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Benoit SL, Maier RJ, Sawers RG, Greening C. Molecular Hydrogen Metabolism: a Widespread Trait of Pathogenic Bacteria and Protists. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020; 84:e00092-19. [PMID: 31996394 PMCID: PMC7167206 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00092-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms use various mechanisms to conserve energy in host tissues and environmental reservoirs. One widespread but often overlooked means of energy conservation is through the consumption or production of molecular hydrogen (H2). Here, we comprehensively review the distribution, biochemistry, and physiology of H2 metabolism in pathogens. Over 200 pathogens and pathobionts carry genes for hydrogenases, the enzymes responsible for H2 oxidation and/or production. Furthermore, at least 46 of these species have been experimentally shown to consume or produce H2 Several major human pathogens use the large amounts of H2 produced by colonic microbiota as an energy source for aerobic or anaerobic respiration. This process has been shown to be critical for growth and virulence of the gastrointestinal bacteria Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter concisus, and Helicobacter pylori (including carcinogenic strains). H2 oxidation is generally a facultative trait controlled by central regulators in response to energy and oxidant availability. Other bacterial and protist pathogens produce H2 as a diffusible end product of fermentation processes. These include facultative anaerobes such as Escherichia coli, S Typhimurium, and Giardia intestinalis, which persist by fermentation when limited for respiratory electron acceptors, as well as obligate anaerobes, such as Clostridium perfringens, Clostridioides difficile, and Trichomonas vaginalis, that produce large amounts of H2 during growth. Overall, there is a rich literature on hydrogenases in growth, survival, and virulence in some pathogens. However, we lack a detailed understanding of H2 metabolism in most pathogens, especially obligately anaerobic bacteria, as well as a holistic understanding of gastrointestinal H2 transactions overall. Based on these findings, we also evaluate H2 metabolism as a possible target for drug development or other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane L Benoit
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert J Maier
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - R Gary Sawers
- Institute of Microbiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Chris Greening
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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De Tissera S, Köpke M, Simpson SD, Humphreys C, Minton NP, Dürre P. Syngas Biorefinery and Syngas Utilization. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2017_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Bothe H, Schmitz O, Yates MG, Newton WE. Nitrogen fixation and hydrogen metabolism in cyanobacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2010; 74:529-51. [PMID: 21119016 PMCID: PMC3008169 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00033-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes recent aspects of (di)nitrogen fixation and (di)hydrogen metabolism, with emphasis on cyanobacteria. These organisms possess several types of the enzyme complexes catalyzing N(2) fixation and/or H(2) formation or oxidation, namely, two Mo nitrogenases, a V nitrogenase, and two hydrogenases. The two cyanobacterial Ni hydrogenases are differentiated as either uptake or bidirectional hydrogenases. The different forms of both the nitrogenases and hydrogenases are encoded by different sets of genes, and their organization on the chromosome can vary from one cyanobacterium to another. Factors regulating the expression of these genes are emerging from recent studies. New ideas on the potential physiological and ecological roles of nitrogenases and hydrogenases are presented. There is a renewed interest in exploiting cyanobacteria in solar energy conversion programs to generate H(2) as a source of combustible energy. To enhance the rates of H(2) production, the emphasis perhaps needs not to be on more efficient hydrogenases and nitrogenases or on the transfer of foreign enzymes into cyanobacteria. A likely better strategy is to exploit the use of radiant solar energy by the photosynthetic electron transport system to enhance the rates of H(2) formation and so improve the chances of utilizing cyanobacteria as a source for the generation of clean energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Bothe
- Botanical Institute, The University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, D-50923 Cologne, Germany.
