1
|
Harper KT, Stanley F, Sidari MJ, Lee AJ, Zietsch BP. The Role of Accurate Self-Assessments in Optimizing Mate Choice. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024; 50:587-596. [PMID: 36541343 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221135955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Individuals are thought to seek the best possible romantic partner in exchange for their own desirability. We investigated whether individuals' self-evaluations were related to their partner choices and whether the accuracy of these self-evaluations was associated with mating outcomes. Participants (N = 1,354) took part in a speed-dating study where they rated themselves and others on mate value and indicated their willingness to date each potential partner. Individuals were somewhat accurate in their self-evaluations, and these self-evaluations were associated with individuals' revealed minimum and maximum standards for a potential partner, but not the number of partners they were interested in. Participants who overestimated their mate value were accepted by an equivalent number of partners compared with under-estimators, but the over-estimators were choosier and thus ended up with fewer (but similarly attractive) reciprocal matches. Results support social exchange theory and the matching hypothesis, and contrast findings that self-enhancement facilitates positive social outcomes.
Collapse
|
2
|
Visine A, Durand V, Guillou L, Raymond M, Berticat C. Chronic and immediate refined carbohydrate consumption and facial attractiveness. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298984. [PMID: 38446775 PMCID: PMC10917283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The Western diet has undergone a massive switch since the second half of the 20th century, with the massive increase of the consumption of refined carbohydrate associated with many adverse health effects. The physiological mechanisms linked to this consumption, such as hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinemia, may impact non medical traits such as facial attractiveness. To explore this issue, the relationship between facial attractiveness and immediate and chronic refined carbohydrate consumption estimated by glycemic load was studied for 104 French subjects. Facial attractiveness was assessed by opposite sex raters using pictures taken two hours after a controlled breakfast. Chronic consumption was assessed considering three high glycemic risk meals: breakfast, afternoon snacking and between-meal snacking. Immediate consumption of a high glycemic breakfast decreased facial attractiveness for men and women while controlling for several control variables, including energy intake. Chronic refined carbohydrate consumption had different effects on attractiveness depending on the meal and/or the sex. Chronic refined carbohydrate consumption, estimated by the glycemic load, during the three studied meals reduced attractiveness, while a high energy intake increased it. Nevertheless, the effect was reversed for men concerning the afternoon snack, for which a high energy intake reduced attractiveness and a high glycemic load increased it. These effects were maintained when potential confounders for facial attractiveness were controlled such as age, age departure from actual age, masculinity/femininity (perceived and measured), BMI, physical activity, parental home ownership, smoking, couple status, hormonal contraceptive use (for women), and facial hairiness (for men). Results were possibly mediated by an increase in age appearance for women and a decrease in perceived masculinity for men. The physiological differences between the three meals studied and the interpretation of the results from an adaptive/maladaptive point of view in relation to our new dietary environment are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Visine
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Durand
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Léonard Guillou
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Raymond
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Berticat
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Takayanagi JFGB, Siqueira JDO, Silveira PSP, Valentova JV. What Do Different People Look for in a Partner? Effects of Sex, Sexual Orientation, and Mating Strategies on Partner Preferences. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:981-1000. [PMID: 38413532 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02767-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Partner preferences are an important differential in relationship formation and evolutionary fitness, and vary according to individual, ecological, and social factors. In this study, we evaluated the variation in preference for intelligence, kindness, physical attractiveness, health, and socioeconomic level among individuals of different sexes and sexual orientations in a Brazilian sample. We analyzed the preference scores of 778 heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual men and women in three budgeted mate design tasks (low vs. medium vs. high budget) and their association with sociosexuality, attachment styles, homogamy, and willingness to engage in short- and long-term relationships. Results indicated a global trait preference order, with intelligence ranking first, followed by kindness, physical attractiveness, health, and lastly by socioeconomic status. Typical sex differences were observed mostly within the heterosexual group, and specific combinations of sex and sexual orientation were linked to variation in preference for physical attractiveness, kindness, and socioeconomic status. We also found unique associations of the other variables with partner preferences and with willingness to engage in short- or long-term relationships. By exploring the partner preferences of non-heterosexual individuals from a Latin American country, an underrepresented group in evolutionary psychology research, our results help understand the universal and specific factors that guide partner preferences and human sexual behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joao Francisco Goes Braga Takayanagi
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Professor Mello Moraes Avenue 1721, Butanta, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil.
| | - Jose de Oliveira Siqueira
- Department of Legal Medicine, Bioethics, Occupational Medicine and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sergio Panse Silveira
- Department of Legal Medicine, Bioethics, Occupational Medicine and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pathology (LIM01-HCFMUSP), Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jaroslava Varella Valentova
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Professor Mello Moraes Avenue 1721, Butanta, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Scheller M, de Sousa AA, Brotto LA, Little AC. The Role of Sexual and Romantic Attraction in Human Mate Preferences. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2024; 61:299-312. [PMID: 36795115 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2023.2176811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in mate preferences are ubiquitous, having been evidenced across generations and cultures. Their prevalence and persistence have compellingly placed them in the evolutionarily adaptive context of sexual selection. However, the psycho-biological mechanisms contributing to their generation and maintenance remain poorly understood. As such a mechanism, sexual attraction is assumed to guide interest, desire, and the affinity toward specific partner features. However, whether sexual attraction can indeed explain sex differences in partner preferences has not been explicitly tested. To better understand how sex and sexual attraction shape mate preferences in humans we assessed how partner preferences differed across the spectrum of sexual attraction in a sample of 479 individuals that identified as asexual, gray-sexual, demisexual or allosexual. We further tested whether romantic attraction predicted preference profiles better than sexual attraction. Our results show that sexual attraction accounts for highly replicable sex differences in mate preferences for high social status and financial prospects, conscientiousness, and intelligence; however, it does not account for the enhanced preference for physical attractiveness expressed by men, which persists even in individuals with low sexual attraction. Instead, sex differences in physical attractiveness preference are better explained by the degree of romantic attraction. Furthermore, effects of sexual attraction on sex differences in partner preferences were grounded in current rather than previous experiences of sexual attraction. Taken together, the results support the idea that contemporary sex differences in partner preferences are maintained by several psycho-biological mechanisms that evolved in conjunction, including not only sexual but also romantic attraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meike Scheller
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath
- Department of Psychology, Durham University
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen
| | | | - Lori A Brotto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu H, Chen F, Zheng L. Preference for Self-Resembling Male Faces in Gay Men in China. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37976034 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2023.2279744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Self-resemblance refers to couples with similar characteristics, also known as homogamy or positive assortative mating. Previous studies have indicated that heterosexual men and women prefer partners with similar facial features. In this study, we examined whether Chinese gay men preferred self-resemblance to faces. The participants (N = 70) completed a personal information questionnaire and preference selection task involving 10 pairs of self-resembling/control male faces. Ten pairs of self-resembling/control male faces of each participant were also rated by another gay man. The results revealed that the proportion of the participants who chose self-resembling faces was significantly higher than that of the control faces. However, the preference for "self-resembling" and control faces by other-rating was not significantly different. These findings indicate homogeneity in facial preferences among gay men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University
| | - Feier Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University
