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Ivanova MY, Achenbach TM, Turner LV. Associations of Parental Depression with Children’s Internalizing and Externalizing Problems: Meta-Analyses of Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Effects. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 51:827-849. [DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2022.2127104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kang S, Gair SL, Paton MJ, Harvey EA. Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Relation Between Parenting and Preschoolers' Externalizing Behaviors. EARLY EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT 2022; 34:823-841. [PMID: 37377766 PMCID: PMC10292775 DOI: 10.1080/10409289.2022.2074202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
This study examined racial/ethnic differences in the relations between three dimensions of parenting practices (harsh, lax, and warm parenting) and children's externalizing behaviors across European American, African American, and Latinx families. Participants included 221 mothers who identified as African American (n = 32), Latina (n = 46), or European American (n = 143). Mothers' self-rated and observer-coded harshness, laxness, and warmth, and their ratings of their 3-year-old children's externalizing behaviors (hyperactivity, aggression) were analyzed. Multiple regression analyses indicated some racial/ethnic differences in the relations between harsh and warm parenting, and children's externalizing behaviors. The slopes of the relation between greater harshness and greater aggression and hyperactivity were more positive for European American families than for African American or Latinx families. The slopes of the relation between greater warmth and less aggression were more negative for European American and Latinx families than for African American families. Results indicated no racial/ethnic differences in the relation between laxness and externalizing behaviors. These findings suggest racial/ethnic differences in the relation between some parenting practices and externalizing behaviors, which has important implications in culturally sensitive clinical practice for different racial/ethnic groups. More research is necessary to replicate these findings, and to identify other parenting practices that may be more important in racial/ethnic minority families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungha Kang
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Tobin Hall, 135 Hicks Way, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States of America
| | - Shannon L Gair
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Tobin Hall, 135 Hicks Way, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States of America
| | - Mariajosé J Paton
- Psychology Department, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A Harvey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Tobin Hall, 135 Hicks Way, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States of America
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Chaney CD. "I'd Rather Be with Them Than Doing Anything Else": Kobe Bryant's Status as the MVP of Girl's Dads. JOURNAL OF AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDIES (NEW BRUNSWICK, N.J.) 2021; 25:247-264. [PMID: 34248444 PMCID: PMC8256201 DOI: 10.1007/s12111-021-09535-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over 40 years ago, Cazenave (1979) provided one of the first scholarly examinations of how middle-income Black fathers defined the provider role. Since that time, scholars have studied the realities of biological and social fathers (Coles et al., 2010; Connor & White, 2006; Hamer, 2001, 1997; McDougal III & George III, 2016; Ransaw, 2017), as well as the relationship between fathering and sport (Fletcher, 2020). This qualitative work examined the words the late Kobe Bryant (January 23, 1978-January 26, 2020) used to describe his role as father to four daughters. To determine the underlying messages behind Bryant's words, I used Phenomenology as the theoretical framework. Qualitative analysis of the words featured in the Insider article, "Kobe Bryant's 10 Most Touching Quotes on Fatherhood and Raising Daughters" By Emily Cavanaugh (February 25, 2020) revealed three themes: (1) Bryant made being a present father a priority; (2) Bryant publicly praised his late daughter Gianna and her sisters; and (3) Bryant saw himself as a role model to children. Most important, Bryant's fame and status in professional basketball along with his narratives regarding being a father to daughters is a strong, enduring counter narrative to the "absent Black father" trope that is common in society. The work also discussed the reasons why in light of the rape scandal Kobe Bryant is a good role model. Implications for how fatherhood will shape the Bryant legacy will be discussed.