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Wilson ST, Tozzi S, Foster RA, Ilikchyan I, Kolber ZS, Zehr JP, Karl DM. Hydrogen cycling by the unicellular marine diazotroph Crocosphaera watsonii strain WH8501. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:6797-803. [PMID: 20709832 PMCID: PMC2953037 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01202-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydrogen (H₂) cycle associated with the dinitrogen (N₂) fixation process was studied in laboratory cultures of the marine cyanobacterium Crocosphaera watsonii. The rates of H₂ production and acetylene (C₂H₂) reduction were continuously measured over the diel cycle with simultaneous measurements of fast repetition rate fluorometry and dissolved oxygen. The maximum rate of H₂ production was coincident with the maximum rates of C₂H₂ reduction. Theoretical stoichiometry for N₂ fixation predicts an equimolar ratio of H₂ produced to N₂ fixed. However, the maximum rate of net H₂ production observed was 0.09 nmol H₂ μg chlorophyll a (chl a)⁻¹ h⁻¹) compared to the N₂ fixation rate of 5.5 nmol N₂ μg chl a⁻¹ h⁻¹, with an H₂ production/N₂ fixation ratio of 0.02. The 50-fold discrepancy between expected and observed rates of H₂ production was hypothesized to be a result of H₂ reassimilation by uptake hydrogenase. This was confirmed by the addition of carbon monoxide (CO), a potent inhibitor of hydrogenase, which increased net H₂ production rates ∼40-fold to a maximum rate of 3.5 nmol H₂ μg chl a⁻¹ h⁻¹. We conclude that the reassimilation of H₂ by C. watsonii is highly efficient (> 98%) and hypothesize that the tight coupling between H₂ production and consumption is a consequence of fixing N₂ at nighttime using a finite pool of respiratory carbon and electrons acquired from daytime solar energy capture. The H₂ cycle provides unique insight into N₂ fixation and associated metabolic processes in C. watsonii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Wilson
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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Barraquio WL, Dumont A, Knowles R. Enumeration of free-living aerobic n(2)-fixing h(2)-oxidizing bacteria by using a heterotrophic semisolid medium and most-probable-number technique. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 54:1313-7. [PMID: 16347643 PMCID: PMC202655 DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.6.1313-1317.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A heterotrophic semisolid medium was used with two sensitive assay methods, C(2)H(2) reduction and O(2)-dependent tritium uptake, to determine nitrogenase and hydrogenase activities, respectively. Organisms known to be positive for both activities showed hydrogenase activity in both the presence and absence of 1% C(2)H(2), and thus, it was possible to test a single culture for both activities. Hydrogen uptake activity was detected for the first time in N(2)-fixing strains of Pseudomonas stutzeri. The method was then applied to the most-probable-number method of counting N(2)-fixing and H(2)-oxidizing bacteria in some natural systems. The numbers of H(2)-oxidizing diazotrophs were considerably higher in soil surrounding nodules of white beans than they were in the other systems tested. This observation is consistent with reports that the rhizosphere may be an important ecological niche for H(2) transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Barraquio
- Department of Microbiology, Macdonald College of McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X 1C0
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Oremland RS. Hydrogen metabolism by decomposing cyanobacterial aggregates in big soda lake, nevada. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 45:1519-25. [PMID: 16346289 PMCID: PMC242494 DOI: 10.1128/aem.45.5.1519-1525.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen production by incubated cyanobacterial epiphytes occurred only in the dark, was stimulated by C(2)H(2), and was inhibited by O(2). Addition of NO(3) inhibited dark, anaerobic H(2) production, whereas the addition of NH(4) inhibited N(2) fixation (C(2)H(2) reduction) but not dark H(2) production. Aerobically incubated cyanobacterial aggregates consumed H(2), but light-incubated rates (3.6 mumol of H(2) g h) were statistically equivalent to dark uptake rates (4.8 mumol of H(2) g h), which were statistically equivalent to dark, anaerobic production rates (2.5 to 10 mumol of H(2) g h). Production rates of H(2) were fourfold higher for aggregates in a more advanced stage of decomposition. Enrichment cultures of H(2)-producing fermentative bacteria were recovered from freshly harvested, H(2)-producing cyanobacterial aggregates. Hydrogen production in these cyanobacterial communities appears to be caused by the resident bacterial flora and not by the cyanobacteria. In situ areal estimates of dark H(2) production by submerged epiphytes (6.8 mumol of H(2) m h) were much lower than rates of light-driven N(2) fixation by the epiphytic cyanobacteria (310 mumol of C(2)H(4) m h).