| | - Lijun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lehmann RJB, Schäfer T, Fleischhauer M, Schmidt AF, Amelung T. Physical and Psychological Child and Adult Sex Cues and Their Association with Sexual Age Preferences. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37976036 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2023.2280994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
This study combined research on human mate preferences and attraction to physical and psychological features of children. Specifically, we used the Ideals Standards Model (ISM) as a conceptual framework to investigate the sexual relevance of adult and child sex cues within the general population. A sample of 589 men (mean age 30.6 years, SD = 16.6) answered questions about their sexual age preferences as well as different child and adult sex cues. The sample showed the full gamut of sexual age preferences (i.e. ranging from prepubescent children to adults over sixty years of age). A principal component analysis revealed five dimensions of adult and child sex cues. Sexual interest in children was positively related to the two dimensions of attraction to neotenous innocence and attraction to neotenous physical appearance while being negatively related to the factor of agency. In contrast, sexual interest in adults was indicated by the dimension of vitality. The fifth dimension of warmth-truthfulness was neither related to sexual interest in children nor sexual interest in adults. We argue that attraction to neotenous innocence and attraction to neotenous physical appearance can be used as an indicator of sexual interest in children. Moreover, we discuss how our results fit in with theoretical notions from the ISM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexander F Schmidt
- Institute of Psychology, Social & Legal Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz
| | - Till Amelung
- Institut für Sexualwissenschaft und Sexualmedizin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Devenport S, Davis-McCabe C, Winter S. A Critical Review of the Literature Regarding the Selection of Long-Term Romantic Partners. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:3025-3042. [PMID: 37420089 PMCID: PMC10684645 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02646-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Research regarding how people choose their long-term romantic partners is extensive, but the understanding of the psychological processes behind these choices, and predicting who people choose, is elusive. This review attempts to examine potential reasons for this elusive nature by first outlining the current state of the literature and then highlighting issues within the current paradigm. First among these issues is a focus on singular perspectives and little attempt to integrate these perspectives with others. Second, many studies focus on increasingly complex designs to explore the predictive utility of trait preferences, attempts which have had only limited success. Third, novel findings appear to be unintegrated with established findings, leaving the potential combination of these ideas unrealized. Finally, long-term romantic partner selection is a complex psychological phenomenon, but current theory and research methodologies are not sufficiently addressing this complexity. This review concludes with suggestions for future research direction, including a focus on the psychology behind the partner selection process and the potential of qualitative enquiry to reveal novel pathways behind these psychological processes. There is a need for an integrative framework that permits the coexistence of established and novel ideas, and multiple perspectives, from both current and future research paradigms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Devenport
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.
| | | | - Sam Winter
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jolink TA, Algoe SB. What Happens in Initial Interactions Forecasts Relationship Development: Showcasing the Role of Social Behavior. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506231153438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
We do not know what happens in initial interactions to spark platonic or romantic relationships. This requires data on relationships from their inception, tracked over time. Building on theory about relationship promotion, we identified three exemplar behaviors to test novel hypotheses about relationship development. When starting college, a greenhouse for relationship initiation, first-year undergraduates ( N = 143) reported initial interactions with potential friends and romantic partners, and then 129 of them reported back about those 591 people over the semester. As predicted, reports of each behavior—affectionate touch, shared laughter, and partner’s gratitude expression—were associated with immediate interest in affiliating with the new person, beyond their perceived warmth, competence, and attractiveness; theoretically derived social perceptual mechanisms explained these links. Critically, although not all potential connections blossomed into relationships, these behavioral precursors to relationship promotion predicted relationship development via post-interaction interest in affiliating. Findings are contextualized within attraction literature with implications for relationship development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara B. Algoe
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Masoom MR. What potential traits do adolescents and early adults look for in mate preferences? Heliyon 2022; 8:e12169. [PMID: 36561697 PMCID: PMC9764192 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are universal sex differences in mate preferences. Mostly, women will prioritize greater financial prospects, but men will emphasize physical attractiveness. However, we know little about whether these preferences remain stable in adolescence and early adulthood. The study examines whether these universal differences between men and women in mate preferences can be found in Bangladesh and whether these differences are constant among adolescents and early adults. An online survey was conducted by using a structured close-ended questionnaire to collect data from males and females who were aged no more than 30, yet to be married, had at least a secondary education, and belonged to any religious faith. A total of 2017 people, 1059 males and 958 females, participated in the survey. Independent Samples t-tests were estimated to compare the mean scores of the traits of interest, while Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimensions to outline the possible factors that affect mate preferences. The results show that women of Bangladesh prioritize greater financial prospects, whereas men emphasize traits related to fertility and reproduction. However, unlike the universal trend, having a similar religious background is among the top-two priorities of both males and females. Factor-wise differentiation indicates that, compared with males, females emphasize attachment and sociability. In addition, adolescent females put greater emphasis on refinement and neatness, mutual attraction-love, and desire for home and children than early adult females. Compared with adolescent males, early adult males were found emphasizing more on having kind and understanding mates. Therefore, results support universal sex differences, but religion, culturally-defined gender roles, and social environment also affect mate preferences; sometimes people require making some trade-offs between preferences depending on the sociocultural context.
Collapse
|
10
|
Do women and men click differently? Mobile devices mitigate gender differences in online dating. INFORMATION & MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.im.2022.103750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
11
|
Soylu Yalcinkaya N, Adams G. Expressing the self or achieving security through academic choices: Implications for gender gaps in STEM pursuit. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-022-09736-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
12
|
Conroy-Beam D, Walter KV, Duarte K. What is a mate preference? Probing the computational format of mate preferences using couple simulation. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
13
|
Csajbók Z, Berkics M, Havlíček J. Meeting minimum mate preference thresholds can be more important than the overall score. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
14
|
van Horen F, Millet K. Unpredictable love? How uncertainty influences partner preferences. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Femke van Horen
- Marketing Department Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Kobe Millet
- Marketing Department Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ueda R. Neural Processing of Facial Attractiveness and Romantic Love: An Overview and Suggestions for Future Empirical Studies. Front Psychol 2022; 13:896514. [PMID: 35774950 PMCID: PMC9239166 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.896514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Romantic love is universally observed in human communities, and the manner in which a person chooses a long-term romantic partner has been a central question in studies on close relationships. Numerous empirical psychological studies have demonstrated that facial attractiveness greatly impacts initial romantic attraction. This close link was further investigated by neuroimaging studies showing that both viewing attractive faces and having romantic thoughts recruit the reward system. However, it remains unclear how our brains integrate perceived facial attractiveness into initial romantic attraction. In addition, it remains unclear how our brains shape a persistent attraction to a particular person through interactions; this persistent attraction is hypothesized to contribute to a long-term relationship. After reviewing related studies, I introduce methodologies that could help address these questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Ueda
