiological measures, and qualitative methods. To address this gap, we conducted a review to describe existing methods of measuring self-transcendence, evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of these methods, and discuss research avenues to advance assessment of self-transcendence, including recommendations for suitability of methods given research contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kitson
- School of Interactive Arts and Technology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Alice Chirico
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Gaggioli
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy.,ATN-P Lab, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Bernhard E Riecke
- School of Interactive Arts and Technology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Krogh-Jespersen S, Quinn KA, Krenzer WLD, Nguyen C, Greenslit J, Price CA. Exploring the awe-some: Mobile eye-tracking insights into awe in a science museum. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239204. [PMID: 32997703 PMCID: PMC7526894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Informal learning environments provide the opportunity to study guests' experiences as they engage with exhibits specifically designed to invoke the emotional experience of awe. The current paper presents insight gained by using both traditional survey measures and innovative mobile eye-tracking technology to examine guests' experiences of awe in a science museum. We present results for guests' visual attention in two exhibit spaces, one chosen for its potential to evoke positive awe and one for negative awe, and examine associations between visual attention and survey responses with regard to different facets of awe. In this exploratory study, we find relationships between how guests attend to features within an exhibit space (e.g., signage) and their feelings of awe. We discuss implications of using both methods concurrently to shed new light on exhibit design, and more generally for working in transdisciplinary multimethod teams to move scientific knowledge and application forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Krogh-Jespersen
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kimberly A. Quinn
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - William L. D. Krenzer
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- The Duke Initiative for Science & Society, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Christine Nguyen
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jana Greenslit
- Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - C. Aaron Price
- Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, IL, United States of America
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Yoshikawa N, Nittono H, Masaki H. Effects of Viewing Cute Pictures on Quiet Eye Duration and Fine Motor Task Performance. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1565. [PMID: 32754093 PMCID: PMC7366833 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated if viewing cute pictures could improve fine motor skills and prolong quiet eye (QE) duration. QE is a gaze phenomenon, and its duration (i.e., the period between fixation onset preceding a critical movement and fixation offset) is thought to represent attention control. As it has been reported that QE duration is longer for expert athletes than for novice athletes in various sports and becomes shorter even for experts who choke under pressure during games, resulting in performance deterioration, QE prolongation is important to prevent choking under pressure. Separately, several studies have confirmed that viewing cute pictures can induce focal attention, thus improving performance in fine motor tasks. We hypothesized that viewing cute pictures may modulate attention control and prolong QE duration. We also tested if the beneficial effects of viewing cute pictures could be obtained in a high-pressure situation in which participant performance was evaluated by an experimenter. We used a fine-motor task requiring participants to use a pair of tweezers to remove 12 small pieces from holes in a game board. We randomly assigned participants to either the baby-animal pictures group or the adult-animal pictures group, based on pictures viewed prior to the task. Participants executed the task in a pre-test, post-test, and pressure test. In both the post-test and the pressure test, participants viewed seven photographs of either baby animals or adult animals before execution of the task. In accordance with previous research, task precision increased after viewing pictures of baby animals in both the post-test and pressure test. Furthermore, QE duration was also prolonged after viewing cute pictures in the post-test, but not in the pressure test. Neither performance improvement nor QE prolongation was found after viewing pictures of adult animals. These results suggested that simply viewing cute pictures could prolong QE duration without pressure and might provide a beneficial effect on performance, even in a high-pressure situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nittono
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Masaki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
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Abstract
The present study develops key research for French word norms that combines the predominant theories of dimensional and discrete (or categorical) emotions. As a result, we provide the database FANCat, affective norms for a set of 1031 French words on ten discrete emotion categories: fear, anger, disgust, sadness, anxiety, awe, excitement, contentment, amusement, and serenity. FANCat complements a previous word set, FAN, which provides only the dimensional norms, valence, and arousal (Monnier & Syssau, 2014). Herein, we introduce five discrete positive emotions in efforts to differentiate positive emotions at higher resolution and specificity. Although ten emotional categories were considered in FANCat norms, results showed a high degree of inter-rater reliability and a good external validity. Then, distributional analyses of words into the ten emotion categories revealed that positive words evoked mainly the emotions awe, contentment, and amusement, and principally evoked either one positive emotion only ("pure" words) or two (mixed words). This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the relationship between language, and negative and positive emotions. It is also currently the only norms database in French that analyses ten discrete emotions as well as including valence and arousal. FANCat is available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338622765_FANCat_database .
