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Piccin A, Plat H, Wolff M, Coutureau E. Adaptive Responding to Stimulus-Outcome Associations Requires Noradrenergic Transmission in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e0078242024. [PMID: 38684363 PMCID: PMC11140671 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0078-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A dynamic environment, such as the one we inhabit, requires organisms to continuously update their knowledge of the setting. While the prefrontal cortex is recognized for its pivotal role in regulating such adaptive behavior, the specific contribution of each prefrontal area remains elusive. In the current work, we investigated the direct involvement of two major prefrontal subregions, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC, A32D + A32V) and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC, VO + LO), in updating pavlovian stimulus-outcome (S-O) associations following contingency degradation in male rats. Specifically, animals had to learn that a particular cue, previously fully predicting the delivery of a specific reward, was no longer a reliable predictor. First, we found that chemogenetic inhibition of mPFC, but not of OFC, neurons altered the rats' ability to adaptively respond to degraded and non-degraded cues. Next, given the growing evidence pointing at noradrenaline (NA) as a main neuromodulator of adaptive behavior, we decided to investigate the possible involvement of NA projections to the two subregions in this higher-order cognitive process. Employing a pair of novel retrograde vectors, we traced NA projections from the locus ceruleus (LC) to both structures and observed an equivalent yet relatively segregated amount of inputs. Then, we showed that chemogenetic inhibition of NA projections to the mPFC, but not to the OFC, also impaired the rats' ability to adaptively respond to the degradation procedure. Altogether, our findings provide important evidence of functional parcellation within the prefrontal cortex and point at mPFC NA as key for updating pavlovian S-O associations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hadrien Plat
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Mathieu Wolff
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux F-33000, France
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Salmon C, Li S, Burrows EL, Johnson KA. Translational validity of neuropsychological tasks of sustained attention between rodents and humans: A systematic review of three rodent tasks. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38690648 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Atypical sustained attention is a symptom in a number of neurological and psychological conditions. Investigations into its neural underpinnings are required for improved management and treatment. Rodents are useful in investigating the neurobiology underlying atypical sustained attention and several rodent tasks have been developed for use in touchscreen testing platforms that mimic methodology used in human clinical attention assessment. This systematic review was conducted to assess how translatable these rodent tasks are to equivalent clinical human tasks. Studies using the rodent Continuous Performance Task (rCPT), Sustained Attention Task (SAT), and 5-choice CPT (5C-CPT) were sought and screened. Included in the review were 138 studies, using the rCPT (n = 21), SAT (n = 90), and 5C-CPT (n = 27). Translatability between rodent and human studies was assessed based on (1) methodological similarity, (2) performance similarity, and (3) replication of results. The 5C-CPT was found to be the most translatable cross-species paradigm with good utility, while the rCPT and SAT require adaptation and further development to meet these translatability benchmarks. With greater replication and more consistent results, greater confidence in the translation of sustained attention results between species will be engendered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Salmon
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shuting Li
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma L Burrows
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katherine A Johnson
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Spark DL, Ma S, Nowell CJ, Langmead CJ, Stewart GD, Nithianantharajah J. Sex-Dependent Attentional Impairments in a Subchronic Ketamine Mouse Model for Schizophrenia. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 4:229-239. [PMID: 38298794 PMCID: PMC10829638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The development of more effective treatments for schizophrenia targeting cognitive and negative symptoms has been limited, partly due to a disconnect between rodent models and human illness. Ketamine administration is widely used to model symptoms of schizophrenia in both humans and rodents. In mice, subchronic ketamine treatment reproduces key dopamine and glutamate dysfunction; however, it is unclear how this translates into behavioral changes reflecting positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms. Methods In male and female mice treated with either subchronic ketamine or saline, we assessed spontaneous and amphetamine-induced locomotor activity to measure behaviors relevant to positive symptoms, and used a touchscreen-based progressive ratio task of motivation and the rodent continuous performance test of attention to capture specific negative and cognitive symptoms, respectively. To explore neuronal changes underlying the behavioral effects of subchronic ketamine treatment, we quantified expression of the immediate early gene product, c-Fos, in key corticostriatal regions using immunofluorescence. Results We showed that spontaneous locomotor activity was unchanged in male and female subchronic ketamine-treated animals, and amphetamine-induced locomotor response was reduced. Subchronic ketamine treatment did not alter motivation in either male or female mice. In contrast, we identified a sex-specific effect of subchronic ketamine on attentional processing wherein female mice performed worse than control mice due to increased nonselective responding. Finally, we showed that subchronic ketamine treatment increased c-Fos expression in prefrontal cortical and striatal regions, consistent with a mechanism of widespread disinhibition of neuronal activity. Conclusions Our results highlight that the subchronic ketamine mouse model reproduces a subset of behavioral symptoms that are relevant for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy L. Spark
