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Wycoff AM, Trull TJ. Affective reinforcement of simultaneous versus single use of alcohol and cannabis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2025; 270:112612. [PMID: 40020640 PMCID: PMC11951136 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2025.112612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2025] [Accepted: 02/10/2025] [Indexed: 03/03/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use is prevalent among adults who drink alcohol and is associated with more negative consequences than use of either substance alone. Understanding reinforcement processes that maintain simultaneous versus single-substance use will highlight intervention targets specific to this pattern of use. In individuals' daily lives, we tested whether simultaneous use moments are associated with more affectively reinforcing outcomes compared to single use moments. METHODS We used ecological momentary assessment with 6 + daily reports for 14 days. Participants were 88 adults ages 18-44 who reported simultaneous use at least twice per week. Mean age was 25.22 years and participants were 60.2 % female. At each momentary survey, participants reported alcohol and cannabis use, affect, momentary coping and enhancement motives, and subjective appraisals of use. RESULTS Simultaneously using cannabis during alcohol-use moments attenuated the increase in negative affect that accompanied coping-motivated drinking (anxious mood b = -0.11, 95 % CI = [-0.19, -0.02], p = .016; depressed mood b = -0.14, 95 % CI = [-0.23, -0.05], p = .003). Simultaneously using cannabis during alcohol-use moments attenuated the positive association between enhancement drinking motives and subjective drinking-contingent pleasure (b = -0.34, 95 % CI = [-0.50, -0.18], p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Simultaneously using cannabis during alcohol-use moments altered the subjective effects of alcohol, whereas simultaneously consuming alcohol during cannabis-use moments did not alter the subjective effects of cannabis. Individuals may perceive that simultaneous cannabis use mitigates undesirable effects of coping-motivated drinking, thereby driving simultaneous use of cannabis alongside alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Wycoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States.
| | - Timothy J Trull
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
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2
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Stanger C, Anderson MA, Xie H, Nnaka T, Budney AJ, Qian T, Yap JRT, Nahum-Shani I. Momentary mindfulness versus distraction coping messages to reduce cannabis craving among young adults: A microrandomized trial. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2025; 39:200-211. [PMID: 39418443 PMCID: PMC11875986 DOI: 10.1037/adb0001029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rates of problematic cannabis use among young adults are high and increasing. Craving for cannabis varies throughout the day and is an important risk factor for cannabis use, yet no studies to date have tested interventions offered at the moment craving is experienced in the natural environment. METHOD This study used an efficient and innovative microrandomized trial design to test two distinct types of coping messages (mindfulness strategy vs. distraction strategy) offering brief coping strategies when moderate to severe craving was reported via ecological momentary assessment (EMA). RESULTS Young adults who regularly use cannabis (N = 53) were readily engaged in this 4-week intervention, and EMA completion was high throughout, demonstrating excellent feasibility of this approach. However, results indicated that coping messages did not reduce craving at the next EMA relative to control (thank you) messages, with no significant change in efficacy over time. Furthermore, exploratory analyses found that neither mindfulness nor distraction resulted in reduced craving relative to the control message. CONCLUSIONS Despite this outcome, this method of testing digital interventions targeting momentary risks for substance use such as craving holds promise for rapidly and efficiently screening a wide variety of intervention strategies for inclusion in future just-in-time adaptive interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Stanger
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel Schol of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Molly A.B. Anderson
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel Schol of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Haiyi Xie
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel Schol of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Tonychris Nnaka
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel Schol of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Alan J. Budney
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel Schol of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Tianchen Qian
- Department of Statistics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617
| | - Jamie R T. Yap
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48106
| | - Inbal Nahum-Shani
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48106
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Bragard E, Armeli S, Feinn R, Cullum J, Litt M, Tennen H. Day-level examination of ego-network effects on college students' alcohol consumption. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2024:2025-42196-001. [PMID: 39509213 PMCID: PMC12056160 DOI: 10.1037/adb0001040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Egocentric social network analyses show that drinking habits of college students' friends predict personal alcohol consumption. To date, most of this research focused on between-person, cross-sectional, or long-term longitudinal designs to evaluate these effects. This study used intensive longitudinal methods to examine episode-specific effects of social networks (network drinking, network composition) on college students' drinking, comparing within-person and between-person effects on individual episodic drinking, and highlighted social network characteristics that might be targeted for intervention. METHOD College students (N = 1,151, 54% female, Mage = 19.26, 81% White) identified their ego network: five close alters (e.g., friends, family) whom they met frequently. For 30 days using an internet-based diary, participants reported their daily drinking levels, indicated whether they met with each alter the previous night, and reported how many drinks each alter consumed. RESULTS Two-part multilevel models were used to examine participant drinking. At the within-person level, when a higher proportion of a participant's ego network drank and when network total drinks were higher than average, the odds that a participant drank were significantly increased, and if they did drink, they consumed more alcoholic drinks than usual. Participants were more likely to drink on days when their network was comprised of more friends and more opposite-gender alters. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide preliminary evidence that daily network drinking appears to influence drinking patterns and quantities among students. Such information could be used within ecological momentary interventions to prevent harmful drinking patterns such as heavy drinking episodes and incapacitation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Bragard
