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Li W, Liu W, Jia W, Zhang J, Zhang Q, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Li Y, Liu Y, Wang H, Xiang Y, Lu S. Dual-Proton Conductor for Fuel Cells with Flexible Operational Temperature. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310584. [PMID: 38160326 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The properties of proton conductors determine the operating temperature range of fuel cells. Typically, phosphoric acid (PA) proton conductors exhibit excellent proton conductivity owing to their high proton dissociation and self-diffusion abilities. However, at low temperatures or high current densities, water-induced PA loss causes rapid degradation of cell performance. Maintaining efficient and stable proton conductivity within a flexible temperature range can significantly reduce the start-up temperature of PA-doped proton exchange membrane fuel cells. In this study, a dual-proton conductor composed of an organic phosphonic acid (ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid, EDTMPA) and an inorganic PA is developed for proton exchange membranes. The proposed dual-proton conductor can operate within a flexible temperature range of 80-160 °C, benefiting from the strong interaction between EDTMPA and PA, and the enhanced proton dissociation. Fuel cells with the EDTMPA-PA dual-proton conductor showed excellent cell stability at 80 °C. In particular, under the high current density of 1.5 A cm-2 at 160 °C, the voltage decay rate of the fuel cell with the dual-proton conductor is one-thousandth of that of the fuel cell with PA-only proton conductor, indicating excellent stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Wen Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Wendi Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- State Power Investment Corporation Hydrogen Energy Company, Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102600, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Zhenguo Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jialin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yiyang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Haining Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yan Xiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Shanfu Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
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Gupta P, Toksha B, Rahaman M. A Critical Review on Hydrogen Based Fuel Cell Technology and Applications. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300295. [PMID: 37772671 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The research in energy storage and conversion is playing a critical role in energy policy as the innovation and technological progress are essential for achieving the energy transition and climate neutrality goals. Hydrogen Fuel Cell technology is considered a strategic element in the pursuit of sustainable and clean energy solutions. This technology is increasingly gaining attention in recent years as a potential substitute to conventional non-renewable energy sources. Fuel cell technology can be employed for domestic/commercial use along with powering the transportation sector which currently employs the use of conventional battery systems. However, these systems pose severe limitations with respect to longer charging times and limited distance range. This review article aims at providing a comprehensive methodical overview of hydrogen-based fuel cell technology along with key concepts, present day scenarios, including overview of the market and industry trends, government policies and initiatives, along with major stakeholders involved in scaling up the technology for mass consumption. The outlook of fuel cells, including their capability to revolutionise the energy sector is discussed. The technological advancements and breakthroughs on the horizon along with the challenges and safety concerns related to the widespread acceptance of fuel cells are analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Gupta
- MIT - Centre for Advanced Materials Research and Technology, Department of Plastic and Polymer Engineering, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad, 431010, India
| | - Bhagwan Toksha
- MIT - Centre for Advanced Materials Research and Technology, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad, 431010, India
| | - Mostafizur Rahaman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Meyer Q, Yang C, Cheng Y, Zhao C. Overcoming the Electrode Challenges of High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-023-00180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
AbstractProton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are becoming a major part of a greener and more sustainable future. However, the costs of high-purity hydrogen and noble metal catalysts alongside the complexity of the PEMFC system severely hamper their commercialization. Operating PEMFCs at high temperatures (HT-PEMFCs, above 120 °C) brings several advantages, such as increased tolerance to contaminants, more affordable catalysts, and operations without liquid water, hence considerably simplifying the system. While recent progresses in proton exchange membranes for HT-PEMFCs have made this technology more viable, the HT-PEMFC viscous acid electrolyte lowers the active site utilization by unevenly diffusing into the catalyst layer while it acutely poisons the catalytic sites. In recent years, the synthesis of platinum group metal (PGM) and PGM-free catalysts with higher acid tolerance and phosphate-promoted oxygen reduction reaction, in conjunction with the design of catalyst layers with improved acid distribution and more triple-phase boundaries, has provided great opportunities for more efficient HT-PEMFCs. The progress in these two interconnected fields is reviewed here, with recommendations for the most promising routes worthy of further investigation. Using these approaches, the performance and durability of HT-PEMFCs will be significantly improved.
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Hosseini S, Azizi N. New insight into highly efficient CSA@g-C 3 N 4 for photocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol and thioanisole: NAEDS as a promoter of photoactivity under blue LED irradiation. Photochem Photobiol 2023. [PMID: 37974382 DOI: 10.1111/php.13883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
An open new perspective has been established toward synthesizing eco-friendly CSA@g-C3 N4 employing surface engineering. The carbon nitride modified through camphorsulfonic acid was designed and developed in a category of the new generation of photocatalysts for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol and thioanisole in the existence of a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES). In comparison with pure g-C3 N4 , not only does CSA@g-C3 N4 exhibit an extraordinarily higher ability for harvesting visible light stemming from declining the recombination rate of electrons/holes dependent on PL results but it also reveals notable photocatalytic oxidation capability in the transformation of alcohols as well as thiols into relevant compounds. In addition, non-metal compound (CSA) incorporation would result in considerably diminishing the energy band gap value from 2.8 to 2.28 eV to escalate the visible-light absorption of g-C3 N4 . While the conventional consensus implies that inherent properties of photocatalysts bring on high photoactivity, this study indicates that deploying choline chloride-urea deep eutectic solvent as an external factor plays the role of photoactivity accelerator. Furthermore, readily recycling and reusability can be achieved for the photocatalytic setup of CSA@g-C3 N4 ascribed to its heterogeneous nature with no drop in the photoactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Hosseini
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Najmedin Azizi
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Hosseini S, Azizi N. CSA@g-C 3N 4 as a novel, robust and efficient catalyst with excellent performance for the synthesis of 4H-chromenes derivatives. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18961. [PMID: 37923798 PMCID: PMC10624862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46122-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A pioneering robust and green heterogeneous acidic catalyst (CSA@g-C3N4) was rationally designed via immobilization of camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) on the g-C3N4 surface under mild conditions. Grafting CSA in the g-C3N4 lattice is distinguished as the root cause of facilitating the structure change of g-C3N4, leading to a unique morphology, accordingly the remarkable catalytic efficiency of CSA@g-C3N4. The morphology of new as-prepared nano-catalyst was specified by means of FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDS, TEM, TGA, and BET. For the first time, it is exhibited that the efficient catalyst CSA@g-C3N4 can productively accomplish the three-component reactions with high yields and also serve as an inspiration for easily performing various sorts of MCRs based on our finding. The recommended synthesis pathway of chromenes derivatives is facile and cost-effective which applies a condensation reaction of salicylaldehyde, thiophenol, and malononitrile followed by ready purification in a benign manner. Moreover, the CSA@g-C3N4 nanocomposite can be promptly reused, illustrating no sensational decrease in the catalytic activity after ten times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Hosseini
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, P.O. Box 14335-186, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Najmedin Azizi
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, P.O. Box 14335-186, Tehran, Iran.