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Mallette JK, O'Neal CW, Winkelman Richardson E, Mancini JA. When Fathers Are Involved: Examining Relational and Psychosocial Health among Military Families. FAMILY PROCESS 2021; 60:602-622. [PMID: 32638359 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Father involvement can promote the psychosocial health of family members (i.e., fathers, mothers, and children). However, the association between father involvement and individual members' psychosocial health may depend on the quality of the marital relationship and the perceptions of the reporting family member. Research with multiple reporters from the same family is needed identify how family members perceive the impact of father involvement on family member well-being. Using a risk and resilience theoretical framework applied to a family systems perspective, the current study examines associations between father involvement, family flexibility, marital quality, and psychosocial health with a sample of 207 military families (including fathers, mothers, and their adolescents). After accounting for military context, a conditional structural equation model was used to examine the associations between fathers' involvement and family members' psychosocial health. Family flexibility was examined as a mediator between these associations and marital quality as a moderator. Findings suggest that when fathers are more involved, both mothers and fathers report less family flexibility, and that family flexibility was positively associated with family member (father, mother, and adolescent) well-being. Further, father involvement was indirectly related to mothers' psychosocial health through family flexibility, and father involvement was directly associated with better psychosocial health for fathers and adolescents. Marital quality moderated these associations for fathers, mothers, and adolescents. Given the combined benefits of father involvement, family flexibility, and positive marital relationships, clinical efforts to provide information to increase knowledge and skills around maintaining a healthy relationship could serve to promote psychosocial health by improving marital quality and family flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jay A Mancini
- University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Li YH, Mgbere O, Abughosh S, Chen H, Cuccaro P, Smesny A, Essien EJ. Assessment of sexually transmitted disease/HIV risk among young African Americans: comparison of self-perceived and epidemiological risks utilizing ecodevelopmental theory. HIV AIDS-RESEARCH AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2019; 11:31-44. [PMID: 30863188 PMCID: PMC6388744 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s189482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Recent advances in understanding the developmental processes associated with adolescents warrant new thinking and systematic application of key concepts of risk and protective processes. This study examined the association between epidemiological and self-perceived risks of contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)/HIV among young African Americans (AAs) and the multilevel factors identified using ecodevelopmental theory. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on wave 1 data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health comprising 1,619 AA youth aged 14-18 years. Epidemiological and self-perceived HIV-risk indices were developed and their associations with ecodevelopmental system parameters evaluated. Results Significant discordance (P<0.0001) in the youths' self-perceived risk and epidemiological risk (the "gold standard") was recorded with Cohen's k-coefficient of 0.144 (95% CI 0.104-0.193). Adolescents who felt like talking to their mother had no trouble getting along with schoolteachers, perceived that teachers treated student fairly, experienced mother's disapproval of their sexual debut, and had close friends who knew how to use condoms correctly, were positively related to low epidemiological risk of contracting STDs/HIV. Being older, male, and a mother's positive attitude toward their adolescent's use of birth control (in exosystem) were associated with high epidemiological risk of contracting STDs/HIV. Furthermore, poor connection with the mother (did not feel like talking to mother) and growing older were related to low accuracy of self-risk perception among AA youths. Conclusion The findings demonstrate the strong need to align self-perceived risk with epidemiological risk of acquiring STDs/HIV using the key multilevel ecodevelopmental system factors identified. This will require changes in relevant social attitudes and norms associated with risk measurement, and allow for a rational basis for safe health practices and behaviors among AA youths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Huei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA,
| | - Osaro Mgbere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA, .,Disease Prevention and Control Division, Houston Health Department, Houston, TX, USA.,Institute of Community Health, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Susan Abughosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA,
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA,
| | - Paula Cuccaro
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA,
| | - Andrea Smesny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA,
| | - Ekere James Essien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA, .,Institute of Community Health, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA,
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Li YH, Cuccaro P, Chen H, Abughosh S, Mehta PD, Essien EJ. HIV-related sexual decisions made by African-American adolescents living in different family structures: study from an ecodevelopmental perspective. HIV AIDS (Auckl) 2018; 10:19-31. [PMID: 29576732 PMCID: PMC5851572 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s144594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to explore the association between the dynamics of family structure and sexual behaviors of African-American adolescents using the ecodevelopmental theory. METHODS This study stratified data from 1,617 African-American adolescents of the Add Health Wave I respondents with an identified family composition. It examined the associations between family structure, parenting function, and adolescents' sexual decision-making: age of first sexual intercourse, sexual initiation before age 16, and using a condom during the first and last sexual intercourse. RESULTS Emotional connection between parents and children (feeling more love from the father: β=0.17, P=0.0312; feeling more love from the mother: β=0.3314, P=0.0420) and mothers' less permissive attitude toward adolescents' sexual