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Oremland
- U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California 94025
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Lambert GR, Daday A, Smith GD. Effects of Ammonium Ions, Oxygen, Carbon Monoxide, and Acetylene on Anaerobic and Aerobic Hydrogen Formation by Anabaena cylindrica B629. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 38:521-9. [PMID: 16345437 PMCID: PMC243526 DOI: 10.1128/aem.38.3.521-529.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An investigation was made of various factors, both experimental and physiological, which influenced the formation of hydrogen gas by the heterocystous cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica B629 when incubated in both argon and air. A. cylindrica B629 produces hydrogen in air in the presence of carbon monoxide, acetylene, or both, with a short lag period. The rate of production in air at optimal concentrations of these compounds was found to be comparable with that in an argon atmosphere. Whereas under argon, ammonium ions (0.5 to 6 mM) were found to inhibit hydrogen formation in a manner which was dependent on light intensity and not relieved by oxygen (1 to 20% of gas phase), in air-carbon monoxide-acetylene, these ions (up to at least 0.5 mM) slightly stimulated hydrogen production for at least 24 h. Conclusions are drawn about short-term aerobic and anaerobic hydrogen formation by A. cylindrica B629 and the effects of ammonium ions, oxygen, carbon monoxide, and acetylene on these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Lambert
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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8
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A novel endo-hydrogenase activity recycles hydrogen produced by nitrogen fixation. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4695. [PMID: 19277114 PMCID: PMC2650096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nitrogen (N2) fixation also yields hydrogen (H2) at 1∶1 stoichiometric amounts. In aerobic diazotrophic (able to grow on N2 as sole N-source) bacteria, orthodox respiratory hupSL-encoded hydrogenase activity, associated with the cell membrane but facing the periplasm (exo-hydrogenase), has nevertheless been presumed responsible for recycling such endogenous hydrogen. Methods and Findings As shown here, for Azorhizobium caulinodans diazotrophic cultures open to the atmosphere, exo-hydrogenase activity is of no consequence to hydrogen recycling. In a bioinformatic analysis, a novel seven-gene A. caulinodans hyq cluster encoding an integral-membrane, group-4, Ni,Fe-hydrogenase with homology to respiratory complex I (NADH : quinone dehydrogenase) was identified. By analogy, Hyq hydrogenase is also integral to the cell membrane, but its active site faces the cytoplasm (endo-hydrogenase). An A. caulinodans in-frame hyq operon deletion mutant, constructed by “crossover PCR”, showed markedly decreased growth rates in diazotrophic cultures; normal growth was restored with added ammonium—as expected of an H2-recycling mutant phenotype. Using A. caulinodans hyq merodiploid strains expressing β-glucuronidase as promoter-reporter, the hyq operon proved strongly and specifically induced in diazotrophic culture; as well, hyq operon induction required the NIFA transcriptional activator. Therefore, the hyq operon is constituent of the nif regulon. Conclusions Representative of aerobic N2-fixing and H2-recycling α-proteobacteria, A. caulinodans possesses two respiratory Ni,Fe-hydrogenases: HupSL exo-hydrogenase activity drives exogenous H2 respiration, and Hyq endo-hydrogenase activity recycles endogenous H2, specifically that produced by N2 fixation. To benefit human civilization, H2 has generated considerable interest as potential renewable energy source as its makings are ubiquitous and its combustion yields no greenhouse gases. As such, the reversible, group-4 Ni,Fe-hydrogenases, such as the A. caulinodans Hyq endo-hydrogenase, offer promise as biocatalytic agents for H2 production and/or consumption.
