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Besseris GJ. A fast-and-robust profiler for improving polymerase chain reaction diagnostics. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108973. [PMID: 25269015 PMCID: PMC4182614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an in vitro technology in molecular genetics that progressively amplifies minimal copies of short DNA sequences in a fast and inexpensive manner. However, PCR performance is sensitive to suboptimal processing conditions. Compromised PCR conditions lead to artifacts and bias that downgrade the discriminatory power and reproducibility of the results. Promising attempts to resolve the PCR performance optimization issue have been guided by quality improvement tactics adopted in the past for industrial trials. Thus, orthogonal arrays (OAs) have been employed to program quick-and-easy structured experiments. Profiling of influences facilitates the quantification of effects that may counteract the detectability of amplified DNA fragments. Nevertheless, the attractive feature of reducing greatly the amount of work and expenditures by planning trials with saturated-unreplicated OA schemes is known to be relinquished in the subsequent analysis phase. This is because of an inherent incompatibility of ordinary multi-factorial comparison techniques to convert small yet dense datasets. Treating unreplicated-saturated data with either the analysis of variance (ANOVA) or regression models destroys the information extraction process. Both of those mentioned approaches are rendered blind to error since the examined effects absorb all available degrees of freedom. Therefore, in lack of approximating an experimental uncertainty, any outcome interpretation is rendered subjective. We propose a profiling method that permits the non-linear maximization of amplicon resolution by eliminating the necessity for direct error estimation. Our approach is distribution-free, calibration-free, simulation-free and sparsity-free with well-known power properties. It is also user-friendly by promoting rudimentary analytics. Testing our method on published amplicon count data, we found that the preponderant effect is the concentration of MgCl2 (p<0.05) followed by the primer content (p<0.1) whilst the effects due to either the content of the deoxynucleotide (dNTP) or DNA remained dormant (p>0.1). Comparison of the proposed method with other stochastic approaches is also discussed. Our technique is expected to have extensive applications in genetics and biotechnology where there is a demand for cheap, expedient, and robust information.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J. Besseris
- Technology Management Department, City University of Seattle, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
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2
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Coates PJ. Paraffin Section Molecular Biology: Review of Current Techniques. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/his.1991.14.4.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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3
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Burke DG, Dong L, Bhat S, Forbes-Smith M, Fu S, Pinheiro L, Jing W, Emslie KR. Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction Measured pUC19 Marker as Calibrant for HPLC Measurement of DNA Quantity. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1657-64. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302925f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lianhua Dong
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China, 100013
| | - Somanath Bhat
- National Measurement Institute, Lindfield, Australia 2070
| | | | - Shuang Fu
- National Measurement Institute, Lindfield, Australia 2070
| | | | - Wang Jing
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China, 100013
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4
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Next-generation sequencing in the analysis of human microbiota: essential considerations for clinical application. Mol Diagn Ther 2011; 14:343-50. [PMID: 21275452 DOI: 10.1007/bf03256391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) presents an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the complex microbial communities that are associated with the human body. It offers for the first time a basis for detailed temporal and spatial analysis, with the potential to revolutionize our understanding of many clinically important systems. However, while advances continue to be made in areas such as PCR amplification for NGS, sequencing protocols, and data analysis, in many cases the quality of the data generated is undermined by a failure to address fundamental aspects of experimental design. While little is added in terms of time or cost by the analysis of repeat samples, the exclusion of DNA from dead bacterial cells and the extracellular matrix, the use of efficient nucleic acid extraction methodologies, and the implementation of safeguards to minimize the introduction of contaminating nucleic acids, such considerations are essential in achieving an accurate representation of the system being studied. In this review, the chronic bacterial infections that characterize lower respiratory tract infections in cystic fibrosis patients are used as an example system to examine the implications of a failure to address these issues when designing NGS-based analysis of human-associated microbiota. Further, ways in which the impact of these factors can be minimized are discussed.
