1
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Greve W. Adaptation across the Lifespan: Towards a Processual Evolutionary Explanation of Human Development. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2023; 57:1119-1139. [PMID: 37097544 PMCID: PMC10622369 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-023-09767-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper argues that the project of a lifespan perspective in developmental psychology has not yet been systematically pursued. Overall, the number of age-specific papers far outweighs the number of lifespan approaches, and even approaches that focus on the lifespan as a whole are often restricted to adulthood. Further, there is a lack of approaches that examine cross-lifespan relationships. However, the lifespan perspective has brought with it a "processual turn" that suggests an examination of developmental regulatory processes that are either operative across the lifespan or develop across the lifespan. Accommodative adjustment of goals and evaluations in response to obstacles, loss, and threat is discussed as an example of such a process. Not only is it prototypical of efficacy and change of developmental regulation across the lifespan, but at the same time it makes clear that stability (e.g., of the self)-as a possible outcome of accommodation-is not an alternative to, but a variant of development. Explaining how accommodative adaptation changes, in turn, requires a broader perspective. For this purpose, an evolutionary approach to developmental psychology is proposed that not only views human development as a product of phylogenesis, but also applies the central concepts of the theory of evolution (adaptation and history) directly to ontogeny. The challenges, conditions, and limitations of such a theoretical application of adaptation to human development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Greve
- Institute for Psychology, University of Hildesheim, Universitaetsplatz 1, 31141, Hildesheim, Germany.
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2
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Roper M, Green JP, Salguero-Gómez R, Bonsall MB. Inclusive fitness forces of selection in an age-structured population. Commun Biol 2023; 6:909. [PMID: 37670147 PMCID: PMC10480192 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hamilton's force of selection acting against age-specific mortality is constant and maximal prior to the age of first reproduction, before declining to zero at the age of last reproduction. The force of selection acting on age-specific reproduction declines monotonically from birth in a growing or stationary population. Central to these results is the assumption that individuals do not interact with one another. This assumption is violated in social organisms, where an individual's survival and/or reproduction may shape the inclusive fitness of other group members. Yet, it remains unclear how the forces of selection might be modified when inclusive fitness, rather than population growth rate, is considered the appropriate metric for fitness. Here, we derive such inclusive fitness forces of selection, and show that selection on age-specific survival is not always constant before maturity, and can remain above zero in post-reproductive age classes. We also show how the force of selection on age-specific reproduction does not always decline monotonically from birth, but instead depends on the balance of costs and benefits of increasing reproduction to both direct and indirect fitness. Our theoretical framework provides an opportunity to expand our understanding of senescence across social species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Roper
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK.
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jonathan P Green
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Roberto Salguero-Gómez
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Straße 1, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael B Bonsall
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
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3
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Koenig WD, Barve S, Haydock J, Dugdale HL, Oli MK, Walters EL. Lifetime inclusive fitness effects of cooperative polygamy in the acorn woodpecker. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219345120. [PMID: 37126712 PMCID: PMC10175847 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219345120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although over 50 y have passed since W. D. Hamilton articulated kin selection and inclusive fitness as evolutionary explanations for altruistic behavior, quantifying inclusive fitness continues to be challenging. Here, using 30 y of data and two alternative methods, we outline an approach to measure lifetime inclusive fitness effects of cooperative polygamy (mate-sharing or cobreeding) in the cooperatively breeding acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus. For both sexes, the number of offspring (observed direct fitness) declined while the number of young parented by related cobreeders (observed indirect fitness effect) increased with cobreeding coalition size. Combining these two factors, the observed inclusive fitness effect of cobreeding was greater than breeding singly for males, while the pattern for females depended on whether fitness was age-weighted, as females breeding singly accrued greater fitness at younger ages than cobreeding females. Accounting for the fitness birds would have obtained by breeding singly, however, lifetime inclusive fitness effects declined with coalition size for males, but were greater for females breeding as duos compared to breeding singly, due largely to indirect fitness effects of kin. Our analyses provide a road map for, and demonstrate the importance of, quantifying indirect fitness as a powerful evolutionary force contributing to the costs and benefits of social behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter D. Koenig
- Hastings Natural History Reservation, University of California Berkeley, Carmel Valley, CA93924
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14850
| | - Sahas Barve
- Avian Ecology Program, Archbold Biological Station, Venus, FL33960
- Division of Birds, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC20560
| | - Joseph Haydock
- Biology Department, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA99258
| | - Hannah L. Dugdale
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, UK
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Madan K. Oli
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL32611
| | - Eric L. Walters
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA23529