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Zhang SL, Guo ZC, Su AR, Yang J, Li ZF, Si YB, Li G. Comparative Study on Proton Conductivity and Mechanism Analysis of Two Imidazole Modified Imine-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302146. [PMID: 37449402 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
This work elucidates the potential impact of intramolecular H-bonds within the pore walls of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) on proton conductivity. Employing DaTta and TaTta as representative hosts, it was observed that their innate proton conductivities (σ) are both unsatisfactory and σ(DaTta)<σ(TaTta). Intriguingly, the performance of both imidazole-loaded products, Im@DaTta and Im@TaTta is greatly improved, and the σ of Im@DaTta (0.91×10-2 S cm-1 ) even surpasses that of Im@TaTta (3.73×10-3 S cm-1 ) under 100 °C and 98 % relative humidity. The structural analysis, gas adsorption tests, and activation energy calculations forecast the influence of imidazole on the H-bonded system within the framework, leading to observed changes in proton conductivity. It is hypothesized that intramolecular H-bonds within the COF framework impede efficient proton transmission. Nevertheless, the inclusion of an imidazole group disrupts these intramolecular bonds, leading to the formation of an abundance of intermolecular H-bonds within the pore channels, thus contributing to a dramatic increase in proton conductivity. The related calculation of Density Functional Theory (DFT) provides further evidence for this inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Long Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Cheng Guo
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, P.R. China
| | - An-Ran Su
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Feng Li
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Bing Si
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, P.R. China
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Dreßler C, Hänseroth J, Sebastiani D. Coexistence of Cationic and Anionic Phosphate Moieties in Solids: Unusual but Not Impossible. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7249-7255. [PMID: 37553110 PMCID: PMC10441529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoric acid is commonly known either as a neutral molecule or as an anion (phosphate). We theoretically confirm by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations (AIMD) that a cationic form H4PO4+ coexists with the anionic form H2PO4- in the same salt. This paradoxical situation is achieved by partial substitution of Cs+ by H4PO4+ in CsH2PO4. Thus, HnPO4 acts simultaneously as both the positive and the negative ion of the salt. We analyze the dynamical protonation pattern within the unusual hydrogen bond network that is established between the ions. Our AIMD simulations show that a conventional assignment of protonation states of the phosphate groups is not meaningful. Instead, a better description of the protonation situation is achieved by an efficiently fractional assignment of the strongly hydrogen-bonded protons to both its nearest and next-nearest oxygen neighbors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dreßler
- Ilmenau
University of Technology Theoretical Solid
State Physics, Weimarer
Straße 32, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Jonas Hänseroth
- Martin
Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Theoretical
Chemistry, von-Danckelmann-Platz
4, 06120 Halle, Saale Germany
| | - Daniel Sebastiani
- Martin
Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Theoretical
Chemistry, von-Danckelmann-Platz
4, 06120 Halle, Saale Germany
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8
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Guo Y, Wei J, Ying Y, Liu Y, Zhou W, Yu Q. Recent Progress of Crystalline Porous Frameworks for Intermediate-Temperature Proton Conduction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:11166-11187. [PMID: 37533296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Proton exchange membranes (PEMs), especially for work under intermediate temperatures (100-200 °C), have attracted great interest because of the high CO toleration and facial water management of the corresponding proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Traditional polymer PEMs faced challenges of low stability and proton carrier leaking. Crystalline porous materials, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), are promising to overcome these issues contributed by nanometer-sized channels. Herein we summarized the recent development of MOF/COF-based intermediate-temperature proton conductors. The strategies of framework engineering and pore impregnation were introduced in detail for raising proton conductivity. The proton-conducting mechanism was described as well. This spotlight will provide new insight into the fabrication of MOF/COF proton conductors under intermediate-temperature and anhydrous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guo
- Institute for Energy Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Junsheng Wei
- Institute for Energy Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Yulong Ying
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute for Energy Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Weiqiang Zhou
- Institute for Energy Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Qing Yu
- Institute for Energy Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
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Shah MY, Lund PD, Zhu B. Toward next-generation fuel cell materials. iScience 2023; 26:106869. [PMID: 37275521 PMCID: PMC10238940 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The fuel cell's three layers-anode/electrolyte/cathode-convert fuel's chemical energy into electricity. Electrolyte membranes determine fuel cell types. Solid-state and ceramic electrolyte SOFC/PCFC and polymer based PEMFC fuel cells dominate fuel cell research. We present a new fuel cell concept using next-generation ceramic nanocomposites made of semiconductor-ionic material combinations. A built-in electric field driving mechanism boosts ionic (O2- or H+ or both) conductivity in these materials. In a fuel cell device, non-doped ceria or its heterostructure might attain 1 Wcm-2 power density. We reviewed promising functional nanocomposites for that range. Ceria-based and multifunctional semiconductor-ionic electrolytes will be highlighted. Owing to their simplicity and abundant resources, these materials might be used to make fuel cells cheaper and more accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.A.K. Yousaf Shah
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Solar Energy Science and Technology/ Energy Storage Joint Research Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peter D. Lund
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Solar Energy Science and Technology/ Energy Storage Joint Research Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- New Energy Technologies Group, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P. O. Box 15100, 00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Bin Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Solar Energy Science and Technology/ Energy Storage Joint Research Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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10
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Kungurtsev Y, Bagryantseva I, Ponomareva V. Copolymer of VDF/TFE as a Promising Polymer Additive for CsH 2PO 4-Based Composite Electrolytes. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:membranes13050520. [PMID: 37233581 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13050520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The composite polymer electrolytes (1-x)CsH2PO4-xF-2M (x = 0-0.3) have been first synthesized and their electrotransport, structural, and mechanical properties were investigated in detail by impedance, FTIR spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction methods. The structure of CsH2PO4 (P21/m) with salt dispersion is retained in the polymer electrolytes. The FTIR and PXRD data are consistent, showing no chemical interaction between the components in the polymer systems, but the salt dispersion is due to a weak interface interaction. The close to uniform distribution of the particles and their agglomerates is observed. The obtained polymer composites are suitable for making thin highly conductive films (60-100 μm) with high mechanical strength. The proton conductivity of the polymer membranes up to x = 0.05-0.1 is close to the pure salt. The further polymers addition up to x = 0.25 results in a significant decrease in the superproton conductivity due to the percolation effect. Despite a decrease, the conductivity values at 180-250 °C remain high enough to enable the use of (1-x)CsH2PO4-xF-2M as a proton membrane in the intermediate temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kungurtsev
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina Bagryantseva
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentina Ponomareva
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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11
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Sharma A, Lim J, Lah MS. Strategies for designing metal–organic frameworks with superprotonic conductivity. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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12
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Fop S, Vivani R, Masci S, Casciola M, Donnadio A. Anhydrous Superprotonic Conductivity in the Zirconium Acid Triphosphate ZrH 5 (PO 4 ) 3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218421. [PMID: 36856155 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of solid-state proton conductors with high proton conductivity at low temperatures is crucial for the implementation of hydrogen-based technologies for portable and automotive applications. Here, we report on the discovery of a new crystalline metal acid triphosphate, ZrH5 (PO4 )3 (ZP3), which exhibits record-high proton conductivity of 0.5-3.1×10-2 S cm-1 in the range 25-110 °C in anhydrous conditions. This is the highest anhydrous proton conductivity ever reported in a crystalline solid proton conductor in the range 25-110 °C. Superprotonic conductivity in ZP3 is enabled by extended defective frustrated hydrogen bond chains, where the protons are dynamically disordered over two oxygen centers. The high proton conductivity and stability in anhydrous conditions make ZP3 an excellent candidate for innovative applications in fuel cells without the need for complex water management systems, and in other energy technologies requiring fast proton transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Fop
- The Chemistry Department, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, UK
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Riccardo Vivani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