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Atamba C, Popelnukha A, Ibrahim FL. Awe Guards My Creativity: The Interactive Effect of Perceived Abusive Supervisory Behavior, Dispositional Awe, and Creative Self-Efficacy on Chinese Employee Creativity. Front Sociol 2020; 5:51. [PMID: 33869458 PMCID: PMC8022584 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2020.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The study examined the responses of employees to supervisors who exhibited abusive behavior and invoked dispositional awe to influence their followers. The proposition is that two divergent predictors of supervisor effectiveness interact to affect the behavior of subordinates. The purpose of this study was to examine the interactive effect of perceived abusive supervisory behavior and perceived supervisor dispositional awe on employee creative self-efficacy and creativity. To test the proposed model, we collected cross-sectional data from 196 working professionals pursuing their Masters of Business Administration (MBA) at a large university in China. Our findings confirmed that perceived abusive supervisory behavior and perceived supervisor dispositional awe were predictors of employee creativity. Also, perceived supervisor dispositional awe moderated the relationship between perceived abusive supervisory behavior and employee creative self-efficacy. The theoretical and practical implications for leaders and organizations were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Atamba
- School of Management, Department of Business Administration, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Wang X, Zheng Q, Wang J, Gu Y, Li J. Effects of Regulatory Focus and Emotions on Information Preferences: The Affect-as-Information Perspective. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1397. [PMID: 32848964 PMCID: PMC7396481 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the effects of regulatory focus and emotions on information preferences, specifically information selection preferences (experiment 1) and implicit information preferences (experiment 2). Our findings revealed that, in the promotion-focused condition, individuals preferred hedonic information (vs. functional information) when they were happy (vs. sad). However, emotions’ effects on information preferences were attenuated in the prevention-focused condition. In experiment 3, we tested whether regulatory focus and salient emotions influenced information preferences. The results suggested that regulatory focus and salient emotions had no significant interactive effect on information selection preferences, but had a significant interactive effect on implicit preferences. These results further our understanding of the psychological dynamic mechanism involved in information preferences, which augments the affect-as-information theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Wang
- School of Media Studies and Humanities, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Quanquan Zheng
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Wang
- School of Media Studies and Humanities, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangli Gu
- School of Media Studies and Humanities, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiongying Li
- School of Media Studies and Humanities, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
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Arcangeli M, Sperduti M, Jacquot A, Piolino P, Dokic J. Awe and the Experience of the Sublime: A Complex Relationship. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1340. [PMID: 32612563 PMCID: PMC7308447 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Awe seems to be a complex emotion or emotional construct characterized by a mix of positive (contentment, happiness), and negative affective components (fear and a sense of being smaller, humbler or insignificant). It is striking that the elicitors of awe correspond closely to what philosophical aesthetics, and especially Burke and Kant, have called “the sublime.” As a matter of fact, awe is almost absent from the philosophical agenda, while there are very few studies on the experience of the sublime as such in the psychological literature. The aim of this paper is to throw light on the complex relationship between awe (as understood by psychologists) and the experience of the sublime (as discussed by philosophers). We distinguish seven ways of conceiving this relationship and highlight those that seem more promising to us. Once we have a clearer picture of how awe and the experience of the sublime are related, we can use it to enhance collaboration between these domains. We would be able to use empirical results about awe in a philosophical analysis of the experience of the sublime, which in turn can help us to design novel experimental hypotheses about the contexts in which we experience awe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Arcangeli
- École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris, France.,Institut Jean Nicod, UMR 8129, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Marco Sperduti
- Laboratoire Mémoire, Cerveau et Cognition, URP 7536, Institut de Psychologie, Université de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Amélie Jacquot
- Laboratoire Mémoire, Cerveau et Cognition, URP 7536, Institut de Psychologie, Université de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Pascale Piolino
- Laboratoire Mémoire, Cerveau et Cognition, URP 7536, Institut de Psychologie, Université de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Jérôme Dokic
- École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris, France.,Institut Jean Nicod, UMR 8129, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
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Abstract
PurposeNatural disasters are increasingly more frequent and intense, which makes it critical for emergency managers to engage social media users during crises. This study examined emergency official accounts' social media engagement at each disaster stage based on Fink's four-stage model of crisis and disaster: prodromal, acute, chronic and termination stages and linked topics and sentiments to engagement.Design/methodology/approachUsing text mining and sentiment analysis, 1,226 original tweets posted by 66 major emergency official Twitter accounts and more than 15,000 retweets elicited across the life cycle of Hurricane Irma were analyzed.FindingsResults identified the most engaging official accounts and tweets. Most tweets and the most engaging tweets were posted in the prodromal stage. Tweets related to certain topics were significantly more engaging than others. The most frequently tweeted topics by official accounts were less engaging than some seldom tweeted topics. Negative sentiment words increased the engagingness of the tweet. Sadness was the strongest predictor of tweet engagement. Tweets that contained fewer sadness words were more engaging. Fear was stronger in positively predicting tweet engagement than anger. Results also demonstrated that words for fear and anger were critical in engaging social media discussions in the prodromal stage. Words for sadness made the tweets less engaging in the chronic stage.Originality/valueThis study provided detailed instructions on how to increase the engagingness of emergency management official accounts during disasters using computational methods. Findings have practical implications for both emergency managers and crisis researchers.