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4
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Measuring fitness and inferring natural selection from long-term field studies: different measures lead to nuanced conclusions. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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5
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Levin SR, Grafen A. Extending the range of additivity in using inclusive fitness. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:1970-1983. [PMID: 33717435 PMCID: PMC7920790 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inclusive fitness is a concept widely utilized by social biologists as the quantity organisms appear designed to maximize. However, inclusive fitness theory has long been criticized on the (uncontested) grounds that other quantities, such as offspring number, predict gene frequency changes accurately in a wider range of mathematical models. Here, we articulate a set of modeling assumptions that extend the range of scenarios in which inclusive fitness can be applied. We reanalyze recent formal analyses that searched for, but did not find, inclusive fitness maximization. We show (a) that previous models have not used Hamilton's definition of inclusive fitness, (b) a reinterpretation of Hamilton's definition that makes it usable in this context, and (c) that under the assumption of probabilistic mixing of phenotypes, inclusive fitness is indeed maximized in these models. We also show how to understand mathematically, and at an individual level, the definition of inclusive fitness, in an explicit population genetic model in which exact additivity is not assumed. We hope that in articulating these modeling assumptions and providing formal support for inclusive fitness maximization, we help bridge the gap between empiricists and theoreticians, which in some ways has been widening, demonstrating to mathematicians why biologists are content to use inclusive fitness, and offering one way to utilize inclusive fitness in general models of social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Grafen
- Department of ZoologyOxford UniversityOxfordUK
- St John's CollegeOxford UniversityOxfordUK
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6
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Vitt S, Hiller J, Thünken T. Intrasexual selection: Kin competition increases male-male territorial aggression in a monogamous cichlid fish. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:11183-11191. [PMID: 33144958 PMCID: PMC7593200 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During intrasexual competition, individuals of the same sex compete for access to breeding sites and mating partners, often accompanied by aggressive behavior. Kin selection theory predicts different kin-directed social interactions ranging from cooperation to aggression depending on the context and the resource in question. Kin competition reducing indirect fitness might be avoided by actively expelling relatives from territories and by showing higher aggression against kin. The West-African cichlid Pelvicachromis taeniatus is a monogamous cave breeder with males occupying and defending breeding sites against rivals. This species is capable of kin recognition and shows kin-preference during juvenile shoaling and mate choice. However, subadults of P. taeniatus seem to avoid the proximity of same-sex kin. In the present study, we examined territorial aggression of territory holders against intruding related and unrelated males as well as intruder's behavior. We observed higher aggression among related competitors suggesting that related males are less tolerated as neighbors. Avoidance of intrasexual competition with relatives might increase indirect fitness of males in monogamous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Vitt
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and EcologyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Jenny Hiller
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and EcologyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Timo Thünken
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and EcologyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
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7
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Borgstede M. An evolutionary model of reinforcer value. Behav Processes 2020; 175:104109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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8
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Levin SR, Caro SM, Griffin AS, West SA. Honest signaling and the double counting of inclusive fitness. Evol Lett 2019; 3:428-433. [PMID: 31636937 PMCID: PMC6791179 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusive fitness requires a careful accounting of all the fitness effects of a particular behavior. Verbal arguments can potentially exaggerate the inclusive fitness consequences of a behavior by including the fitness of relatives that was not caused by that behavior, leading to error. We show how this “double‐counting” error can arise, with a recent example from the signaling literature. In particular, we examine the recent debate over whether parental divorce increases parent–offspring conflict, selecting for less honest signaling. We found that, when all the inclusive fitness consequences are accounted for, parental divorce increases conflict between siblings, in a way that they can select for less honest signaling. This prediction is consistent with the empirical data. More generally, our results illustrate how verbal arguments can be misleading, emphasizing the advantage of formal mathematical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Levin
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3PS United Kingdom
| | - Shana M Caro
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology Columbia University NY 10027 New York
| | - Ashleigh S Griffin
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3PS United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A West
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3PS United Kingdom
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9