- CEMIN-Centro di Eccellenza Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturali per Applicazioni Chimiche, Fisiche e Biomediche, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Masci
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mario Casciola
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Donnadio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
- CEMIN-Centro di Eccellenza Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturali per Applicazioni Chimiche, Fisiche e Biomediche, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
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13
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Balashova E, Zolotarev A, Levin AA, Davydov V, Pavlov S, Smirnov A, Starukhin A, Krichevtsov B, Zhang H, Li F, Luo H, Ke H. Crystal Structure, Raman, FTIR, UV-Vis Absorption, Photoluminescence Spectroscopy, TG-DSC and Dielectric Properties of New Semiorganic Crystals of 2-Methylbenzimidazolium Perchlorate. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1994. [PMID: 36903111 PMCID: PMC10004103 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Single crystals of 2-methylbenzimidazolium perchlorate were prepared for the first time with a slow evaporation method from an aqueous solution of a mixture of 2-methylbenzimidazole (MBI) crystals and perchloric acid HClO4. The crystal structure was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) and confirmed by XRD of powder. Angle-resolved polarized Raman and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectra of crystals consist of lines caused by molecular vibrations in MBI molecule and ClO4- tetrahedron in the region ν = 200-3500 cm-1 and lattice vibrations in the region of 0-200 cm-1. Both XRD and Raman spectroscopy show a protonation of MBI molecule in the crystal. An analysis of ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectra gives an estimation of an optical gap Eg~3.9 eV in the crystals studied. Photoluminescence spectra of MBI-perchlorate crystals consist of a number of overlapping bands with the main maximum at Ephoton ≅ 2.0 eV. Thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) revealed the presence of two first-order phase transitions with different temperature hysteresis at temperatures above room temperature. The higher temperature transition corresponds to the melting temperature. Both phase transitions are accompanied by a strong increase in the permittivity and conductivity, especially during melting, which is similar to the effect of an ionic liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Balashova
- Ioffe Institute, Politechnicheskaya 26, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey Zolotarev
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Valery Davydov
- Ioffe Institute, Politechnicheskaya 26, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Pavlov
- Ioffe Institute, Politechnicheskaya 26, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Smirnov
- Ioffe Institute, Politechnicheskaya 26, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anatoly Starukhin
- Ioffe Institute, Politechnicheskaya 26, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Boris Krichevtsov
- Ioffe Institute, Politechnicheskaya 26, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Fangzhe Li
- School of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Huijiadai Luo
- School of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Hua Ke
- School of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
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14
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Yang Y, Zhou X, Qu D, Liu D, Xie Z, Li J, Tang H. Surface Acidity Dictates Proton Transport in WO 3/ZrO 2: Proton-Conductive Behavior and Mechanistic Insight. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:453-460. [PMID: 36580659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Development of inorganic proton conductors that are applicable in a wide temperature range is crucial for applications such as fuel cells. Most of the reported proton conductors suffer from limited proton conductivity, especially at low temperature. In addition, the mechanism of proton conduction in the conductors is not fully understood, which limits the rational design of advanced proton conductors. In this work, we report the use of metal oxide solid acid as a promising proton conductor. WO3/ZrO2 (WZ) with different surface acidities is synthesized by controlling the content of WO3 on the surface of ZrO2. It is demonstrated that proton conductivity of WZ samples is closely related with their acidity. WZ with the strongest acidity exhibits the highest proton conduction performance at low temperatures, with a proton conductivity of 3.27 × 10-5 S cm-1 at 14 °C. The excellent performance of the WZ-type proton conductor is clarified with theoretical calculations. The results show that the enhanced water adsorption and the lowered activation barrier for breakage of the O-H bond in surface-adsorbed water are the key to the excellent proton-conductive performance of WZ. The experimental results and mechanistic insights gained in this work suggest that WZ is a promising proton conductor, and tailoring the surface acidity of metal oxides is an effective approach to regulate their proton-conductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yang
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Foshan528200, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan430070, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Foshan528200, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan430070, P. R. China
| | - Deyu Qu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan430070, P. R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Foshan528200, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan430070, P. R. China
| | - Zhizhong Xie
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan430070, P. R. China
| | - Junsheng Li
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Foshan528200, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan430070, P. R. China
| | - Haolin Tang
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Foshan528200, P. R. China
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15
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Electrochemical Reduction of Gaseous CO2 at Low-Intermediate Temperatures Using a Solid Acid Membrane Cell. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12121504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the electrochemical reduction of gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2) at low-intermediate temperatures (~250 °C) using a solid acid membrane cell was demonstrated, for the first time. Compared to solid oxide fuel cells, which operate at higher temperatures (>600 °C), this system can utilize the advantage of gaseous CO2 reduction, while being considerably more simply implemented. A Cu-based electrocatalyst was developed as a cathode side catalyst for electrochemical reduction of gaseous CO2 and specifically demonstrated its efficacy to produce hydrocarbons and liquid fuels. The result is significant in terms of resolving the challenges associated with producing hydrocarbons and liquid fuels from CO2 reduction. The present study introduced the novel system with the solid acid membrane cell and the Cu-based catalyst for electrochemically reducing gaseous CO2. This system showed a new possibility for electrochemical reduction of gaseous CO2, as it operates at lower temperatures, produces hydrocarbons and liquid fuels and has plenty of room for improvement.
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16
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Ma N, Horike N, Lombardo L, Kosasang S, Kageyama K, Thanaphatkosol C, Kongpatpanich K, Otake KI, Horike S. Eutectic CsHSO 4-Coordination Polymer Glasses with Superprotonic Conductivity. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18619-18628. [PMID: 36190375 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Superprotonic phase transition in CsHSO4 allows fast protonic conduction, but only at temperatures above the transition temperature of 141 °C (Tc). Here, we preserve the superprotonic conductivity of CsHSO4 by forming a binary CsHSO4-coordination polymer glass system, showing eutectic melting. Their anhydrous proton conductivities below Tc are at least 3 orders of magnitude higher than CsHSO4 without compromising conductivity at higher temperatures or the need for humidification, reaching 6.3 mS cm-1 at 180 °C. The glass also introduces processability to the conductor, as its viscosity below 103 Pa·s can be achieved at 65 °C. Solid-state NMR and X-ray pair distribution functions reveal the oxyanion exchanges and the origin of the preserved conductivity. Finally, we demonstrate the preparation of a micrometer-scale thin-film proton conductor showing low resistivity with high transparency (transmittance >85% between 380-800 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattapol Ma
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Nao Horike
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Loris Lombardo
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Soracha Kosasang
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kotoha Kageyama
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Chonwarin Thanaphatkosol
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Kongpatpanich
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Ken-Ichi Otake
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Horike
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong 21210, Thailand
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17
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Feng L, Bian S, Zhang K, Zhou H. Remarkable proton conducting behavior driven by synergistic effects in acid-base conjugated MOFs impregnated with sulphuric acid molecules. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13742-13748. [PMID: 36017795 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01816k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Coulomb force between protons and negative charges usually leads to low proton diffusion and poor proton conductivity. Herein, acid-base conjugated MOFs of UiO-66-SO3--NH3+ were constructed by linking sulfonic acid and amine groups to an organic skeleton. According to the XPS and elemental analysis, the ratio of 2-aminoterephthalic acid/2-sulfoterephthalic acid was ∼1.9 in UiO-66-SO3--NH3+. After introducing sulphuric acid molecules, the MOF-based electrolyte exhibited a remarkable proton conductivity of 5.40 × 10-1 S cm-1 and low activation energy of 0.15 eV at 100% RH and 90 °C. This remarkable proton conducting behavior was generated by the synergistic system in the MOF, which contained certain synergistic effects such as between -SO3-⋯H+⋯SO42- and NH3+⋯SO42-, therefore possessing a Grotthuss mechanism, which facilitates facile proton transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Feng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, Hubei, China.