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, CT
| | - Stephen Armeli
- Department of Psychology, Fairleigh Dickinson University, NJ
| | - Richard Feinn
- Department of Medical Sciences, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT
| | | | - Mark Litt
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, CT
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Community Health, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, CT
| | - Howard Tennen
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, CT
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, CT
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4
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Huh J, Blevins B, Wong K, Lee R, Herzig SE, Unger JB, Oh H. The underrepresentation of racial/ethnic minorities in research on co-use of nicotine, alcohol, and/or cannabis via ecological momentary assessment methods: A narrative review. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 262:111391. [PMID: 39047639 PMCID: PMC11330314 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-use of nicotine, alcohol and/or cannabis is common among adults in the United States. Co-use may represent greater addiction severity than single substance use. Recent studies have examined the extent to which the frequency, order, simultaneity, motivations, and contextual factors associated with co-use differ from that of single use. Co-use has become prevalent among racial/ethnic minority individuals who exhibit distinct co-use patterns and related outcomes; however, most of these studies rely on cross-sectional or sparse longitudinal observations. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) can illuminate such patterns and associations with time-varying contexts. This review summarizes EMA studies on co-use published from 2008 to 2023 involving racial/ethnic minority individuals and point to gaps. Our review addresses: 1) whether use of one substance leads to substitution or complementary use of another, 2) whether antecedents/contexts differ by co-use patterns and minority status, and 3) what consequences of co-use have been documented across co-use patterns or minority status. METHODS Search results yielded 465 articles, with 33 meeting inclusion criteria. We extracted study-level characteristics and synthesized the findings. RESULTS The findings largely focused on co-use patterns, categories of co-use, proximal antecedents and contexts, and consequences. Variations by minority status were rarely examined; few examined acute effects of unique experiences that may contribute to co-use among racial/ethnic minority adults. CONCLUSIONS The EMA literature on co-use is burgeoning in recent years and supports complementary hypothesis. More research to capture time-intensive data on experiences to contextualize the co-use among racial/ethnic minority groups with greater diversity in race/ethnicity is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimi Huh
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), USA.
| | - Brittany Blevins
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), USA
| | - Kelly Wong
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), USA
| | - Ryan Lee
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), USA
| | - Shirin E Herzig
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), USA
| | - Jennifer B Unger
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), USA
| | - Hans Oh
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, USC, USA
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Howe LK, Finn PR. A daily diary exploration of contexts and experiences associated with planned drinking decisions in young adults. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2024; 38:296-304. [PMID: 37471010 PMCID: PMC10799165 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the potential for negative consequences, young adults continually engage in heavy alcohol use. Unplanned (vs. planned) drinking has been of particular interest in several studies, as it is theoretically suggested to be related to poor behavioral regulation and negative consequences. Ecological momentary assessment and daily diary (DD) studies have been used to examine the contexts and consequences of planned and unplanned drinking specifically, resulting in somewhat mixed findings surrounding the factors contributing to and consequences of planned drinking. The present DD study adds to this literature by studying rewarding incentives and physical contexts of planned versus unplanned alcohol use, as well as the experiences, or consequences, of planned drinking events. METHOD Ninety-nine young adults took part in a mobile study investigating drinking decisions for the current day and day prior, reporting the rewarding incentives contributing to their decision, the context of drinking events, and the experience of each event. RESULTS Planned drinking was associated with being influenced by social/party and alcohol incentives, as well as being at a bar and pregaming. There was a positive relationship between planned drinking and subjective level of intoxication, but not negative or positive experience. CONCLUSIONS Planned drinking is likely associated with rewarding incentives and social contexts and may contribute to higher levels of subjective intoxication. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindy K Howe
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington
| | - Peter R Finn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington
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Drake CS, Sloan K, Anderson M, Clements-Nolle KD, Pearson JL. "I Like the Vibes it Gives": Adolescent Perspectives on Cannabis Billboards and Print Advertising in Nevada. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2024; 54:238-252. [PMID: 38699081 PMCID: PMC11065432 DOI: 10.1177/00220426231159017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
