1
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Brooks JA, Kim L, Opara M, Keltner D, Fang X, Monroy M, Corona R, Tzirakis P, Baird A, Metrick J, Taddesse N, Zegeye K, Cowen AS. Deep learning reveals what facial expressions mean to people in different cultures. iScience 2024; 27:109175. [PMID: 38433918 PMCID: PMC10906517 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cross-cultural studies of the meaning of facial expressions have largely focused on judgments of small sets of stereotypical images by small numbers of people. Here, we used large-scale data collection and machine learning to map what facial expressions convey in six countries. Using a mimicry paradigm, 5,833 participants formed facial expressions found in 4,659 naturalistic images, resulting in 423,193 participant-generated facial expressions. In their own language, participants also rated each expression in terms of 48 emotions and mental states. A deep neural network tasked with predicting the culture-specific meanings people attributed to facial movements while ignoring physical appearance and context discovered 28 distinct dimensions of facial expression, with 21 dimensions showing strong evidence of universality and the remainder showing varying degrees of cultural specificity. These results capture the underlying dimensions of the meanings of facial expressions within and across cultures in unprecedented detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Brooks
- Research Division, Hume AI, New York, NY 10010, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lauren Kim
- Research Division, Hume AI, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | | | - Dacher Keltner
- Research Division, Hume AI, New York, NY 10010, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xia Fang
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Maria Monroy
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rebecca Corona
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Alice Baird
- Research Division, Hume AI, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alan S. Cowen
- Research Division, Hume AI, New York, NY 10010, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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2
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Mongrain M, Kirby J, Keltner D. Editorial: Community series: expanding the science of compassion, volume II. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1341792. [PMID: 38250105 PMCID: PMC10797081 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1341792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Mongrain
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James Kirby
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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3
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Ocampo J, Keltner D. Dispositional compassion shifts social preferences in systematic ways. J Pers 2023. [PMID: 38111088 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION How people attach value to the outcomes of self and other-social preferences-is central to social behavior. Recently, how dispositional and state emotion shape such social preferences has received researchers' attention. METHOD The present investigation asked whether and to what extent dispositional and state compassion predict shifts in social preferences across 4 samples: two correlational samples (final ns 153 & 368, study 1a and 1b) and two experimental samples (final ns: 430 & 530, studies 2 and 3). RESULTS In keeping with recent accounts of compassion, dispositional compassion predicted general preference for equality, expressed as dispreference for both monetary advantage over another (interaction βs = -0.36, -0.33, -0.25, -0.22; all p < 0.001) and monetary disadvantage relative to others (βs: 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.17; all p < 0.01; positive coefficients imply dispreference). This dispositional effect persisted when controlling for prosociality, positivity, agreeableness, and respectfulness. Furthermore, these dispositional compassion effects were relatively unchanged by experimental emotion inductions in studies 3 and 4. The experimental inductions of state compassion and state pride showed little evidence of systematic effects on social preferences relative to each other or a neutral condition. DISCUSSION Discussion focused on individual differences in emotion and social preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ocampo
- Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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4
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Celidwen Y, Keltner D. Kin relationality and ecological belonging: a cultural psychology of Indigenous transcendence. Front Psychol 2023; 14:994508. [PMID: 37928574 PMCID: PMC10622976 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.994508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we consider prosociality through the lens of an Indigenous "ethics of belonging" and its two constitutive concepts: kin relationality and ecological belonging. Kin relationality predicates that all living beings and phenomena share a familial identity of interdependence, mutuality, and organization. Within the value system of ecological belonging, an individual's identity is constituted in relation to the natural environment, centered on the sentiments of responsibility and reverence for Nature. We detail how Indigenous perspectives upon prosociality differ from Western scientific accounts in terms of the motives, scope, and rewards of altruistic action. Grounded in this understanding, we then profile three self-transcendent states, compassion, gratitude, and awe, and their similarities across Indigenous and Western approaches, and how kin relationality and ecological belonging give rise to cultural variations. We consider convergent insights across Indigenous and Western science concerning the role of ritual and narrative and the cultural cultivation of kin relationality and ecological belonging. We conclude by highlighting how these two core concepts might guide future inquiry in cultural psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuria Celidwen
- Department of Psychology and Othering and Belonging Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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5
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Park Y, Sanscartier S, Impett EA, Algoe SB, Leonhardt ND, Schrage K, Carmichael C, Collins N, Conte F, De Rosa O, Ficca G, Fredrickson BL, Harris P, Keltner D, West TN, MacDonald G. Meta-analytic evidence that attachment insecurity is associated with less frequent experiences of discrete positive emotions. J Pers 2023; 91:1223-1238. [PMID: 36401808 PMCID: PMC10195919 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individual differences in attachment insecurity can have important implications for experiences of positive emotions. However, existing research on the link between attachment insecurity and positive emotional experiences has typically used a composite measure of positive emotions, overlooking the potential importance of differentiating discrete emotions. METHOD We conducted a meta-analysis of 10 cross-sectional samples (N = 3215), examining how attachment insecurity is associated with self-reported frequency of experiencing positive emotions, with a distinction made between more social (i.e., love and gratitude) and less social (i.e., peace and awe or curiosity) positive emotions. RESULTS High (vs. low) levels of both attachment anxiety and avoidance were associated with less frequent experience of positive emotions regardless of their social relevance. When analyzing each emotion separately, we found that attachment anxiety showed negative relations to all emotions except gratitude. Attachment avoidance was negatively associated with all emotions, and the link was even stronger with love (vs. peace, awe, or curiosity). Additional analyses of daily diary data revealed that attachment anxiety and avoidance were also negatively associated with daily experiences of positive emotions, regardless of social relevance. CONCLUSION Our results underscore the need to further investigate the mechanisms underlying insecure individuals' blunted positive emotional experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoobin Park
- University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Sara B. Algoe
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Cheryl Carmichael
- Brooklyn College & Graduate Center, City University of New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paige Harris
- University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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6
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Lukic S, Kosik EL, Roy ARK, Morris N, Sible IJ, Datta S, Chow T, Veziris CR, Holley SR, Kramer JH, Miller BL, Keltner D, Gorno-Tempini ML, Sturm VE. Higher emotional granularity relates to greater inferior frontal cortex cortical thickness in healthy, older adults. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2023; 23:1401-1413. [PMID: 37442860 PMCID: PMC10545583 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-023-01119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with high emotional granularity make fine-grained distinctions between their emotional experiences. To have greater emotional granularity, one must acquire rich conceptual knowledge of emotions and use this knowledge in a controlled and nuanced way. In the brain, the neural correlates of emotional granularity are not well understood. While the anterior temporal lobes, angular gyri, and connected systems represent conceptual knowledge of emotions, inhibitory networks with hubs in the inferior frontal cortex (i.e., posterior inferior frontal gyrus, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, and dorsal anterior insula) guide the selection of this knowledge during emotions. We investigated the structural neuroanatomical correlates of emotional granularity in 58 healthy, older adults (ages 62-84 years), who have had a lifetime to accrue and deploy their conceptual knowledge of emotions. Participants reported on their daily experience of 13 emotions for 8 weeks and underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging. We computed intraclass correlation coefficients across daily emotional experience surveys (45 surveys on average per participant) to quantify each participant's overall emotional granularity. Surface-based morphometry analyses revealed higher overall emotional granularity related to greater cortical thickness in inferior frontal cortex (pFWE < 0.05) in bilateral clusters in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex and extending into the left dorsal anterior insula. Overall emotional granularity was not associated with cortical thickness in the anterior temporal lobes or angular gyri. These findings suggest individual differences in emotional granularity relate to variability in the structural neuroanatomy of the inferior frontal cortex, an area that supports the controlled selection of conceptual knowledge during emotional experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sladjana Lukic
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Adelphi University, Hy Weinberg Center, Suite 136, Garden City, NY, 11530-0701, USA.