- Drug Discovery Biology Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Therapeutic Program Area, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sherie Ma
- Drug Discovery Biology Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cameron J. Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Therapeutic Program Area, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregory D. Stewart
- Drug Discovery Biology Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Therapeutic Program Area, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jess Nithianantharajah
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Chen JY, Wu K, Guo MM, Song W, Huang ST, Zhang YM. The PrL Glu→avBNST GABA circuit rapidly modulates depression-like behaviors in male mice. iScience 2023; 26:107878. [PMID: 37810240 PMCID: PMC10551841 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a global disease with a high prevalence. Here, we examine the role of the circuit from prelimbic mPFC (PrL) to the anterior ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (avBNST) in depression-like mice through behavioral tests, immunofluorescence, chemogenetics, optogenetics, pharmacology, and fiber photometry. Mice exposed to chronic restraint stress with individual housing displayed depression-like behaviors. Optogenetic or chemogenetic activation of the avBNST-projecting glutamatergic neurons in the PrL had an antidepressant effect. Moreover, we found that α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionicacid receptors (AMPARs) play a dominant role in this circuit. Systemic administration of ketamine profoundly alleviated depression-like behaviors in the mice and rapidly rescued the decreased activity in the PrLGlu→avBNSTGABA circuit. Furthermore, the fast-acting effect of ketamine on depressive behaviors was diminished when the circuit was inhibited. To summarize, activating the PrLGlu→avBNSTGABA circuit quickly ameliorated depression-like behaviors. Thus, we propose the PrLGlu→avBNSTGABA circuit as a target for fast regulation of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-ying Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Miao-miao Guo
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Wei Song
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Si-ting Huang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Yong-mei Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
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Li Y, Zhao W, Peng X. Investigating mechanism of the effect of emotional facial expressions on attentional processing by data clustering approach. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6343. [PMID: 37072466 PMCID: PMC10113223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33197-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the mechanism of the effect of emotional facial expression on attentional process, time course and topographic map of Electroencephalographic activities affected by emotional stimuli were investigated. Emotional Stroop task was used to collect 64-channel event-related potentials (ERP) in nonclinical participants, and data clustering was applied to find significant effect of sad and happy facial expression on ERP. Several significant ERP clusters were found in the sad and happy conditions respectively. In the sad condition, the decreased N170 in the bilateral parietooccipital areas, the increased P3 in the right centroparietal region and the increased negative deflection between 600 and 650 ms in the prefrontal regions were observed, these alterations reflected inhibited perceptual processing of sad facial expression, and increased activations of the orienting network and the executive control network in attentional system, respectively. In the happy condition, increased negative slow wave was found in the left centroparietal region indicating strengthened awareness and readiness for successive trials. Importantly, nonpathological attentional bias to sad facial expression in nonclinical participants was associated with inhibited perceptual processing and increased activations of the orienting and executive control networks. It provides the basis for better understanding and application of attentional bias in psychiatric clinical utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhi Li
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Weifeng Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518052, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaobo Peng
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China
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Assessing the nature of premature responses in the rodent continuous performance test variable intertrial interval schedule using atomoxetine and amphetamine. J Neurosci Methods 2023; 384:109749. [PMID: 36414103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rodent operant tests that include premature responses (PR) as a measure of impulsivity commonly use variable intertrial interval (vITI) schedules. The rodent continuous performance test (rCPT) is suitable for a vITI schedule. NEW METHOD We optimised the analysis for a rCPT vITI schedule with intertrial intervals (ITIs) of 3, 6, and 12 s. Examining the nature of first (FiT) and following touches (FoT) to the blank screen led to a separate quantification of these two behaviours into the first touches level (%FiT) and the following-to-first touches ratio (FoT/FiT). RESULTS FiTs occurred more frequently in the 12 s ITIs than at shorter ITIs. Within 12 s ITIs, %FiT was only moderately higher during the last half than the first half, suggesting that long ITIs have a minimal effect on impulsivity, but allow a longer time for its detection. %FiT and the FoT/FiT ratio were uncorrelated. %FiT was negatively correlated with response criterion (C) and uncorrelated with discriminability. Conversely, FoT/FiT ratio was negatively correlated with discriminability, without correlation to C. Atomoxetine decreased %FiT but did not affect FoT/FiT ratio. Amphetamine increased %FiT and decreased the FoT/FiT ratio. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) The results suggest that %FiT is analogous to %PR in related tasks and is a more suitable measure of waiting impulsivity in the rCPT. FoT/FiT ratio is unrelated to %FiT. CONCLUSIONS Long ITIs increase the detectability of, but has minimal effect on, waiting impulsivity. %FiT is analogous to %PR in related tasks, while the FoT/FiT ratio is a separate behaviour requiring further characterization.