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Fréville H, Roumet P, Rode NO, Rocher A, Latreille M, Muller M, David J. Preferential helping to relatives: A potential mechanism responsible for lower yield of crop variety mixtures? Evol Appl 2019; 12:1837-1849. [PMID: 31548861 PMCID: PMC6752151 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Variety mixtures, the cultivation of different genotypes within a field, have been proposed as a way to increase within-crop diversity, allowing the development of more sustainable agricultural systems with reduced environmental costs. Although mixtures have often been shown to over-yield the average of component varieties in pure stands, decreased yields in mixtures have also been documented. Kin selection may explain such pattern, whenever plants direct helping behaviors preferentially toward relatives and thus experience stronger competition when grown with less related neighbors, lowering seed production of mixtures. Using varieties of durum wheat originating from traditional Moroccan agrosystems, we designed a greenhouse experiment to address whether plants reduced competition for light by limiting stem elongation when growing with kin and whether such phenotypic response resulted in higher yield of kin groups. Seeds were sown in groups of siblings and nonkin, each group containing a focal plant surrounded by four neighbors. At the group level, mean plant height and yield did not depend upon relatedness among competing plants. At the individual level, plant height was not affected by genetic relatedness to neighbors, after accounting for direct genetic effects that might induce among-genotype differences in the ability to capture resources that do not depend on relatedness. Moreover, in contrast to our predictions, shorter plants had lower inclusive fitness. Phenotypic plasticity in height was very limited in response to neighbor genotypes. This suggests that human selection in crops may have attenuated shade-avoidance responses to competition for light. Future research on preferential helping to relatives in crops might thus target social traits that drive competition for other resources than light. Overall, our study illustrates the relevance of tackling agricultural issues from an evolutionary standpoint and calls for extending such approaches to a larger set of crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Fréville
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Pierre Roumet
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Nicolas Olivier Rode
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgroMontpellierFrance
- CBGP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, INRAIRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Aline Rocher
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Muriel Latreille
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgroMontpellierFrance
| | | | - Jacques David
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgroMontpellierFrance
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10
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Fromhage L, Jennions MD. The strategic reference gene: an organismal theory of inclusive fitness. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190459. [PMID: 31185857 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
How to define and use the concept of inclusive fitness is a contentious topic in evolutionary theory. Inclusive fitness can be used to calculate selection on a focal gene, but it is also applied to whole organisms. Individuals are then predicted to appear designed as if to maximize their inclusive fitness, provided that certain conditions are met (formally when interactions between individuals are 'additive'). Here we argue that applying the concept of inclusive fitness to organisms is justified under far broader conditions than previously shown, but only if it is appropriately defined. Specifically, we propose that organisms should maximize the sum of their offspring ( including any accrued due to the behaviour/phenotype of relatives), plus any effects on their relatives' offspring production, weighted by relatedness. By contrast, most theoreticians have argued that a focal individual's inclusive fitness should exclude any offspring accrued due to the behaviour of relatives. Our approach is based on the notion that long-term evolution follows the genome's 'majority interest' of building coherent bodies that are efficient 'vehicles' for gene propagation. A gene favoured by selection that reduces the propagation of unlinked genes at other loci (e.g. meiotic segregation distorters that lower sperm production) is eventually neutralized by counter-selection throughout the rest of the genome. Most phenotypes will therefore appear as if designed to maximize the propagation of any given gene in a focal individual and its relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Fromhage
- 1 Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä , PO Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Michael D Jennions
- 2 Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601 , Australia
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11
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Levin SR, Grafen A. Inclusive fitness is an indispensable approximation for understanding organismal design. Evolution 2019; 73:1066-1076. [PMID: 30993671 PMCID: PMC6593845 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
For some decades most biologists interested in design have agreed that natural selection leads to organisms acting as if they are maximizing a quantity known as "inclusive fitness." This maximization principle has been criticized on the (uncontested) grounds that other quantities, such as offspring number, predict gene frequency changes accurately in a wider range of mathematical models. Here, we adopt a resolution offered by Birch, who accepts the technical difficulties of establishing inclusive fitness maximization in a fully general model, while concluding that inclusive fitness is still useful as an organizing framework. We set out in more detail why inclusive fitness is such a practical and powerful framework, and provide verbal and conceptual arguments for why social biology would be more or less impossible without it. We aim to help mathematicians understand why social biologists are content to use inclusive fitness despite its theoretical weaknesses. Here, we also offer biologists practical advice for avoiding potential pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R. Levin
- Department of ZoologyOxford UniversitySouth Parks RoadOxford OX1 3PSUnited Kingdom
| | - Alan Grafen
- Department of ZoologyOxford UniversitySouth Parks RoadOxford OX1 3PSUnited Kingdom
- St John's CollegeOxford UniversityOxford OX1 3JPUnited Kingdom
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12