| | - Eena L Kosik
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ashlin R K Roy
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nathaniel Morris
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Isabel J Sible
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Samir Datta
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany Chow
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christina R Veziris
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah R Holley
- Psychology Department, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joel H Kramer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Virginia E Sturm
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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7
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Monroy M, Uğurlu Ö, Zerwas F, Corona R, Keltner D, Eagle J, Amster M. The influences of daily experiences of awe on stress, somatic health, and well-being: a longitudinal study during COVID-19. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9336. [PMID: 37291138 PMCID: PMC10248986 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35200-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, we used daily diary methodology to investigate the influence of awe on stress, somatic health (e.g., pain symptoms), and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. We recruited a sample of community adults (N = 269) and a sample of healthcare professionals (N = 145) in the United States. Across both samples, we found that awe and well-being increased, and stress and somatic health symptoms decreased over the 22-day diary period. In daily level analyses, we found that the more daily awe people experienced, the less stress, less somatic health symptoms, and greater well-being they felt. Daily experiences of awe can benefit individuals during times of acute and chronic stress-such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Monroy
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way, MC #5050, Berkeley, CA, 94720-5050, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA.
| | - Özge Uğurlu
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way, MC #5050, Berkeley, CA, 94720-5050, USA
| | - Felicia Zerwas
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way, MC #5050, Berkeley, CA, 94720-5050, USA
| | - Rebecca Corona
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way, MC #5050, Berkeley, CA, 94720-5050, USA
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way, MC #5050, Berkeley, CA, 94720-5050, USA
| | - Jake Eagle
- Independent Scientist, Hawi, Hawaii, USA
| | - Michael Amster
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, USA
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8
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Grogans SE, Bliss-Moreau E, Buss KA, Clark LA, Fox AS, Keltner D, Cowen AS, Kim JJ, Kragel PA, MacLeod C, Mobbs D, Naragon-Gainey K, Fullana MA, Shackman AJ. The Nature and Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety: State of the Science and Opportunities for Accelerating Discovery. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023:105237. [PMID: 37209932 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fear and anxiety play a central role in mammalian life, and there is considerable interest in clarifying their nature, identifying their biological underpinnings, and determining their consequences for health and disease. Here we provide a roundtable discussion on the nature and biological bases of fear- and anxiety-related states, traits, and disorders. The discussants include scientists familiar with a wide variety of populations and a broad spectrum of techniques. The goal of the roundtable was to take stock of the state of the science and provide a roadmap to the next generation of fear and anxiety research. Much of the discussion centered on the key challenges facing the field, the most fruitful avenues for future research, and emerging opportunities for accelerating discovery, with implications for scientists, funders, and other stakeholders. Understanding fear and anxiety is a matter of practical importance. Anxiety disorders are a leading burden on public health and existing treatments are far from curative, underscoring the urgency of developing a deeper understanding of the factors governing threat-related emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eliza Bliss-Moreau
- Department of Psychology; California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kristin A Buss
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Lee Anna Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Andrew S Fox
- Department of Psychology; California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | | | - Jeansok J Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Philip A Kragel
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 USA
| | - Colin MacLeod
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Dean Mobbs
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences; Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125 USA
| | - Kristin Naragon-Gainey
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Miquel A Fullana
- Adult Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Imaging of Mood- and Anxiety-Related Disorders Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexander J Shackman
- Department of Psychology; Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program; Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA.
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9
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Stancato DM, Keltner D, Chen S. The Gap Between Us: Income Inequality Reduces Social Affiliation in Dyadic Interactions. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2023:1461672231164213. [PMID: 37039322 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231164213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, we tested the hypothesis that increased income inequality between individuals will reduce social affiliation within dyadic interactions. In three experiments, we examined the effects of income inequality on key indices of affiliation using semi-structured interactions. In the first two experiments, a participant and confederate were randomly assigned to a low- or high-power role and compensated mildly or extremely unequally. In Experiment 3, inequality and inequity were orthogonally manipulated to determine whether inequality's social consequences are moderated by the fairness of the income distribution. We demonstrated that greater inequality produced more negative emotional responses, reduced desire for closeness, and harsher evaluations of one's partner, regardless of one's power role and the equitability of the income distribution. We also obtained evidence that greater inequality reduces behavioral warmth, although this effect was less consistent. Our results begin to unpack the psychological processes through which income inequality worsens societal well-being.