- Institute for the Future of Human Society, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ryuhei Ueda,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Geniole SN, Proietti V, Robinson BA, Bird BM, Watson NV, Bonin PL, Goldfarb B, Carré JM. Relatively rapid effects of testosterone on men's ratings of female attractiveness depend on relationship status and the attractiveness of stimulus faces. Horm Behav 2022; 142:105174. [PMID: 35468319 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Attractiveness judgements influence desires to initiate and maintain romantic relationships. Testosterone also predicts relationship initiation and maintenance; such effects may be driven by the hormone's modulation of attractiveness judgements, but no studies have investigated causal (and situation-dependent) effects of the hormone on these judgements. Using a placebo-controlled cross-over design, our preregistered analyses revealed order- and relationship- dependent effects: single heterosexual men judged the women as more appealing when testosterone was administered first (and placebo second), but marginally less appealing when placebo was administered first (and testosterone second). In a more complex model incorporating the women's attractiveness (as rated by an independent set of observers), however, we show that testosterone increases the appeal of women -but this effect depends upon the men's relationship status and the women's attractiveness. In partnered men (n = 53) who tend to derogate attractive alternatives (by rating them as less appealing), testosterone countered this effect, boosting the appeal of these attractive alternatives. In single men (n = 53), conversely, testosterone increased the appeal of low-attractive women. These differential effects highlight the possibility of a newly discovered mechanism whereby testosterone promotes male sexual reproduction through different routes depending on relationship status, promoting partner up- rather than down-grading when partnered and reducing choosiness when single. Further, such effects were relatively rapid [within 85 (±5) minutes], suggesting a potential non-genomic mechanism of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn N Geniole
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, 100 College Drive, North Bay, Ontario P1B8L7, Canada; Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1160 Vienna, Austria; Department of Psychology, University of the Fraser Valley, 33844 King Road, Abbotsford, British Columbia V2S 7M8, Canada
| | - Valentina Proietti
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, 100 College Drive, North Bay, Ontario P1B8L7, Canada; Department of Psychology, Trinity Western University, 7600 Glover Road, Langley, British Columbia V2Y1Y1, Canada
| | - Brittney A Robinson
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, 100 College Drive, North Bay, Ontario P1B8L7, Canada
| | - Brian M Bird
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Neil V Watson
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Pierre L Bonin
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Bernard Goldfarb
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Justin M Carré
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, 100 College Drive, North Bay, Ontario P1B8L7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Martijn FM, Babchishin KM, Pullman LE, Roche K, Seto MC. Attraction to Physical and Psychological Features of Children in Child-Attracted Persons. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2022; 59:391-402. [PMID: 34374601 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2021.1948957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In an online survey of 274 self-identified child-attracted persons (CAPs), we examined the attraction ratings given to sets of 9 physical and 12 psychological features of children, and asked CAPs to identify additional features that were not listed. We also examined the relationships between these attraction ratings and attraction to children dimensions (age mono-/polymorphism, exclusivity of attraction to children, and gender attraction), history of falling in love with a child, and detected sexual offending history. There was relatively little differentiation across physical features and psychological features; all averages were approximately 4 or higher on a 5-point scale. Attraction ratings were mostly weakly and inconsistently related to our other study variables. The exception was that CAPs who had fallen in love with a child rated 11 out of 12 psychological features as more attractive than CAPs who had not fallen in love with a child, with small to moderate effect sizes. These two groups did not differ in ratings for physical features. Our qualitative content analysis of participant-suggested features revealed six physical themes (inter alia, face and head, children's bodies) and five psychological themes (inter alia, personality, harmlessness) that were important to CAPs' attraction to children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lesleigh E Pullman
- Forensic Research Unit, University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research at The Royal
| | | | - Michael C Seto
- Forensic Research Unit, University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research at The Royal
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ghaznavi C, Sakamoto H, Nomura S, Kubota A, Yoneoka D, Shibuya K, Ueda P. Fish in the sea: Number, characteristics, and partner preferences of unmarried Japanese adults - analysis of a national survey. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262528. [PMID: 35108292 PMCID: PMC8809582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A large proportion of adults in Japan remain unmarried even though they intend to marry during their lifetime. To provide data for policy makers and those searching for partners in the Japanese marriage market, we estimated the number and characteristics of unmarried women and men with marriage intention and assessed their partner preferences. Based on the findings, we hypothesized regarding potential mismatches between the individuals available in the marriage market and the type of partners they are looking for. Methods We used data from the National Fertility Survey (2015), a nationally representative survey in Japan, and included 20,344 participants aged 18–49 years, of which 6,568 were unmarried with marriage intention. We estimated the total number of unmarried women and men who intend to marry, extrapolated their characteristics to the Japanese population, and assessed their partner preferences, as well as their ideal age of marriage and the ideal age of their partner. Results In 2015, there were 8.48 million unmarried women and 9.83 million unmarried men aged 18–49 years with marriage intention in Japan. Surpluses of around 600,000 men were observed in non-densely inhabited areas (men-to-women ratio: 1.31) and in the Kanto region (1.23). Most of the women and men in the marriage market had annual incomes lower than 3,000,000 JPY (28,000 USD) and only 263,000 women (3%) and 883,000 men (9%) had an income of 5,000,000 JPY (47,000 USD) or more; 167,000 men (2%) had an income of 7,000,000 JPY (66,000 USD) or more, with roughly three-quarters of them having a university degree. When asked about eight items that one may consider in a potential partner, the proportion of women listing an item as “important” tended to be larger than those of men across all items (education, occupation, finances, personality, mutual hobbies, cooperation/understanding regarding one’s work, and attitude towards/skills in housework and childrearing) except appearance. The largest differences were observed for finances (proportion of women vs. men listing the item as “important” or “would consider:” 94.0% vs. 40.5%, p<0.001), occupation (84.9% vs. 43.9%, p<0.001), and education (53.9% vs. 28.7%, p<0.001). While women, on average, preferred men who were around 1–3 years older than themselves, men preferred women around their own age until the age of 26 years, at which point men preferred women who were younger than themselves, with the preferred age difference increasing substantially with age. As such, the number of men preferring a younger partner was larger than the number of women who preferred an older partner. Conclusions By providing data on the number, characteristics and partner preferences of individuals in the marriage market, our study could inform decisions for those searching for marriage partners in Japan. Moreover, we hypothesize that mismatches in geographical location, the supply-demand disparity for partners with higher income, and age preferences could partly explain the large number of Japanese women and men who remain unmarried despite intending to get married. Further studies are needed to assess if, and to what extent, the identified mismatches may affect marriage rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus Ghaznavi
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Medical Education Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Haruka Sakamoto
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Tropical Medicine and International Affairs, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuhei Nomura
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anna Kubota
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoneoka
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Shibuya
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Peter Ueda
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Csajbók Z, Berkics M. Seven deadly sins of potential romantic partners: The dealbreakers of mate choice. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
20
|
Liu T, Wang Z, Zhu A, Zhang X, Xing C. The Effectiveness of Mating Induction on Men's Financial Risk-Taking: Relationship Experience Matters. Front Psychol 2022; 12:787686. [PMID: 35087452 PMCID: PMC8787341 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.787686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence from experimental studies has shown that mating motivation increases men's financial risk-taking behaviors. The present study proposed a new moderator, men's past relationship experience, for this well-accepted link between mating motivation and financial risk-taking tendency. Heterosexual young men were randomly assigned to the mating condition and control condition, and they completed a set of financial risk-taking tasks and reported their past relationship experience. A significant main effect of mating motivation and a significant interaction effect between experimental conditions (mating group and control group) and relationship experience emerged, suggesting that mating motivation increased financial risk-taking tendency only among men who have never been committed in a romantic relationship, rather than those who have had such experience. This moderating effect was replicated in two experiments. The present study contributed to the understanding of individual differences in the relationship between mating motivation and male financial risk-taking. The present findings also have important implications for financial industry and gambling companies to better target clients and advertise their high-risk products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuanzhuan Wang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Anrun Zhu