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Persaud K, Bass I, Colantonio J, Macias C, Bonawitz E. Opportunities and challenges integrating resource-rational analysis with developmental perspectives. Behav Brain Sci 2020; 43. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x19001560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Lieder and Griffiths present the computational framework “resource-rational analysis” to address the reverse-engineering problem in cognition. Here we discuss how developmental psychology affords a unique and critical opportunity to employ this framework, but which is overlooked in this piece. We describe how developmental change provides an avenue for ongoing work as well as inspiration for expansion of the resource-rational approach.
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Anderson CL, Dixson DD, Monroy M, Keltner D. Are awe-prone people more curious? The relationship between dispositional awe, curiosity, and academic outcomes. J Pers 2019; 88:762-779. [PMID: 31705660 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Guided by a functional account of awe, we aimed to test the hypothesis that people who often feel awe are also more curious (Studies 1 and 2), and that this relationship in turn relates to academic outcomes (Study 3). METHOD In Study 1 (n = 1,005), we used a self-report approach to test the relationship between dispositional awe and curiosity. In Study 2 (n = 100), we used a peer-report approach to test if participants' dispositional awe related to how curious they were rated by their friends. In Study 3, in a sample of 447 high school adolescents we tested if dispositional awe related to academic outcomes via curiosity. RESULTS We found that dispositional awe was positively related to people's self-rated curiosity (Study 1) and how curious they were rated by their friends (Study 2). In Study 3, we found that dispositional awe was related to academic outcomes via curiosity. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that among the seven positive emotion dispositions tested, awe was related to unique variance in curiosity, and this link in turn predicted academic outcomes. This work further characterizes awe as an epistemic emotion and suggests that activities that inspire awe may improve academic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig L Anderson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Dante D Dixson
- Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Special Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Maria Monroy
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Ogawa Y, Nittono H. The effect of induced mood on word imagery processing: An ERP study. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 142:17-24. [PMID: 31158398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of induced mood on language processing has been examined in behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) studies. A previous study examined the effects of induced mood on word imagery processing by the N400 and N700 components of the ERP and behavioral performance in an imageability judgment task in which participants decided whether a word easily evoked visual imagery or not (Ogawa and Nittono, 2019). The N400 amplitude was larger (more negative-going) under positive mood than under negative mood, while reaction time and the N700 amplitude were not affected by induced moods. These results were interpreted as evidence that, compared to negative mood, positive mood facilitates semantic memory activation during word imagery processing. However, it remains unclear whether positive mood facilitates the phenomenological experience of imagery. To replicate and extend the previous findings, this study examined the effects of mood on subjective ratings of word imageability and ERP components. Single words with moderate imageability were used to avoid floor or ceiling effects. If a positive mood facilitates word imageability processing, subjective imageability ratings would be higher under positive mood than under negative mood. The N400 amplitude, but not the N700 amplitude, would be larger under positive mood than under negative mood. Contrary to predictions, an experiment with a sufficient sample size (N = 41) did not replicate the previous findings regarding N400 amplitude. Induced moods also did not affect the subjective imageability ratings and the N700 amplitude. These results suggest that the effects of induced mood on language processing may not occur at the level of single-word processing. Rather, moods may change the strength of association between word concepts in semantic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Ogawa
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Japan
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Abstract
Awe is described as an a "epistemic emotion" because it is hypothesised to make gaps in one's knowledge salient. However, no empirical evidence for this yet exists. Awe is also hypothesised to be an antecedent to interest in science because science is one way to fill those knowledge gaps. Results from four pre-registered studies (N = 1518) indicate that manipulating awe through online (Studies 1a, 1b, and 1c) and virtual reality (Study 2) videos, led to greater awareness of knowledge gaps. Awareness of knowledge gaps was consistently associated with greater science interest and to choosing tickets to a science museum over tickets to an art museum (Study 1b). These effects were not consistently observed on, nor moderated by, other measures related to cognition, religion, and spirituality. However, exploratory analyses showed that science interest was better predicted by positive emotions than by awe. Still, these results provide the first empirical evidence of awe as an "epistemic emotion" by demonstrating its effects on awareness of knowledge gaps. These findings are also extended to the effects of awe on science interest as one possible outcome of awareness of knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon McPhetres
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester , Rochester , NY , USA