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10
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Abstract
How do experiences in nature or in spiritual contemplation or in being moved by music or with psychedelics promote mental and physical health? Our proposal in this article is awe. To make this argument, we first review recent advances in the scientific study of awe, an emotion often considered ineffable and beyond measurement. Awe engages five processes-shifts in neurophysiology, a diminished focus on the self, increased prosocial relationality, greater social integration, and a heightened sense of meaning-that benefit well-being. We then apply this model to illuminate how experiences of awe that arise in nature, spirituality, music, collective movement, and psychedelics strengthen the mind and body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Monroy
- Maria Monroy, Department of Psychology,
University of California Berkeley
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11
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Park CL, Kubzansky LD, Chafouleas SM, Davidson RJ, Keltner D, Parsafar P, Conwell Y, Martin MY, Hanmer J, Wang KH. A Perfect Storm to Set the Stage for Ontological Exploration: Response to Commentaries on "Emotional Well-Being: What It Is and Why It Matters". Affect Sci 2023; 4:52-58. [PMID: 37070011 PMCID: PMC10104992 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-022-00169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Our target article (Park et al., this issue) described the process of developing a provisional conceptualization of emotional well-being (EWB). In that article, we considered strengths and gaps in current perspectives on a variety of related concepts and ways that the proposed conceptualization of EWB informs our evaluation of measures and methods of assessment and identification of its causes and consequences. We concluded with recommendations for moving the framework and the field forward. Eight rich, thoughtful, and highly engaged commentaries addressed the target article. Collectively, these commentaries illustrate both points of consensus and areas of substantial disagreement, providing a potential roadmap for continued work. In this response, we summarize key issues raised and highlight those points raised by multiple commentators or that we considered seminal to advancing future discussion and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L. Park
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT USA
| | - Laura D. Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences and Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Sandra M. Chafouleas
- Department of Educational Psychology, Neag School of Education, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT USA
| | | | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Parisa Parsafar
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Yeates Conwell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Michelle Y. Martin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Janel Hanmer
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Kuan Hong Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
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12
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Park CL, Kubzansky LD, Chafouleas SM, Davidson RJ, Keltner D, Parsafar P, Conwell Y, Martin MY, Hanmer J, Wang KH. Emotional Well-Being: What It Is and Why It Matters. Affect Sci 2023; 4:10-20. [PMID: 37070009 PMCID: PMC10104995 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-022-00163-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Psychological aspects of well-being are increasingly recognized and studied as fundamental components of healthy human functioning. However, this body of work is fragmented, with many different conceptualizations and terms being used (e.g., subjective well-being, psychological well-being). We describe the development of a provisional conceptualization of this form of well-being, here termed emotional well-being (EWB), leveraging prior conceptual and theoretical approaches. Our developmental process included review of related concepts and definitions from multiple disciplines, engagement with subject matter experts, consideration of essential properties across definitions, and concept mapping. Our conceptualization provides insight into key strengths and gaps in existing perspectives on this form of well-being, setting a foundation for evaluating assessment approaches, enhancing our understanding of the causes and consequences of EWB, and, ultimately, developing effective intervention strategies that promote EWB. We argue that this foundation is essential for developing a more cohesive and informative body of work on EWB. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-022-00163-0.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura D. Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences and Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | | | | | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Parisa Parsafar
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Yeates Conwell
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Michelle Y. Martin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Janel Hanmer
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Kuan Hong Wang
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
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13
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Stamkou E, Brummelman E, Dunham R, Nikolic M, Keltner D. Awe Sparks Prosociality in Children. Psychol Sci 2023; 34:455-467. [PMID: 36745740 DOI: 10.1177/09567976221150616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rooted in the novel and the mysterious, awe is a common experience in childhood, but research is almost silent with respect to the import of this emotion for children. Awe makes individuals feel small, thereby shifting their attention to the social world. Here, we studied the effects of art-elicited awe on children's prosocial behavior toward an out-group and its unique physiological correlates. In two preregistered studies (Study 1: N = 159, Study 2: N = 353), children between 8 and 13 years old viewed movie clips that elicited awe, joy, or a neutral (control) response. Children who watched the awe-eliciting clip were more likely to spend their time on an effortful task (Study 1) and to donate their experimental earnings (Studies 1 and 2), all toward benefiting refugees. They also exhibited increased respiratory sinus arrhythmia, an index of parasympathetic nervous system activation associated with social engagement. We discuss implications for fostering prosociality by reimagining children's environments to inspire awe at a critical age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eddie Brummelman
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam
| | - Rohan Dunham
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam
| | - Milica Nikolic
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
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14
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Brooks JA, Tzirakis P, Baird A, Kim L, Opara M, Fang X, Keltner D, Monroy M, Corona R, Metrick J, Cowen AS. Deep learning reveals what vocal bursts express in different cultures. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:240-250. [PMID: 36577898 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-022-01489-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human social life is rich with sighs, chuckles, shrieks and other emotional vocalizations, called 'vocal bursts'. Nevertheless, the meaning of vocal bursts across cultures is only beginning to be understood. Here, we combined large-scale experimental data collection with deep learning to reveal the shared and culture-specific meanings of vocal bursts. A total of n = 4,031 participants in China, India, South Africa, the USA and Venezuela mimicked vocal bursts drawn from 2,756 seed recordings. Participants also judged the emotional meaning of each vocal burst. A deep neural network tasked with predicting the culture-specific meanings people attributed to vocal bursts while disregarding context and speaker identity discovered 24 acoustic dimensions, or kinds, of vocal expression with distinct emotion-related meanings. The meanings attributed to these complex vocal modulations were 79% preserved across the five countries and three languages. These results reveal the underlying dimensions of human emotional vocalization in remarkable detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Brooks
- Research Division, Hume AI, New York, NY, USA. .,University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | | | - Alice Baird
- Research Division, Hume AI, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lauren Kim
- Research Division, Hume AI, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Xia Fang
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Research Division, Hume AI, New York, NY, USA.,University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Maria Monroy
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Alan S Cowen
- Research Division, Hume AI, New York, NY, USA. .,University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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15
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Keltner D, Sauter D, Tracy JL, Wetchler E, Cowen AS. How emotions, relationships, and culture constitute each other: advances in social functionalist theory. Cogn Emot 2022; 36:388-401. [PMID: 35639090 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2022.2047009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Social Functionalist Theory (SFT) emerged 20 years ago to orient emotion science to the social nature of emotion. Here we expand upon SFT and make the case for how emotions, relationships, and culture constitute one another. First, we posit that emotions enable the individual to meet six "relational needs" within social interactions: security, commitment, status, trust, fairness, and belongingness. Building upon this new theorising, we detail four principles concerning emotional experience, cognition, expression, and the cultural archiving of emotion. We conclude by considering the bidirectional influences between culture, relationships, and emotion, outlining areas of future inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dacher Keltner
- Psychology Department, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Disa Sauter
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Everett Wetchler
- Psychology Department, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alan S Cowen
- Psychology Department, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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16
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Connor P, Weeks M, Glaser J, Chen S, Keltner D. Intersectional implicit bias: Evidence for asymmetrically compounding bias and the predominance of target gender. J Pers Soc Psychol 2022; 124:22-48. [PMID: 35587425 DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about implicit evaluations of complex, multiply categorizable social targets. Across five studies (N = 5,204), we investigated implicit evaluations of targets varying in race, gender, social class, and age. Overall, the largest and most consistent evaluative bias was pro-women/anti-men bias, followed by smaller but nonetheless consistent pro-upper-class/anti-lower-class biases. By contrast, we observed less consistent effects of targets' race, no effects of targets' age, and no consistent interactions between target-level categories. An integrative data analysis highlighted a number of moderating factors, but a stable pro-women/anti-men and pro-upper-class/anti-lower-class bias across demographic groups. Overall, these results suggest that implicit biases compound across multiple categories asymmetrically, with a dominant category (here, gender) largely driving evaluations, and ancillary categories (here, social class and race) exerting relatively smaller additional effects. We discuss potential implications of this work for understanding how implicit biases operate in real-world social settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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17
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Monroy M, Cowen AS, Keltner D. Intersectionality in emotion signaling and recognition: The influence of gender, ethnicity, and social class. Emotion 2022; 22:1980-1988. [PMID: 35389737 DOI: 10.1037/emo0001082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Emotional expressions are a language of social interaction. Guided by recent advances in the study of expression and intersectionality, the present investigation examined how gender, ethnicity, and social class influence the signaling and recognition of 34 states in dynamic full-body expressive behavior. One hundred fifty-five Asian, Latinx, and European Americans expressed 34 emotional states with their full bodies. We then gathered 22,174 individual ratings of these expressions. In keeping with recent studies, people can recognize up to 29 full-body multimodal expressions of emotion. Neither gender nor ethnicity influenced the signaling or recognition of emotion, contrary to hypothesis. Social class, however, did have an influence: in keeping with past studies, lower class individuals proved to be more reliable signalers of emotion, and more reliable judges of full body expressions of emotion. Discussion focused on intersectionality and emotion. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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18
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Cong YQ, Keltner D, Sauter D. Cultural variability in appraisal patterns for nine positive emotions. J Cult Cogn Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41809-022-00098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEmotions result from evaluations of events, referred to as appraisals. Specific configurations of appraisals have been shown to characterize different emotions, with some variation occurring across cultures. However, appraisal research to date has focused primarily on negative emotions, though recent efforts have started to also examine the appraisal profiles of positive emotions. Cross-cultural work on the appraisals of positive emotions has, however, been scarce. Here, we examine the appraisal profiles of nine positive emotions in the US and China. Using 13 commonly employed appraisal dimensions, we investigated the evaluations of events eliciting amusement, awe, compassion, desire, gratitude, interest, love, pride, and relief. Eighty participants from China and the US recalled events from their own life involving each of these emotions and provided Likert-scale appraisal ratings for each emotional event. Consistent with previous research, we find distinct appraisal patters for each positive emotion. We also, for the first time, demonstrate cultural variations in appraisals of positive emotions. Our study extends existing research by highlighting differences in appraisals of positive emotions across cultures.
