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Winterstein SF, Bettermann M, Timm J, Marschall R, Senker J. Thermodynamically Stable Functionalization of Microporous Aromatic Frameworks with Sulfonic Acid Groups by Inserting Methylene Spacers. Molecules 2024; 29:1666. [PMID: 38611945 PMCID: PMC11013227 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) are an auspicious class of materials that allow for the introduction of sulfonic acid groups at the aromatic core units by post-synthetic modification. This makes PAFs promising for proton-exchange materials. However, the limited thermal stability of sulfonic acid groups attached to aromatic cores prevents high-temperature applications. Here, we present a framework based on PAF-303 where the acid groups were added as methylene sulfonic acid side chains in a two-step post-synthetic route (SMPAF-303) via the intermediate chloromethylene PAF (ClMPAF-303). Elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize both frameworks and corroborate the successful attachment of the side chains. The resulting framework SMPAF-303 features high thermal stability and an ion-exchange capacity of about 1.7 mequiv g-1. The proton conductivity depends strongly on the adsorbed water level. It reaches from about 10-7 S cm-1 for 33% RH to about 10-1 S cm-1 for 100% RH. We attribute the strong change to a locally alternating polarity of the inner surfaces. The latter introduces bottleneck effects for the water molecule and oxonium ion diffusion at lower relative humidities, due to electrolyte clustering. When the pores are completely filled with water, these bottlenecks vanish, leading to an unhindered electrolyte diffusion through the framework, explaining the conductivity rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon F. Winterstein
- Inorganic Chemistry III and Northern Bavarian NMR Centre, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Michael Bettermann
- Inorganic Chemistry III and Northern Bavarian NMR Centre, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jana Timm
- Physical Chemistry III, Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany (R.M.)
| | - Roland Marschall
- Physical Chemistry III, Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany (R.M.)
| | - Jürgen Senker
- Inorganic Chemistry III and Northern Bavarian NMR Centre, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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2
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Cui Y, Li D, Shao Z, Zhao Y, Geng K, Huang J, Zhang Y, Hou H. Construction of Hydration Layer for Proton Transport by Implanting the Hydrophilic Center Ag 0 in Nickel Metal-Organic Frameworks. Small 2024; 20:e2307964. [PMID: 38009486 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The directional arrangement of H2O molecules can effectively regulate the ordered protons transfer to improve transport efficiency, which can be controlled by the interaction between materials and H2O. Herein, a strategy to build a stable hydration layer in metal-organic framework (MOF) platforms, in which hydrophilic centers that can manipulate H2O molecules are implanted into MOF cavities is presented. The rigid grid-Ni-MOF is selected as the supporting material due to the uniformly distributed cavities and rigid structures. The Ag0 possesses potential combination ability with the hydrophilic substances, so it is introduced into the MOF as hydration layer centers. Relying on the strong interaction between Ag0 and H2O, the H2O molecules can rearrange around Ag0 in the cavity, which is intuitively verified by DFT calculation and molecular dynamics simulation. The establishment of a hydration layer in Ag@Ni-MOF regulates the chemical properties of the material and gives the material excellent proton conduction performance, with a proton conductivity of 4.86 × 10-2 S cm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cui
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Dongyang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Zhichao Shao
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Yujie Zhao
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Kangshuai Geng
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Yatao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Hongwei Hou
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
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3
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Hong YL, Zuo SW, Du HY, Shi ZQ, Hu H, Li G. Four Lanthanide(III) Metal-Organic Frameworks Fabricated by Bithiophene Dicarboxylate for High Inherent Proton Conduction. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:13745-13755. [PMID: 38446712 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Currently, it is still a challenge to directly achieve highly stable metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with superior proton conductivity solely through the exquisite design of ligands and the attentive selection of metal nodes. Inspired by this, we are intrigued by a multifunctional dicarboxylate ligand including dithiophene groups, 3,4-dimethylthieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (H2DTD), and lanthanide ions with distinct coordination topologies. Successfully, four isostructural three-dimensional lanthanide(III)-based MOFs, [Ln2(DTD)3(DEF)4]·DEF·6H2O [LnIII = TbIII (Tb-MOF), EuIII (Eu-MOF), SmIII (Sm-MOF), and DyIII (Dy-MOF)], were solvothermally prepared, in which the effective proton transport will be provided by the coordinated or free solvent molecules, the crystalline water molecules, and the framework components, as well as a large number of highly electronegative S and O atoms. As expected, the four Ln-MOFs demonstrated the highest proton conductivities (σ) being 0.54 × 10-3, 3.75 × 10-3, 1.28 × 10-3, and 1.92 × 10-3 S·cm-1 for the four MOFs, respectively, at 100 °C/98% relative humidity (RH). Excitingly, Dy-MOF demonstrated an extraordinary ultrahigh σ of 1 × 10-3 S·cm-1 at 30 °C/98% RH. Additionally, the plausible proton transport mechanisms were emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Hong
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Centre, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Shuai-Wu Zuo
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Centre, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Yu Du
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Centre, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, P. R. China
| | - Hailiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Centre, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
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Pathak A, Watanabe H, Manna B, Hatakeyama K, Ida S. Hydrogen-Bonded Metal-Organic Framework Nanosheet as a Proton Conducting Membrane for an H 2 /O 2 Fuel Cell. Small 2024:e2400222. [PMID: 38477688 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Proton-conducting metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted attention as potential electrolytes for fuel cells. However, research progress in utilizing MOFs as electrolytes for fuel cells has been limited, mainly due to challenges associated with issues such as the fabrication of MOF membranes, and hydrogen crossover through the MOF's pores. Here, we report proton conductivity and fuel cell performance of a self-standing membrane prepared from of a bismuth subgallate MOF nanosheets with non-porous structure are reported. The fabricated MOF nanosheet membrane with no binding agent exhibitsed structural anisotropy. The proton conductivity in the membrane thickness direction (4.4 × 10-3 S cm-1 ) at 90 °C and RH 100% is observed to be higher than that in the in-plane direction of the membrane (3.3 × 10-5 S cm-1 ). The open circuit voltage (OCV) of a fuel cell with ≈120 µm proton conducting membrane is 1.0 V. The non-porous nature of the MOF nanosheets contributes to the relatively high OCV. A fuel cell using ≈40 µm membrane as proton conducting electrolyte records a maximum of 25 mW cm-2 power density and a maximum of 109 mA cm-2 current density with 0.91 V OCV at 80 °C in humid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agamoni Pathak
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami-2-39, Chuo ku, Kumamoto, 860-0862, Japan
| | - Haruki Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami-2-39, Chuo ku, Kumamoto, 860-0862, Japan
| | - Biplab Manna
- Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials (IINA), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuto Hatakeyama
- Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials (IINA), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shintaro Ida
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami-2-39, Chuo ku, Kumamoto, 860-0862, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials (IINA), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
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Chen L, Wang G, Toyoura K, Han D. High-Temperature Protonic Conduction in La 2 NiO 4+ δ -Based Ruddlesden-Popper Type Oxides: Correlation with Concentration of Interstitial Oxide Ions. Small 2024:e2311473. [PMID: 38385829 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen-excess La2 NiO4+ δ (LNO) conducts oxide ions, electron holes, and hydroxide ions simultaneously on exposing to wet oxygen, exhibiting the potential as a cathode material in protonic ceramic fuel cells. Since the incorporation of protons in oxygen-excess LNO is via the hydration reaction assisted by interstitial oxide ions, in this work, the concentration of interstitial oxide ions is reduced and increased by substituting Ni with Cu and Co, respectively. A higher concentration of interstitial oxide ions leads to a high proton concentration, indicating the predominant role of interstitial oxide ions in the hydration reaction, different from that in the oxygen-deficient oxides, where protons are introduced by dissociative absorption of water molecules by oxygen vacancies. The theoretical calculation indicates that protons in Co-doped LNO prefer to locate between the interstitial oxide ions and unshared apical oxide ions. A trapping effect is found between protons and the oxide ions near Cu, leading to decreased proton mobility. Protonic conductivity at 400-575 °C is then directly measured by a Hebb-Wagner direct current polarization method with La0.99 Ca0.01 NbO4- δ as the blocking electrode, enabling the observation that Co-doped LNO has the highest protonic conductivity among the samples studied in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubing Chen