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Dong R, Ni SG. Openness to Experience, Extraversion, and Subjective Well-Being Among Chinese College Students: The Mediating Role of Dispositional Awe. Psychol Rep 2019; 123:903-928. [PMID: 30741089 DOI: 10.1177/0033294119826884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Awe is the emotion experienced when people confront stimuli so vast and novel that they require accommodation. Dispositional awe, in contrast, captures individual differences in the tendency to experience awe. Previous research has found that state awe could predict life satisfaction; however, no study has focused on the indirect effects of dispositional awe on the relationship between personality traits and subjective well-being. Previous studies have found that both openness to experience and extraversion were significant predictors of subjective well-being. Both openness to experience and awe involve cognitive flexibility. Awe can also arise from engaging in social events. Previous research has found that those who are higher in dispositional awe tend to be more extraverted and open to experience. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to test the mediating role of dispositional awe among openness to experience, extraversion, and subjective well-being. To test this hypothesis, a total of 332 Chinese college students were invited to complete an anonymous survey using a cross-sectional design. The results of structural equation modeling showed that openness to experience and extraversion predicted higher levels of dispositional awe, while dispositional awe predicted higher levels of subjective well-being. Moreover, dispositional awe mediated the effects of openness to experience and extraversion on subjective well-being. The findings of this study suggest that openness to experience and extraversion may invite more experiences of awe and thus promote subjective well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Dong
- Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi G Ni
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Experiences that contradict one's core concepts (e.g. of the world, people, the self) elicit intense emotions. Such schema incongruence can elicit awe, wherein experiences that are too vast to understand with existing cognitive schemata cause one to feel that schemata should be updated [i.e. a "need for cognitive accommodation" (NFA); Keltner & Haidt, 2003. Approaching awe, a moral, spiritual, and aesthetic emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 17(3), 297-314]. However, other emotional responses to schema incongruence, such as horror, have not been investigated. The current studies compared awe and horror to investigate if they are distinct emotional responses to schema incongruence. Study 1 observed significant differences between awe and horror in cognitive appraisals (e.g. certainty, legitimacy), indicating several areas of dissimilarity. Study 2 found evidence that awe and horror are both responses to schema incongruence, as schema incongruence and NFA were salient in awe and horror, but not a contrast emotion. However, awe and horror were elicited by different types of schema incongruence: awe by spiritual vastness, horror by extremity. Awe-eliciting experiences also appeared to be easier to assimilate than horrifying experiences, as NFA and uncertainty were significantly lower in awe than in horror. Differences in the functions of horror and awe are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Marie Taylor
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yukiko Uchida
- Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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Bansah AK, Moore DR, Holben DH. The Effect of Message Emotion and Logic on Nutritional Attitude Change as Measured by Argumentation Style in an Online Nutrition Class. TOP CLIN NUTR 2018; 33:281-92. [DOI: 10.1097/tin.0000000000000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Navratil SD, Kühl T, Heidig S. Why the Cells Look Like That - The Influence of Learning With Emotional Design and Elaborative Interrogations. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1653. [PMID: 30245656 PMCID: PMC6137232 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated emotional design features that may influence multimedia learning with a self-generated learning (SGL) activity, namely answering elaborative interrogations. We assumed that a positive emotional design would be associated with a higher motivation to accomplish the additional SGL activity. Moreover, an interaction was expected: Learners learning with a positive emotional design should profit from learning with elaborative interrogations whereas learners learning with a negative emotional design would not profit from this strategy to the same extent but would rather benefit through reading. Since no negative emotional design existed yet, we additionally took the challenge to construct one. In a preliminary study, the emotional design features were pre-tested for their influence on emotional state and according to evaluation results, emotional design features were modified for the final versions. For the main study, German students (N = 228) were randomly assigned to one of six conditions that resulted from a 3 × 2 Design with emotional design (intended-positive vs. intended-neutral vs. intended-negative) and SGL activity (elaborative interrogations vs. no elaborative interrogations). Contrary to expectations, the intended-negative design worked not out as intended, but was rather comparable with the positive emotional design with respect to learners' emotional states. Learner motivation was higher when learning with the intended-negative emotional than the neutral design. The quality of the elaborated answers and learner motivation correlated positively with the performance of all learning outcome scores. For transfer questions which addressed the elaborated concepts, an interaction can be reported: learners learning with the positive emotional design benefitted from learning by reading compared to answering the elaborative interrogations. Regarding transfer questions whose concepts were explicitly described in the instructional material, it was better to learn with the intended-negative emotional than the neutral design. According to results of mediation analyses, the influence of motivation on learning outcomes could mostly be explained by the influence of motivation on answering the elaborative interrogations. Implications for creating emotional design as well as its effect on learning are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Kühl
- Psychology of Education, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Steffi Heidig
- Hochschule Zittau/Görlitz, University of Applied Sciences, Zittau, Germany
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