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Champlot S, Berthelot C, Pruvost M, Bennett EA, Grange T, Geigl EM. An efficient multistrategy DNA decontamination procedure of PCR reagents for hypersensitive PCR applications. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20927390 PMCID: PMC2946917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PCR amplification of minute quantities of degraded DNA for ancient DNA research, forensic analyses, wildlife studies and ultrasensitive diagnostics is often hampered by contamination problems. The extent of these problems is inversely related to DNA concentration and target fragment size and concern (i) sample contamination, (ii) laboratory surface contamination, (iii) carry-over contamination, and (iv) contamination of reagents. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we performed a quantitative evaluation of current decontamination methods for these last three sources of contamination, and developed a new procedure to eliminate contaminating DNA contained in PCR reagents. We observed that most current decontamination methods are either not efficient enough to degrade short contaminating DNA molecules, rendered inefficient by the reagents themselves, or interfere with the PCR when used at doses high enough to eliminate these molecules. We also show that efficient reagent decontamination can be achieved by using a combination of treatments adapted to different reagent categories. Our procedure involves γ- and UV-irradiation and treatment with a mutant recombinant heat-labile double-strand specific DNase from the Antarctic shrimp Pandalus borealis. Optimal performance of these treatments is achieved in narrow experimental conditions that have been precisely analyzed and defined herein. Conclusions/Significance There is not a single decontamination method valid for all possible contamination sources occurring in PCR reagents and in the molecular biology laboratory and most common decontamination methods are not efficient enough to decontaminate short DNA fragments of low concentration. We developed a versatile multistrategy decontamination procedure for PCR reagents. We demonstrate that this procedure allows efficient reagent decontamination while preserving the efficiency of PCR amplification of minute quantities of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Champlot
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592 CNRS, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Camille Berthelot
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592 CNRS, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Pruvost
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592 CNRS, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - E. Andrew Bennett
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592 CNRS, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Grange
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592 CNRS, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Eva-Maria Geigl
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592 CNRS, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Molecular Analysis of Bacterial Community DNA in Sludge Undergoing Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion (ATAD): Pitfalls and Improved Methodology to Enhance Diversity Recovery. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2010. [DOI: 10.3390/d2040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Glushkov S, Bragin A, Dymshits G. Decontamination of polymerase chain reaction reagents using DEAE–cellulose. Anal Biochem 2009; 393:135-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Spangler R, Goddard NL, Thaler DS. Optimizing Taq polymerase concentration for improved signal-to-noise in the broad range detection of low abundance bacteria. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7010. [PMID: 19753123 PMCID: PMC2737620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PCR in principle can detect a single target molecule in a reaction mixture. Contaminating bacterial DNA in reagents creates a practical limit on the use of PCR to detect dilute bacterial DNA in environmental or public health samples. The most pernicious source of contamination is microbial DNA in DNA polymerase preparations. Importantly, all commercial Taq polymerase preparations inevitably contain contaminating microbial DNA. Removal of DNA from an enzyme preparation is problematical. Methodology/Principal Findings This report demonstrates that the background of contaminating DNA detected by quantitative PCR with broad host range primers can be decreased greater than 10-fold through the simple expedient of Taq enzyme dilution, without altering detection of target microbes in samples. The general method is: For any thermostable polymerase used for high-sensitivity detection, do a dilution series of the polymerase crossed with a dilution series of DNA or bacteria that work well with the test primers. For further work use the concentration of polymerase that gave the least signal in its negative control (H2O) while also not changing the threshold cycle for dilutions of spiked DNA or bacteria compared to higher concentrations of Taq polymerase. Conclusions/Significance It is clear from the studies shown in this report that a straightforward procedure of optimizing the Taq polymerase concentration achieved “treatment-free” attenuation of interference by contaminating bacterial DNA in Taq polymerase preparations. This procedure should facilitate detection and quantification with broad host range primers of a small number of bona fide bacteria (as few as one) in a sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolph Spangler
- Sackler Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.