| | - Shuyang Bian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Automotive Engineering Research Institute, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu road, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.
| | - Hong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, Hubei, China.
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18
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Stability of Superprotonic CsH 2PO 4 Hermetically Sealed in Different Environments. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15144969. [PMID: 35888435 PMCID: PMC9320119 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Using powder X-ray diffraction and AC impedance spectroscopy, we have found that the superprotonic CsH2PO4 (CDP) phase is stable at T = 250 °C when sealed in different volumes (15 mL and 50 mL) of dry air or inert gasses. Under these conditions, CDP’s proton conductivity stays constant at 2.5 × 10−2 S·cm−1 for at least 10 h. On the other hand, removing the gas from the chamber leads to a sharp, two-order-of-magnitude drop in the proton conductivity. Our data show no evidence of a self-generated water vapor atmosphere in the chamber, and the gas pressure at T = 250 °C is several orders of magnitude below the pressures previously used to stabilize CDP’s superprotonic phase. These results demonstrate that hermetically sealing CDP in small gas-filled volumes represents a new method to stabilize the superprotonic phase, which opens new paths for large-scale applications of phosphate-based solid acids as fuel cell electrolytes.
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19
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Ogiwara N, Iwano T, Ito T, Uchida S. Proton conduction in ionic crystals based on polyoxometalates. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Matsui H, Fukuda K, Takano S, Ikemoto Y, Sasaki T, Matsuo Y. Mechanisms of the antiferro-electric ordering in superprotonic conductors Cs 3H(SeO 4) 2 and Cs 3D(SeO 4) 2. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:204504. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0088230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Wide ranges of absorbance spectra were measured to elucidate a difference in the antiferro-electric (AF) ordering mechanisms below 50 and 168 K in Cs3H(SeO4)2 and Cs3D(SeO4)2, respectively. Collective excitations due to deuterons successfully observed at 610 cm−1 exhibit a remarkable isotope effect. This indicates that the transfer state in the dimer of Cs3D(SeO4)2 is dominated by a deuteron hopping in contrast to Cs3H(SeO4)2, where a proton hopping makes a tiny contribution compared to a phonon-assisted proton tunneling (PAPT) associated with 440-cm−1 defbend . The fluctuation relevant to the AF ordering in Cs3D(SeO4)2 is not driven by the conventional deuteron hopping but by the phonon-assisted deuteron hopping associated with 310-cm−1 defbend . Consequently, Cs3D(SeO4)2 has a distinct ordering mechanism from Cs3H(SeO4)2, in which quantum fluctuations toward the AF ordering are enhanced through the PAPT associated with the in-phase libration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Matsui
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kakeru Fukuda
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Saki Takano
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuka Ikemoto
- SPring-8, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Takahiko Sasaki
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Matsuo
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Life Science, Setsunan University, Neyagawa 572-8508, Japan
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21
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Gainutdinov RV, Tolstikhina AL, Selezneva EV, Makarova IP. Microscopic Analysis of the Surface of Potassium-Ammonium Sulfate Acid Salt Crystals. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774522030087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Xiang F, Chen S, Yuan Z, Li L, Fan Z, Yao Z, Liu C, Xiang S, Zhang Z. Switched Proton Conduction in Metal-Organic Frameworks. JACS AU 2022; 2:1043-1053. [PMID: 35647587 PMCID: PMC9131472 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive materials can respond to external effects, and proton transport is widespread and plays a key role in living systems, making stimuli-responsive proton transport in artificial materials of particular interest to researchers due to its desirable application prospects. On the basis of the rapid growth of proton-conducting porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), switched proton-conducting MOFs have also begun to attract attention. MOFs have advantages in crystallinity, porosity, functionalization, and structural designability, and they can facilitate the fabrication of novel switchable proton conductors and promote an understanding of the comprehensive mechanisms. In this Perspective, we highlight the current progress in the rational design and fabrication of stimuli-responsive proton-conducting MOFs and their applications. The dynamic structural change of proton transfer pathways and the role of trigger molecules are discussed to elucidate the stimuli-responsive mechanisms. Subsequently, we also discuss the challenges and propose new research opportunities for further development.
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23
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Tanifuji N, Shimizu T, Yoshikawa H, Tanaka M, Nishio K, Ida K, Shimizu A, Hasebe Y. Assessment of Eggshell Membrane as a New Type of Proton-Conductive Membrane in Fuel Cells. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:12637-12642. [PMID: 35474842 PMCID: PMC9025988 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells have recently attracted considerable attention as sustainable and eco-friendly electricity generation devices from the viewpoint of carbon neutrality. This study focuses on new discoveries related to the application of eggshell membranes to polymer electrolytes in the development of cheaper, more eco-friendly fuel cells. We observed the electricity generation of the fuel cells using an eggshell membrane as a proton-conductive material and a general carbonic acid aqueous solution. This new fuel cell will contribute to the continued improvement of available fuel cells at lower costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tanifuji
- National
Institute of Technology, Yonago College, 4448 Hikona-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8502, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimizu
- National
Institute of Technology, Yonago College, 4448 Hikona-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8502, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yoshikawa
- School
of Engineering, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Miki Tanaka
- National
Institute of Technology, Yonago College, 4448 Hikona-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8502, Japan
| | - Kosuke Nishio
- National
Institute of Technology, Yonago College, 4448 Hikona-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8502, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ida
- National
Institute of Technology, Yonago College, 4448 Hikona-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8502, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shimizu
- National
Institute of Technology, Yonago College, 4448 Hikona-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8502, Japan
| | - Yukio Hasebe
- ALMADO
Inc., 3-6-18 Kyobashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0031, Japan
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24
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Takeiri F, Watanabe A, Okamoto K, Bresser D, Lyonnard S, Frick B, Ali A, Imai Y, Nishikawa M, Yonemura M, Saito T, Ikeda K, Otomo T, Kamiyama T, Kanno R, Kobayashi G. Hydride-ion-conducting K 2NiF 4-type Ba-Li oxyhydride solid electrolyte. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:325-330. [PMID: 35027719 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen transport in solids, applied in electrochemical devices such as fuel cells and electrolysis cells, is key to sustainable energy societies. Although using proton (H+) conductors is an attractive choice, practical conductivity at intermediate temperatures (200-400 °C), which would be ideal for most energy and chemical conversion applications, remains a challenge. Alternatively, hydride ions (H-), that is, monovalent anions with high polarizability, can be considered a promising charge carrier that facilitates fast ionic conduction in solids. Here, we report a K2NiF4-type Ba-Li oxyhydride with an appreciable amount of hydrogen vacancies that presents long-range order at room temperature. Increasing the temperature results in the disappearance of the vacancy ordering, triggering a high and essentially temperature-independent H- conductivity of more than 0.01 S cm-1 above 315 °C. Such a remarkable H- conducting nature at intermediate temperatures is anticipated to be important for energy and chemical conversion devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Takeiri
- Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Japan
| | - Akihiro Watanabe
- Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori, Japan
| | - Kei Okamoto
- Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Japan
| | - Dominic Bresser
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, Grenoble, France
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sandrine Lyonnard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Asad Ali
- Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Japan
| | - Yumiko Imai
- Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Masako Nishikawa
- Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Masao Yonemura
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Japan
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Japan
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Japan
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshiya Otomo
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Japan
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamiyama
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Japan
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryoji Kanno
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori, Japan
- Research Center for All-Solid-State Battery, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Genki Kobayashi
- Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Japan.