- College of Energy, Soochow University, No 1 Shizi Street, Gusu District, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Guanchao Wang
- College of Energy, Soochow University, No 1 Shizi Street, Gusu District, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Kazuaki Toyoura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Donglin Han
- College of Energy, Soochow University, No 1 Shizi Street, Gusu District, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, No 1 Shizi Street, Gusu District, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Light Industry Institute of Electrochemical Power Sources, Shahu Science & Technology Innovation Park, Suzhou, 215638, China
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6
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Ramanthrikkovil Variyam A, Stolov M, Feng J, Amdursky N. Solid-State Molecular Protonics Devices of Solid-Supported Biological Membranes Reveal the Mechanism of Long-Range Lateral Proton Transport. ACS Nano 2024; 18:5101-5112. [PMID: 38314693 PMCID: PMC10867892 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Lateral proton transport (PT) on the surface of biological membranes is a fundamental biochemical process in the bioenergetics of living cells, but a lack of available experimental techniques has resulted in a limited understanding of its mechanism. Here, we present a molecular protonics experimental approach to investigate lateral PT across membranes by measuring long-range (70 μm) lateral proton conduction via a few layers of lipid bilayers in a solid-state-like environment, i.e., without having bulk water surrounding the membrane. This configuration enables us to focus on lateral proton conduction across the surface of the membrane while decoupling it from bulk water. Hence, by controlling the relative humidity of the environment, we can directly explore the role of water in the lateral PT process. We show that proton conduction is dependent on the number of water molecules and their structure and on membrane composition, where we explore the role of the headgroup, the tail saturation, the membrane phase, and membrane fluidity. The measured PT as a function of temperature shows an inverse temperature dependency, which we explain by the desorption and adsorption of water molecules into the solid membrane platform. We explain our findings by discussing the role of percolating hydrogen bonding within the membrane structure in a Grotthuss-like mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikhail Stolov
- Wolfson
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion
− Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Jiajun Feng
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion −
Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Nadav Amdursky
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion −
Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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7
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Wen W, Wang Y, Pan T, Hu Q, Xiao H, Wang N, Li X, Li X, Hu B, Huang X. Synthesis and Properties of Cobalt/Nickel-Iron-Antimony(III, V)-Oxo Tartrate Cluster-Based Compounds. Molecules 2024; 29:591. [PMID: 38338337 PMCID: PMC10856786 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Two types of isostructural iron-cobalt/nickel-antimony-oxo tartrate cluster-based compounds, namely (H3O)(Me2NH2)[M(H2O)6]2[FeII2SbIII12(μ4-O)3(μ3-O)8(tta)6]·6H2O (M = Co (1); Ni (3)), H5/3[Co2.5FeII4/3FeIII3(H2O)13SbV1/3FeIII2/3(μ4-O)2(μ3-O)4SbIII6(μ3-O)2(tta)6]·2H2O (2) and H2[Ni2.25FeII1.5FeIII3(H2O)14SbV0.25FeIII0.75(μ4-O)2(μ3-O)4SbIII6(μ3-O)2(tta)6]·2H2O (4) (H4tta = tartaric acid) were synthesized via simple solvothermal reactions. All the clusters in the structures adopt sandwich configurations, that is, bilayer sandwich configuration in 1 and 3 and monolayer sandwich configuration in 2 and 4. Interestingly, the monolayer sandwiched compounds 2 and 4 represent rare examples of cluster-based compounds containing mixed-valence Sb(III, V), whose center of the intermediate layer is the co-occupied [FexSbV1-x]. This is different from that of previously reported sandwich-type antimony-oxo clusters in which the center position is either occupied by a transition metal ion or a Sb(V) alone. Thus, the discovery of title compounds 2 and 4 makes the evolution of center metal ion more complete, that is, from M, MxSbV1-x to SbV. All the title compounds were fully characterized, and the photocatalysis, proton conduction and magnetism of compounds 2 and 4 were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China; (W.W.); (T.P.); (Q.H.)
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (H.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Yanqi Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecology-Toxicological Effects & Control for Emerging Contaminants, College of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Putian University, Putian 351100, China;
| | - Tianyu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China; (W.W.); (T.P.); (Q.H.)