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Cai Xing
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cooperman AW, Waller N. A Multivariate Study of Human Mate Preferences: Findings from the California Twin Registry. MULTIVARIATE BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH 2022; 57:20-39. [PMID: 32762389 DOI: 10.1080/00273171.2020.1795611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Much research examining the biological and social-cultural underpinnings of human mate preferences has focused on univariate or bivariate analyses of demographic variables and personality constructs. In this paper, we argue that a multivariate approach more effectively highlights the multifaceted structure and correlates of human mate preferences. To support this claim, we applied several multivariate techniques to data from a large adult sample to (1) examine the major dimensions underlying individual differences in mate preferences, and (2) elucidate how these preferences relate to individual differences in personality. An exploratory factor analysis of an omnibus mate preference questionnaire yielded a 14-factor solution with dimensions mirroring trends in evolutionary psychology and the Big Five personality framework. An inter-battery factor analysis of these dimensions paired with higher-order personality factors provided strong support for the "likes attract" model of partner preferences. Bootstrap confidence intervals for all factor loadings highlighted the robustness of our results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Niels Waller
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yuan D, Zhang R, Liu J, Feng D, Hu Y, Li X, Wang Y, Zhou X. Interpersonal neural synchronization could predict the outcome of mate choice. Neuropsychologia 2021; 165:108112. [PMID: 34890691 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Although mate choice is crucial for adults, its neural basis remains elusive. In the current study, we combined the functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)-based hyperscanning and speed-dating to investigate the inter-brain mechanism of mate choice. Each participant was paired with two opposite-sex partners (participants) in separate speed-dating sessions and was asked to decide whether to engage in a further relationship with the paired partner after each session. The physical attraction of the daters was rated by their partners at the beginning of the dating whereas the social attraction was rated after the dating. Interpersonal neural synchronization (INS) at the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during speed-dating rather than reading task predicts the outcome of mate choice. Moreover, social attraction rather than physical attraction affects INS during speed-dating. These findings demonstrate for the first time that INS predicts the outcome of mate choice of interacting daters in ecologically valid settings during their initial romantic encounter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Ruqian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jieqiong Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Danyang Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xianchun Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Yanmei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Xiaolin Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China; School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Harrington AG, Overall NC. Women's attractiveness contingent self-esteem, romantic rejection, and body dissatisfaction. Body Image 2021; 39:77-89. [PMID: 34175783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The centrality of attractiveness to social evaluations of women puts women at particular risk of body dissatisfaction. However, it is less clear who these social standards most affect and the situations in which they are most salient. Women whose self-esteem is more contingent on standards of attractiveness (ACSE) should be particularly vulnerable to body dissatisfaction, particularly in contexts that provide negative attractiveness-relevant feedback such as romantic rejection. The current research tested whether women higher in ACSE experienced greater body dissatisfaction in the context of naturally-occurring experiences of romantic rejection. In Study 1, women (N = 168) identified and recalled a range of prior rejection experiences and reported their body dissatisfaction. Women higher in ACSE recalled greater body dissatisfaction in the context of romantic rejection. In Study 2, women (N = 101) recorded daily experiences of romantic rejection and body dissatisfaction (N = 885 daily records). Women higher in ACSE experienced greater within-person increases in body dissatisfaction on days they reported romantic rejection. The results emphasize the relevance of romantic rejection for understanding women's body dissatisfaction and help explain inconsistencies in the literature by illustrating that higher ACSE is associated with greater body dissatisfaction in contexts that provide negative attractiveness-related feedback.
Collapse
|
24
|
Versluys TMM, Flintham EO, Mas-Sandoval A, Savolainen V. Why do we pick similar mates, or do we? Biol Lett 2021; 17:20210463. [PMID: 34813721 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans often mate with those resembling themselves, a phenomenon described as positive assortative mating (PAM). The causes of this attract broad interest, but there is little agreement on the topic. This may be because empirical studies and reviews sometimes focus on just a few explanations, often based on disciplinary conventions. This review presents an interdisciplinary conceptual framework on the causes of PAM in humans, drawing on human and non-human biology, the social sciences, and the humanities. Viewing causality holistically, we first discuss the proximate causes (i.e. the 'how') of PAM, considering three mechanisms: stratification, convergence and mate choice. We also outline methods to control for confounders when studying mate choice. We then discuss ultimate explanations (i.e. 'the why') for PAM, including adaptive and non-adaptive processes. We conclude by suggesting a focus on interdisciplinarity in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M M Versluys
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan O Flintham
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Mas-Sandoval
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Savolainen
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Brustkern J, Heinrichs M, Walker M, Schiller B. Facial threat affects trust more strongly than facial attractiveness in women than it does in men. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22475. [PMID: 34795328 PMCID: PMC8602253 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01775-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trust is essential in initiating social relationships. Due to the differential evolution of sex hormones as well as the fitness burdens of producing offspring, evaluations of a potential mating partner's trustworthiness likely differ across sexes. Here, we explore unknown sex-specific effects of facial attractiveness and threat on trusting other-sex individuals. Ninety-three participants (singles; 46 women) attracted by the other sex performed an incentivized trust game. They had to decide whether to trust individuals of the other sex represented by a priori-created face stimuli gradually varying in the intensities of both attractiveness and threat. Male and female participants trusted attractive and unthreatening-looking individuals more often. However, whereas male participants' trust behavior was affected equally by attractiveness and threat, female participants' trust behavior was more strongly affected by threat than by attractiveness. This indicates that a partner's high facial attractiveness might compensate for high facial threat in male but not female participants. Our findings suggest that men and women prioritize attractiveness and threat differentially, with women paying relatively more attention to threat cues inversely signaling parental investment than to attractiveness cues signaling reproductive fitness. This difference might be attributable to an evolutionary, biologically sex-specific decision regarding parental investment and reproduction behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Brustkern
- Laboratory for Biological and Personality Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 8, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Heinrichs
- Laboratory for Biological and Personality Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 8, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mirella Walker
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 60/62, 4055, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bastian Schiller
- Laboratory for Biological and Personality Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 8, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Laan ETM, Klein V, Werner MA, van Lunsen RHW, Janssen E. In Pursuit of Pleasure: A Biopsychosocial Perspective on Sexual Pleasure and Gender. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SEXUAL HEALTH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEXUAL HEALTH 2021; 33:516-536. [PMID: 38595780 PMCID: PMC10903695 DOI: 10.1080/19317611.2021.1965689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Objective: Various sources of evidence suggest that men and women differ in their experience of sexual pleasure. Such gender differences have been attributed to men's higher innate sex drive, supported by evolutionary psychology perspectives and gender differences in reproductive strategies. Method: This paper presents biopsychosocial evidence for gender similarities in the capacity to experience pleasure, and for substantial gender differences in opportunities for sexual pleasure. Results: We conclude that sexual activity, in most cultures, is less pleasurable and associated with greater cost for heterosexual women than for heterosexual men, even though they do not differ in the capacity for sexual pleasure. Conclusion: Since gender differences in experienced sexual pleasure are not a biological given, a more critical discourse of sexual pleasure might create awareness of current inequalities, help lift restrictions for women's opportunities for pleasure, and could reduce gender differences in the cost of sex. That would truly serve sexual justice around the globe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen T. M. Laan