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19
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Monroy M, Garcia SB, Mendoza-Denton R, Keltner D. The dynamics of coping, positive emotions, and well-being: Evidence from Latin American immigrant farmworkers and college students during a time of political strife. Emotion 2021; 21:1599-1609. [PMID: 34618503 DOI: 10.1037/emo0001009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the present article, we use daily diary methodology to investigate how coping influences well-being via the engagement of positive emotions in immigrant farmworkers and university students from diverse ethnic backgrounds. In Study 1, in a sample of Latinx immigrant farmworkers (N = 76), we found that the daily use of adaptive coping strategies predicted greater daily well-being, and that this relationship was accounted for by greater daily experiences of positive emotions. In Study 2, in a sample of college students from Latinx, Asian, and European American backgrounds (N = 336), we replicated the mediating effect of positive emotionality on the effect of adaptive coping on daily well-being and extended these findings to an examination of longitudinal well-being. This work provides evidence of one mechanism by which coping affects well-being and is one of the first studies of these dynamics in Latinx samples. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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20
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Mongrain M, Keltner D, Kirby J. Editorial: Expanding the Science of Compassion. Front Psychol 2021; 12:745799. [PMID: 34589036 PMCID: PMC8473626 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.745799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Mongrain
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - James Kirby
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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21
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Ben-Ami Bartal I, Breton JM, Sheng H, Long KL, Chen S, Halliday A, Kenney JW, Wheeler AL, Frankland P, Shilyansky C, Deisseroth K, Keltner D, Kaufer D. Neural correlates of ingroup bias for prosociality in rats. eLife 2021; 10:65582. [PMID: 34253289 PMCID: PMC8277352 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Prosocial behavior, in particular helping others in need, occurs preferentially in response to distress of one’s own group members. In order to explore the neural mechanisms promoting mammalian helping behavior, a discovery-based approach was used here to identify brain-wide activity correlated with helping behavior in rats. Demonstrating social selectivity, rats helped others of their strain (‘ingroup’), but not rats of an unfamiliar strain (‘outgroup’), by releasing them from a restrainer. Analysis of brain-wide neural activity via quantification of the early-immediate gene c-Fos identified a shared network, including frontal and insular cortices, that was active in the helping test irrespective of group membership. In contrast, the striatum was selectively active for ingroup members, and activity in the nucleus accumbens, a central network hub, correlated with helping. In vivo calcium imaging showed accumbens activity when rats approached a trapped ingroup member, and retrograde tracing identified a subpopulation of accumbens-projecting cells that was correlated with helping. These findings demonstrate that motivation and reward networks are associated with helping an ingroup member and provide the first description of neural correlates of ingroup bias in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Ben-Ami Bartal
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Jocelyn M Breton
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Huanjie Sheng
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Kimberly Lp Long
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Stella Chen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Aline Halliday
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Justin W Kenney
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anne L Wheeler
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Toronto, Canada.,Physiology Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul Frankland
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Toronto, Canada.,Physiology Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Carrie Shilyansky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Daniela Kaufer
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada
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22
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Bai Y, Ocampo J, Jin G, Chen S, Benet-Martinez V, Monroy M, Anderson C, Keltner D. Awe, daily stress, and elevated life satisfaction. J Pers Soc Psychol 2021; 120:837-860. [PMID: 33764120 DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It is widely assumed that experiences of awe transform the meaning of daily stresses. Across six studies we tested whether and how the experience of awe is associated with reduced daily stress levels in the moment and, in so doing, leads to elevated life satisfaction. We first documented that individuals who tend to experience greater awe on a daily basis (Study 1) or who report higher levels of trait-like awe (Study 2) report lower levels of daily stress, even after controlling for other positive emotions. In follow-up experiments, after primed with awe (compared with amusement, joy, and pride), individuals reported lower levels of daily stress (Studies 3 and 5) and exhibited lower levels of sympathetic autonomic arousal when talking about their daily stresses (Study 4). Finally, in a naturalistic study, participants who took in an awe-inspiring view at the top of a 200-foot tower reported reduced levels of daily stress and central everyday concerns (Study 6). Mediation analyses revealed that (a) the association between awe and reduced daily stress can be explained by an appraisal of vastness vis-à-vis the self and (b) that the relationship between awe and decreased daily stress levels helps explain awe's positive influence upon life satisfaction. Overall, these findings suggest that experiencing awe can put daily stressors into perspective in the moment and, in so doing, increase well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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23
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Dukes D, Abrams K, Adolphs R, Ahmed ME, Beatty A, Berridge KC, Broomhall S, Brosch T, Campos JJ, Clay Z, Clément F, Cunningham WA, Damasio A, Damasio H, D’Arms J, Davidson JW, de Gelder B, Deonna J, de Sousa R, Ekman P, Ellsworth PC, Fehr E, Fischer A, Foolen A, Frevert U, Grandjean D, Gratch J, Greenberg L, Greenspan P, Gross JJ, Halperin E, Kappas A, Keltner D, Knutson B, Konstan D, Kret ME, LeDoux JE, Lerner JS, Levenson RW, Loewenstein G, Manstead ASR, Maroney TA, Moors A, Niedenthal P, Parkinson B, Pavlidis L, Pelachaud C, Pollak SD, Pourtois G, Roettger-Roessler B, Russell JA, Sauter D, Scarantino A, Scherer KR, Stearns P, Stets JE, Tappolet C, Teroni F, Tsai J, Turner J, Van Reekum C, Vuilleumier P, Wharton T, Sander D. The rise of affectivism. Nat Hum Behav 2021; 5:816-820. [PMID: 34112980 PMCID: PMC8319089 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Research over the past decades has demonstrated the explanatory power of emotions, feelings, motivations, moods, and other affective processes when trying to understand and predict how we think and behave. In this consensus article, we ask: has the increasingly recognized impact of affective phenomena ushered in a new era, the era of affectivism?