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Translational cognitive systems: focus on attention. Emerg Top Life Sci 2022; 6:529-539. [PMID: 36408755 DOI: 10.1042/etls20220009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction, particularly attentional impairment, is a core feature of many psychiatric disorders, yet is inadequately addressed by current treatments. Development of targeted therapeutics for the remediation of attentional deficits requires knowledge of underlying neurocircuit, cellular, and molecular mechanisms that cannot be directly assayed in the clinic. This level of detail can only be acquired by testing animals in cross-species translatable attentional paradigms, in combination with preclinical neuroscience techniques. The 5-choice continuous performance test (5C-CPT) and rodent continuous performance test (rCPT) represent the current state of the art of preclinical assessment of the most commonly studied subtype of attention: sustained attention, or vigilance. These tasks present animals with continuous streams of target stimuli to which they must respond (attention), in addition to non-target stimuli from which they must withhold responses (behavioral inhibition). The 5C-CPT and rCPT utilize the same measures as gold-standard clinical continuous performance tests and predict clinical efficacy of known pro-attentional drugs. They also engage common brain regions across species, although efforts to definitively establish neurophysiological construct validity are ongoing. The validity of these tasks as translational vigilance assessments enables their use in characterizing the neuropathology underlying attentional deficits of animal models of psychiatric disease, and in determining therapeutic potential of drugs ahead of clinical testing. Here, we briefly review the development and validation of such tests of attentional functioning, as well as the data they have generated pertaining to inattention, disinhibition, and impulsivity in psychiatric disorders.
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8
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Hughes RB, Whittingham-Dowd J, Clapcote SJ, Broughton SJ, Dawson N. Altered medial prefrontal cortex and dorsal raphé activity predict genotype and correlate with abnormal learning behavior in a mouse model of autism-associated 2p16.3 deletion. Autism Res 2022; 15:614-627. [PMID: 35142069 PMCID: PMC9303357 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
2p16.3 deletion, involving NEUREXIN1 (NRXN1) heterozygous deletion, substantially increases the risk of developing autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. We have a poor understanding of how NRXN1 heterozygosity impacts on brain function and cognition to increase the risk of developing the disorder. Here we characterize the impact of Nrxn1α heterozygosity on cerebral metabolism, in mice, using 14C‐2‐deoxyglucose imaging. We also assess performance in an olfactory‐based discrimination and reversal learning (OB‐DaRL) task and locomotor activity. We use decision tree classifiers to test the predictive relationship between cerebral metabolism and Nrxn1α genotype. Our data show that Nrxn1α heterozygosity induces prefrontal cortex (medial prelimbic cortex, mPrL) hypometabolism and a contrasting dorsal raphé nucleus (DRN) hypermetabolism. Metabolism in these regions allows for the predictive classification of Nrxn1α genotype. Consistent with reduced mPrL glucose utilization, prefrontal cortex insulin receptor signaling is decreased in Nrxn1α+/− mice. Behaviorally, Nrxn1α+/− mice show enhanced learning of a novel discrimination, impaired reversal learning and an increased latency to make correct choices. In addition, male Nrxn1α+/− mice show hyperlocomotor activity. Correlative analysis suggests that mPrL hypometabolism contributes to the enhanced novel odor discrimination seen in Nrxn1α+/− mice, while DRN hypermetabolism contributes to their increased latency in making correct choices. The data show that Nrxn1α heterozygosity impacts on prefrontal cortex and serotonin system function, which contribute to the cognitive alterations seen in these animals. The data suggest that Nrxn1α+/− mice provide a translational model for the cognitive and behavioral alterations seen in autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders associated with 2p16.3 deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca B Hughes
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jayde Whittingham-Dowd
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Susan J Broughton
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Neil Dawson
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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Kenton JA, Young JW. Preclinical Evaluation of Attention and Impulsivity Relevant to Determining ADHD Mechanisms and Treatments. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 57:291-320. [PMID: 35606639 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