- Department of Sexology and Psychosomatic Gynaecology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Verena Klein
- Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marlene A. Werner
- Department of Sexology and Psychosomatic Gynaecology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rik H. W. van Lunsen
- Department of Sexology and Psychosomatic Gynaecology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erick Janssen
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute for Family and Sexuality Studies, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hill CA. Erotic Pleasure and Pleasure-Seeking Associated with Implicit and Explicit Sexual Motives. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:2485-2505. [PMID: 34355336 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-01987-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two studies examined the proposal that implicit and explicit sexual motives are associated with the experience of pleasure in sexual situations, as well as with seeking out sexual pleasure. In Study 1, implicit and explicit motive scores of 145 heterosexually identified women and 152 heterosexually identified men were demonstrated to be independently associated with the experience of pleasure in response to videos of female-male sexual behavior, more consistently so for women than men. The implicit and explicit motive scales were also associated with the frequency of viewing erotic materials in daily life. The experience of pleasure within sexual relationships was additionally shown to be associated with sexual motives, although primarily implicit motives. In Study 2 involving 139 women and 65 men, implicit motive scales were associated with ratings of interest in a potential romantic partner. The results support the conceptualization of the two instruments as measures of sexual motivation. The difference between implicit versus explicit measures in the pattern of correlations involving acquainted versus non-acquainted individuals is consistent with research on ideal partner preference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Hill
- Department of Psychology, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN, 46805, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hofer G, Burkart R, Langmann L, Neubauer AC. What you see is what you want to get: Perceived abilities outperform objective test performance in predicting mate appeal in speed dating. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
29
|
Walter KV, Conroy-Beam D, Buss DM, Asao K, Sorokowska A, Sorokowski P, Aavik T, Akello G, Alhabahba MM, Alm C, Amjad N, Anjum A, Atama CS, Duyar DA, Ayebare R, Batres C, Bendixen M, Bensafia A, Bizumic B, Boussena M, Butovskaya M, Can S, Cantarero K, Carrier A, Cetinkaya H, Croy I, Cueto RM, Czub M, Dronova D, Dural S, Duyar I, Ertugrul B, Espinosa A, Estevan I, Esteves CS, Fang L, Frackowiak T, Garduño JC, González KU, Guemaz F, Gyuris P, Halamová M, Herak I, Horvat M, Hromatko I, Hui CM, Jaafar JL, Jiang F, Kafetsios K, Kavčič T, Kennair LEO, Kervyn N, Khanh Ha TT, Khilji IA, Köbis NC, Lan HM, Láng A, Lennard GR, León E, Lindholm T, Linh TT, Lopez G, Luot NV, Mailhos A, Manesi Z, Martinez R, McKerchar SL, Meskó N, Misra G, Monaghan C, Mora EC, Moya-Garófano A, Musil B, Natividade JC, Niemczyk A, Nizharadze G, Oberzaucher E, Oleszkiewicz A, Omar-Fauzee MS, Onyishi IE, Özener B, Pagani AF, Pakalniskiene V, Parise M, Pazhoohi F, Pisanski A, Pisanski K, Ponciano E, Popa C, Prokop P, Rizwan M, Sainz M, Salkičević S, Sargautyte R, Sarmány-Schuller I, Schmehl S, Sharad S, Siddiqui RS, Simonetti F, Stoyanova SY, Tadinac M, Correa Varella MA, Vauclair CM, Vega LD, Widarini DA, Yoo G, Zaťková MM, Zupančič M. Sex differences in human mate preferences vary across sex ratios. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211115. [PMID: 34284630 PMCID: PMC8292757 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of literature connects sex ratio and mating behaviours in non-human animals. However, research examining sex ratio and human mating is limited in scope. Prior work has examined the relationship between sex ratio and desire for short-term, uncommitted mating as well as outcomes such as marriage and divorce rates. Less empirical attention has been directed towards the relationship between sex ratio and mate preferences, despite the importance of mate preferences in the human mating literature. To address this gap, we examined sex ratio's relationship to the variation in preferences for attractiveness, resources, kindness, intelligence and health in a long-term mate across 45 countries (n = 14 487). We predicted that mate preferences would vary according to relative power of choice on the mating market, with increased power derived from having relatively few competitors and numerous potential mates. We found that each sex tended to report more demanding preferences for attractiveness and resources where the opposite sex was abundant, compared to where the opposite sex was scarce. This pattern dovetails with those found for mating strategies in humans and mate preferences across species, highlighting the importance of sex ratio for understanding variation in human mate preferences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn V. Walter
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Daniel Conroy-Beam
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - David M. Buss
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kelly Asao
- Department of Psychology, Westminster College, Salt Lake City, UT 84105, USA
| | - Agnieszka Sorokowska
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw 50137, Poland
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Piotr Sorokowski
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw 50137, Poland
| | - Toivo Aavik
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia
| | - Grace Akello
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu 166, Uganda
| | | | - Charlotte Alm
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Naumana Amjad
- Department of Applied Psychology, NUR International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Afifa Anjum
- Institute of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Carlota Batres
- Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster 17603, USA
| | - Mons Bendixen
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Aicha Bensafia
- Laboratory Education-Formation-Travail (EFORT), Department of Sociology, and
| | - Boris Bizumic
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Mahmoud Boussena
- Laboratory EFORT, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Algiers 2, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Marina Butovskaya
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Center for Social Anthropology, Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Seda Can
- Department of Psychology, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir 35300, Turkey
| | - Katarzyna Cantarero
- Social Behavior Research Center, Faculty in Wroclaw, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wroclaw 53238, Poland
| | - Antonin Carrier
- Psychology Faculty (Center for the Study of Social Behavior), and
| | - Hakan Cetinkaya
- Department of Psychology, Ankara University, Ankara 6560, Turkey
| | - Ilona Croy
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden 1069, Germany
| | - Rosa María Cueto
- Grupo de Psicología Política y Social (GPPS), Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima 15088, Perú
| | - Marcin Czub
- Department of Psychology, Westminster College, Salt Lake City, UT 84105, USA
| | - Daria Dronova
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Seda Dural
- Department of Psychology, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir 35300, Turkey
| | - Izzet Duyar
- Deparment of Anthropology, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34452, Turkey
| | - Berna Ertugrul
- Deparment of Anthropology, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34452, Turkey
| | - Agustín Espinosa
- Grupo de Psicología Política y Social (GPPS), Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima 15088, Perú
| | - Ignacio Estevan
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de la República, Motevideo 11200, Uruguay
| | - Carla Sofia Esteves
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics, Católica Lisbon Research Unit in Business and Economics, Portugal
| | - Luxi Fang
- Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tomasz Frackowiak
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw 50137, Poland
| | | | | | - Farida Guemaz
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Sétif2, Sétif 16000, Algeria
| | - Petra Gyuris
- Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs 7624, Hungary
| | - Mária Halamová
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Health Care, Department of Psychological Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra 94974, Slovakia
| | - Iskra Herak
- Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organisations (LOURiM), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Marina Horvat
- Faculty of Arts, Department of Psychology, University of Maribor, Maribor 2000, Slovenia
| | - Ivana Hromatko
- Department of Psychology, Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Chin-Ming Hui
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Morelia UNAM, Morelia 58190, Mexico
| | - Jas Laile Jaafar
- Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Feng Jiang
- Organization and Human Resource Management, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing 102202, People's Republic of China
| | - Konstantinos Kafetsios
- School of Fine Arts, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece and Katedra Psychologie, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Nicolas Kervyn
- Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organisations (LOURiM), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Truong Thi Khanh Ha
- Department of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Imran Ahmed Khilji
- Department of Psychology, Islamabad Model College for Boys, F-10/4, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Nils C. Köbis
- Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making, Department of Economics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081, The Netherlands
| | - Hoang Moc Lan
- Department of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - András Láng
- Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs 7624, Hungary
| | - Georgina R. Lennard
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Ernesto León