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Bose APH, Henshaw JM, Zimmermann H, Fritzsche K, Sefc KM. Inclusive fitness benefits mitigate costs of cuckoldry to socially paired males. BMC Biol 2019; 17:2. [PMID: 30700283 PMCID: PMC6354359 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0620-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In socially monogamous species, reproduction is not always confined to paired males and females. Extra-pair males commonly also reproduce with paired females, which is traditionally thought to be costly to the females’ social partners. However, we suggest that when the relatedness between reproducing individuals is considered, cuckolded males can suffer lower fitness losses than otherwise expected, especially when the rate of cuckoldry is high. We combine theoretical modeling with a detailed genetic study on a socially monogamous wild fish, Variabilichromis moorii, which displays biparental care despite exceptionally high rates of extra-pair paternity. Results We measured the relatedness between all parties involved in V. moorii spawning events (i.e. between males and females in social pairs, females and their extra-pair partners, and paired males and their cuckolders), and we reveal that males are on average more related to their cuckolders than expected by chance. Queller–Goodnight estimates of relatedness between males and their cuckolders are on average r = 0.038 but can range up to r = 0.64. This also increases the relatedness between males and the extra-pair offspring under their care. These intriguing results are consistent with the predictions of our mathematical model, which shows that elevated relatedness between paired males and their cuckolders can be adaptive for both parties when competition for fertilizations is strong. Conclusions Our results show how cuckoldry by relatives can offset males’ direct fitness losses with inclusive fitness gains, which can be substantial in systems where males face almost certain paternity losses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12915-018-0620-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesh P H Bose
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Jonathan M Henshaw
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Holger Zimmermann
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Karoline Fritzsche
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Kristina M Sefc
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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Bateman AW, Ozgul A, Krkošek M, Clutton-Brock TH. Matrix Models of Hierarchical Demography: Linking Group- and Population-Level Dynamics in Cooperative Breeders. Am Nat 2018; 192:188-203. [DOI: 10.1086/698217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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14
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Hing ML, Klanten OS, Dowton M, Wong MYL. The Right Tools for the Job: Cooperative Breeding Theory and an Evaluation of the Methodological Approaches to Understanding the Evolution and Maintenance of Sociality. Front Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod D. Hadfield
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH8 9YL UK
| | - Caroline E. Thomson
- Department of Zoology Edward Grey Institute University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3PS UK
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E. Thomson
- Department of Zoology Edward Grey Institute University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3PS UK
- Evolution and Biology Diversity University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier Building 4R1, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
| | - Jarrod D. Hadfield
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH8 9YL UK
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17
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Queller DC, Goodnight KF. ESTIMATING RELATEDNESS USING GENETIC MARKERS. Evolution 2017; 43:258-275. [PMID: 28568555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1989.tb04226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1298] [Impact Index Per Article: 185.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/1987] [Accepted: 08/17/1988] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David C. Queller
- Department of Biology Rice University P.O. Box 1892 Houston TX 77251
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18
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Koenig WD, Albano SS. LIFETIME REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS, SELECTION, AND THE OPPORTUNITY FOR SELECTION IN THE WHITE-TAILED SKIMMER PLATHEMIS LYDIA
(ODONATA: LIBELLULIDAE). Evolution 2017; 41:22-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1987.tb05768.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/1985] [Revised: 12/16/1985] [Accepted: 09/23/1986] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter D. Koenig
- Hastings Reservation and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology; University of California; Carmel Valley CA 93924
| | - Stephen S. Albano
- Moore Laboratory of Zoology; Occidental College; Los Angeles CA 90041
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19
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Coco E. William D. Hamilton's Brazilian lectures and his unpublished model regarding Wynne-Edwards's idea of natural selection. With a note on 'pluralism' and different philosophical approaches to evolution. HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 38:24. [PMID: 27910006 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-016-0125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In 1975, the English evolutionist William Donald Hamilton (1936-2000) held in Brazil a series of lectures entitled "Population genetics and social behaviour". The unpublished notes of these conferences-written by Hamilton and recently discovered at the British Library-offer an opportunity to reflect on some of the author's ideas about evolution. The year of the conference is particularly significant, as it took place shortly after the applications of the Price equation with which Hamilton was able to build a model that included several levels of selection. In this paper I mainly analyse the inaugural lecture in which Hamilton proposes a simple model to disprove the hypothesis supported by the British zoologist C. Vero Wynne-Edwards (1906-1997) regarding mechanisms to prevent "over-exploitation of the food supply" in "the interests of the survival of the group". The document presented here is of great historical interest. Not only because manuscript offers a model that-since it was intended for teaching purposes-had never before appeared in the published version, but also because of the general index of the lectures that accompanies it. The latter allows us to make some hypothetical considerations on the relationship and differences between kin-selection, group-selection and inclusive fitness that Hamilton wanted to present to the attentive, well-prepared audience of the foreign university that had invited him.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Coco
- Storia della Filosofia, DiSForm, Università di Catania, Via Biblioteca 4, 95124, Catania, Italy.