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Dukes
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Special Education, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland,;
| | - Kathryn Abrams
- Berkeley Law School, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ralph Adolphs
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Mohammed E. Ahmed
- Department of Computer Science, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew Beatty
- Department of Anthropology, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Kent C. Berridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Susan Broomhall
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for History of Emotions, Australian Catholic University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tobias Brosch
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Psychology, FPSE, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joseph J. Campos
- Institute of Human Development, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA,USA
| | - Zanna Clay
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Fabrice Clément
- Cognitive Science Centre, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Antonio Damasio
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hanna Damasio
- Dornsife Cognitive Neuroscience Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Justin D’Arms
- Department of Philosophy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jane W. Davidson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for History of Emotions, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Beatrice de Gelder
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands,Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Julien Deonna
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Philosophy, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ronnie de Sousa
- Department of Philosophy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Ekman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Paul Ekman Group, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Ernst Fehr
- Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Agneta Fischer
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ad Foolen
- Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ute Frevert
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Didier Grandjean
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Psychology, FPSE, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Gratch
- Institute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Playa Vista, CA, USA
| | - Leslie Greenberg
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - James J. Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eran Halperin
- Psychology Department, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Arvid Kappas
- Department of Psychology and Methods, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Brian Knutson
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David Konstan
- Department of Classics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariska E. Kret
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph E. LeDoux
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Lerner
- Harvard Kennedy School and Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert W. Levenson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - George Loewenstein
- Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Terry A. Maroney
- Vanderbilt University Law School, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Agnes Moors
- Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paula Niedenthal
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brian Parkinson
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - loannis Pavlidis
- Department of Computer Science, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Catherine Pelachaud
- CNRS-Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Seth D. Pollak
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gilles Pourtois
- Department of Experimental, Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - James A. Russell
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Disa Sauter
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Klaus R. Scherer
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Psychology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Stearns
- Department of History, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Jan E. Stets
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Christine Tappolet
- Département de Philosophie, Université de Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Fabrice Teroni
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Philosophy, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jeanne Tsai
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Turner
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Carien Van Reekum
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading UK
| | - Patrik Vuilleumier
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tim Wharton
- School of Humanities, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - David Sander
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Psychology, FPSE, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,;
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24
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25
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Saarinen AI, Keltner D, Dobewall H, Lehtimäki T, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Hintsanen M. The relationship of socioeconomic status in childhood and adulthood with compassion: A study with a prospective 32-year follow-up. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248226. [PMID: 33760844 PMCID: PMC7990193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate (i) whether childhood family SES predicts offspring’s compassion between ages 20–50 years and (ii) whether adulthood SES predicts compassion or vice versa. We used the prospective population-based Young Finns data (N = 637–2300). Childhood family SES was evaluated in 1980; participants’ adulthood SES in 2001 and 2011; and compassion for others in 1997, 2001, and 2012. Compassion for others was evaluated with the Compassion scale of the Temperament and Character Inventory. The results showed that high childhood family SES (a composite score of educational level, occupational status, unemployment status, and level of income) predicted offspring’s higher compassion between ages 30–40 years but not in early adulthood or middle age. These results were obtained independently of a variety of potential confounders (disruptive behavior in childhood; parental mental disorder; frequency of parental alcohol use and alcohol intoxication). Moreover, high compassion for others in adulthood (a composite score of educational level, occupational status, and unemployment status) predicted higher adulthood SES later in their life (after a 10-year follow-up), but not vice versa. In conclusion, favorable socioeconomic environment in childhood appears to have a positive effect on offspring’s compassion in their middle adulthood. This effect may attenuate by middle age. High compassion for others seems to promote the achievement of higher SES in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino I. Saarinen
- Research Unit of Psychology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Henrik Dobewall
- Research Unit of Psychology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Mirka Hintsanen
- Research Unit of Psychology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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26
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Cowen AS, Keltner D, Schroff F, Jou B, Adam H, Prasad G. Sixteen facial expressions occur in similar contexts worldwide. Nature 2021; 589:251-257. [PMID: 33328631 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-3037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the degree to which human facial expressions co-vary with specific social contexts across cultures is central to the theory that emotions enable adaptive responses to important challenges and opportunities1-6. Concrete evidence linking social context to specific facial expressions is sparse and is largely based on survey-based approaches, which are often constrained by language and small sample sizes7-13. Here, by applying machine-learning methods to real-world, dynamic behaviour, we ascertain whether naturalistic social contexts (for example, weddings or sporting competitions) are associated with specific facial expressions14 across different cultures. In two experiments using deep neural networks, we examined the extent to which 16 types of facial expression occurred systematically in thousands of contexts in 6 million videos from 144 countries. We found that each kind of facial expression had distinct associations with a set of contexts that were 70% preserved across 12 world regions. Consistent with these associations, regions varied in how frequently different facial expressions were produced as a function of which contexts were most salient. Our results reveal fine-grained patterns in human facial expressions that are preserved across the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S Cowen
- Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA.
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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27
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Debrot A, Stellar JE, MacDonald G, Keltner D, Impett EA. Is Touch in Romantic Relationships Universally Beneficial for Psychological Well-Being? The Role of Attachment Avoidance. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2020; 47:1495-1509. [PMID: 33283658 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220977709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Affectionate touch is crucial for well-being. However, attachment avoidance is associated with negative attitudes toward touch. We tested two preregistered hypotheses about how attachment avoidance influences the association between touch in romantic couples and psychological well-being. We examined whether greater attachment avoidance is associated with a reduced link between touch and well-being, and/or whether reduced touch mediates the relationship between attachment avoidance and lower well-being. Across three studies, including two dyadic ones, we measured retrospective self-reports (Studies 1 and 2), laboratory observations (Study 2), and daily experiences (Study 3) of touch. Touch and well-being were positively associated, and attachment avoidance was associated with lower well-being and less frequent touch. Touch was associated with greater well-being regardless of level of attachment avoidance, and less frequent touch mediated the negative association between attachment avoidance and well-being in most analyses. This underscores the importance of touch, even for those valuing distance and autonomy.
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28
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Nakayama M, Nozaki Y, Taylor PM, Keltner D, Uchida Y. Individual and Cultural Differences in Predispositions to Feel Positive and Negative Aspects of Awe. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022120959821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Psychological research on awe has largely focused on its positive dimensions, both in terms of the experiential state of awe and individual trait-based predispositions to awe experience. Little is known, however, about awe’s negative-valence dimensions, such as individual tendencies to experience awe as threatening. To gain a broader understanding of awe, the current study investigates individual predispositions to feel negative aspects of awe (i.e., threat) and positive aspects of awe (e.g., beauty) and examines how these two tendencies are interrelated. Additionally, this study uses both Japanese and US samples to explore whether predispositions to feel awe vary across cultures. Two studies (total N = 1245) suggests that in both Japanese and US samples, predispositions to feel positive and negative aspects of awe were separable. However, there were cultural differences: North Americans were more predisposed to feel positive aspects than Japanese, and the predispositions to feel positive and negative aspects were positively correlated for Japanese, but not North Americans. This contributes to a better understanding of how the valence of awe may be influenced by culturally-mediated patterns of affect.