An influx of laws permitting recreational cannabis sales in the US has allowed for increased advertising. The purpose of this study was to describe how adolescents perceive outdoor and print cannabis advertising and to identify aspects of advertising that are appealing or eye-catching, focusing on five themes: price promotion, sex appeal, wellness, party, and text-only. We recruited adolescents ages 11-17 to participate in seven focus groups (44 participants) from 2019 to 2020. Participants viewed cannabis advertisements and responses were summarized using deductive thematic analysis. The party-themed advertisements were the most salient to participants, who desired to emulate the behaviors shown. Participants favored ads featuring young people and containing multiple colors. Participants disliked advertisements perceived to portray misleading or contradictory messages, such as the promotion of physical activity or use of sex appeal, and ads perceived to lack authenticity. Identification of youth appealing features can help inform cannabis advertising regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara S Drake
- Division of Health Behavior, Policy, and Administration Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - Kim Sloan
- Division of Health Behavior, Policy, and Administration Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - Meghan Anderson
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno
| | - Kristen D Clements-Nolle
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno
| | - Jennifer L Pearson
- Division of Health Behavior, Policy, and Administration Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
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Dodge T, Hoffman RK, Kracke-Bock J, Jaccard JJ, Stock ML. How Does Being under the Influence Affect Willingness to Experience Overlapping Effects of Alcohol and Marijuana? Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:1483-1492. [PMID: 37350140 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2223284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study tested how individuals anticipate they will respond to opportunities to engage in simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use. METHODS Two studies utilizing a within-subjects design were conducted. Study 1 was conducted in Spring 2021 and a replication (Study 2) was conducted in Fall 2021. Participants were presented with pairs of scenarios. One scenario pair compared how willing participants expected to be to get drunk if they were sober vs. high. Another pair compared how willing participants would be to take a hit of marijuana if they were sober vs. drunk. College attending young adults (Study 1: N = 173; female = 81%; Study 2: N = 212; female = 49.1%) with varying degrees of substance use experience were recruited. RESULTS In Study 1 participants reported greater willingness to get drunk when sober than when high. This was qualified by a statistically significant interaction whereby differences were greater among those who had more experience with past 30-day heavy drinking. Similar findings emerged for willingness to use marijuana. Participants anticipated greater willingness to use marijuana when sober than when drunk. This was also qualified by a statistically significant interaction whereby differences were greater among experimental or established users of marijuana than among abstainers. Study 2 findings replicated those from Study 1. CONCLUSIONS College attending young adults state greater willingness to remain under the influence of one substance than to engage in SAM use when opportunities arise. Simultaneous use of alcohol and marijuana among college students is likely an exception, not the rule. Implications for prevention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya Dodge
- Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Rebecca K Hoffman
- Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Jonah Kracke-Bock
- Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | | | - Michelle L Stock
- Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
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Boyle HK, Carey KB, Jackson KM, Merrill JE. Applying the prototype willingness model to day-level simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2023; 37:626-638. [PMID: 37079807 PMCID: PMC10238646 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prototype willingness model (PWM) provides a framework for understanding simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use by highlighting important psychosocial (e.g., attitudes, norms) predictors of and pathways (via willingness and/or intentions) to simultaneous use. We examined both the PWM reasoned and social reaction pathways in relation to simultaneous use. METHOD Eighty-nine young adults self-monitored alcohol, cannabis, and simultaneous use and related constructs for 30 days via daily assessments. RESULTS Day-level simultaneous use specific attitudes, norms, perceived vulnerability, intentions, and willingness each predicted simultaneous use, while only day-level intentions and willingness predicted number of negative consequences. We observed significant indirect effects for the two social reaction pathways examined (from descriptive norms to willingness to simultaneous use; from perceived vulnerability to willingness to simultaneous use). Only direct effects were seen for the cognitions in the reasoned pathway; injunctive norms predicted simultaneous use, and attitudes predicted simultaneous use with no mediation by intentions. CONCLUSIONS Findings support applying the PWM to event-level simultaneous use among young adults. Future work should establish if PWM day-level constructs are modifiable targets that may be utilized in intervention work focused on reducing simultaneous use and related harms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly K Boyle
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health
| | - Kate B Carey
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health
| | - Kristina M Jackson
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health
| | - Jennifer E Merrill
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health
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Boyle HK, Singh S, López G, Jackson KM, Carey KB, Merrill JE. Insights into the context of simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use among young adults. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2023; 31:662-673. [PMID: 36174141 PMCID: PMC10201978 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use (simultaneous use) is common among young adults and is associated with a greater number of substance use-related consequences compared to single substance use. Understanding what drives simultaneous use among young adults is crucial. This study aimed to gather qualitative data on physical, social, and situational characteristics of simultaneous use among young adults. Participants were 36 heavy drinking young adults (Mage = 21.79) who engaged in simultaneous use at least twice during the past 30 days. Individual semistructured interviews were conducted via Zoom videoconferencing. Thematic analyses were used to analyze interview data. Findings indicated that young adults are selective of where and with whom they engage in simultaneous use with. Physical characteristics associated with simultaneous use included being in familiar and safe locations. Young adults were less likely to engage in simultaneous use in public spaces. Social characteristics associated with simultaneous use included being at parties, being around close peers, and if others are approving of and/or also using alcohol and cannabis so their effects overlap. Being around family or being alone decreased the likelihood of simultaneous use. Situational characteristics associated with simultaneous use included having access to alcohol and/or cannabis, being a weekend and/or evening, pregaming, and using cannabis at the end of a drinking occasion. Young adults based their decision to engage in simultaneous use on a range of physical, social, and situational contextual factors. Future research should examine multiple characteristics of the context in order to identify specific context with an increased risk of simultaneous use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly K Boyle
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Samyukta Singh
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Gabriela López
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Kristina M Jackson
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Kate B Carey
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Jennifer E Merrill
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
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Waddell JT, Fairlie AM, Calhoun BH, Patrick ME, Lee CM. Planned versus unplanned drinking and cannabis use: Do facets of trait impulsivity influence daily risk? PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2023; 37:341-352. [PMID: 36395009 PMCID: PMC9991956 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Planned and unplanned substance use have been examined as predictors of heavier alcohol and cannabis use and problems at the between-person level. However, it remains unclear whether planned versus unplanned use is riskiest at the day-level, and for whom. The present study tested whether day-level planned versus unplanned alcohol and cannabis use were associated with higher alcohol and cannabis consumption and negative consequences that day and whether two impulsive traits, lack of premeditation and positive urgency, moderated associations. METHOD Young adults (N = 409; 50.9% female) completed five bursts of daily surveys, each consisting of a morning and afternoon report across 14 consecutive days. During a baseline session, participants reported their impulsivity (UPPS-P). During afternoon surveys, participants reported their plans to use alcohol/cannabis that night. During morning surveys, participants reported number of drinks consumed/hours spent high yesterday and negative consequences experienced. RESULTS Planned drinking days were associated with a greater number of drinks and negative consequences, whereas planned cannabis use days were associated with more hours spent high but not negative consequences. In the drinking quantity model, there was a significant interaction for planned versus unplanned drinking by positive urgency. Planned drinking was associated with heavier alcohol consumption across levels of positive urgency; however, unplanned drinking was associated with heavier consumption for individuals with higher (vs. lower) levels of positive urgency. CONCLUSIONS Day-level planned drinking and cannabis use are important factors to target in just-in-time interventions. However, interventions focused on planned and unplanned drinking may be particularly effective for individuals with higher levels of positive urgency. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne M. Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | - Brian H. Calhoun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | | | - Christine M. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
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Boyle HK, Singh S, López G, Carey KB, Jackson KM, Merrill JE. A qualitative examination of the decision-making process of simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use: Intentions and willingness. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 47:168-179. [PMID: 36480451 PMCID: PMC10275144 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol and cannabis use are common among young adults and most young adults who use both substances have used them simultaneously (i.e., using both substances so their effects overlap). Because simultaneous use is associated with a greater number and severity of consequences than single substance use, research is needed to examine the decision-making process of engaging in this high-risk behavior. We conducted a qualitative examination of intentions (i.e., plans) and willingness (i.e., one's openness to engage in the behavior if an opportunity presents itself) to engage in simultaneous use from the perspective of young adults who frequently report this substance use behavior. METHODS We recruited 36 young adults who reported simultaneous use and heavy drinking (4+/5+ drinks for women/men; 64% women, ages 18 to 25) to participate in semi-structured interviews. All interviews were double coded for thematic analysis and both novel and a priori themes were found. RESULTS Young adults distinguished between intending to engage in simultaneous use and being willing to engage in simultaneous use. They reported that intentions and willingness varied from occasion to occasion. They also reported that context and alcohol consumption influenced their willingness to engage in simultaneous use. Peer pressure or offers increased their willingness to use cannabis while drinking and having current or next-day responsibilities decreased their willingness to engage in simultaneous use. Additionally, planned simultaneous use occasions were characterized as being special events where young adults consumed more substances, but were more likely to monitor their use than unplanned occasions. CONCLUSIONS Intentions and willingness may be important proximal predictors of simultaneous use of alcohol and cannabis. Building off this qualitative work, quantitative research should identify which factors influence the decision-making process to engage in simultaneous use and determine when intentions and willingness are most predictive of risky simultaneous use behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly K Boyle
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Samyukta Singh
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Gabriela López
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Kate B Carey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Kristina M Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jennifer E Merrill
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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