- Grupo de Psicología Política y Social (GPPS), Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima 15088, Perú
| | - Torun Lindholm
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Trinh Thi Linh
- Department of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Giulia Lopez
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan 20123, Italy
| | - Nguyen Van Luot
- Department of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Alvaro Mailhos
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de la República, Motevideo 11200, Uruguay
| | - Zoi Manesi
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081, The Netherlands
| | - Rocio Martinez
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Granada, Grenada 18010, Spain
| | - Sarah L. McKerchar
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Norbert Meskó
- Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs 7624, Hungary
| | - Girishwar Misra
- Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110021, India
| | - Conal Monaghan
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Emanuel C. Mora
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Alba Moya-Garófano
- Department of Psychology, Islamabad Model College for Boys, F-10/4, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Bojan Musil
- Faculty of Arts, Department of Psychology, University of Maribor, Maribor 2000, Slovenia
| | - Jean Carlos Natividade
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22451-000, Brazil
| | | | - George Nizharadze
- Department of Social Sciences, Free University of Tbilisi, Tbilisi 2, Georgia
| | | | - Anna Oleszkiewicz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw 50137, Poland
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | | | - Ike E. Onyishi
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410002, Nigeria
| | - Baris Özener
- Deparment of Anthropology, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34452, Turkey
| | | | | | - Miriam Parise
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan 20123, Italy
| | - Farid Pazhoohi
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Annette Pisanski
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Katarzyna Pisanski
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw 50137, Poland
- Equipe de Neuro-Ethologie Sensorielle (ENES), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France
- CNRS National Center for Scientific Research, Dynamic Language Laboratory, University Lyon 2, Lyon, France
| | - Edna Ponciano
- Institute of Psychology, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
- Center of Social Studies, University of Coimbra, 3004 Coimba, Portugal
| | - Camelia Popa
- Department of Psychology—Institute of Philosophy and Psychology “C. Rădulescu Motru” of Romanian Academy, UNATC Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Pavol Prokop
- Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava 84215, Slovakia
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 84506, Slovakia
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Psychology, University of Haripur, 22620, Pakistan
| | - Mario Sainz
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Svjetlana Salkičević
- Department of Psychology, Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ruta Sargautyte
- Institute of Psychology, Vilnius University, Vilnius 1513, Lithuania
| | - Ivan Sarmány-Schuller
- Center for Social and Psychological Sciences, Institute of Experimental Psychology SAS, Bratislava, 84104, Slovakia
| | - Susanne Schmehl
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Shivantika Sharad
- Department of Applied Psychology, Vivekananda College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110095, India
| | - Razi Sultan Siddiqui
- Department of Management Sciences, DHA Suffa University, Karachi 75500, Pakistan
| | - Franco Simonetti
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | | | - Meri Tadinac
- Department of Psychology, Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Marco Antonio Correa Varella
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Diego Vega
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Sétif2, Sétif 16000, Algeria
| | - Dwi Ajeng Widarini
- Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi, Universitas Prof. Dr Moestopo (Beragama), Jakarta 10270, Indonesia
| | - Gyesook Yoo
- Department of Child and Family Studies, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 024-47, Republic of Korea
| | - Marta Marta Zaťková
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Sétif2, Sétif 16000, Algeria
| | - Maja Zupančič
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hsu KJ, Lei RF, Bodenhausen GV. Racial preferences in sexual attraction among White heterosexual and gay men: Evidence from sexual arousal patterns and negative racial attitudes. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13911. [PMID: 34292613 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Racial preferences in sexual attraction are highly visible and controversial. They may also negatively impact those who are excluded. It is unclear whether these preferences are merely self-attributed or extend to patterns of experienced sexual arousal. Furthermore, some argue that racial preferences in sexual attraction reflect idiosyncratic personal preferences, while others argue that they are more systematically motivated and reflect broader negative attitudes toward particular races. In two studies, we examined these issues by measuring the sexual arousal patterns and negative racial attitudes of 78 White men in relation to their racial preferences in sexual attraction to White versus Black people. For both White heterosexual men (n = 40; Study 1) and White gay men (n = 38; Study 2), greater racial preferences in sexual attraction to White versus Black people of their preferred gender were associated with more subjective and genital arousal by erotic stimuli featuring White versus Black people of their preferred gender, and with more explicit and implicit negative attitudes toward Black people. Findings suggest that racial preferences in sexual attraction are reflected in patterns of sexual arousal, and they might also be systematically motivated by negative attitudes toward particular races.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Hsu
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Ryan F Lei
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Galen V Bodenhausen
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gonzalez Avilés T, Burriss RP, Weidmann R, Bühler JL, Wünsche J, Grob A. Committing to a romantic partner: Does attractiveness matter? A dyadic approach. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
32
|
Islam MN. Gender differences in mate selection criteria among university students in Bangladesh: A study from the social homogamy perspective. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07378. [PMID: 34235288 PMCID: PMC8246383 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender differences in mate selection criteria across cultures are common. In various cross-cultural research, these gender differences are explained by different socio-cultural theories. Therefore, the present study was aimed to investigate gender differences in mate selection criteria in Bangladeshi culture and to explain these differences by the social homogamy theory. An unstructured interview method was followed to obtain the aim of the study. A total of 120 unmarried Bangladeshi university students were chosen to participate the study whose age were ranging from 21 to 24 years (M = 22.45, SD = 1.75). The participants were selected by a convenient sampling method from four universities in Bangladesh. They were equally divided in terms of gender and university. A total of twelve mate selection criteria were found in the study, in which each student averagely responded 7.23 criteria. The highest and lowest number of responses were observed in education (n = 108) and residential status (n = 33) criterion, respectively. The top-ranked criterion considered by male and female students was physical attractiveness and education respectively. Gender difference in mate selection preferences was found to be significant in the study. Though, gender difference was significant in age, education, financial status, physical appearance, physical attractiveness, and profession criterion; however, the gender difference was not significant in character, in-law family's education, in-law family's social approval, religion, region, and residential status. Mate selection criteria considered by Bangladeshi students are explained by the social homogamy theory. The study would help Bangladeshi people to be aware of their mate selection in their own Bangladeshi culture.
Collapse
|
33
|
Chopik WJ, Johnson DJ. Modeling dating decisions in a mock swiping paradigm: An examination of participant and target characteristics. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
34
|
Recognition of the Impulse of Love at First Sight Based on Electrocardiograph Signal. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 2021:6631616. [PMID: 33833790 PMCID: PMC8012126 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6631616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The impulse of love at first sight (ILFS) is a well known but rarely studied phenomenon. Despite the privacy of these emotions, knowing how attractive one finds a partner may be beneficial for building a future relationship in an open society, where partners are accepting each other. Therefore, this study adopted the electrocardiograph (ECG) signal collection method, which has been widely used in wearable devices, to collect signals and conduct corresponding recognition analysis. First, we used photos to induce ILFS and obtained ECG signals from 46 healthy students (24 women and 22 men) in a laboratory. Second, we extracted the time- and frequency-domain features of the ECG signals and performed a nonlinear analysis. We subsequently used a feature selection algorithm and a set of classifiers to classify the features. Combined with the sequence floating forward selection and random forest algorithms, the identification accuracy of the ILFS was 69.07%. The sensitivity, specificity, F1, and area under the curve of the other parameters were all greater than 0.6. The classification of ECG signals according to their characteristics demonstrated that the signals could be recognized. Through the information provided by the ECG signals, it can be determined whether the participant possesses the desire to fall in love, helping to determine the right partner in the fastest time; this is conducive to establishing a romantic relationship.