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (H.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Qianqian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China; (W.W.); (T.P.); (Q.H.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huiping Xiao
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (H.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Nannan Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; (N.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; (N.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xinxiong Li
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (H.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Bing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China; (W.W.); (T.P.); (Q.H.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China; (W.W.); (T.P.); (Q.H.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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8
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Zhu L, Ye P, Zhang L, Ren Y, Liu J, Lei J, Wang L. Bioinspired Heterogeneous Construction of Lignocellulose-Reinforced COF Membranes for Efficient Proton Conduction. Small 2024; 20:e2304575. [PMID: 37675819 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The exponential interest in covalent organic frameworks (COFs) arises from the direct correlation between their diverse and intriguing properties and the modular design principle. However, the insufficient interlamellar interaction among COF nanosheets greatly hinders the formation of defect-free membranes. Therefore, developing a methodology for the facile fabrication of these materials remains an enticing and highly desirable objective. Herein, ultrahigh proton conductivity and superior stability are achieved by taking advantage of COF composite membranes where 2D TB-COF nanosheets are linked by 1D lignocellulosic nanofibrils (LCNFs) through π-π and electrostatic interactions to form a robust and ordered structure. Notably, the high concentration of -SO3 H groups within the COF pores and the abundant proton transport paths at COFs-LCNFs interfaces impart composite membranes ultrahigh proton conductivity (0.348 S cm-1 at 80 °C and 100% RH). Moreover, the directional migration of protons along the stacked nanochannels of COFs is facilitated by oxygen atoms on the keto groups, as demonstrated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The simple design concept and reliable operation of the demonstrated mixed-dimensional composite membrane are expected to provide an ideal platform for next-generation conductive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyu Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Peng Ye
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Limei Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Jiandu Lei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Luying Wang
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
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Zhu SD, Zhou YL, Liu F, Lei Y, Liu SJ, Wen HR, Shi B, Zhang SY, Liu CM, Lu YB. A Pair of Multifunctional Cu(II)-Dy(III) Enantiomers with Zero-Field Single-Molecule Magnet Behaviors, Proton Conduction Properties and Magneto-Optical Faraday Effects. Molecules 2023; 28:7506. [PMID: 38005227 PMCID: PMC10673516 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional materials with a coexistence of proton conduction properties, single-molecule magnet (SMM) behaviors and magneto-optical Faraday effects have rarely been reported. Herein, a new pair of Cu(II)-Dy(III) enantiomers, [DyCu2(RR/SS-H2L)2(H2O)4(NO3)2]·(NO3)·(H2O) (R-1 and S-1) (H4L = [RR/SS] -N,N'-bis [3-hydroxysalicylidene] -1,2-cyclohexanediamine), has been designed and prepared using homochiral Schiff-base ligands. R-1 and S-1 contain linear Cu(II)-Dy(III)-Cu(II) trinuclear units and possess 1D stacking channels within their supramolecular networks. R-1 and S-1 display chiral optical activity and strong magneto-optical Faraday effects. Moreover, R-1 shows a zero-field SMM behavior. In addition, R-1 demonstrates humidity- and temperature-dependent proton conductivity with optimal values of 1.34 × 10-4 S·cm-1 under 50 °C and 98% relative humidity (RH), which is related to a 1D extended H-bonded chain constructed by water molecules, nitrate and phenol groups of the RR-H2L ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Dong Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (S.-D.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.L.); (S.-Y.Z.)
| | - Yu-Lin Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (S.-D.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.L.); (S.-Y.Z.)
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (S.-D.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.L.); (S.-Y.Z.)
| | - Yu Lei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (S.-D.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.L.); (S.-Y.Z.)
| | - Sui-Jun Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - He-Rui Wen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Bin Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (S.-D.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.L.); (S.-Y.Z.)
| | - Shi-Yong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (S.-D.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.L.); (S.-Y.Z.)
| | - Cai-Ming Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ying-Bing Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (S.-D.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.L.); (S.-Y.Z.)