experience in their teens (β=0.33, P=0.0466) are positively associated with late age of sexual initiation of adolescents living in two-parent households. School-level factors (β=0.07, P=0.0008) and the adolescents' characteristics (being older: 0.42, P=0.0002; heterosexuality: β=2.28, P=0.0091) are the factors most positively related to the age of sexual initiation for those living with a single parent. Immediate social determinants, other than family factors (such as land use of immediate area [rural]: β=9.84, P<0.0001; the condition of living unit: β=1.55, P=0.0011; and safety of neighborhood: β=4.46, P=0.004), are related to late age of sexual initiation among those living with other relatives/alone. A higher tendency of condom use consistency was present in adolescents living with two parents compared to those living in other family structures. CONCLUSION Less parent/child connection and parent/family influence were found in African-American adolescents living with other relatives or alone, suggesting that living with two residential parents plays an essential role in their late sexual initiation and could account for an important element to combat high HIV incidence of African-American adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Huei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paula Cuccaro
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan Abughosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paras D Mehta
- Department of Industrial Organizational Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ekere J Essien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
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Li YH, Mgbere O, Abughosh S, Chen H, Cuccaro P, Essien EJ. Modeling ecodevelopmental context of sexually transmitted disease/HIV risk and protective behaviors among African-American adolescents. HIV AIDS (Auckl) 2017; 9:119-135. [PMID: 28694710 PMCID: PMC5490434 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s130930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk and protective processes are integrated developmental processes that directly or indirectly affect behavioral outcomes. A better understanding of these processes is needed, in order to gauge their contribution to sexual risk behaviors. This retrospective cross-sectional study modeled the ecodevelopmental chain of relationships to examine the social contexts of African-American (AA) adolescents associated with sexually transmitted disease (STD)- and HIV-risk behaviors. We used data from 1,619 AA adolescents with an average age of 16±1.8 years obtained from the first wave of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health for this study. Confirmatory factor analysis followed by structural equation modeling was conducted to identify the latent constructs that reflect the social-interactional components of the ecodevelopmental theory. Among contextual factors, findings indicated that a feeling of love from father, school, religion, and parent attitudes toward adolescent sexual behavior were all factors that played significant roles in the sexual behavior of AA adolescents. AA adolescents who reported feeling love from their father, feeling a strong negative attitude from their parents toward having sex at a very young age, and having a strong bond with school personnel were associated with better health statuses. The level of parents' involvement in their children's lives was reflected in the adolescents' feeling of love from parents and moderated by their socioeconomic status. Being male, attaining increased age, and being a sexual minority were associated with higher likelihood of exhibiting risky sexual behavior. In contrast, higher socioeconomic status and fathers' level of involvement were indirectly associated with reduced STD/HIV-related sexual risk behavior. In conclusion, our findings suggest that interventions aimed at maximal protection against STD/HIV-related risk behavior among AA adolescents should adopt both self- and context-based strategies that promote positive functioning in the family, school, and peer microsystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Huei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Osaro Mgbere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Houston Health Department, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan Abughosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paula Cuccaro
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ekere James Essien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Parent J, McKee LG, N Rough J, Forehand R. The Association of Parent Mindfulness with Parenting and Youth Psychopathology Across Three Developmental Stages. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 44:191-202. [PMID: 25633828 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-015-9978-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The primary purpose of the current study was to test a model examining the process by which parent dispositional mindfulness relates to youth psychopathology through mindful parenting and parenting practices. The universality of the model across youth at three developmental stages was examined: young childhood (3-7 years; n = 210), middle childhood (8-12 years; n = 200), and adolescence (13-17 years; n = 205). Overall, participants were 615 parents (55% female) and one of their 3-to-17 year old children (45% female). Parents reported on their dispositional mindfulness, mindful parenting, positive and negative parenting practices and their child's or adolescent's internalizing and externalizing problems. Consistent findings across all three developmental stages indicated that higher levels of parent dispositional mindfulness were indirectly related to lower levels of youth internalizing and externalizing problems through higher levels of mindful parenting and lower levels of negative parenting practices. Replication of these findings across families with children at different developmental stages lends support to the generalizability of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Parent
- University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Ave., Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| | - Laura G McKee
- Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA.,University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer N Rough
- University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Ave., Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Rex Forehand
- University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Ave., Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