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Japan.
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25
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Hartl A, Jurányi F, Krack M, Lunkenheimer P, Schulz A, Sheptyakov D, Paulmann C, Appel M, PARK S. Dynamically disordered hydrogen bonds in the hureaulite-type phosphatic oxyhydroxide Mn5[(PO4)2(PO3(OH))2](HOH)4. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:094502. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0083856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Arthur Schulz
- University of Augsburg Institute of Physics, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Paulmann
- Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography, University of Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Appel
- Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - SoHyun PARK
- LMU München Department für Geo und Umweltwissenschaften Sektion Kristallographie [München 80333 academic/earth], Germany
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26
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Jinnouchi R. Molecular dynamics simulations of proton conducting mediums containing phosphoric acid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:15522-15531. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00484d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An anhydrous proton conducting electrolyte is a key material to realise medium-temperature fuel cells that can drastically simplify heat radiation systems in transportation applications. However, practical applications are limited by...
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27
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Gus'kov R, Ponomareva V. NEW HIGH- CONDUCTING HYBRID CsH5(PO4)2-BUTVAR COMPOUNDS. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Ogawa T, Ohashi H, Anilkumar GM, Tamaki T, Yamaguchi T. Suitable acid groups and density in electrolytes to facilitate proton conduction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:23778-23786. [PMID: 34643626 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00718a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Proton conducting materials suffer from low proton conductivity under low-relative humidity (RH) conditions. Previously, it was reported that acid-acid interactions, where acids interact with each other at close distances, can facilitate proton conduction without water movement and are promising for overcoming this drawback [T. Ogawa, H. Ohashi, T. Tamaki and T. Yamaguchi, Chem. Phys. Lett., 2019, 731, 136627]. However, acid groups have not been compared to find a suitable acid group and density for the interaction, which is important to experimentally synthesize the material. Here, we performed ab initio calculations to identify acid groups and acid densities as a polymer design that effectively causes acid-acid interactions. The evaluation method employed parameters based on several different optimized coordination interactions of acids and water molecules. The results show that the order of the abilities of polymer electrolytes to readily induce acid-acid interactions is hydrocarbon-based phosphonated polymers > phosphonated aromatic hydrocarbon polymers > perfluorosulfonic acid polymers ≈ perfluorophosphonic acid polymers > sulfonated aromatic hydrocarbon polymers. The acid-acid interaction becomes stronger as the distance between acids decreases. The preferable distance between phosphonate moieties is within 13 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Ogawa
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
| | - Hidenori Ohashi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
| | - Gopinathan M Anilkumar
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan. .,Research & Development Center, Noritake, Co., Ltd., 300 Higashiyama, Miyoshi cho, Miyoshi, Aichi 470-0293, Japan
| | - Takanori Tamaki
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan. .,Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takeo Yamaguchi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan. .,Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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29
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Hämmer M, Netzsch P, Klenner S, Neuschulz K, Struckmann M, Wickleder MS, Daub M, Hillebrecht H, Pöttgen R, Höppe HA. The tin sulfates Sn(SO 4) 2 and Sn2(SO4)3: crystal structures, optical and thermal properties. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12913-12922. [PMID: 34581352 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02189c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the crystal structures of two tin(IV) sulfate polymorphs Sn(SO4)2-I (P21/c (no. 14), a = 504.34(3), b = 1065.43(6), c = 1065.47(6) pm, β = 91.991(2)°, 4617 independent reflections, 104 refined parameters, wR2 = 0.096) and Sn(SO4)2-II (P21/n (no. 14), a = 753.90(3), b = 802.39(3), c = 914.47(3) pm, β = 92.496(2)°, 3970 independent reflections, 101 refined parameters, wR2 = 0.033). Moreover, the first heterovalent tin sulfate Sn2(SO4)3 is reported which adopts space group P1̄ (no. 2) (a = 483.78(9), b = 809.9(2), c = 1210.7(2) pm, α = 89.007(7)°, β = 86.381(7)°, γ = 73.344(7)°, 1602 independent reflections, 152 refined parameters, wR2 = 0.059). Finally, SnSO4 - the only tin sulfate with known crystal structure - was revised and information complemented. The optical and thermal properties of all tin sulfates are investigated by FTIR, UV-vis, luminescence and 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy as well as thermogravimetry and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hämmer
- Institut für Physik, Universität Augsburg, Universitätsstraße 1, 86159 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Philip Netzsch
- Institut für Physik, Universität Augsburg, Universitätsstraße 1, 86159 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Steffen Klenner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kai Neuschulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 6, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mona Struckmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 6, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mathias S Wickleder
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 6, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Daub
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Harald Hillebrecht
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Pöttgen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Henning A Höppe
- Institut für Physik, Universität Augsburg, Universitätsstraße 1, 86159 Augsburg, Germany.
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30
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Tellez-Cruz MM, Escorihuela J, Solorza-Feria O, Compañ V. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs): Advances and Challenges. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3064. [PMID: 34577965 PMCID: PMC8468942 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the electrochemical catalyst conversion of renewable electricity and carbon oxides into chemical fuels attracts a great deal of attention by different researchers. The main role of this process is in mitigating the worldwide energy crisis through a closed technological carbon cycle, where chemical fuels, such as hydrogen, are stored and reconverted to electricity via electrochemical reaction processes in fuel cells. The scientific community focuses its efforts on the development of high-performance polymeric membranes together with nanomaterials with high catalytic activity and stability in order to reduce the platinum group metal applied as a cathode to build stacks of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) to work at low and moderate temperatures. The design of new conductive membranes and nanoparticles (NPs) whose morphology directly affects their catalytic properties is of utmost importance. Nanoparticle morphologies, like cubes, octahedrons, icosahedrons, bipyramids, plates, and polyhedrons, among others, are widely studied for catalysis applications. The recent progress around the high catalytic activity has focused on the stabilizing agents and their potential impact on nanomaterial synthesis to induce changes in the morphology of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam M. Tellez-Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Av. IPN 2508, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico; (M.M.T.-C.); (O.S.-F.)