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10
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Zhang SL, Guo ZC, Su AR, Yang J, Li ZF, Si YB, Li G. Comparative Study on Proton Conductivity and Mechanism Analysis of Two Imidazole Modified Imine-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302146. [PMID: 37449402 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
This work elucidates the potential impact of intramolecular H-bonds within the pore walls of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) on proton conductivity. Employing DaTta and TaTta as representative hosts, it was observed that their innate proton conductivities (σ) are both unsatisfactory and σ(DaTta)<σ(TaTta). Intriguingly, the performance of both imidazole-loaded products, Im@DaTta and Im@TaTta is greatly improved, and the σ of Im@DaTta (0.91×10-2 S cm-1 ) even surpasses that of Im@TaTta (3.73×10-3 S cm-1 ) under 100 °C and 98 % relative humidity. The structural analysis, gas adsorption tests, and activation energy calculations forecast the influence of imidazole on the H-bonded system within the framework, leading to observed changes in proton conductivity. It is hypothesized that intramolecular H-bonds within the COF framework impede efficient proton transmission. Nevertheless, the inclusion of an imidazole group disrupts these intramolecular bonds, leading to the formation of an abundance of intermolecular H-bonds within the pore channels, thus contributing to a dramatic increase in proton conductivity. The related calculation of Density Functional Theory (DFT) provides further evidence for this inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Long Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Cheng Guo
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, P.R. China
| | - An-Ran Su
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Feng Li
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Bing Si
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, P.R. China
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11
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Soon WL, Peydayesh M, de Wild T, Donat F, Saran R, Müller CR, Gubler L, Mezzenga R, Miserez A. Renewable Energy from Livestock Waste Valorization: Amyloid-Based Feather Keratin Fuel Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:47049-47057. [PMID: 37751482 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Increasing carbon emissions have accelerated climate change, resulting in devastating effects that are now tangible on an everyday basis. This is mirrored by a projected increase in global energy demand of approximately 50% within a single generation, urging a shift from fossil-fuel-derived materials toward greener materials and more sustainable manufacturing processes. Biobased industrial byproducts, such as side streams from the food industry, are attractive alternatives with strong potential for valorization due to their large volume, low cost, renewability, biodegradability, and intrinsic material properties. Here, we demonstrate the reutilization of industrial chicken feather waste into proton-conductive membranes for fuel cells, protonic transistors, and water-splitting devices. Keratin was isolated from chicken feathers via a fast and economical process, converted into amyloid fibrils through heat treatment, and further processed into membranes with an imparted proton conductivity of 6.3 mS cm-1 using a simple oxidative method. The functionality of the membranes is demonstrated by assembling them into a hydrogen fuel cell capable of generating 25 mW cm-2 of power density to operate various types of devices using hydrogen and air as fuel. Additionally, these membranes were used to generate hydrogen through water splitting and in protonic field-effect transistors as thin-film modulators of protonic conductivity via the electrostatic gating effect. We believe that by converting industrial waste into renewable energy materials at low cost and high scalability, our green manufacturing process can contribute to a fully circular economy with a neutral carbon footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Long Soon
- Center for Sustainable Materials (SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Peydayesh
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tym de Wild
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Felix Donat
- Laboratory of Energy Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, Leonhardstrasse 21, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rinku Saran
- Center for Sustainable Materials (SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christoph R Müller
- Laboratory of Energy Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, Leonhardstrasse 21, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Gubler
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Center for Sustainable Materials (SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ali Miserez
- Center for Sustainable Materials (SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Kim S, Choi H, Kim B, Lim G, Kim T, Lee M, Ra H, Yeom J, Kim M, Kim E, Hwang J, Lee JS, Shim W. Extreme Ion-Transport Inorganic 2D Membranes for Nanofluidic Applications. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2206354. [PMID: 36112951 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic 2D materials offer a new approach to controlling mass diffusion at the nanoscale. Controlling ion transport in nanofluidics is key to energy conversion, energy storage, water purification, and numerous other applications wherein persistent challenges for efficient separation must be addressed. The recent development of 2D membranes in the emerging field of energy harvesting, water desalination, and proton/Li-ion production in the context of green energy and environmental technology is herein discussed. The fundamental mechanisms, 2D membrane fabrication, and challenges toward practical applications are highlighted. Finally, the fundamental issues of thermodynamics and kinetics are outlined along with potential membrane designs that must be resolved to bridge the gap between lab-scale experiments and production levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungsoon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Multi-Dimensional Materials, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Multi-Dimensional Materials, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyeong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Multi-Dimensional Materials, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Geonwoo Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Multi-Dimensional Materials, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehoon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Multi-Dimensional Materials, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minwoo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Multi-Dimensional Materials, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansol Ra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Multi-Dimensional Materials, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihun Yeom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Multi-Dimensional Materials, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Multi-Dimensional Materials, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eohjin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Multi-Dimensional Materials, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- IT Materials Division, Advanced Materials Company, LG Chem R&D Campus, Daejeon, 34122, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Sung Lee