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Sturm VE, Datta S, Roy ARK, Sible IJ, Kosik EL, Veziris CR, Chow TE, Morris NA, Neuhaus J, Kramer JH, Miller BL, Holley SR, Keltner D. Big smile, small self: Awe walks promote prosocial positive emotions in older adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 22:1044-1058. [PMID: 32955293 PMCID: PMC8034841 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging into later life is often accompanied by social disconnection, anxiety, and sadness. Negative emotions are self-focused states with detrimental effects on aging and longevity. Awe-a positive emotion elicited when in the presence of vast things not immediately understood-reduces self-focus, promotes social connection, and fosters prosocial actions by encouraging a "small self." We investigated the emotional benefits of a novel "awe walk" intervention in healthy older adults. Sixty participants took weekly 15-min outdoor walks for 8 weeks; participants were randomly assigned to an awe walk group, which oriented them to experience awe during their walks, or to a control walk group. Participants took photographs of themselves during each walk and rated their emotional experience. Each day, they reported on their daily emotional experience outside of the walk context. Participants also completed pre- and postintervention measures of anxiety, depression, and life satisfaction. Compared with participants who took control walks, those who took awe walks experienced greater awe during their walks and exhibited an increasingly "small self" in their photographs over time. They reported greater joy and prosocial positive emotions during their walks and displayed increasing smile intensity over the study. Outside of the walk context, participants who took awe walks reported greater increases in daily prosocial positive emotions and greater decreases in daily distress over time. Postintervention anxiety, depression, and life satisfaction did not change from baseline in either group. These results suggest cultivating awe enhances positive emotions that foster social connection and diminishes negative emotions that hasten decline. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia E Sturm
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Samir Datta
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Ashlin R K Roy
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Isabel J Sible
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Eena L Kosik
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Tiffany E Chow
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - John Neuhaus
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Joel H Kramer
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Sarah R Holley
- Department of Psychiatry, San Francisco State University
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
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Abstract
What does it take to gain and maintain power? Aristotle believed that power was afforded to individuals that acted in virtuous ways that promote the greater good. Machiavelli, nearly 2,000 years later, argued to great effect that power could be taken through the use of manipulation, coercion, and strategic violence. With these historical perspectives as a conceptual foundation, we validate a 2-factor measure of theories of power (TOPS; Study 1), which captures lay theories of how power is gained and maintained among family members, at work, and in international politics (Study 2). We differentiate TOPS from other established measures of power, highlighting that these beliefs about power are conceptually distinct from widely used measures of dominance and prestige, and uniquely predict social outcomes. Turning to social class, we find that participants who make upward social comparisons perceive themselves to be of lower class and endorse less collaborative and more coercive theories of power, relative to those who make downward comparisons and report themselves to be higher in the class hierarchy (Studies 3a and 3b). Building upon these findings, we identify theory of power endorsement as a correlate of interpersonal trust, and a mediator of how lower class individuals, who endorse less collaborative views of power, report less trust of institutions and individuals (Study 4). Theories of power provide a novel construct for understanding power dynamics at multiple levels of analysis. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Institute for Personality and Social Research, University of California, Berkeley
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Cowen AS, Keltner D. Universal facial expressions uncovered in art of the ancient Americas: A computational approach. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eabb1005. [PMID: 32875109 PMCID: PMC7438103 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Central to the study of emotion is evidence concerning its universality, particularly the degree to which emotional expressions are similar across cultures. Here, we present an approach to studying the universality of emotional expression that rules out cultural contact and circumvents potential biases in survey-based methods: A computational analysis of apparent facial expressions portrayed in artwork created by members of cultures isolated from Western civilization. Using data-driven methods, we find that facial expressions depicted in 63 sculptures from the ancient Americas tend to accord with Western expectations for emotions that unfold in specific social contexts. Ancient American sculptures tend to portray at least five facial expressions in contexts predicted by Westerners, including "pain" in torture, "determination"/"strain" in heavy lifting, "anger" in combat, "elation" in social touch, and "sadness" in defeat-supporting the universality of these expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S. Cowen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul K. Piff
- University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California
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Abstract
A number of psychological theories suggest that increased economic inequality may lead to greater social class stereotyping. However, all existing evidence for this claim is correlational. Across three experiments (one exploratory and two confirmatory, N = 2,286), we observed that exposure to socially signaled inequality-operationalized in terms of variation in perceived incomes among groups of target individuals-amplified the endorsement of one key social class stereotype: the perception that higher income individuals are more competent. When judged amid greater inequality, the same high-income targets were perceived as more competent and the same low-income targets were perceived as less competent, compared with when judged amid greater equality. By contrast, we found no consistent effect of exposure to inequality on stereotypes regarding warmth and relatively weak class-based stereotyping on the warmth dimension in general. We discuss implications of these findings for theories regarding the effects of economic inequality.
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Horikawa T, Cowen AS, Keltner D, Kamitani Y. The Neural Representation of Visually Evoked Emotion Is High-Dimensional, Categorical, and Distributed across Transmodal Brain Regions. iScience 2020; 23:101060. [PMID: 32353765 PMCID: PMC7191651 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Central to our subjective lives is the experience of different emotions. Recent behavioral work mapping emotional responses to 2,185 videos found that people experience upward of 27 distinct emotions occupying a high-dimensional space, and that emotion categories, more so than affective dimensions (e.g., valence), organize self-reports of subjective experience. Here, we sought to identify the neural substrates of this high-dimensional space of emotional experience using fMRI responses to all 2,185 videos. Our analyses demonstrated that (1) dozens of video-evoked emotions were accurately predicted from fMRI patterns in multiple brain regions with different regional configurations for individual emotions; (2) emotion categories better predicted cortical and subcortical responses than affective dimensions, outperforming visual and semantic covariates in transmodal regions; and (3) emotion-related fMRI responses had a cluster-like organization efficiently characterized by distinct categories. These results support an emerging theory of the high-dimensional emotion space, illuminating its neural foundations distributed across transmodal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyasu Horikawa
- Department of Neuroinformatics, ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Hikaridai, Seika, Soraku, Kyoto, 619-0288, Japan.
| | - Alan S Cowen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1500, USA
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1500, USA
| | - Yukiyasu Kamitani
- Department of Neuroinformatics, ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Hikaridai, Seika, Soraku, Kyoto, 619-0288, Japan; Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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Schrage KM, Maxwell JA, Impett EA, Keltner D, MacDonald G. Effects of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication of Affection on Avoidantly Attached Partners' Emotions and Message Receptiveness. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2020; 46:1567-1580. [PMID: 32181704 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220910311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Research on adult attachment in romantic relationships has focused on the negative outcomes that avoidantly attached individuals face. The present research uses observational research methods to determine if there are specific ways of communicating affection that might help avoidantly attached people reap similar levels of rewards from affectionate communication as those who are more secure. We combined three samples (Ntotal = 280 couples, 560 participants) who took turns describing a time they felt strong love for their partner, and coded their expressions for cues of verbal affection (i.e., emotion-laden words) and nonverbal affection (i.e., behavioral expressiveness). Higher levels of the speaker's nonverbal affection were associated with stronger positive emotion and behavioral receptiveness (i.e., appearing engaged) for listeners higher in attachment avoidance. Altogether, we provide evidence that avoidantly attached individuals may experience positive outcomes from affectionate exchanges when the communication style is tailored to their unique needs.