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9
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Oremland RS, Voytek MA. Acetylene as fast food: implications for development of life on anoxic primordial Earth and in the outer solar system. ASTROBIOLOGY 2008; 8:45-58. [PMID: 18199006 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2007.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Acetylene occurs, by photolysis of methane, in the atmospheres of jovian planets and Titan. In contrast, acetylene is only a trace component of Earth's current atmosphere. Nonetheless, a methane-rich atmosphere has been hypothesized for early Earth; this atmosphere would also have been rich in acetylene. This poses a paradox, because acetylene is a potent inhibitor of many key anaerobic microbial processes, including methanogenesis, anaerobic methane oxidation, nitrogen fixation, and hydrogen oxidation. Fermentation of acetylene was discovered approximately 25 years ago, and Pelobacter acetylenicus was shown to grow on acetylene by virtue of acetylene hydratase, which results in the formation of acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde subsequently dismutates to ethanol and acetate (plus some hydrogen). However, acetylene hydratase is specific for acetylene and does not react with any analogous compounds. We hypothesize that microbes with acetylene hydratase played a key role in the evolution of Earth's early biosphere by exploiting an available source of carbon from the atmosphere and in so doing formed protective niches that allowed for other microbial processes to flourish. Furthermore, the presence of acetylene in the atmosphere of a planet or planetoid could possibly represent evidence for an extraterrestrial anaerobic ecosystem.
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11
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Albracht SP. Nickel hydrogenases: in search of the active site. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1188:167-204. [PMID: 7803444 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(94)90036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S P Albracht
- E.C. Slater Institute, BioCentrum Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Sasikala K, Ramana C, Raghuveer Rao P, Subrahmanyam M. Photoproduction of hydrogen, nitrogenase and hydrogenase activities of free and immobilized whole cells ofRhodobacter sphaeroidesO.U. 001. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb03855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hyman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside 92521
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15
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Use of “Specific” Inhibitors in Biogeochemistry and Microbial Ecology. ADVANCES IN MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5409-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Fauque GD, Berlier YM, Czechowski MH, Dimon B, Lespinat PA, LeGall J. A proton-deuterium exchange study of three types ofDesulfovibrio hydrogenases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01569401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lespinat PA, Berlier YM, Fauque GD, Toci R, Denariaz G, LeGall J. The relationship between hydrogen metabolism, sulfate reduction and nitrogen fixation in sulfate reducers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01569336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Peck HD, LeGall J, Lespinat PA, Berlier Y, Fauque G. A direct demonstration of hydrogen cycling byDesulfovibrio vulgarisemploying membrane-inlet mass spectrometry. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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MIURA YOSHIHARU, FUJIWARA SHOKO, MIYAMOTO KAZUHISA. Prolonged Photoevolution of Hydrogen by Mastigocladus laminosus, a Thermophilic Blue-Green Alga. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb26509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Sellstedt A. Acetylene reduction, H2 evolution and (15)N 2 fixation in the Alnus incana-Frankia symbiosis. PLANTA 1986; 167:382-386. [PMID: 24240308 DOI: 10.1007/bf00391343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/1985] [Accepted: 10/11/1985] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Acetylene reduction, (15)N2 reduction and H2 evolution were measured in root systems of intact plants of grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) in symbiosis with Frankia. The ratios of C2H2: (15)N2 were compared with C2H2:N2 ratios calculated from C2H2 reduction and H2 evolution, and with C2H2:N2 ratios calculated from accumulated C2H4 production and nitrogen content. It was possible to calculate C2H2:N2 ratios from C2H2 reduction and H2 evolution because this source of Frankia did not show any hydrogenase activity. The ratios obtained using the different methods ranged from 2.72 to 4.42, but these values were not significantly different. It was also shown that enriched (15)N could be detected in the shoot after a 1-h incubation of the root-system. It is concluded that the measurement of H2 evolution in combination with C2H2 reduction represents a nondestructive assay for nitrogen fixation in a Frankia symbiosis which shows no detectable hydrogenase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sellstedt
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Umeå, S-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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21
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Lespinat PA, Berlier Y, Fauque G, Czechowski M, Dimon B, Le Gall J. The pH dependence of proton-deuterium exchange, hydrogen production and uptake catalyzed by hydrogenases from sulfate-reducing bacteria. Biochimie 1986; 68:55-61. [PMID: 3015249 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(86)81068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Different patterns have been found in the pH dependence of hydrogenase activity with enzymes purified from different species of Desulfovibrio. With the cytoplasmic hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio baculatus strain 9974, the pH optima in H2 production and uptake were respectively 4.0 and 7.5 with a higher activity in production than in uptake. The highest D2-H+ exchange activity was found also at pH 4.0 but the optima differed for the HD and the H2 components. Both similarly rose when the pH decreased from 9.0 to 4.5, but the rate of H2 evolution slowed whereas the HD evolution continued rising till pH values around 3.0 were reached. The H2 to HD ratio at pH above 4.5 was higher than one. With the periplasmic hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough, the highest exchange activity was near pH 5.5, the same value as in hydrogen production. The periplasmic hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio gigas had in contrast the same pH optimum in the exchange (7.5-8.0) as in the H2 uptake. The ratio of H2 to HD was below one for both enzymes. These different patterns may be related to functional and structural differences in the three hydrogenases so far studied, particularly in the composition of their catalytic centers.