Collapse
|
35
|
The impact of information about tobacco-related reproductive vs. general health risks on South Indian women's tobacco use decisions. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2020; 3. [PMID: 33778367 PMCID: PMC7996064 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2020.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco use among Indian women is increasing despite prevention efforts. Evolutionary theories suggest that reproductive-aged women should be more concerned about immediate threats to reproduction than threats to survival occurring late in life. This study therefore compared an anti-tobacco intervention that emphasized near-term reproductive harms to one involving general harms occurring later in life. Scheduled Tribal women (N = 92) from Karnataka, India participated in this study. At baseline, women reported tobacco use and knowledge of harms, provided a saliva sample to assess use, and randomly viewed either a general harms presentation (GHP) or reproductive harms presentation (RHP). At followup, women reported their use, knowledge of harms and intentions to quit, and provided another saliva sample. At baseline, participants were aware of general harms but not reproductive harms. Both interventions increased knowledge of harms. Women in the RHP condition did not list more harms than women in the GHP condition, however, and the RHP was not more effective in reducing tobacco use than the GHP. In the RHP condition fetal health was particularly salient. In the GHP condition, oral health was highly salient, aligning with the local disease ecology and research on tobacco use and attractiveness.
Collapse
|
36
|
Recognition of Impulse of Love at First Sight Based On Photoplethysmography Signal. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20226572. [PMID: 33213065 PMCID: PMC7698503 DOI: 10.3390/s20226572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Love at first sight is a well-known and interesting phenomenon, and denotes the strong attraction to a person of the opposite sex when first meeting. As far as we know, there are no studies on the changes in physiological signals between the opposite sexes when this phenomenon occurs. Although privacy is involved, knowing how attractive a partner is may be beneficial to building a future relationship in an open society where both men and women accept each other. Therefore, this study adopts the photoplethysmography (PPG) signal acquisition method (already applied in wearable devices) to collect signals that are beneficial for utilizing the results of the analysis. In particular, this study proposes a love pulse signal recognition algorithm based on a PPG signal. First, given the high correlation between the impulse signals of love at first sight and those for physical attractiveness, photos of people with different levels of attractiveness are used to induce real emotions. Then, the PPG signal is analyzed in the time, frequency, and nonlinear domains, respectively, in order to extract its physiological characteristics. Finally, we propose the use of a variety of machine learning techniques (support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and extreme gradient enhancement (XGBoost)) for identifying the impulsive states of love, with or without feature selection. The results show that the XGBoost classifier has the highest classification accuracy (71.09%) when using the feature selection.
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Spielmann SS, Gahman KP. Detectability and desirability of fear of being single in online dating profiles. J Pers 2020; 89:531-548. [PMID: 33000473 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Those who fear being single generally do not have difficulty attracting prospective partners. The present research explores whether this is because daters cannot detect fear of being single, or because detected fear of being single does not hinder desirability. METHOD In Study 1 (N = 235, 60% women, Mage = 36.9), participants created dating profiles then rated the desirability of profiles depicting high versus low fear of being single (high narcissism control). In Study 2 (N = 176, 69% women, Mage = 21.4), participants evaluated fear of being single and desirability of actual profiles. RESULTS Differences in fear of being single were detectable. Furthermore, detecting higher fear of being single predicted lower romantic desirability. Desirability ratings were due, in part, to estimating lower physical attractiveness (Study 2). Perceivers' own fear of being single moderated effects, such that those higher in fear of being single were not deterred by higher fear of being single. CONCLUSIONS Fear of being single may be detectable when online dating, but desirability of detected fear of being single varies depending on perceiver traits and may be driven in part by misperceptions of physical attractiveness. This research sheds light on challenges for those who fear being single as they attempt to attract mates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin P Gahman
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Berticat C, Durand V, Raymond M. Refined Carbohydrate Consumption and Facial Attractiveness. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 18:1474704920960440. [PMID: 33118381 PMCID: PMC10355300 DOI: 10.1177/1474704920960440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the second half of the 20th century, a massive increase in the consumption of refined carbohydrates has occurred, generating well-described detrimental health effects such as obesity, insulin resistance, type II diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and dental caries. Certain physiological mechanisms involved, particularly through chronic hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia, suggest that a non-medical trait such as facial attractiveness could also be affected. To explore this possibility, variation in facial attractiveness was evaluated relative to refined carbohydrate consumption. Attractiveness was assessed from facial pictures as judged by raters of the opposite sex. Estimates of refined carbohydrate consumption were based on the glycaemic load of three mealtimes at-higher glycaemic risk (breakfast, afternoon snack and between-meal snack). In the presence of several control variables, facial pictures of women and men with higher between-meal glycaemic loads were preferred by opposite-sex raters. Structural equation modeling suggests that this result is possibly mediated by an increase in apparent age for men and an increase in femininity for women. The different physiological ecologies of the three meals at-higher glycaemic risk are discussed as well as the interpretation of the results in terms of adaptation or maladaptation to the modern and unique dietary environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Berticat
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Durand
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Raymond
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mehmetoglu M, Määttänen I. Norwegian Men and Women Value Similar Mate Traits in Short-Term Relationships. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 18:1474704920979623. [PMID: 33371743 PMCID: PMC10303546 DOI: 10.1177/1474704920979623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has provided evidence that females are generally the more selective sex in humans. Moreover, both sexes have been found to be more selective in long-term mating compared to short-term mating. In this study, we have examined the effects of sex, mating strategy (preferred relationship length) and their interaction on mate preferences (i.e., mate selection criteria) in an egalitarian Nordic society, namely Norway. The study sample consisted of 1,000 individuals, 417 of whom were male and 583 female respondents. According to our findings, men were more selective in physical appearance, whereas women were more selective in all the other mate preferences (e.g., understanding, dominant, kind, intellectual etc.). The respondents that were seeking short-term relationships had higher preference for physical appearance, humorousness and sociability. On the other hand, the respondents that were seeking long-term relationships were more selective in most of the other mate preferences (i.e., understanding, kind, cultivated, domestic, reliable, and similar). Interestingly, no interaction effect was found between sex and mating strategy in that differences between long-term and short-term seekers in mate preferences did not change depending on sex. This suggests that men and women value the same traits in short-term relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Mehmetoglu
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian
University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ilmari Määttänen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Buetow S. The Thin Man is His Clothing: Dressing Masculine to be Masculine. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMANITIES 2020; 41:429-437. [PMID: 31989406 DOI: 10.1007/s10912-019-09605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Body image research focuses almost exclusively on women or overweight and obesity or both. Yet, body image concerns among thin men are common and can result, at least in part, from mixed messages in society around how men qua men should dress and behave in order to look good and feel good. Stand-alone interventions to meet these different messages tend to provide men with little therapeutic relief. This conceptual paper draws on literature from the medical humanities; gender and body image studies; the social psychology of clothing; and the author's own lived experience to address this contemporary problem. The paper embraces visual culture as a resource that can frame discussion of how two sets of 'performativity' might reduce male anxiety about thinness. First, thin men could choose repeatedly to wear masculine-looking clothing, which could create their masculinity as a personal aesthetic that strengthens the confidence to harness masculine traits in healthy ways. Secondly, health and allied health service providers could promote and reinforce such dress behavior by offering advice that integrates aesthetic and functional aspects of clothing. Empirical studies are needed to test this dual model of performativity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Buetow
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sparks J, Daly C, Wilkey BM, Molden DC, Finkel EJ, Eastwick PW. Negligible evidence that people desire partners who uniquely fit their ideals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2020.103968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
43
|
Soylu Yalcinkaya N, Adams G. A Cultural Psychological Model of Cross-National Variation in Gender Gaps in STEM Participation. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2020; 24:345-370. [PMID: 32791896 DOI: 10.1177/1088868320947005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Gender gaps in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) participation are larger in societies where women have greater freedom of choice. We provide a cultural psychological model to explain this pattern. We consider how individualistic/post-materialistic cultural patterns in WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, and Democratic) settings foster a self-expressive construction of academic choice, whereby affirming femininity/masculinity and ensuring identity fit become primary goals. Striving to fulfill these goals can lead men toward, and women away from, STEM pursuit, resulting in a large gender gap. In Majority World settings, on the contrary, collectivistic/materialistic cultural patterns foster a security-oriented construction, whereby achieving financial security and fulfilling relational expectations become primary goals of academic choice. These goals can lead both women and men toward secure and lucrative fields like STEM, resulting in a smaller gender gap. Finally, gender gaps in STEM participation feed back into the STEM=male stereotype. We discuss the implications of our model for research and theory, and intervention and policy.