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9
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Kim GA, Sun Y, Song JG, Bae H, Kim JH, Kwon ST. Properties of cold-active uracil-DNA glycosylase from Photobacterium aplysiae GMD509, and its PCR application for carryover contamination control. Enzyme Microb Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Silkie SS, Tolcher MP, Nelson KL. Reagent decontamination to eliminate false-positives in Escherichia coli qPCR. J Microbiol Methods 2007; 72:275-82. [PMID: 18280599 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Revised: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The application of real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) for the detection of low concentrations of Escherichia coli as well as universal 16S rDNA has been hindered by false-positives due to endogenous contamination of PCR reagents with E. coli and other bacterial DNA. We optimized a DNase I decontamination method to eliminate false-positives in a qPCR assay targeting the uidA gene in E. coli. In contrast to previous methods reported in the literature, our decontamination method did not cause PCR inhibition. We determined that residual DNase I activity was the cause of the inhibition in the previous methods, and eliminated it by ensuring complete inactivation prior to qPCR. DNase inactivation was accomplished by adding dithiothreitol (DTT) and then heating for 30 min at 80 degrees C. The optimized DNase method was compared to another decontamination method, ultrafiltration, and to untreated controls. We detected contamination in 85% of the untreated commercial PCR master mix samples at a level of about 10 copies per well (12.5 microL of master mix). Both decontamination methods could eliminate up to 100 copies of added contaminant DNA and did not cause PCR inhibition, resulting in a reduction of the detection limit to 10 copies per reaction well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Silkie
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1710, USA
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11
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Ashkenas J, Dennis JW, Ho CY. Simple enzymatic means to neutralize DNA contamination in nucleic acid amplification. Biotechniques 2005; 39:69-73. [PMID: 16060371 DOI: 10.2144/05391st02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) is prone to false positives when contaminating DNA molecules are present at the start of a reaction. Contaminants that derive from earlier work using a given primer pair (carryover PCR products) are of particular concern when those primers are used routinely, as in clinical diagnostics or environmental monitoring. In addition, contamination by genomic DNA can significantly interfere with quantitative and qualitative analysis of RNAs by RT-PCR. Here we describe contaminant restriction (ConR), a method that can be used to neutralize carryover and genomic DNA contamination in RT-PCR studies. Restriction enzymes (REs) added to the amplification cocktail cleave contaminant DNA molecules while sparing the intended target nucleic acid. Restriction, reverse transcription, and amplification steps all take place in the same sealed vessel, thus avoiding any danger of recontamination. ConR eliminates carryover contamination in PCR without compromising target sequence amplification. Because the method is effective against both genomic and carryover contamination, it can be employed routinely in one-step RT-PCR, whatever the RNA target or the nature of the potential DNA contaminant. A variation of this decontamination method, amplicon primer site restriction (APSR), is effective specifically against carryover contamination. APSR, unlike ConR, can be applied during PCR-based amplification of DNA target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ashkenas
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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12
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Borst A, Box ATA, Fluit AC. False-positive results and contamination in nucleic acid amplification assays: suggestions for a prevent and destroy strategy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 23:289-99. [PMID: 15015033 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-004-1100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of samples with DNA is still a major problem in microbiology laboratories, despite the wide acceptance of PCR and other amplification techniques for the detection of frequently low amounts of target DNA. This review focuses on the implications of contamination in the diagnosis and research of infectious diseases, possible sources of contaminants, strategies for prevention and destruction, and quality control. Contamination of samples in diagnostic PCR can have far-reaching consequences for patients, as illustrated by several examples in this review. Furthermore, it appears that the (sometimes very unexpected) sources of contaminants are diverse (including water, reagents, disposables, sample carry over, and amplicon), and contaminants can also be introduced by unrelated activities in neighboring laboratories. Therefore, lack of communication between researchers using the same laboratory space can be considered a risk factor. Only a very limited number of multicenter quality control studies have been published so far, but these showed false-positive rates of 9-57%. The overall conclusion is that although nucleic acid amplification assays are basically useful both in research and in the clinic, their accuracy depends on awareness of risk factors and the proper use of procedures for the prevention of nucleic acid contamination. The discussion of prevention and destruction strategies included in this review may serve as a guide to help improve laboratory practices and reduce the number of false-positive amplification results.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Borst