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Forehand R, Parent J, Golub A, Reid M. Male Cohabiting Partners as Primary Coparents in Low-Income Black Stepfamilies. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2015; 24:2874-2880. [PMID: 26512194 PMCID: PMC4620058 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-014-0091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Male cohabiting partners in low-income urban Black single mother families may represent an extreme case of stepfathers who have been characterized as "polite strangers" in the household. The purpose of this study was twofold: To examine who serves as a coparent in these families; and to determine if identification of a coparent in addition to or instead of the MCP would be associated with the level of MCP involvement in the family. Participants were 121 mothers and adolescents from cohabiting families. The MCP was identified as a coparent in 75% of the families, an additional coparent was identified in only 30% of the families, and, when the MCP did not serve as a coparent, another individual was identified in this role in only 24% of the families. The identification of an MCP as a coparent was associated with higher levels of MCP childrearing activities, coparenting support provided by the MCP, and relationship quality with the mother relative to no coparent being identified. The identification of another coparent in addition to the MCP was not associated with changes in the higher levels of family involvement found when the MCP was a coparent. The importance of a male cohabiting partner for coparenting of an adolescent is emphasized in the discussion of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex Forehand
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington VT
| | - Justin Parent
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington VT
| | - Andrew Golub
- National Development and Research Institute, New York, NY
| | - Megan Reid
- National Development and Research Institute, New York, NY
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Forehand R, Parent J, Golub A, Reid M. Correlates of male cohabiting partner's involvement in child-rearing tasks in low-income urban Black stepfamilies. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2014; 28:336-45. [PMID: 24749653 PMCID: PMC4041827 DOI: 10.1037/a0036369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cohabitation is a family structure experienced by many Black children. This study examines the link between family relationships (child relationship with mother and the cohabiting partner; parent and cohabiting partner relationship) and involvement of biologically unrelated male cohabiting partners (MCP) in child rearing. The participants were 121 low-income urban Black families consisting of a single mother, MCP, and an adolescent (56% female, M age = 13.7). Assessments were conducted individually with mothers, MCPs, and adolescents via measures administered by interview. MCPs were involved in both domains of child rearing assessed (daily child-related tasks and setting limits) and those identified as coparents by the mother were more involved in child-rearing tasks than those not identified as coparents. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), the mother-MCP relationship (both support and conflict) and the adolescent-MCP relationship were related to MCP's involvement in both domains of child rearing. The findings indicate that MCPs are actively involved in child rearing and family relationship variables are associated with their involvement in these tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Megan Reid
- National Development and Research Institute
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Parent J, Clifton J, Forehand R, Golub A, Reid M, Pichler ER. Parental Mindfulness and Dyadic Relationship Quality in Low-income Cohabiting Black Stepfamilies: Associations with Parenting Experienced by Adolescents. COUPLE & FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 3:67-82. [PMID: 25544936 PMCID: PMC4274993 DOI: 10.1037/cfp0000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cohabitation is a family structure experienced by many Black children; yet, we have limited understanding of how personal and interpersonal processes operate within these families to influence the parenting provided to these children. Informed by both family systems theory and the spillover hypothesis and utilizing a model to account for the interdependence of the mother and her partner, the current study sought to understand the direct and indirect associations among parental mindfulness, the mother-partner relationship quality, and firm parenting practices in a sample of 121 Black cohabiting low-income stepfamilies. Assessment consisted of standardized measurements of maternal and male cohabiting partner reports on mindfulness (i.e., acting with awareness) and relationship quality (i.e., relationship satisfaction, ability to resolve conflict, and coparenting conflict) as well as adolescent report on parenting (i.e., parent's firm control). Mindfulness was directly related to each individual's own perceptions of relationship quality and some support emerged for a cross-informant link (e.g., mother's mindfulness related to partner report of relationship quality). Furthermore, maternal perceptions of relationship quality, as well as mindfulness operating through relationship quality, were related to youth reports of maternal firm parenting. The results suggest that both mindfulness and the relationship quality of adults are variables deserving attention when studying the parenting received by children in cohabiting stepfamilies. Clinical implications of the findings are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrew Golub
- National Development and Research Institutes, Inc
| | - Megan Reid
- National Development and Research Institutes, Inc
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Morin S, Keefe D, Naftolin F. The separation of sexual activity and reproduction in human social evolution. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 814:159-67. [PMID: 25015809 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1031-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In industrialized societies the progression of natural selection has been determined and in many cases superseded by social evolution. In the case of reproduction, there has been a decline and delay of childbearing without diminished sexual activity. While this has value for these societies, there are penalties associated with barren cycles. These include increases in endometriosis and breast and genital cancer. There also are associated issues regarding population movements that fill the "vacuums" left by underpopulation. These matters are of more than passing interest as we cope with unintended consequences of Man's dominance over the environment and other life forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Morin
- Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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