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20
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Higher reproductive success for chimeras than solitary individuals in the kelp Lessonia spicata but no benefit for individual genotypes. Evol Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-016-9849-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Regan CE, Pilkington JG, Pemberton JM, Crawley MJ. Sex differences in relationships between habitat use and reproductive performance in Soay sheep (Ovis aries). Ecol Lett 2015; 19:171-179. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte. E. Regan
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology; School of Biological Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Ashworth Laboratories; Charlotte Auerbach Road Edinburgh EH9 3FL UK
| | - Jill. G. Pilkington
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology; School of Biological Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Ashworth Laboratories; Charlotte Auerbach Road Edinburgh EH9 3FL UK
| | - Josephine. M. Pemberton
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology; School of Biological Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Ashworth Laboratories; Charlotte Auerbach Road Edinburgh EH9 3FL UK
| | - Michael. J. Crawley
- Faculty of Natural Sciences; Department of Life Sciences; Imperial College London; Silwood Park Ascot Berkshire UK
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Volis S, Ormanbekova D, Yermekbayev K, Song M, Shulgina I. Multi-approaches analysis reveals local adaptation in the emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides) at macro- but not micro-geographical scale. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121153. [PMID: 25793512 PMCID: PMC4368821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting local adaptation and its spatial scale is one of the most important questions of evolutionary biology. However, recognition of the effect of local selection can be challenging when there is considerable environmental variation across the distance at the whole species range. We analyzed patterns of local adaptation in emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, at two spatial scales, small (inter-population distance less than one km) and large (inter-population distance more than 50 km) using several approaches. Plants originating from four distinct habitats at two geographic scales (cold edge, arid edge and two topographically dissimilar core locations) were reciprocally transplanted and their success over time was measured as 1) lifetime fitness in a year of planting, and 2) population growth four years after planting. In addition, we analyzed molecular (SSR) and quantitative trait variation and calculated the QST/FST ratio. No home advantage was detected at the small spatial scale. At the large spatial scale, home advantage was detected for the core population and the cold edge population in the year of introduction via measuring life-time plant performance. However, superior performance of the arid edge population in its own environment was evident only after several generations via measuring experimental population growth rate through genotyping with SSRs allowing counting the number of plants and seeds per introduced genotype per site. These results highlight the importance of multi-generation surveys of population growth rate in local adaptation testing. Despite predominant self-fertilization of T. dicoccoides and the associated high degree of structuring of genetic variation, the results of the QST - FST comparison were in general agreement with the pattern of local adaptation at the two spatial scales detected by reciprocal transplanting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Volis
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Danara Ormanbekova
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, 45 Timiryazev St., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Kanat Yermekbayev
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, 45 Timiryazev St., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Minshu Song
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China
| | - Irina Shulgina
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China
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Walzer A, Schausberger P. Canalization of body size matters for lifetime reproductive success of male predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014; 111:889-899. [PMID: 25132689 PMCID: PMC4133644 DOI: 10.1111/bij.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive canalization hypothesis predicts that highly fitness-relevant traits are canalized via past selection, resulting in low phenotypic plasticity and high robustness to environmental stress. Accordingly, we hypothesized that the level of phenotypic plasticity of male body size of the predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis (low plasticity) and Neoseiulus californicus (high plasticity) reflects the effects of body size variation on fitness, especially male lifetime reproductive success (LRS). We first generated small and standard-sized males of P. persimilis and N. californicus by rearing them to adulthood under limited and ample prey supply, respectively. Then, adult small and standard-sized males were provided with surplus virgin females throughout life to assess their mating and reproductive traits. Small male body size did not affect male longevity or the number of fertilized females but reduced male LRS of P. persimilis but not N. californicus. Proximately, the lower LRS of small than standard-sized P. persimilis males correlated with shorter mating durations, probably decreasing the amount of transferred sperm. Ultimately, we suggest that male body size is more strongly canalized in P. persimilis than N. californicus because deviation from standard body size has larger detrimental fitness effects in P. persimilis than N. californicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Walzer