- Eijkman-Winkler Center for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Inflammation, University Medical Center, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Heininger A, Binder M, Ellinger A, Botzenhart K, Unertl K, Döring G. DNase pretreatment of master mix reagents improves the validity of universal 16S rRNA gene PCR results. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:1763-5. [PMID: 12682181 PMCID: PMC153871 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.4.1763-1765.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNase I pretreatment of 16S rRNA gene PCR reagents was tested. The DNase I requirement for the elimination of false-positive results varied between 0.1 and 70 IU per master mix depending on the applied Taq polymerase. PCR sensitivity was mostly maintained when 0.1 IU of DNase I was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Heininger
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Abteilung für Anästhesiologie, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany
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14
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Klaschik S, Lehmann LE, Raadts A, Hoeft A, Stuber F. Comparison of different decontamination methods for reagents to detect low concentrations of bacterial 16S DNA by real-time-PCR. Mol Biotechnol 2002; 22:231-42. [PMID: 12448878 DOI: 10.1385/mb:22:3:231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reagents continues to be a major problem when consensus primers are used for detection of low concentrations of bacterial DNA. We designed a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for quantification of bacterial DNA by using consensus primers that bind specifically to the 16S region of bacterial DNA. We have tested four different methods of decontamination of PCR reagents in a project aimed at detecting bacterial DNA at low concentrations: deoxyribonuclease (DNAse) treatment, restriction endonuclease digestion, UV irradiation, and 8-methoxypsoralen in combination with long-wave UV light to intercalate contaminating DNA into double-stranded DNA. All four methods result in inhibition of the PCR reaction, and most of the decontamination procedures failed to eliminate the contaminating bacterial DNA. Only the DNAse decontamination proved to be efficient in eliminating contaminating DNA while conserving PCR efficiency. All four decontamination methods are time consuming and have the possibility of carrying new contamination into the reaction mixture. However, decontamination with DNAse may help, together with the use of highly purified PCR reagents, in detecting small amounts of bacterial DNA in clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Klaschik
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und Spezielle Intensivmedizin, Universität Bonn, Sigmund Freud Strasse 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany.
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15
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Abstract
Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, it is possible to analyze DNA from limited source template. This method has proved especially valuable in studies of ancient DNA and in forensic investigations. However, PCR reactions containing minimal or damaged source template are prone to contamination by DNA from a number of other sources. While standard protocols to prevent and/or detect contamination do exist, methods of eliminating contamination are needed to ensure the validity of results obtained. We present a method to eliminate sources of contamination in reagents and labware through the use of a DNase prior to PCR amplification without damaging even the minimal amounts of template present in ancient DNA samples. This method, suggested previously for forensics applications, appears to be effective in eliminating contamination without interfering with the amplification of ancient template.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Eshleman
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
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16
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Li W, Harper PA, Tang BK, Okey AB. Regulation of cytochrome P450 enzymes by aryl hydrocarbon receptor in human cells: CYP1A2 expression in the LS180 colon carcinoma cell line after treatment with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin or 3-methylcholanthrene. Biochem Pharmacol 1998; 56:599-612. [PMID: 9783729 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(98)00208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been difficult to study the regulation of cytochrome P4501A2 (CYP1A2) because expression of this enzyme is reported to be limited or absent in cell culture. We found that CYP1A2 can be induced significantly by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 3-methylcholanthrene (MC), or benz[a]anthracene in the human colon carcinoma cell line LS180. TCDD and MC each caused a dramatic elevation of CYP1A2 mRNA, as assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or by northern blot analysis. TCDD also increased immunoreactive CYP1A2 protein and the activity of phenacetin-O-deethylase, a diagnostic catalytic marker for CYP1A2. The induction of CYP1A2 at all levels (mRNA, protein, catalytic activity) was concentration- and time-dependent: the EC50 for mRNA induction by TCDD = 0.5 nM, and by MC = 1.4 microM. Inducible CYP1A2 mRNA also was detected at lower levels in two other human cell lines, the hepatoma cell line HepG2 and the breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7. CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, additional CYP1 enzymes regulated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), also were inducible by TCDD and MC in LS180 cells; their concentration-dependent induction was highly correlated with induction of CYP1A2 at mRNA, protein, and catalytic levels. CYP1B1 was constitutively expressed and inducible in the LS180, MCF-7, and HepG2 cell lines as well as in the human choriocarcinoma cell line JEG-3 and the squamous cell carcinoma line A431. CYP1A2 was neither constitutively expressed nor inducible in A431 or JEG-3 cells. The expression of mRNAs encoding the regulators of CYP1 enzymes-the AHR and its heterodimerization partner, the ARNT (AH receptor nuclear translocator) protein-was not altered by treatment with TCDD or MC. However, the cytosolic content of AHR protein and ARNT protein was depleted substantially following treatment with TCDD. The LS180 cell line should constitute a good model for further mechanistic studies on AHR-regulated CYP1A2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Kuypers AW, Linssen PC, Lauer HH, Mensink EJ. Contamination-free and automated composition of a reaction mixture for nucleic acid amplification using a capillary electrophoresis apparatus. J Chromatogr A 1998; 806:141-7. [PMID: 9639884 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00856-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The acceptance of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as an amplification method in molecular diagnostics and the rapid development of capillary electrophoresis (CE) as an analysis method of those PCR products was a reason for us to investigate further integration of those two techniques. Using a fused-silica capillary as a pipette we were able to compose a PCR mixture in the CE apparatus. Because a capillary can be thoroughly rinsed and the CE apparatus is a closed system, the risk of contamination and therefore the occurrence of false positive results is minimized. The fact that a CE system can be fully automated contributes to a more reproducible and standardized PCR composition protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Kuypers
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Netherlands
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Wilson
- Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Bacteriology Department, Belfast City Hospital, United Kingdom
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19
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Tuke PW, Perron H, Bedin F, Beseme F, Garson JA. Development of a pan-retrovirus detection system for multiple sclerosis studies. ACTA NEUROLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1997; 169:16-21. [PMID: 9174636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1997.tb08145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although recent claims implicating HTLV-1 in multiple sclerosis (MS) have been refuted, several reports suggest that another, hitherto uncharacterised, retrovirus may be involved. We have developed and applied a novel PCR-based strategy to explore this possibility. METHODS Degenerate oligonucleotides were used in a semi-nested format to amplify, from reverse-transcribed RNA, a region of the pol gene which is well conserved amongst all known retroviruses. RESULTS The 'pan-retrovirus' detection system was shown to be capable of detecting diverse retroviruses including human lentivirus, human oncovirus, simian D-type virus and murine oncovirus. The 'pan-retrovirus' technique identified a novel retroviral sequence, designated MSRV-cpol, in the serum of an MS patient and also in purified virions from MS patient-derived tissue cultures. Sequence comparisons suggest that in the pol gene MSRV is related (approximately 75% homology) to the endogenous retroviral element ERV9. CONCLUSION These findings lend further support to the concept of retroviral involvement in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Tuke
- Department of Virology, University College London Medical School, United Kingdom
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Lo
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, U.K
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22
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von Weizsäcker F, Blum HE, Wands JR. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of hepatitis B virus DNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver biopsies from alcoholics using a simplified and standardized amplification protocol. J Hepatol 1994; 20:646-9. [PMID: 8071542 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(05)80354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Sixty-seven formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded liver biopsies from HBsAg-negative alcoholics without previous blood transfusions or intravenous drug abuse were analyzed for the presence of low-level hepatitis B virus DNA by the polymerase chain reaction. To simplify and standardize the amplification procedure, aliquots of a complete polymerase chain reaction mix were prepared and frozen for storage; random samples were tested prior to analysis of clinical material. Freezing and storage of the aliquots did not affect the activity of Taq polymerase. One large batch of ready-to-use aliquots could thus be used as a standardized polymerase chain reaction kit for all experiments. The suitability of the extracted material for polymerase chain reaction analysis was tested in two ways. First, the absence of nonspecific polymerase chain reaction inhibitors was demonstrated in all samples by amplifying cloned hepatitis B virus DNA in the presence of extracted material. Second, the integrity of the extracted DNA was tested by amplifying a segment of the beta-globin gene. Twenty-three samples were beta-globin DNA positive and thus contained sufficient amounts of nondegraded DNA. These results emphasize the importance of testing both the absence of nonspecific inhibitors and DNA integrity in DNA samples extracted from fixed tissue. Among the 23 beta-globin positive samples, 12 had cirrhosis (52.1%). Two of these samples were hepatitis B virus DNA positive (8.7%); one of these cases had cirrhosis. Thus, even in the absence of common risk factors, the incidence of hepatitis B virus in this alcoholic population was increased compared to the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- F von Weizsäcker
- Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
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Dougherty RM, Phillips PE, Gibson S, Young L. Restriction endonuclease digestion eliminates product contamination in reverse transcribed polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods 1993; 41:235-8. [PMID: 7684388 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(93)90130-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Restriction endonuclease digestion was used to eliminate false-positive signals caused by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product DNA contamination in a reverse transcribed (RT) PCR for amplifying rubella virus (RV) RNA sequences. A restriction enzyme selected to cut the PCR product DNA between, but not within, the primer binding sites was used to digest reaction mixtures after reverse transcription but before PCR amplification. Because restriction enzymes generally react only with specific double-strand sequences, contaminating DNA was rendered inactive while reverse-transcribed single strand cDNA was amplified. Assays showed that restriction enzyme digestion reduced template activity of product DNA by a factor of 10(7), while leaving sensitivity of the RT-PCR unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Dougherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Health Science Center, Syracuse 13210
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Sarkar G, Sommer SS. Removal of DNA contamination in polymerase chain reaction reagents by ultraviolet irradiation. Methods Enzymol 1993; 218:381-8. [PMID: 8318118 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(93)18030-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic/Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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25
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Harris E, López M, Arévalo J, Bellatin J, Belli A, Morán J, Orrego C. Short courses on DNA detection and amplification for public health in central and South America: The democratization of molecular biology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0307-4412(93)90004-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Muralidhar B, Steinman CR. Geometric differences allow differential enzymatic inactivation of PCR product and genomic targets. Gene X 1992; 117:107-12. [PMID: 1644300 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(92)90497-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The value of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is markedly limited by the ease of carry-over contamination. We predicted that the location of the target sequence which spans the linear center of the molecule in PCR products, but not in genomic molecules, would allow digestion by certain exonucleases (Exo). This would eliminate amplifiable targets specifically from PCR products and do so without the need to control either the size of the genomic molecules or the extent of the digestion reaction. Testing with T7 Exo and model targets in phage lambda DNA yielded results consistent with those predicted. By heat inactivating the Exo, complete reaction mixtures could be decontaminated and then amplified in an automatic thermal cycler without reopening the reaction tubes and risking recontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Muralidhar
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794-8161
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27
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Amici A, Bazzicalupo M, Gallori E, Rollo F. Monitoring a genetically engineered bacterium in a freshwater environment by rapid enzymatic amplification of a synthetic DNA ?number-plate? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1991; 36:222-7. [PMID: 1369367 DOI: 10.1007/bf00164424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to set up a sensitive and reliable detection method to monitor environmentally released genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) a 72-bp, double-stranded DNA fragment has been built by annealing and ligating four synthetic oligonucleotides. Binding sites for two 20-mer oligonucleotides are situated inside the DNA fragment, flanking the centre. Into the central part of the construction a 30-nucleotide identification sequence has been fitted. Thanks to the presence of the two oligonucleotide binding sites, the synthetic construction ("number-plate") can be submitted to enzymatic amplification using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), thus enabling the identification system to take advantage of the outstanding sensitivity of this technique. When released into a freshwater microcosm, cells of Pseudomonas putida carrying a "number-plated" chromosome could be easily and rapidly detected merely by submitting boiled cell sediments to PCR amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Amici
- Dipartimento di Biologia Molecolare Cellulare e Animale, Università di Camerino, Italy