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Graham LA, Stults LW, Maier RJ. Nitrogenase ? hydrogenase relationships in Rhizobium japonicum. Arch Microbiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00454935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tibelius KH, Knowles R. Hydrogenase activity in Azospirillum brasilense is inhibited by nitrite, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and acetylene. J Bacteriol 1984; 160:103-6. [PMID: 6384189 PMCID: PMC214687 DOI: 10.1128/jb.160.1.103-106.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrite, NO, CO, and C2H2 inhibited O2-dependent H2 uptake (H3H oxidation) in denitrifying Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 grown anaerobically on N2O or NO3-. The apparent Ki values for inhibition of O2-dependent H2 uptake were 20 microM for NO2-, 0.4 microM for NO, 28 microM for CO, and 88 microM for C2H2. These inhibitors also affected methylene blue-dependent H2 uptake, presumably by acting directly on the hydrogenase. Nitrite and NO inhibited H2 uptake irreversibly, whereas inhibition due to CO was easily reversed by repeatedly evacuating and backfilling with N2. The C2H2 inhibition was not readily reversed, partly due to difficulty in removing the last traces of this gas from solution. The NO2- inhibition of malate-dependent respiration was readily reversed by repeatedly washing the cells, in contrast to the effect of NO2- on H2-dependent respiration. These results suggest that the low hydrogenase activities observed in NO3(-)-grown cultures of A. brasilense may be due to the irreversible inhibition of hydrogenase by NO2- and NO produced by NO3- reduction.
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Wang ZC, Watt GD. H2-uptake activity of the MoFe protein component of Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1984; 81:376-9. [PMID: 6320185 PMCID: PMC344679 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.81.2.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The MoFe protein from Azotobacter vinelandii catalyzes the reduction of methylene blue and other oxidants by H2 under anaerobic conditions. H2 uptake followed manometrically or by 3H2 transfer from the gas to aqueous phase occurs concomitantly with methylene blue disappearance monitored optically or coulometrically. The stoichiometry was found to be 1:1 methylene blue/H2. MoFe protein oxidized by transfer of approximately 4 e- seems to be the redox state of the protein most active in the catalytic step, although both the S2O4(2-)-reduced and 6-e- oxidized state have been shown to react, but at a much lower rate. The presence of H2 in the atmosphere above the MoFe protein offers increased protection against O2 inactivation.
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Takakuwa S, Odom JM, Wall JD. Hydrogen uptake deficient mutants of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Arch Microbiol 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00415604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Neal JL, Allen GC, Morse RD, Wolf DD. Nitrate, nitrite, nitrous oxide and oxygen-dependent hydrogen uptake byRhizobium. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1983. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1983.tb00431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Fallon RD. Influences of pH, Temperature, and Moisture on Gaseous Tritium Uptake in Surface Soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 1982; 44:171-8. [PMID: 16346053 PMCID: PMC241986 DOI: 10.1128/aem.44.1.171-178.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In South Carolina surface soils, the uptake of gaseous tritium (T
2
, HT, or both) showed a broad optimal temperature response from about 20 to 50°C, with the highest rates at 35 to 45°C. The optimal pH was in the range of 4 to 7. Uptake rates declined at the wet and dry extremes in soil moisture content. Inhibition seen upon the addition of hydrogen or carbon monoxide to the soil atmosphere suggested that hydrogenase may be responsible for T
2
-HT uptake in soil. During the period of most rapid recovery in a 36-day incubation of reinoculated, sterilized soil, T
2
-HT uptake rates doubled every 2 to 4 days. Thus, T
2
-HT uptake appears to be biologically mediated. Soil uptake of T
2
-HT was not severely limited by pH, temperature, or moisture in the soils tested. Thus, rapid exchange of gaseous tritium into soil water must be expected and accounted for in modeling the isotope distributions around nuclear facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Fallon
- E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Savannah River Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina 29808
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LAMBERT GRANTR, SMITH GEOFFREYD. THE HYDROGEN METABOLISM OF CYANOBACTERIA (BLUE-GREEN ALGAE). Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1981.tb00360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Lambert GR, Smith GD. Hydrogen uptake by the nitrogen-starved cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica. Arch Biochem Biophys 1981; 211:360-7. [PMID: 6795997 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(81)90465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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34