Collapse
|
44
|
Locke KD, Mastor KA, MacDonald G, Barni D, Morio H, Reyes JAS, Vargas‐Flores JDJ, Ibáñez‐Reyes J, Kamble S, Ortiz FA. Young adults' partner preferences and parents' in‐law preferences across generations, genders, and nations. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
45
|
Abstract
We leverage the notion that abstraction enables prediction to generate novel insights and hypotheses for the literatures on attitudes and mate preferences. We suggest that ideas about liking (e.g., evaluations of categories or overall traits) are more abstract than experiences of liking (e.g., evaluations of particular exemplars), and that ideas about liking may facilitate mental travel beyond the here-and-now.
Collapse
|
46
|
Are Sex Differences in Mating Preferences Really “Overrated”? The Effects of Sex and Relationship Orientation on Long-Term and Short-Term Mate Preferences. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-019-00223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
47
|
Ueda P, Mercer CH, Ghaznavi C, Herbenick D. Trends in Frequency of Sexual Activity and Number of Sexual Partners Among Adults Aged 18 to 44 Years in the US, 2000-2018. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e203833. [PMID: 32530470 PMCID: PMC7293001 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Sexual relationships are important for well-being and health. Recent trends in sexual activity among US adults are unknown. OBJECTIVES To examine trends in reported frequency of sexual activity and number of sexual partners by sex and age and the association between measures of sexual activity and sociodemographic variables. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this survey study, repeat, cross-sectional analyses of participants aged 18 to 44 years from 10 rounds of the General Social Survey (2000-2018), a US nationally representative survey, were performed for men and women separately. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Sexual frequency in the past year (sexual inactivity, once or twice per year, 1-3 times per month, or weekly or more) and number of sexual partners in the past year (0, 1, 2, or ≥3 partners). The association between measures of sexual activity and sociodemographic variables were assessed using logistic regression. RESULTS The study population included 4291 men and 5213 women in the analysis of sexual frequency and 4372 men and 5377 women in the analysis of number of sexual partners (mean [SD] age, 31.4 [7.6] years; survey response rate, 59.5%-71.4%). Between 2000-2002 and 2016-2018, the proportion of 18- to 24-year-old individuals who reported having had no sexual activity in the past year increased among men (18.9% vs 30.9%; age-adjusted odds ratio [aOR] for trend across survey periods, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.04-1.39) but not among women (15.1% vs 19.1%; aOR for trend, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.89-1.18). Smaller absolute increases in sexual inactivity were observed among those aged 25 to 34 years for both men (7.0% vs 14.1%; aOR for trend, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.07-1.42) and women (7.0% vs 12.6%; aOR for trend, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.01-1.35) but not among those aged 35 to 44 years. The increase in sexual inactivity coincided with decreases in the proportion reporting weekly or more sexual frequency (men aged 18-24 years: 51.8% vs. 37.4%; aOR for trend, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.79-0.99]; men aged 25-34 years: 65.3% vs 50.3%; aOR for trend, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.81-0.94]; women aged 25-34 years: 66.4% vs. 54.2%; aOR for trend, 0.90 [95% CI, 0.84-0.96]) or 1 sexual partner (men aged 18-24 years: 44.2% vs. 30.0%; aOR for trend, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.80-0.98]; women aged 25-34 years: 79.6% vs 72.7%; aOR for trend, 0.91 [95% CI, 0.84-0.99]) and occurred mainly among unmarried men (unmarried men aged 18-44 years: 16.2% vs 24.4%; aOR for trend, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.04-1.25]). Among married men and women, weekly or more sexual frequency decreased (men: 71.1 % vs 57.7%; aOR for trend, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.79-0.93]; women: 69.1% vs 60.9%; aOR for trend, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.86-0.99]). Men with lower income (aOR for men with an annual income of ≥$50 000 vs $0-$9999, 0.37 [95% CI, 0.15-0.90]) and with part-time (aOR vs full-time employment, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.48-2.93) and no employment (aOR vs full-time employment, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.48-2.93) were more likely to be sexually inactive, as were men (aOR vs full-time employment, 2.94; 95% CI, 2.06-4.21) and women (aOR vs full-time employment, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.68-3.35) who were students. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This survey study found that from 2000 to 2018, sexual inactivity increased among US men such that approximately 1 in 3 men aged 18 to 24 years reported no sexual activity in the past year. Sexual inactivity also increased among men and women aged 25 to 34 years. These findings may have implications for public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ueda
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Catherine H. Mercer
- Centre for Population Research in Sexual Health and HIV, Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cyrus Ghaznavi
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Debby Herbenick
- Center for Sexual Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
Fletcher GJO, Overall NC, Campbell L. Reconsidering “Best Practices” for Testing the Ideal Standards Model: A Response to Eastwick, Finkel, and Simpson (2018). PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2020; 46:1581-1595. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167220910323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Eastwick, Finkel, and Simpson (2018) advanced recommendations for “best practices” in testing the predictive validity of individual differences in the extent to which perceptions of partners match ideal standards (ideal-partner matching). We respond to their article evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of different tests, presenting new analyses of existing data, and setting out conclusions that differ from Eastwick et al. We (a) argue that correlations between ideal standards for attributes in partners and corresponding partner perceptions are relevant to the ideal standards model (ISM), (b) show that important methodological and statistical issues qualify their interpretations of prior research, (c) illustrate a new analytic approach used in the accuracy literature that tests (and controls for) confounds highlighted by Eastwick et al., and (d) provide evidence that the direct-estimation measure of ideal-partner matching is a valid and useful method. We conclude with a cautionary note on the concept of best practices.
Collapse
|
50
|
What Makes a Partner Ideal, and for Whom? Compatibility Tests, Filter Tests, and the Mating Stability Matrix. Behav Sci (Basel) 2020; 10:bs10020048. [PMID: 32024253 PMCID: PMC7071359 DOI: 10.3390/bs10020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a typological characterization of possible human heterosexual couples in terms of the concordance-opposition of the orientations of their active and receptive areas as defined by the tie-up theory. We show that human mating incentives, as characterized by widely adopted approaches, such as Becker’s marriage market approach, only capture very specific instances of actual couples thus characterized. Our approach allows us to instead explore how super-cooperation among partners vs. convenience vs. constriction may be regarded as alternatives modes of couple formation and cohesion, leading to very different types of couples with different implications in terms of stability and resilience. Our results may have interesting implications for future experimental research and for individual and family counseling.
Collapse
|