People with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) exhibit inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity. Symptoms of ADHD emerge in childhood and can continue throughout adulthood. Clinical assessments to diagnose ADHD can include administration of continuous performance tests (CPTs). CPTs provide an objective measure of inattention, requiring individuals to respond to targets (attention), and inhibit response to non-targets (impulsivity). When investigating the mechanisms of, and novel treatments for, ADHD it is important to measure such behavioral domains (attention and impulsivity). Some well-established preclinical tasks purport to assess attention in rodents but, unlike CPTs, do not require non-target inhibition, limiting their ADHD-relevance.Recently developed tasks recreate CPTs for rodents. The 5-Choice CPT (5C-CPT) contains non-target stimuli, enabling use of signal detection theory to evaluate performance, consistent with CPTs. The 5C-CPT has been adapted for use in humans, enabling direct cross-species comparisons of performance. A newer task, the rodent CPT (rCPT), is a touchscreen-based analog of CPTs, utilizing symbols instead of a simple stimulus array. Currently, the rCPT may be more akin to a go/no-go task, equally presenting targets/non-targets, although numerous variants exist - a strength. The 5C-CPT and rCPT emulate human CPTs and provide the most up-to-date information on ADHD-relevant studies for understanding attention/impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny A Kenton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Seamans JK, Floresco SB. Event-based control of autonomic and emotional states by the anterior cingulate cortex. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 133:104503. [PMID: 34922986 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite being an intensive area of research, the function of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) remains somewhat of a mystery. Human imaging studies implicate the ACC in various cognitive functions, yet surgical ACC lesions used to treat emotional disorders have minimal lasting effects on cognition. An alternative view is that ACC regulates autonomic states, consistent with its interconnectivity with autonomic control regions and that stimulation evokes changes in autonomic/emotional states. At the cellular level, ACC neurons are highly multi-modal and promiscuous, and can represent a staggering array of task events. These neurons nevertheless combine to produce highly event-specific ensemble patterns that likely alter activity in downstream regions controlling emotional and autonomic tone. Since neuromodulators regulate the strength of the ensemble activity patterns, they would regulate the impact these patterns have on downstream targets. Through these mechanisms, the ACC may determine how strongly to react to the very events its ensembles represent. Pathologies arise when specific event-related representations gain excessive control over autonomic/emotional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy K Seamans
- Depts. of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6B2T5, Canada.
| | - Stan B Floresco
- Depts. of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6B2T5, Canada
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11
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Hippocampal neurogenesis promotes preference for future rewards. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6317-6335. [PMID: 34021262 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis has been implicated in a number of disorders where reward processing is disrupted but whether new neurons regulate specific aspects of reward-related decision making remains unclear. Given the role of the hippocampus in future-oriented cognition, here we tested whether adult neurogenesis regulates preference for future, advantageous rewards in a delay discounting paradigm for rats. Indeed, blocking neurogenesis caused a profound aversion for delayed rewards, and biased choice behavior toward immediately available, but smaller, rewards. Consistent with a role for the ventral hippocampus in impulsive decision making and future-thinking, neurogenesis-deficient animals displayed reduced activity in the ventral hippocampus. In intact animals, delay-based decision making restructured dendrites and spines in adult-born neurons and specifically activated adult-born neurons in the ventral dentate gyrus, relative to dorsal activation in rats that chose between immediately-available rewards. Putative developmentally-born cells, located in the superficial granule cell layer, did not display task-specific activity. These findings identify a novel and specific role for neurogenesis in decisions about future rewards, thereby implicating newborn neurons in disorders where short-sighted gains are preferred at the expense of long-term health.