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McLean PA, Dixon RA. Requirement of nifV gene for production of wild-type nitrogenase enzyme in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Nature 1981; 292:655-6. [PMID: 7019729 DOI: 10.1038/292655a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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35
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Lespinat PA, Berlier YM. The dependence of hydrogen recycling upon nitrogenase activity inAzospirillum brasilenseSp. 7. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1981.tb06222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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36
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Colbeau A, Kelley BC, Vignais PM. Hydrogenase activity in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata: relationship with nitrogenase activity. J Bacteriol 1980; 144:141-8. [PMID: 6998943 PMCID: PMC294606 DOI: 10.1128/jb.144.1.141-148.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogenase activity was found in cells of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata strain B10 cultured under a variety of growth conditions either anaerobically in the light or aerobically in the dark. The highest activities were found routinely in cells grown in the presence of H2. The hydrogenase of R. capsulata was localized in the particulate fraction of the cells. High hydrogenase activities were usually observed in cells possessing an active nitrogenase. The hydrogen produced by the nitrogenase stimulated the activity of hydrogenase in growing cells. However, the synthesis of hydrogenase was not closely linked to the synthesis of nitrogenase. Hydrogenase was present in dark-grown cultures, whereas nitrogenase synthesis was not significant in the absence of light. Unlike nitrogenase, hydrogenase was present in cultures grown on NH4+. Conditions were established which allowed the synthesis of either nitrogenase or hydrogenase by resting cells. We concluded that hydrogenase can be synthesized independently of nitrogenase.
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39
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Kaneshiro T, Newton JW, Selke E, Slodki ME. Dinitrogen (15N2) fixation and acetylene reduction in free-living strains ofRhizobium. Curr Microbiol 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02601805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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Jouanneau Y, Kelley BC, Berlier Y, Lespinat PA, Vignais PM. Continuous monitoring, by mass spectrometry, of H2 production and recycling in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. J Bacteriol 1980; 143:628-36. [PMID: 7009556 PMCID: PMC294329 DOI: 10.1128/jb.143.2.628-636.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen evolution and consumption by cell and chromatophore suspensions of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata was measured with a sensitive and specific mass spectrometric technique which directly monitors dissolved gases. H2 production by nitrogenase was inhibited by acetylene and restored by carbon monoxide. An H2 evolution activity coupled with HD formation and D2 uptake (H-D exchange) was unaffected by C2H2 and CO. Cultures lacking nitrogenase activity also exhibited H-D exchange activity, which was catalyzed by a membrane-bound hydrogenase present in the chromatophores of R. capsulata. A net hydrogen uptake, mediated by hydrogenase, was observed when electron acceptors such as CO2, O2, or ferricyanide were present in the medium.
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41
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Scherer S, Kerfin W, Böger P. Regulatory effect of hydrogen on nitrogenase activity of the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Nostoc muscorum. J Bacteriol 1980; 141:1037-40. [PMID: 6767700 PMCID: PMC293774 DOI: 10.1128/jb.141.3.1037-1040.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Preincubation of the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Nostoc muscorum under an atmosphere of argon plus acetylene in the light led to a greater than fourfold increase of light-induced hydrogen evolution and to a 50% increase of acetylene reduction, as compared to cells that had not been preconditioned. The basic and the increased hydrogen evolution were both due to nitrogenase activity. Furthermore, after preincubation the hydrogen uptake, usually observed with unconditional cells, was abolished. Nostoc preincubated under acetylene evolved hydrogen in the light even in the presence of nitrogen for at least 2 h, with a 15-fold increase as compared to the unconditioned cells. These acetylene effects could be completely abolished by the presence of hydrogen during acetylene preincubation. These findings indicate that the hydrogen concentration in N. muscorum cells plays a role in regulation of nitrogenase activity.