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Omar Solorza-Feria
- Department of Chemistry, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Av. IPN 2508, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico; (M.M.T.-C.); (O.S.-F.)
| | - Vicente Compañ
- Departamento de Termodinámica Aplicada (ETSII), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Role of Reaction Intermediate Diffusion on the Performance of Platinum Electrodes in Solid Acid Fuel Cells. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11091065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the reaction pathways for the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is the key to design electrodes for solid acid fuel cells (SAFCs). In general, electrochemical reactions of a fuel cell are considered to occur at the triple-phase boundary where an electrocatalyst, electrolyte and gas phase are in contact. In this concept, diffusion processes of reaction intermediates from the catalyst to the electrolyte remain unconsidered. Here, we unravel the reaction pathways for open-structured Pt electrodes with various electrode thicknesses from 15 to 240 nm. These electrodes are characterized by a triple-phase boundary length and a thickness-depending double-phase boundary area. We reveal that the double-phase boundary is the active catalytic interface for the HOR. For Pt layers ≤ 60 nm, the HOR rate is rate-limited by the processes at the gas/catalyst and/or the catalyst/electrolyte interface while the hydrogen surface diffusion step is fast. For thicker layers (>60 nm), the diffusion of reaction intermediates on the surface of Pt becomes the limiting process. For the ORR, the predominant reaction pathway is via the triple-phase boundary. The double-phase boundary contributes additionally with a diffusion length of a few nanometers. Based on our results, we propose that the molecular reaction mechanism at the electrode interfaces based upon the triple-phase boundary concept may need to be extended to an effective area near the triple-phase boundary length to include all catalytically relevant diffusion processes of the reaction intermediates.
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Functionalized and Platinum-Decorated Multi-Layer Oxidized Graphene as a Proton, and Electron Conducting Separator in Solid Acid Fuel Cells. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11080947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present article, electrodes containing a composite of platinum on top of a plasma-oxidized multi-layer graphene film are investigated as model electrodes that combine an exceptional high platinum utilization with high electrode stability. Graphene is thereby acting as a separator between the phosphate-based electrolyte and the platinum catalyst. Electrochemical impedance measurements in humidified hydrogen at 240 °C show area-normalized electrode resistance of 0.06 Ω·cm−2 for a platinum loading of ∼60 µgPt·cm−2, resulting in an outstanding mass normalized activity of almost 280 S·mgPt−1, exceeding even state-of-the-art electrodes. The presented platinum decorated graphene electrodes enable stable operation over 60 h with a non-optimized degradation rate of 0.15% h−1, whereas electrodes with a similar design but without the graphene as separator are prone to a very fast degradation. The presented results propose an efficient way to stabilize solid acid fuel cell electrodes and provide valuable insights about the degradation processes which are essential for further electrode optimization.
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Cassone G, Sponer J, Saija F. Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Studies of the Electric-Field-Induced Catalytic Effects on Liquids. Top Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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34
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Zięba S, Piotrowska A, Mizera A, Ławniczak P, Markiewicz KH, Gzella A, Dubis AT, Łapiński A. Spectroscopic and Structural Study of a New Conducting Pyrazolium Salt. Molecules 2021; 26:4657. [PMID: 34361809 PMCID: PMC8347911 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in conductivity with temperature in 1H-pyrazol-2-ium 2,6-dicarboxybenzoate monohydrate was analyzed, and the influence of the mobility of the water was discussed in this study. The electric properties of the salt were studied using the impedance spectroscopy method. WB97XD/6-311++G(d,p) calculations were performed, and the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAiM) approach and the Hirshfeld surface method were applied to analyze the hydrogen bond interaction. It was found that temperature influences the spectroscopic properties of pyrazolium salt, particularly the carbonyl and hydroxyl frequencies. The influence of water molecules, connected by three-center hydrogen bonds with co-planar tetrameters, on the formation of structural defects is also discussed in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Zięba
- Institute of Molecular Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179 Poznań, Poland; (S.Z.); (A.M.); (P.Ł.)
| | - Agata Piotrowska
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznań University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Adam Mizera
- Institute of Molecular Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179 Poznań, Poland; (S.Z.); (A.M.); (P.Ł.)
| | - Paweł Ławniczak
- Institute of Molecular Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179 Poznań, Poland; (S.Z.); (A.M.); (P.Ł.)
| | - Karolina H. Markiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland; (K.H.M.); (A.T.D.)
| | - Andrzej Gzella
- Departament of Organic Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Alina T. Dubis
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland; (K.H.M.); (A.T.D.)
| | - Andrzej Łapiński
- Institute of Molecular Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179 Poznań, Poland; (S.Z.); (A.M.); (P.Ł.)
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Biradha K, Goswami A, Moi R, Saha S. Metal-organic frameworks as proton conductors: strategies for improved proton conductivity. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:10655-10673. [PMID: 34286769 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01116b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies on proton conductivity using pristine MOFs and their composite materials have established an outstanding area of research owing to their potential applications for the development of high performance solid state proton conductors (SSPCs) and proton exchange membranes (PEMs) in fuel cells (FCs). MOFs, as crystalline organic and inorganic hybrid materials, provide a large number of degrees of freedom in their framework composition, coordination environment, and chemically functionalized pores for the targeted design of improved proton carriers, functioning over a wide range of temperature and humidity conditions. Herein, our efforts have been emphasized on fundamental principles and different design strategies to achieve enhanced proton conductivity with appropriate examples. We also have discussed the modification mechanism of MOF-composite materials and mixed matrix membranes for commercial applications in FCs. Thus, this review aims to direct readers' attention towards the design strategies and structure-property relationship for proton transport in MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Biradha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India.
| | - Anindita Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India.
| | - Rajib Moi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India.
| | - Subhajit Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India.