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12
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Ermine CM, Nithianantharajah J, O'Brien K, Kauhausen JA, Frausin S, Oman A, Parsons MW, Brait VH, Brodtmann A, Thompson LH. Hemispheric cortical atrophy and chronic microglial activation following mild focal ischemic stroke in adult male rats. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:3222-3237. [PMID: 34651338 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Animal modeling has played an important role in our understanding of the pathobiology of stroke. The vast majority of this research has focused on the acute phase following severe forms of stroke that result in clear behavioral deficits. Human stroke, however, can vary widely in severity and clinical outcome. There is a rapidly building body of work suggesting that milder ischemic insults can precipitate functional impairment, including cognitive decline, that continues through the chronic phase after injury. Here we show that a small infarction localized to the frontal motor cortex of rats following injection of endothelin-1 results in an essentially asymptomatic state based on motor and cognitive testing, and yet produces significant histopathological change including remote atrophy and inflammation that persists up to 1 year. While there is understandably a major focus in stroke research on mitigating the acute consequences of primary infarction, these results point to progressive atrophy and chronic inflammation as additional targets for intervention in the chronic phase after injury. The present rodent model provides an important platform for further work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Ermine
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jess Nithianantharajah
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katrina O'Brien
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica A Kauhausen
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stefano Frausin
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander Oman
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark W Parsons
- Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, University of New Wales South Western Clinical School, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Vanessa H Brait
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy Brodtmann
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Eastern Cognitive Disorders Clinic, Eastern Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Lachlan H Thompson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Jobson DD, Hase Y, Clarkson AN, Kalaria RN. The role of the medial prefrontal cortex in cognition, ageing and dementia. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab125. [PMID: 34222873 PMCID: PMC8249104 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans require a plethora of higher cognitive skills to perform executive functions, such as reasoning, planning, language and social interactions, which are regulated predominantly by the prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex comprises the lateral, medial and orbitofrontal regions. In higher primates, the lateral prefrontal cortex is further separated into the respective dorsal and ventral subregions. However, all these regions have variably been implicated in several fronto-subcortical circuits. Dysfunction of these circuits has been highlighted in vascular and other neurocognitive disorders. Recent advances suggest the medial prefrontal cortex plays an important regulatory role in numerous cognitive functions, including attention, inhibitory control, habit formation and working, spatial or long-term memory. The medial prefrontal cortex appears highly interconnected with subcortical regions (thalamus, amygdala and hippocampus) and exerts top-down executive control over various cognitive domains and stimuli. Much of our knowledge comes from rodent models using precise lesions and electrophysiology readouts from specific medial prefrontal cortex locations. Although, anatomical disparities of the rodent medial prefrontal cortex compared to the primate homologue are apparent, current rodent models have effectively implicated the medial prefrontal cortex as a neural substrate of cognitive decline within ageing and dementia. Human brain connectivity-based neuroimaging has demonstrated that large-scale medial prefrontal cortex networks, such as the default mode network, are equally important for cognition. However, there is little consensus on how medial prefrontal cortex functional connectivity specifically changes during brain pathological states. In context with previous work in rodents and non-human primates, we attempt to convey a consensus on the current understanding of the role of predominantly the medial prefrontal cortex and its functional connectivity measured by resting-state functional MRI in ageing associated disorders, including prodromal dementia states, Alzheimer's disease, post-ischaemic stroke, Parkinsonism and frontotemporal dementia. Previous cross-sectional studies suggest that medial prefrontal cortex functional connectivity abnormalities are consistently found in the default mode network across both ageing and neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and vascular cognitive impairment. Distinct disease-specific patterns of medial prefrontal cortex functional connectivity alterations within specific large-scale networks appear to consistently feature in the default mode network, whilst detrimental connectivity alterations are associated with cognitive impairments independently from structural pathological aberrations, such as grey matter atrophy. These disease-specific patterns of medial prefrontal cortex functional connectivity also precede structural pathological changes and may be driven by ageing-related vascular mechanisms. The default mode network supports utility as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for dementia-associated conditions. Yet, these associations still require validation in longitudinal studies using larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan D Jobson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute,
Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing & Vitality,
Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Yoshiki Hase