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Cowen AS, Fang X, Sauter D, Keltner D. What music makes us feel: At least 13 dimensions organize subjective experiences associated with music across different cultures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:1924-1934. [PMID: 31907316 PMCID: PMC6995018 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910704117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
What is the nature of the feelings evoked by music? We investigated how people represent the subjective experiences associated with Western and Chinese music and the form in which these representational processes are preserved across different cultural groups. US (n = 1,591) and Chinese (n = 1,258) participants listened to 2,168 music samples and reported on the specific feelings (e.g., "angry," "dreamy") or broad affective features (e.g., valence, arousal) that they made individuals feel. Using large-scale statistical tools, we uncovered 13 distinct types of subjective experience associated with music in both cultures. Specific feelings such as "triumphant" were better preserved across the 2 cultures than levels of valence and arousal, contrasting with theoretical claims that valence and arousal are building blocks of subjective experience. This held true even for music selected on the basis of its valence and arousal levels and for traditional Chinese music. Furthermore, the feelings associated with music were found to occupy continuous gradients, contradicting discrete emotion theories. Our findings, visualized within an interactive map (https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/∼acowen/music.html) reveal a complex, high-dimensional space of subjective experience associated with music in multiple cultures. These findings can inform inquiries ranging from the etiology of affective disorders to the neurological basis of emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S Cowen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
| | - Xia Fang
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Disa Sauter
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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Tan JJX, Kraus MW, Impett EA, Keltner D. Partner Commitment in Close Relationships Mitigates Social Class Differences in Subjective Well-Being. Social Psychological and Personality Science 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550619837006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The present exploratory research examined the possibility that commitment in close relationships among lower class individuals, despite greater strains on those relationships, buffers them from poorer subjective well-being (SWB). In two samples of close relationship dyads, we found that when partners reported high commitment to the relationship, the typical deficits in relatively lower class individuals’ well-being compared to their upper-class counterparts, assessed as life satisfaction among romantic couples (Study 1) and negative affect linked to depression among ethnically diverse close friendships (Study 2), were mitigated. Conversely, when partners reported low commitment to the relationship, relatively lower class individuals reported poorer well-being than their upper-class counterparts. These patterns were not found with actors’ commitment. Implications of these findings for upending the class divide in SWB are discussed.
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Anderson CL, Dixson DD, Monroy M, Keltner D. Are awe-prone people more curious? The relationship between dispositional awe, curiosity, and academic outcomes. J Pers 2019; 88:762-779. [PMID: 31705660 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Guided by a functional account of awe, we aimed to test the hypothesis that people who often feel awe are also more curious (Studies 1 and 2), and that this relationship in turn relates to academic outcomes (Study 3). METHOD In Study 1 (n = 1,005), we used a self-report approach to test the relationship between dispositional awe and curiosity. In Study 2 (n = 100), we used a peer-report approach to test if participants' dispositional awe related to how curious they were rated by their friends. In Study 3, in a sample of 447 high school adolescents we tested if dispositional awe related to academic outcomes via curiosity. RESULTS We found that dispositional awe was positively related to people's self-rated curiosity (Study 1) and how curious they were rated by their friends (Study 2). In Study 3, we found that dispositional awe was related to academic outcomes via curiosity. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that among the seven positive emotion dispositions tested, awe was related to unique variance in curiosity, and this link in turn predicted academic outcomes. This work further characterizes awe as an epistemic emotion and suggests that activities that inspire awe may improve academic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig L Anderson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Dante D Dixson
- Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Special Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Maria Monroy
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Cho M, Keltner D. Power, approach, and inhibition: empirical advances of a theory. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 33:196-200. [PMID: 31563791 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The approach-inhibition theory of power proposed that elevated power (which relates to increased rewards and freedom) activates approach-related tendencies, whereas reduced power (which relates to increased threat, punishment, and social constraint) activates inhibition-related tendencies Keltner et al. (2003). In the current article, we review the empirical advances - over the past 16 years - regarding four main propositions of the approach-inhibition theory of power: (a) positive affect versus negative affect, (b) attention to rewards versus attention to threats, (c) automatic cognition versus systematic/controlled cognition, and (d) disinhibited and state/trait driven behavior versus inhibited and situationally constrained behavior. By revealing robust empirical support for, and imaginative extensions of, the four propositions, this review invites future studies of power to further build upon and revise the early claims of approach-inhibition theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minha Cho
- University of California, Berkeley, United States
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40
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Abstract
Awe is an emotional response to perceptually vast stimuli that transcend current frames of reference. Guided by prior work documenting that awe promotes humility, increases perceptions of uncertainty, and diminishes personal concerns, across 3 studies (N = 776) we tested the hypothesis that awe results in reduced conviction about one's ideological attitudes. In Study 1, participants induced to experience awe, relative to those feeling amusement or in a neutral control condition, expressed less conviction regarding their attitudes toward capital punishment. In 2 subsequent studies, we showed that experiencing awe decreased perceptions of ideological polarization in the U.S. vis-à-vis racial bias in the criminal justice system (Study 2) and reduced desired social distance from those with different viewpoints regarding immigration (Study 3)-effects that were partially mediated by reduced conviction. These findings indicate that awe may lead to uncertainty and ambivalence regarding one's attitudes, a form of epistemological humility, and that this in turn may promote reduced dogmatism and increased perceptions of social cohesion. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Abstract
What would a comprehensive atlas of human emotions include? For 50 years, scientists have sought to map emotion-related experience, expression, physiology, and recognition in terms of the "basic six"-anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. Claims about the relationships between these six emotions and prototypical facial configurations have provided the basis for a long-standing debate over the diagnostic value of expression (for review and latest installment in this debate, see Barrett et al., p. 1). Building on recent empirical findings and methodologies, we offer an alternative conceptual and methodological approach that reveals a richer taxonomy of emotion. Dozens of distinct varieties of emotion are reliably distinguished by language, evoked in distinct circumstances, and perceived in distinct expressions of the face, body, and voice. Traditional models-both the basic six and affective-circumplex model (valence and arousal)-capture a fraction of the systematic variability in emotional response. In contrast, emotion-related responses (e.g., the smile of embarrassment, triumphant postures, sympathetic vocalizations, blends of distinct expressions) can be explained by richer models of emotion. Given these developments, we discuss why tests of a basic-six model of emotion are not tests of the diagnostic value of facial expression more generally. Determining the full extent of what facial expressions can tell us, marginally and in conjunction with other behavioral and contextual cues, will require mapping the high-dimensional, continuous space of facial, bodily, and vocal signals onto richly multifaceted experiences using large-scale statistical modeling and machine-learning methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Cowen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Disa Sauter
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam
| | | | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
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Abstract