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36
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Liu R, Yu YH, Wang HW, Liu YY, Li G. High and Tunable Proton Conduction in Six 3D-Substituted Imidazole Dicarboxylate-Based Lanthanide-Organic Frameworks. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10808-10818. [PMID: 34210127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Six isostructural three-dimensional (3D) Ln(III)-organic frameworks, {[Ln2(HMIDC)2(μ4-C2O4)(H2O)3]·4H2O}n [LnIII = GdIII (1), EuIII (2), SmIII (3), NdIII (4), PrIII (5), and CeIII (6)], have been fabricated by using a multifunctional ligand of 2-methyl-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid (H3MIDC). Ln-metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) 1-6 present 3D structures and possess abundant H-bonded networks between imidazole-N atoms and coordinated and free water molecules. All the six Ln-MOFs demonstrate humidity- and temperature-dependent proton conductivity (σ) having the optimal values of 2.01 × 10-3, 1.40 × 10-3, 0.93 × 10-3, 2.25 × 10-4, 1.11 × 10-4, and 0.96 × 10-4 S·cm-1 for 1-6, respectively, at 100 °C/98% relative humidity, in the order of CeIII (6) < PrIII (5) < NdIII (4) < SmIII (3) < EuIII (2) < GdIII (1). In particular, the σ for 1 is 1 order of magnitude higher than that for 6, and it enhances systematically according to the decreasing order of the ionic radius, indicating that the lanthanide-contraction tactics can effectively regulate the proton conductivity while retaining the proton conduction routes. This will offer valuable guidance for the acquisition of new proton-conducting materials. In addition, the outstanding water stability and electrochemical stability of such Ln-MOFs will afford a solid material basis for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Centre, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Hong Yu
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Centre, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Centre, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Centre, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan, P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Centre, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan, P. R. China
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37
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Ansari Y, Ueno K, Angell CA. Protic Ionic Liquids Can Be Both Free Proton Conductors and Benign Superacids. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:7855-7862. [PMID: 34250812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Superacids have been the source of much spectacular chemistry but very little interesting physics despite the fact that the states of cations formed by transfer of the superacid proton to molecular bases can approach that of the cations in free space. Indeed, some of the very strongest acids, such as HPF6 and HAlCl4, have no independent existence due to lack of screening of the bare proton self-energy: their acidities can only be assessed by study of the conjugate bases. Here we show that, by allowing the protons of transient HAlCl4 and HAlBr4 to relocate on pentafluoropyridine, PFP (a very weak base that is stable to superacids), we can create glass forming protic ionic liquids (PILs) that are themselves superacids but, being free of superacid vapors, are of benign character. At Tg, conductivities exceed "good" ionic liquid values by 9 decades, so must be superprotonic. Anomalous Walden plots confirm superprotonicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Ansari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kazuhide Ueno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 241-8501 Yokohama, Japan
| | - C Austen Angell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Shanmugam S, Ketpang K, Aziz MA, Oh K, Lee K, Son B, Chanunpanich N. Composite polymer electrolyte membrane decorated with porous titanium oxide nanotubes for fuel cell operating under low relative humidity. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Lupa M, Kozyra P, Jajko G, Matoga D. Trojan Horse Thiocyanate: Induction and Control of High Proton Conductivity in CPO-27/MOF-74 Metal-Organic Frameworks by Metal Selection and Solvent-Free Mechanochemical Dosing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:29820-29826. [PMID: 34137584 PMCID: PMC8289229 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Proton-conducting metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been gaining attention for their role as solid-state electrolytes in various devices for energy conversion and storage. Here, we present a convenient strategy for inducing and tuning of superprotonic conductivity in MOFs with open metal sites via postsynthetic incorporation of charge carriers enabled by solvent-free mechanochemistry and anion coordination. This scalable approach is demonstrated using a series of CPO-27/MOF-74 [M2(dobdc); M = Mg2+, Zn2+, Ni2+; dobdc = 2,5-dioxido-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate] materials loaded with various stoichiometric amounts of NH4SCN. The modified materials are not achievable by conventional immersion in solutions. Periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations, supported by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction, provide structures of the modified MOFs including positions of inserted ions inside the [001] channels. Despite the same type and concentration of proton carriers, the MOFs can be arranged in the increasing order of conductivity (Ni < Zn < Mg), which strongly correlates with amounts of water vapor adsorbed. We conclude that the proton conductivity of CPO-27 materials can be controlled over a few orders of magnitude by metal selection and mechanochemical dosing of ammonium thiocyanate. The dosing of a solid is shown for the first time as a useful, simple, and ecological method for the control of material conductivity.
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40
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Gainutdinov RV, Tolstikhina AL, Selezneva EV, Makarova IP. Surface Evolution at the Phase Transitions in (NH4)3H(SeO4)2 Crystals. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774521030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Ogiwara N, Tomoda M, Miyazaki S, Weng Z, Takatsu H, Kageyama H, Misawa T, Ito T, Uchida S. Integrating molecular design and crystal engineering approaches in non-humidified intermediate-temperature proton conductors based on a Dawson-type polyoxometalate and poly(ethylene glycol) derivatives. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:8049-8057. [PMID: 33956921 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01220g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Anionic metal-oxygen clusters known as polyoxometalates (POMs) have been widely researched as components of proton conductors. While proton conduction under non-humidified intermediate-temperature (100-250 °C) conditions is advantageous from the viewpoint of kinetics, few solid-state materials, not to mention POM-based crystals, show truly effective proton conduction without the aid of water vapor. In this context, non-volatile proton-conductive polymers have been confined into POM-based frameworks, while fast proton conduction was infeasible. Herein, we demonstrate a new strategy to synthesize POM-polymer composites exhibiting fast proton conduction under non-humidified intermediate-temperature conditions. Specifically, a molecular design approach utilizing poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs) of different terminal groups or chain lengths controls the proton carrier density, and a crystal engineering approach using a large Dawson-type POM ([α-P2W18O62]6-) with an anisotropic molecular shape and alkali metal ions as counter cations fine-tunes the mobility of the confined PEGs as proton carriers. By integrating these approaches, proton conductivity over 10-4 S cm-1 at 150 °C, comparable to the well-known highly proton-conductive solid-state materials, is achieved. The proton conduction mechanism is discussed with alternative current impedance spectroscopy jointly with specific heat capacity measurements and solid-state NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ogiwara
- Department of Basic Science, School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
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42
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Ruan ZY, Liang YB, Tan SL, Tang YX, Lin WQ, Wu JZ, Ou YC. A Rare 2D Framework Cu(atz) 2 with Ferrimagnetic and High Proton Conductivity. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:931-936. [PMID: 33619903 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Materials combining proton conductivity and magnetism have attracted great attention in recent years due to their intriguing application in sensors and fuel cells. Herein a two-dimensional metal-organic framework, [Cu(atz)2 (H2 O)2 ]⋅H2 O (1) (Hatz=5-aminotetrazole), has been obtained in a green synthesis method. The single-crystal structure revealed that the atz- ligands as linkers coordinate with copper ions to sql networks, between which water molecules are immobilized through hydrogen bonds. The resulting complex 1 exhibits a high proton conductivity of 1.11×10-4 and 6.19×10-4 S cm-1 at room temperature and 333 K, respectively, under 98% RH with an activation energy of 0.56 eV. Upon dehydration, the proton conductivity of 1_dg drops by an order of magnitude. Furthermore, the magnetic behavior changes from long-range ferrimagnetic ordering of 1 to canted antiferromagnetic behaviour of 1_dg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yu Ruan
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Bing Liang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Lian Tan
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Xin Tang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Quan Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Zhong Wu
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Cong Ou
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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Jiang X, Zhang K, Huang Y, Xu B, Xu X, Zhang J, Liu Z, Wang Y, Pan Y, Bian S, Chen Q, Wu X, Zhang G. Conjugated Microporous Polymer with C≡C and C-F Bonds: Achieving Remarkable Stability and Super Anhydrous Proton Conductivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:15536-15541. [PMID: 33755423 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Introducing nonvolatile liquid acids into porous solids is a promising solution to construct anhydrous proton-conducting electrolytes, but due to weak coordination or covalent bonds building these solids, they often suffer from structural instability in acidic environments. Herein, we report a series of steady conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) linked by robust alkynyl bonds and functionalized with perfluoroalkyl groups and incorporate them with phosphoric acid. The resulting composite electrolyte exhibits high anhydrous proton conductivity at 30-120 °C (up to 4.39 × 10-3 S cm-1), and the activation energy is less than 0.4 eV. The excellent proton conductivity is attributed to the hydrophobic pores that provide nanospace for continuous proton transport, and the hydrogen bonding between phosphoric acid and perfluoroalkyl chains of CMPs promotes short-distance proton hopping from one side to the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhu Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Bingqing Xu
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Jiajun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Ziya Liu
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Yaoyao Pan
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Shuyang Bian
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Qihang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Gen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
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Branched Sulfonimide-Based Proton Exchange Polymer Membranes from Poly(Phenylenebenzopheneone)s for Fuel Cell Applications. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11030168. [PMID: 33673539 PMCID: PMC7997320 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11030168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Improved proton conductivity and high durability are now a high concern for proton exchange membranes (PEMs). Therefore, highly proton conductive PEMs have been synthesized from branched sulfonimide-based poly(phenylenebenzophenone) (SI-branched PPBP) with excellent thermal and chemical stability. The branched polyphenylene-based carbon-carbon backbones of the SI-branched PPBP membranes were attained from the 1,4-dichloro-2,5-diphenylenebenzophenone (PBP) monomer using 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene as a branching agent (0.1%) via the Ni-Zn catalyzed C-C coupling reaction. The as-synthesized SI-branched PPBP membranes showed 1.00~1.86 meq./g ion exchange capacity (IEC) with unique dimensional stability. The sulfonimide groups of the SI-branched PPBP membranes had improved proton conductivity (75.9-121.88 mS/cm) compared to Nafion 117 (84.74 mS/cm). Oxidation stability by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fenton's test study confirmed the significant properties of the SI-branched PPBP membranes. Additionally, a very distinct microphase separation between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties was observed using atomic force microscopic (AFM) analysis. The properties of the synthesized SI-branched PPBP membranes demonstrate their viability as an alternative PEM material.