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute,
Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing & Vitality,
Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Andrew N Clarkson
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre
and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054,
New Zealand
| | - Rajesh N Kalaria
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute,
Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing & Vitality,
Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
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14
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Kangas BD, Iturra-Mena AM, Robble MA, Luc OT, Potter D, Nickels S, Bergman J, Carlezon WA, Pizzagalli DA. Concurrent electrophysiological recording and cognitive testing in a rodent touchscreen environment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11665. [PMID: 34083596 PMCID: PMC8175731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Challenges in therapeutics development for neuropsychiatric disorders can be attributed, in part, to a paucity of translational models capable of capturing relevant phenotypes across clinical populations and laboratory animals. Touch-sensitive procedures are increasingly used to develop innovative animal models that better align with testing conditions used in human participants. In addition, advances in electrophysiological techniques have identified neurophysiological signatures associated with characteristics of neuropsychiatric illness. The present studies integrated these methodologies by developing a rat flanker task with electrophysiological recordings based on reverse-translated protocols used in human electroencephalogram (EEG) studies of cognitive control. Various touchscreen-based stimuli were evaluated for their ability to efficiently gain stimulus control and advance to flanker test sessions. Optimized stimuli were then examined for their elicitation of prototypical visual evoked potentials (VEPs) across local field potential (LFP) wires and EEG skull screws. Of the stimuli evaluated, purple and green photographic stimuli were associated with efficient training and expected flanker interference effects. Orderly stimulus-locked outcomes were also observed in VEPs across LFP and EEG recordings. These studies along with others verify the feasibility of concurrent electrophysiological recordings and rodent touchscreen-based cognitive testing and encourage future use of this integrated approach in therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Kangas
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478 USA
| | - Ann M. Iturra-Mena
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478 USA
| | - Mykel A. Robble
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478 USA
| | - Oanh T. Luc
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478 USA
| | - David Potter
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478 USA
| | - Stefanie Nickels
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478 USA
| | - Jack Bergman
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478 USA
| | - William A. Carlezon
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478 USA
| | - Diego A. Pizzagalli
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478 USA
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15
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Mair RG, Francoeur MJ, Gibson BM. Central Thalamic-Medial Prefrontal Control of Adaptive Responding in the Rat: Many Players in the Chamber. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:642204. [PMID: 33897387 PMCID: PMC8060444 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.642204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has robust afferent and efferent connections with multiple nuclei clustered in the central thalamus. These nuclei are elements in large-scale networks linking mPFC with the hippocampus, basal ganglia, amygdala, other cortical areas, and visceral and arousal systems in the brainstem that give rise to adaptive goal-directed behavior. Lesions of the mediodorsal nucleus (MD), the main source of thalamic input to middle layers of PFC, have limited effects on delayed conditional discriminations, like DMTP and DNMTP, that depend on mPFC. Recent evidence suggests that MD sustains and amplifies neuronal responses in mPFC that represent salient task-related information and is important for detecting and encoding contingencies between actions and their consequences. Lesions of rostral intralaminar (rIL) and ventromedial (VM) nuclei produce delay-independent impairments of egocentric DMTP and DNMTP that resemble effects of mPFC lesions on response speed and accuracy: results consistent with projections of rIL to striatum and VM to motor cortices. The ventral midline and anterior thalamic nuclei affect allocentric spatial cognition and memory consistent with their connections to mPFC and hippocampus. The dorsal midline nuclei spare DMTP and DNMTP. They have been implicated in behavioral-state control and response to salient stimuli in associative learning. mPFC functions are served during DNMTP by discrete populations of neurons with responses related to motor preparation, movements, lever press responses, reinforcement anticipation, reinforcement delivery, and memory delay. Population analyses show that different responses are timed so that they effectively tile the temporal interval from when DNMTP trials are initiated until the end. Event-related responses of MD neurons during DNMTP are predominantly related to movement and reinforcement, information important for DNMTP choice. These responses closely mirror the activity of mPFC neurons with similar responses. Pharmacological inactivation of MD and adjacent rIL affects the expression of diverse action- and outcome-related responses of mPFC neurons. Lesions of MD before training are associated with a shift away from movement-related responses in mPFC important for DNMTP choice. These results suggest that MD has short-term effects on the expression of event-related activity in mPFC and long-term effects that tune mPFC neurons to respond to task-specific information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Mair
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Miranda J Francoeur