- Group of Arthropod Ecology and Behavior, Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesPeter Jordanstrasse 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Schausberger
- Group of Arthropod Ecology and Behavior, Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesPeter Jordanstrasse 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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Bourke AFG. Hamilton's rule and the causes of social evolution. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130362. [PMID: 24686934 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hamilton's rule is a central theorem of inclusive fitness (kin selection) theory and predicts that social behaviour evolves under specific combinations of relatedness, benefit and cost. This review provides evidence for Hamilton's rule by presenting novel syntheses of results from two kinds of study in diverse taxa, including cooperatively breeding birds and mammals and eusocial insects. These are, first, studies that empirically parametrize Hamilton's rule in natural populations and, second, comparative phylogenetic analyses of the genetic, life-history and ecological correlates of sociality. Studies parametrizing Hamilton's rule are not rare and demonstrate quantitatively that (i) altruism (net loss of direct fitness) occurs even when sociality is facultative, (ii) in most cases, altruism is under positive selection via indirect fitness benefits that exceed direct fitness costs and (iii) social behaviour commonly generates indirect benefits by enhancing the productivity or survivorship of kin. Comparative phylogenetic analyses show that cooperative breeding and eusociality are promoted by (i) high relatedness and monogamy and, potentially, by (ii) life-history factors facilitating family structure and high benefits of helping and (iii) ecological factors generating low costs of social behaviour. Overall, the focal studies strongly confirm the predictions of Hamilton's rule regarding conditions for social evolution and their causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F G Bourke
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, , Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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25
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Competitive environments sustain costly altruism with negligible assortment of interactions. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2836. [PMID: 24089101 PMCID: PMC3789156 DOI: 10.1038/srep02836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Competition hinders the evolution of altruism amongst kin when beneficiaries gain at the expense of competing relatives. Altruism is consequently deemed to require stronger kin selection, or trait-selected synergies, or elastic population regulation, to counter this effect. Here we contest the view that competition puts any such demands on altruism. In ecologically realistic scenarios, competition influences both altruism and defection. We show how environments that pit defectors against each other allow strong altruism to evolve even in populations with negligible kin structure and no synergies. Competition amongst defectors presents relative advantages to altruism in the simplest games between altruists and defectors, and the most generic models of altruistic phenotypes or genotypes invading non-altruistic populations under inelastic density regulation. Given the widespread inevitability of competition, selection will often favour altruism because its alternatives provide lower fitness. Strong competition amongst defectors nevertheless undermines altruism, by facilitating invasion of unrelated beneficiaries as parasites.
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Fortin D, Morris DW, McLoughlin PD. Habitat Selection and the Evolution of Specialists in Heterogeneous Environments. Isr J Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1560/ijee.54.3-4.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Goodnight C. On multilevel selection and kin selection: contextual analysis meets direct fitness. Evolution 2012; 67:1539-48. [PMID: 23730749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
When Hamilton defined the concept of inclusive fitness, he specifically was looking to define the fitness of an individual in terms of that individual's behavior, and the effects of its' behavior on other related individuals. Although an intuitively attractive concept, issues of accounting for fitness, and correctly assigning it to the appropriate individual make this approach difficult to implement. The direct fitness approach has been suggested as a means of modeling kin selection while avoiding these issues. Whereas Hamilton's inclusive fitness approach assigns to the focal individual the fitness effects of its behavior on other related individuals, the direct fitness approach assigns the fitness effects of other actors to the focal individual. Contextual analysis was independently developed as a quantitative genetic approach for measuring multilevel selection in natural populations. Although the direct fitness approach and contextual analysis come from very different traditions, both methods rely on the same underlying equation, with the primary difference between the two approaches being that the direct fitness approach uses fitness optimization modeling, whereas with contextual analysis, the same equation is used to solve for the change in fitness associated with a change in phenotype when the population is away from the optimal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Goodnight
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0086, USA.