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28
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Abstract
With the advent of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), molecular biology is at last poised to enter the clinical microbiology laboratory. We describe this technique, and review its present and future applications in the diagnosis of infectious disease, with particular emphasis on its potential in diagnostic bacteriology. We discuss the suitability of different sequences as targets for DNA amplification. The disadvantages of PCR as a diagnostic strategy are covered, and current technical problems with the method are surveyed. We briefly mention two alternative strategies--the transcript-based amplification system and replicatable RNA reporter systems based on the Q beta replicase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Pallen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London, UK
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29
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Zhu YS, Isaacs ST, Cimino CD, Hearst JE. The use of exonuclease III for polymerase chain reaction sterilization. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19:2511. [PMID: 2041794 PMCID: PMC329477 DOI: 10.1093/nar/19.9.2511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y S Zhu
- HRI Research, Inc., Concord, CA 94520
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30
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Furrer B, Candrian U, Hoefelein C, Luethy J. Detection and identification of Listeria monocytogenes in cooked sausage products and in milk by in vitro amplification of haemolysin gene fragments. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1991; 70:372-9. [PMID: 1908450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1991.tb02951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of listeriosis have emphasized the urgent need for rapid and reliable detection methods for Listeria spp., especially in food. Haemolysin production is a major factor in the pathogenesis of listeriosis and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify two specific DNA fragments of the alpha- and the beta-haemolysin genes. The amplification system specifically recognized L. monocytogenes strains. The detection limit determined with pure cultures was 10 bacteria when estimated with alpha-haemolysin primers. In the analysis of 50 samples of cooked sausage products, bacterial colonies suspected to be Listeria spp. were isolated by conventional methods from six samples. PCR analysis identified three of six as L. monocytogenes. Subsequent serotyping showed perfect agreement with the PCR results. Since enrichment is the most time consuming step in conventional methods a PCR procedure which allows the direct detection of L. monocytogenes in milk was developed. Pasteurized milk was artificially contaminated with various levels of L. monocytogenes. The detection limit was determined to be 10 bacteria/10 ml milk and direct detection and identification of L. monocytogenes took less than two working days. These results show that this haemolysin gene amplification system is very rapid and reliable and therefore avoids cumbersome and lengthy cultivation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Furrer
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Berne, Switzerland
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31
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Bej AK, Mahbubani MH, Atlas RM. Amplification of nucleic acids by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other methods and their applications. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 1991; 26:301-34. [PMID: 1718663 DOI: 10.3109/10409239109114071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro replication of DNA, principally using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), permits the amplification of defined sequences of DNA. By exponentially amplifying a target sequence, PCR significantly enhances the probability of detecting target gene sequences in complex mixtures of DNA. It also facilitates the cloning and sequencing of genes. Amplification of DNA by PCR and other newly developed methods has been applied in many areas of biological research, including molecular biology, biotechnology, and medicine, permitting studies that were not possible before. Nucleic acid amplification has added a new and revolutionary dimension to molecular biology. This review examines PCR and other in vitro nucleic acid amplification methodologies--examining the critical parameters and variations and their widespread applications--giving the strengths and limitations of these methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Bej
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294
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32
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Jinno Y, Yoshiura K, Niikawa N. Use of psoralen as extinguisher of contaminated DNA in PCR. Nucleic Acids Res 1990; 18:6739. [PMID: 2251160 PMCID: PMC332680 DOI: 10.1093/nar/18.22.6739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y Jinno
- Department of Human Genetics, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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33
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Deragon JM, Sinnett D, Mitchell G, Potier M, Labuda D. Use of gamma irradiation to eliminate DNA contamination for PCR. Nucleic Acids Res 1990; 18:6149. [PMID: 2235513 PMCID: PMC332437 DOI: 10.1093/nar/18.20.6149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J M Deragon
- Service de Génétique Médical, Hôpital Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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