What emotions do the face and body express? Guided by new conceptual and quantitative approaches (Cowen, Elfenbein, Laukka, & Keltner, 2018; Cowen & Keltner, 2017, 2018), we explore the taxonomy of emotion recognized in facial-bodily expression. Participants (N = 1,794; 940 female, ages 18-76 years) judged the emotions captured in 1,500 photographs of facial-bodily expression in terms of emotion categories, appraisals, free response, and ecological validity. We find that facial-bodily expressions can reliably signal at least 28 distinct categories of emotion that occur in everyday life. Emotion categories, more so than appraisals such as valence and arousal, organize emotion recognition. However, categories of emotion recognized in naturalistic facial and bodily behavior are not discrete but bridged by smooth gradients that correspond to continuous variations in meaning. Our results support a novel view that emotions occupy a high-dimensional space of categories bridged by smooth gradients of meaning. They offer an approximation of a taxonomy of facial-bodily expressions, visualized within an online interactive map. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Cordaro DT, Sun R, Kamble S, Hodder N, Monroy M, Cowen A, Bai Y, Keltner D. The recognition of 18 facial-bodily expressions across nine cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 20:1292-1300. [PMID: 31180692 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An enduring focus in the science of emotion is the question of which psychological states are signaled in expressive behavior. Based on empirical findings from previous studies, we created photographs of facial-bodily expressions of 18 states and presented these to participants in nine cultures. In a well-validated recognition paradigm, participants matched stories of causal antecedents to one of four expressions of the same valence. All 18 facial-bodily expressions were recognized at well above chance levels. We conclude by discussing the methodological shortcomings of our study and the conceptual implications of its findings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Psychology, Peking University
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Cowen AS, Laukka P, Elfenbein HA, Liu R, Keltner D. The primacy of categories in the recognition of 12 emotions in speech prosody across two cultures. Nat Hum Behav 2019; 3:369-382. [PMID: 30971794 PMCID: PMC6687085 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-019-0533-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Central to emotion science is the degree to which categories, such as Awe, or broader affective features, such as Valence, underlie the recognition of emotional expression. To explore the processes by which people recognize emotion from prosody, US and Indian participants were asked to judge the emotion categories or affective features communicated by 2,519 speech samples produced by 100 actors from 5 cultures. With large-scale statistical inference methods, we find that prosody can communicate at least 12 distinct kinds of emotion that are preserved across the 2 cultures. Analyses of the semantic and acoustic structure of the recognition of emotions reveal that emotion categories drive the recognition of emotions more so than affective features, including Valence. In contrast to discrete emotion theories, however, emotion categories are bridged by gradients representing blends of emotions. Our findings, visualized within an interactive map, reveal a complex, high-dimensional space of emotional states recognized cross-culturally in speech prosody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S Cowen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Petri Laukka
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Runjing Liu
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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45
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46
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Abstract
Basic emotion theory (BET) has been, perhaps, the central narrative in the science of emotion. As Crivelli and Fridlund (J Nonverbal Behav 125:1-34, 2019, this issue) would have it, however, BET is ready to be put to rest, facing "last stands" and "fatal" empirical failures. Nothing could be further from the truth. Crivelli and Fridlund's outdated treatment of BET, narrow focus on facial expressions of six emotions, inattention to robust empirical literatures, and overreliance on singular "critical tests" of a multifaceted theory, undermine their critique and belie the considerable advances guided by basic emotion theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Disa Sauter
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alan Cowen
- Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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47
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Abstract
In this article, we review recent developments in the study of emotional expression within a basic emotion framework. Dozens of new studies find that upwards of 20 emotions are signaled in multimodal and dynamic patterns of expressive behavior. Moving beyond word to stimulus matching paradigms, new studies are detailing the more nuanced and complex processes involved in emotion recognition and the structure of how people perceive emotional expression. Finally, we consider new studies documenting contextual influences upon emotion recognition. We conclude by extending these recent findings to questions about emotion-related physiology and the mammalian precursors of human emotion.
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Connor P, Sarafidis V, Zyphur MJ, Keltner D, Chen S. Income Inequality and White-on-Black Racial Bias in the United States: Evidence From Project Implicit and Google Trends. Psychol Sci 2019; 30:205-222. [PMID: 30633654 DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/e3j9p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Several theories predict that income inequality may produce increased racial bias, but robust tests of this hypothesis are lacking. We examined this relationship at the U.S. state level from 2004 to 2015 using Internal Revenue Service-based income-inequality statistics and two large-scale racial-bias data sources: Project Implicit ( N = 1,554,109) and Google Trends. Using a multimethod approach, we found evidence of a significant positive within-state association between income inequality and Whites' explicit racial bias. However, the effect was small, with income inequality accounting for 0.4% to 0.7% of within-state variation in racial bias, and was also contingent on model specification, with results dependent on the measure of income inequality used. We found no conclusive evidence linking income inequality to implicit racial bias or racially offensive Google searches. Overall, our findings admit multiple interpretations, but we discuss why statistically small effects of income inequality on explicit racial bias may nonetheless be socially meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Connor
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Vasilis Sarafidis
- 2 Department of Econometrics and Business Statistics, Monash University
| | | | - Dacher Keltner
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Serena Chen
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
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Connor P, Sarafidis V, Zyphur MJ, Keltner D, Chen S. Income Inequality and White-on-Black Racial Bias in the United States: Evidence From Project Implicit and Google Trends. Psychol Sci 2019; 30:205-222. [DOI: 10.1177/0956797618815441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several theories predict that income inequality may produce increased racial bias, but robust tests of this hypothesis are lacking. We examined this relationship at the U.S. state level from 2004 to 2015 using Internal Revenue Service–based income-inequality statistics and two large-scale racial-bias data sources: Project Implicit ( N = 1,554,109) and Google Trends. Using a multimethod approach, we found evidence of a significant positive within-state association between income inequality and Whites’ explicit racial bias. However, the effect was small, with income inequality accounting for 0.4% to 0.7% of within-state variation in racial bias, and was also contingent on model specification, with results dependent on the measure of income inequality used. We found no conclusive evidence linking income inequality to implicit racial bias or racially offensive Google searches. Overall, our findings admit multiple interpretations, but we discuss why statistically small effects of income inequality on explicit racial bias may nonetheless be socially meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Connor
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Vasilis Sarafidis
- Department of Econometrics and Business Statistics, Monash University
| | | | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Serena Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
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Abstract
Emotional vocalizations are central to human social life. Recent studies have documented that people recognize at least 13 emotions in brief vocalizations. This capacity emerges early in development, is preserved in some form across cultures, and informs how people respond emotionally to music. What is poorly understood is how emotion recognition from vocalization is structured within what we call a semantic space, the study of which addresses questions critical to the field: How many distinct kinds of emotions can be expressed? Do expressions convey emotion categories or affective appraisals (e.g., valence, arousal)? Is the recognition of emotion expressions discrete or continuous? Guided by a new theoretical approach to emotion taxonomies, we apply large-scale data collection and analysis techniques to judgments of 2,032 emotional vocal bursts produced in laboratory settings (Study 1) and 48 found in the real world (Study 2) by U.S. English speakers (N = 1,105). We find that vocal bursts convey at least 24 distinct kinds of emotion. Emotion categories (sympathy, awe), more so than affective appraisals (including valence and arousal), organize emotion recognition. In contrast to discrete emotion theories, the emotion categories conveyed by vocal bursts are bridged by smooth gradients with continuously varying meaning. We visualize the complex, high-dimensional space of emotion conveyed by brief human vocalization within an online interactive map. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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