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42
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An Evaluation of N2 Fixation and H2 Production in Fermentation Culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-040304-2.50017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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43
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Peschek GA. Aerobic hydrogenase activity in Anacystis nidulans. The oxyhydrogen reaction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 548:203-15. [PMID: 116680 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(79)90129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. The oxyhydrogen reaction of Anacystis nidulans was studied manometrically and polarographically in whole cells and in cell-free preparations; the activity was found to be associated with the particulate fraction. 2. Besides O2, the isolated membranes reduced artificial electron acceptors of positive redox potential; the reactions were unaffected by O2 levels less than 10--15%; aerobically the artificial acceptors were reduced simultaneously with O2. 3. H2-supported O2 uptake was inhibited by CO, KCN and 2-n-heptyl-8-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide. Inhibition by CO was partly reversed by strong light. Uncouplers stimulated the oxyhydrogen reaction. 4. The kinetic properties of O2 uptake by isolated membranes were the same in presence of H2 and of other respiratory substrates. 5. Low rates of H2 evolution by the membrane preparations were found in presence of dithionite; methyl viologen stimulated the reaction. 6. The results indicate that under certain growth conditions Anacystis synthesizes a membrane-bound hydrogenase which appears to be involved in phosphorylative electron flow from H2 to O2 through the respiratory chain.
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44
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Peschek GA. Anaerobic hydrogenase activity in Anacystis nidulans. H2-dependent photoreduction and related reactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 548:187-202. [PMID: 116679 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(79)90128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. Anaerobic hydrogenase activity in whole cells and cell-free preparations of H2-induced Anacystis was studied both manometrically and spectrophotometrically in presence of physiological and artificial electron acceptors. 2. Up to 90% of the activity measured in crude extracts were recovered in the chlorophyll-containing membrane fraction after centrifugation (144 000 X g, 3 h). 3. Reduction of methyl viologen, diquat, ferredoxin, nitrite and NADP by the membranes was light dependent while oxidants of more positive redox potential were reduced also in the dark. 4. Evolution of H2 by the membranes was obtained with dithionite and with reduced methyl viologen; the reaction was stimulated by detergents. 5. Both uptake and evolution of H2 were sensitive to O2, CO, and thiolblocking agents. The H2-dependent reductions were inhibited also by the plastoquinone antagonist dibromothymoquinone, while the ferredoxin inhibitor disalicylidenepropanediamine affected the photoreduction of nitrite and NADP only. 3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea did not inhibit any one of the H2-dependent reactions. 6. The results present evidence for a membrane-bound 'photoreduction' hydrogenase in H2-induced Anacystis. The enzyme apparently initiates a light-driven electron flow from H2 to various low-potential acceptors including endogenous ferredoxin.
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45
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McMillan RS, Renaud J, Reynolds JG, Holm RH. Biologically related iron-sulfur clusters as reaction centers. Reduction of acetylene to ethylene in systems based on [Fe4S4(SR)4]3-. J Inorg Biochem 1979; 11:213-27. [PMID: 512659 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(00)80019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The possibility that clusters containing the Fe4S4 core unit found in a wide variety of proteins can effect reductive transformations of Fe-S enzyme substrates has been investigated using the reduced synthetic clusters [Fe4S4(SPh)4]3- and acetylene, an alternate nitrogenase substrate. The system [Fe4S4(SPh)4]3-/acetic acid/acetic anhydride in N-methylpyrollidinone at approximately 25 degrees was found to reduce acetylene homogeneously to ethylene, and in the presence of a deuterium source to afford as the principal stereochemical product cis-1,2-C2H2D2. No appreciable reduction was found using the oxidized cluster [Fe4S4(SPh)4]2-. The system is not catalytic and departs from the strict stoichiometry of the reaction, 2[Fe4S4(SPh)4]3- + C2H2 + 2H+ leads to 2 [Fe4S4(SPh)4]2- + C2H4, primarily because of a competing cluster oxidation reaction which could not be eliminated. Based on this reaction ca. 60% conversion of acetylene to ethylene was achieved. A reaction sequence based on absorption and 1H nmr spectral observations and product stereo-chemistry is suggested. The results demonstrate that biologically related, reduced Fe4S4 clusters can effect reduction of at least one Fe-S enzyme substrate, and raise the general possibility of substrate transformation with such clusters as reaction sites in biological systems.