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Tandekar K, Singh C, Supriya S. Proton Conductivity in {Mo
72
Fe
30
}‐Type Keplerate. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kesar Tandekar
- School of Physical Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University 110067 New Delhi India
| | - Chandani Singh
- School of Chemistry University of Hyderabad 500046 Hyderabad India
| | - Sabbani Supriya
- School of Physical Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University 110067 New Delhi India
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Merinov BV, Morozov SI. Proton transport mechanism and pathways in the superprotonic phase of M 3H(AO 4) 2 solid acids from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:17026-17032. [PMID: 34342312 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00757b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The proton transport mechanism in superprotonic phases of solid acids has been a subject of experimental and theoretical studies for a number of years. Despite this, details of the mechanism still need further clarification. In particular in the M3H(AO4)2 family of crystals, where M = NH4, K, Rb, Cs, and A = S, Se, the proton diffusion is mostly considered in the (001) plane, whereas it is relatively high in the [001] direction as well. In this paper, we report the results of our ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of the Cs3H(SeO4)2 superprotonic phase and propose an atomic-level mechanism of proton transport and pathways both in the (001) plane and along the [001] direction. It turned out that structural configurations formed by hydrogen-bonded tetrahedral anions during the proton diffusion are more complicated and diverse than those considered so far in the literature. Our predicted values of the proton conductivity and activation energy agree well with available experimental data. This validates the reliability of the computational results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris V Merinov
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (MSC), California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
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Weng G, Ouyang K, Lin X, Xue J, Wang H. Proton conducting membranes for hydrogen and ammonia production. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00207d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dense proton conducting membranes possess 100% hydrogen selectivity and excellent stability under practical conditions, and serve as promising technologies for hydrogen and ammonia production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Weng
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kun Ouyang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xuanhe Lin
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian Xue
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Haihui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Semi-interpenetrating Network Membrane from Polyethyleneimine-Epoxy Resin and Polybenzimidazole for HT-PEM Fuel Cells. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/3845982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN) high-temperature proton exchange membrane based on polyethyleneimine (PEI), epoxy resin (ER), and polybenzimidazole (PBI) was prepared and characterized, aiming at their future application in fuel cell devices. The physical properties of the semi-IPN membrane are characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and tensile strength test. The results indicate that the as-prepared PEI-ER/PBI semi-IPN membranes possess excellent thermal stability and mechanical strength. After phosphoric acid (PA) doping treatment, the semi-IPN membranes show high proton conductivities. PA doping level and volume swelling ratio as well as proton conductivities of the semi-IPN membranes are found to be positively related to the PEI content. High proton conductivities of
are achieved at 160°C for these PA-doped PEI-ER/PBI series membranes. H2/O2 fuel cell assembled with PA-doped PEI-ER(1 : 2)/PBI membrane delivered a peak power density of 170 mW cm-2 at 160°C under anhydrous conditions.
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A comprehensive review of energy sources for unmanned aerial vehicles, their shortfalls and opportunities for improvements. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05285. [PMID: 33235928 PMCID: PMC7672221 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles were first introduced almost 40 years ago and their applications have increased and diversified substantially since then, in both commercial and private use. One of the UAVs main issues when it comes to mobility is that the power sources available are inadequate, this highlights an area for improvement as the interest in drones is on the increase. There exist many different types of power supplies applied to UAVs, however each has their own limitations and strengths that pertain to weight contributions, charging and discharging times, size, payload capabilities, energy density and power density. The aim of this paper is to review the main power sources available for UAVs, determine their shortfalls, compare the power sources with each other and offer suggestions as to how they can be improved – hence identifying where the gap lies for developing better alternative power sources.
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Ward MD, Chaloux BL, Johannes MD, Epshteyn A. Facile Proton Transport in Ammonium Borosulfate-An Unhumidified Solid Acid Polyelectrolyte for Intermediate Temperatures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003667. [PMID: 32924200 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High proton conductivity is reported for unhumidified ammonium borosulfate, NH4 [B(SO4 )2 ], a solid acid coordination polymer that contains 1D, hydrogen-bonded NH4 + ···1 ∞ [B(SO4 )4/2 ]- chains. NH4 [B(SO4 )2 ] is thermally stable to 320 °C and is amenable to sintering into monolithic, polycrystalline discs at 200 °C and about 300 MPa of uniaxial pressure. Impedance spectroscopy measurements reveal ionic conductivities for sintered ammonium borosulfate of 0.1 mS cm-1 at 25 °C and up to 10 mS cm-1 at 180 °C in ambient air. No superprotonic transition is observed in the temperature range of 25-180 °C. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations show these high conductivities are aided by free rotation of the NH4 + units and significant gyrational mobility of the SO4 tetrahedra, which, in turn, provide facile pathways for proton locomotion. High conductivities, a wide operational temperature window, and tolerance to both ambient and anhydrous conditions make NH4 [B(SO4 )]2 an attractive candidate electrolyte for intermediate-temperature hydrogen fuel cells that may enable operation at temperatures as high as 300 °C without active humidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Ward
- Chemistry Division, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Brian L Chaloux
- Chemistry Division, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Michelle D Johannes
- Center for Computational Materials Science, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Albert Epshteyn
- Chemistry Division, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
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