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States.,Neural Engineering and Translation Lab, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Brett M Gibson
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
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16
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Bubb EJ, Aggleton JP, O’Mara SM, Nelson AJD. Chemogenetics Reveal an Anterior Cingulate-Thalamic Pathway for Attending to Task-Relevant Information. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:2169-2186. [PMID: 33251536 PMCID: PMC7945017 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In a changing environment, organisms need to decide when to select items that resemble previously rewarded stimuli and when it is best to switch to other stimulus types. Here, we used chemogenetic techniques to provide causal evidence that activity in the rodent anterior cingulate cortex and its efferents to the anterior thalamic nuclei modulate the ability to attend to reliable predictors of important outcomes. Rats completed an attentional set-shifting paradigm that first measures the ability to master serial discriminations involving a constant stimulus dimension that reliably predicts reinforcement (intradimensional-shift), followed by the ability to shift attention to a previously irrelevant class of stimuli when reinforcement contingencies change (extradimensional-shift). Chemogenetic disruption of the anterior cingulate cortex (Experiment 1) as well as selective disruption of anterior cingulate efferents to the anterior thalamic nuclei (Experiment 2) impaired intradimensional learning but facilitated 2 sets of extradimensional-shifts. This pattern of results signals the loss of a corticothalamic system for cognitive control that preferentially processes stimuli resembling those previously associated with reward. Previous studies highlight a separate medial prefrontal system that promotes the converse pattern, that is, switching to hitherto inconsistent predictors of reward when contingencies change. Competition between these 2 systems regulates cognitive flexibility and choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Bubb
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales CF10 3AT, UK
| | - John P Aggleton
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Shane M O’Mara
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland
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17
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Doostdar N, Airey J, Radulescu CI, Melgosa-Ecenarro L, Zabouri N, Pavlidi P, Kopanitsa M, Saito T, Saido T, Barnes SJ. Multi-scale network imaging in a mouse model of amyloidosis. Cell Calcium 2021; 95:102365. [PMID: 33610083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The adult neocortex is not hard-wired but instead retains the capacity to reorganise across multiple spatial scales long into adulthood. Plastic reorganisation occurs at the level of mesoscopic sensory maps, functional neuronal assemblies and synaptic ensembles and is thought to be a critical feature of neuronal network function. Here, we describe a series of approaches that use calcium imaging to measure network reorganisation across multiple spatial scales in vivo. At the mesoscopic level, we demonstrate that sensory activity can be measured in animals undergoing longitudinal behavioural assessment involving automated touchscreen tasks. At the cellular level, we show that network dynamics can be longitudinally measured at both stable and transient functional assemblies. At the level of single synapses, we show that functional subcellular calcium imaging approaches can be used to measure synaptic ensembles of dendritic spines in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate that all three levels of imaging can be spatially related to local pathology in a preclinical rodent model of amyloidosis. We propose that multi-scale in vivo calcium imaging can be used to measure parallel plasticity processes operating across multiple spatial scales in both the healthy brain and preclinical models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Doostdar
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Airey
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Carola I Radulescu
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Leire Melgosa-Ecenarro
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Nawal Zabouri
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Pavlina Pavlidi
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Maksym Kopanitsa
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takaomi Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Centre for Brain Science, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Samuel J Barnes
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
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18
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McLaughlin AE, Diehl GW, Redish AD. Potential roles of the rodent medial prefrontal cortex in conflict resolution between multiple decision-making systems. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 158:249-281. [PMID: 33785147 PMCID: PMC8211383 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian decision-making is mediated by the interaction of multiple, neurally and computationally separable decision systems. Having multiple systems requires a mechanism to manage conflict and converge onto the selection of singular actions. A long history of evidence has pointed to the prefrontal cortex as a central component in processing the interactions between distinct decision systems and resolving conflicts among them. In this chapter we review four theories of how that interaction might occur and identify how the medial prefrontal cortex in the rodent may be involved in each theory. We then present experimental predictions implied by the neurobiological data in the context of each theory as a starting point for future investigation of medial prefrontal cortex and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber E McLaughlin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Geoffrey W Diehl
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - A David Redish
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
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