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46
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MCKENNA CE, HUANG CW. In vivo reduction of cyclopropane by Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase. Nature 1979. [DOI: 10.1038/280609a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Laane C, Haaker H, Veeger C. On the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation in membrane vesicles of Azotobacter vinelandii and of Rhizobium leguminosarum bacteroids. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 97:369-77. [PMID: 223842 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb13123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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48
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Tetley RM, Bishop NI. The differential action of metronidazole on nitrogen fixation, hydrogen metabolism, photosynthesis and respiration in Anabaena and Scenedesmus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 546:43-53. [PMID: 109115 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(79)90168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metronidazole (2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole-1-ethanol) at 1--2 mM levels has been shown to be a selective inhibitor of nitrogenase activity in Anabanena. Two constitutive hydrogenases and photosynthesis are insensitive to metronidazole at these same concentrations. At higher concentrations metronidazole inhibits photosynthesis in Anabaena while photoreduction and to a lesser extent photohydrogen production are retarded in Scenedesmus. Respiration is slightly stimulated at high metronidazole levels in both algae. The reductant source for nitrogenase in Anabaena and photohydrogen production and photoreduction electron transport in Scenedesmus are discussed. Due to the activity to metronidazole as a selective inhibitor of ferredoxin-associated processes, it should prove to be useful in N2 fixation studies and in distinguishing between ferredoxin-linked reactions of different sensitivities and other activities not associated with low reduction potential components.
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49
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Ruiz-Argüeso T, Maier RJ, Evans HJ. Hydrogen Evolution from Alfalfa and Clover Nodules and Hydrogen Uptake by Free-Living
Rhizobium meliloti. Appl Environ Microbiol 1979; 37:582-7. [PMID: 16345361 PMCID: PMC243258 DOI: 10.1128/aem.37.3.582-587.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of
Rhizobium meliloti
and
Rhizobium trifolii
strains were used as inocula for alfalfa and clover, respectively, grown under bacteriologically controlled conditions. Replicate samples of nodules formed by each strain were assayed for rates of H
2
evolution in air, rates of H
2
evolution under Ar and O
2
, and rates of C
2
H
2
reduction. Nodules formed by all strains of
R. meliloti
and
R. trifolii
on their respective hosts lost at least 17% of the electron flow through nitrogenase as evolved H
2
. The mean loss from alfalfa nodules formed by 19
R. meliloti
strains was 25%, and the mean loss from clover nodules formed by seven
R. trifolii
strains was 35%.
R. meliloti
and
R. trifolii
strains also were cultured under conditions that were previously established for derepression of hydrogenase synthesis. Only strains 102F65 and 102F51 of
R. meliloti
showed measurable activity under free-living conditions. Bacteroids from nodules formed by the two strains showing hydrogenase activity under free-living conditions also oxidized H
2
at low rates. The specific activity of hydrogenase in bacteroids formed by either strain 102F65 or strain 102F51 of
R. meliloti
was less than 0.1% of the specific activity of the hydrogenase system in bacteroids formed by H
2
uptake-positive
Rhizobium japonicum
USDA 110, which has been investigated previously.
R. meliloti
and
R. trifolii
strains tested possessed insufficient hydrogenase to recycle a substantial proportion of the H
2
evolved from the nitrogenase reaction in nodules of their hosts. Additional research is needed, therefore, to develop strains of
R. meliloti
and
R. trifolii
that possess an adequate H
2
-recycling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ruiz-Argüeso
- Laboratory for Nitrogen Fixation Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
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Ruiz-Arg�eso T, Emerich DW, Evans HJ. Characteristics of the H2 oxidizing system in soybean nodule bacteroids. Arch Microbiol 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00425056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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