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28
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Young C, Browning L, Savage J, Griffith S, Russell AF. No evidence for deception over allocation to brood care in a cooperative bird. Behav Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ars137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
Social evolution is a central topic in evolutionary biology, with the evolution of eusociality (societies with altruistic, non-reproductive helpers) representing a long-standing evolutionary conundrum. Recent critiques have questioned the validity of the leading theory for explaining social evolution and eusociality, namely inclusive fitness (kin selection) theory. I review recent and past literature to argue that these critiques do not succeed. Inclusive fitness theory has added fundamental insights to natural selection theory. These are the realization that selection on a gene for social behaviour depends on its effects on co-bearers, the explanation of social behaviours as unalike as altruism and selfishness using the same underlying parameters, and the explanation of within-group conflict in terms of non-coinciding inclusive fitness optima. A proposed alternative theory for eusocial evolution assumes mistakenly that workers' interests are subordinate to the queen's, contains no new elements and fails to make novel predictions. The haplodiploidy hypothesis has yet to be rigorously tested and positive relatedness within diploid eusocial societies supports inclusive fitness theory. The theory has made unique, falsifiable predictions that have been confirmed, and its evidence base is extensive and robust. Hence, inclusive fitness theory deserves to keep its position as the leading theory for social evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F G Bourke
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Dobson FS, Viblanc VA, Arnaud CM, Murie JO. Kin selection in Columbian ground squirrels: direct and indirect fitness benefits. Mol Ecol 2011; 21:524-31. [PMID: 21883578 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Empirical and theoretical studies have supported kin selection by demonstrating nepotism or modelling its conditions and consequences. As an alternative, we previously found that female Columbian ground squirrels had greater direct fitness when more close kin were present. Extending those results, we used population matrix methods to calculate minimum estimates of individual fitness, estimated direct and indirect components of fitness, estimated inclusive fitness by adding the direct fitness (stripped of estimated influences of the social environment) and indirect fitness components together, and finally looked for inclusive fitness benefits of associations with close kin who seem to be 'genial neighbours'. We examined the estimated fitness of a sample of 35 females for which complete lifetimes were known for themselves, their mothers and their littermate sisters. Six of these females had no cosurviving adult close kin, and their direct fitness was significantly lower than 29 females with such kin (λ = 0.66 vs. λ = 1.23). The net fitness benefit of the presence of close kin was thus 0.57. The estimated indirect component of fitness through benefits to the direct fitness of close kin was 0.43. Thus, estimated inclusive fitness for females with cosurviving close kin (λ = 1.09) was significantly greater than that for females without surviving close kin (viz., λ = 0.66). The presence of closely related and philopatric female kin appeared to result in considerable fitness benefits for female ground squirrels, perhaps through the behavioural mechanisms of lowered aggression and other forms of behavioural cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Stephen Dobson
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Groupe d'Ecologie Comportementale, UMR 5175 CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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31
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West SA, El Mouden C, Gardner A. Sixteen common misconceptions about the evolution of cooperation in humans. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Influence of urbanization on demography of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) in the prairies of North America. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20483. [PMID: 21857890 PMCID: PMC3154510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We address three key gaps in research on urban wildlife ecology: insufficient attention to (1) grassland biomes, (2) individual- and population-level effects, and (3) vertebrates other than birds. We hypothesized that urbanization in the North American Prairies, by increasing habitat complexity (via the proliferation of vertical structures such as trees and buildings), thereby enhancing the availability of day-roosts, tree cover, and insects, would benefit synanthropic bats, resulting in increased fitness among urban individuals. Methodology/Principal Findings Over three years, we captured more than 1,600 little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) in urban and non-urban riparian sites in and around Calgary, Alberta, Canada. This species dominated bat assemblages throughout our study area, but nowhere more so than in the city. Our data did not support most of our specific predictions. Increased numbers of urban bats did not reflect urbanization-related benefits such as enhanced body condition, reproductive rates, or successful production of juveniles. Instead, bats did best in the transition zone situated between strictly urban and rural areas. Conclusions/Significance We reject our hypothesis and explore various explanations. One possibility is that urban and rural M. lucifugus exhibit increased use of anthropogenic roosts, as opposed to natural ones, leading to larger maternity colonies and higher population densities and, in turn, increased competition for insect prey. Other possibilities include increased stress, disease transmission and/or impacts of noise on urban bats. Whatever the proximate cause, the combination of greater bat population density with decreased body condition and production of juveniles indicates that Calgary does not represent a population source for Prairie bats. We studied a highly synanthropic species in a system where it could reasonably be expected to respond positively to urbanization, but failed to observe any apparent benefits at the individual level, leading us to propose that urban development may be universally detrimental to bats.
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ROUSSET F, LION S. Much ado about nothing: Nowak et al.’s charge against inclusive fitness theory. J Evol Biol 2011; 24:1386-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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McGlothlin JW, Moore AJ, Wolf JB, Brodie ED. Interacting phenotypes and the evolutionary process. III. Social evolution. Evolution 2011; 64:2558-74. [PMID: 20394666 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Interactions among conspecifics influence social evolution through two distinct but intimately related paths. First, they provide the opportunity for indirect genetic effects (IGEs), where genes expressed in one individual influence the expression of traits in others. Second, interactions can generate social selection when traits expressed in one individual influence the fitness of others. Here, we present a quantitative genetic model of multivariate trait evolution that integrates the effects of both IGEs and social selection, which have previously been modeled independently. We show that social selection affects evolutionary change whenever the breeding value of one individual covaries with the phenotype of its social partners. This covariance can be created by both relatedness and IGEs, which are shown to have parallel roles in determining evolutionary response. We show that social selection is central to the estimation of inclusive fitness and derive a version of Hamilton's rule showing the symmetrical effects of relatedness and IGEs on the evolution of altruism. We illustrate the utility of our approach using altruism, greenbeards, aggression, and weapons as examples. Our model provides a general predictive equation for the evolution of social phenotypes that encompasses specific cases such as kin selection and reciprocity. The parameters can be measured empirically, and we emphasize the importance of considering both IGEs and social selection, in addition to relatedness, when testing hypotheses about social evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel W McGlothlin
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
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35
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Spiering PA, Szykman Gunther M, Somers MJ, Wildt DE, Walters M, Wilson AS, Maldonado JE. Inbreeding, heterozygosity and fitness in a reintroduced population of endangered African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). CONSERV GENET 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-010-0147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Queller DC. The evolution of eusociality: Reproductive head starts of workers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 86:3224-6. [PMID: 16594034 PMCID: PMC287102 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.9.3224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In eusocial species, many individuals forego their personal reproduction to aid the reproduction of their mother or other relatives. Kin selection can favor such behavior for any positive degree of relatedness to the individuals being helped, provided the helper gives them a sufficiently large fitness gain compared to the fitness cost of giving up its own reproduction. Yet, little attention has been given to the question of how helpers can aid relatives more than they can aid themselves, particularly in species lacking morphologically specialized castes. One answer to this question is explored here. When a potential helper is born into a colony that has immature young, its help may quickly bring those young to the age of independence. If it left to reproduce alone, it would have to bring its own offspring all the way to independence. The consequences of early mortality therefore differ: solitary reproducers that die early will fail to bring any young to independence, while helpers that die at the same age may have made substantial contributions. Published data from four polistine wasps show that high adult mortality rates and long periods of offspring dependence combine to provide a large selective advantage for worker behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Queller
- Department of Biology, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251
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37
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Stark RE. Cooperative Nesting in the Multivoltine Large Carpenter Bee Xylocopa sulcatipes Maa (Apoidea: Anthophoridae): Do Helpers Gain or Lose to Solitary Females? Ethology 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1992.tb00871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Noë R, Schaik CP, Hooff JARAM. The Market Effect: an Explanation for Pay-off Asymmetries among Collaborating Animals. Ethology 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1991.tb01192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Does familiarity necessarily lead to erotic indifference and incest avoidance because inbreeding lowers reproductive fitness? Behav Brain Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00014916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractMuch clinical and ethnographic evidence suggests that humans, like many other organisms, are selected to avoid close inbreeding because of the fitness costs of inbreeding depression. The proximate mechanism of human inbreeding avoidance seems to be precultural, and to involve the interaction of genetic predispositions and environmental conditions. As first suggested by E. Westermarck, and supported by evidence from Israeli kibbutzim, Chinese sim-pua marriage, and much convergent ethnographic and clinical evidence, humans negatively imprint on intimate associates during a critical period of early childhood (between ages 2 and 6).There is also much evidence that, like other social animals, humans do not seek to maximize outbreeding, but rather to maintain an optimal balance between outbreeding and inbreeding.Closeinbreeding reduces fitness through inbreeding depression, butsomeinbreeding brings the benefits of nepotism. For simple, stateless, horticultural societies, the optimal balance seems to be achieved by a combination of precultural inbreeding avoidance of relatives with anr≤·25 and cultural rules of preferential marriage with kin withr≥·25. Adjustment of the coefficient of inbreeding to other ecological settings seems to be largely cultural. An interactive model of “culture in nature” is presented, in which culture is seen as coevolving with genes to produce the maxiniization of individual inclusive fitness.
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