- Separator Division, Advanced Materials Company, LG Chem R&D Campus, Daejeon, 34122, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyoung Shim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Multi-Dimensional Materials, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for NanoMedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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13
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Khan NA, Luo M, Zha X, Azad CS, Lu J, Chen J, Fan C, Rahman AU, Olson MA, Jiang Z, Wang D. Water/Vapor Assisted Fabrication of Large-Area Superprotonic Conductive Covalent Organic Framework Membranes. Small 2023; 19:e2303131. [PMID: 37344349 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of large-area ionic covalent organic framework membranes (iCOMs) remains a grand challenge. Herein, the authors report the liquid water and water vapor-assisted fabrication of large-area superprotonic conductive iCOMs. A mixed monomer solution containing 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol (TFP) in 1,4-dioxane and p-diaminobenzenesulfonic acid (DABA) in water is first polymerized to obtain a pristine membrane which subsequently underwent crystallization process in mixed vapors containing water vapor. During the polymerization stage, water played a role of a diluting agent, weakening the Coulombic repulsion between sulfonic acid groups. During the crystallization stage, water vapor played a role of a structure-directing agent to facilitate the formation of highly crystalline, large-area iCOMs. The resulting membranes achieved a proton conductivity value of 0.76 S cm-1 at 90 °C under 100% relative humidity, which is among the highest ever reported. Using liquid water and water vapor as versatile additives open a novel avenue to the fabrication of large-area membranes from covalent organic frameworks and other kinds of crystalline organic framework materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niaz Ali Khan
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, P. R. China
| | - Mengying Luo
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, P. R. China
| | - Xinlin Zha
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, P. R. China
| | - Chandra S Azad
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, P. R. China
| | - Chunyang Fan
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Ata Ur Rahman
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan
| | - Mark A Olson
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, 78412, USA
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, P. R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, P. R. China
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14
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Li X, Chai S, Zhai L, Guo H, He H, Li H, Wu L, Li H. Semi-Solid Supramolecular Ionic Network Electrolytes Formed by Zwitterionic Liquids and Polyoxometalate Nanoclusters for High Proton Conduction. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300223. [PMID: 37249561 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electrolytes with solid self-supporting properties are highly desired in the fields of energy and electronics. However, traditional flexible electrolytes prepared by doping ionic liquids or salt solutions into a polymer matrix pose a risk of liquid component leakage during device operation. In this work, the development of supramolecular ionic network electrolytes using polyoxometalate nanoclusters as supramolecular crosslinkers to solidify bola-type zwitterionic liquids is reported. The resulting self-supporting electrolytes possess semi-solid features and show a high proton conductivity of 8.2 × 10-4 S cm-1 at low humidity (RH = 30%). Additionally, the electrolytes exhibit a typical plateau region in rheological tests, indicating that their dynamic network structures can contribute mechanical behavior similar to the entangled networks in covalent polymer materials. This work introduces a new paradigm for designing flexible solid electrolytes and expands the concept of reticular chemistry to noncrystalline systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Shengchao Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Haikun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Haibo He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Haibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Haolong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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15
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Chen X, Zhang SL, Xiao SH, Li ZF, Li G. Ultrahigh Proton Conductivities of Postmodified Hf(IV) Metal-Organic Frameworks and Related Chitosan-Based Composite Membranes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:35128-35139. [PMID: 37462149 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Recently, researchers have focused on preparing and studying proton exchange membranes. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are candidates for composite membrane fillers due to their high crystallinity and structural characteristics, and Hf-based MOFs have attracted our attention with their high porosity and high stability. Therefore, in this study, Hf-based MOFs were doped into a cost-effective chitosan matrix as fillers to fabricate composite films having excellent proton conductivity (σ). First, the nanoscale MOFs Hf-UiO-66-(OH)2 (1) and Hf-UiO-66-NH2 (2) were chemically modified by a ligand design strategy to obtain SA-1 and CBD-2 bearing free -COOH units. The proton conductivities of SA-1 and CBD-2 under optimal test conditions reached 1.23 × 10-2 and 0.71 × 10-2 S cm-1. After that, we prepared composite membranes CS/SA-1 and CS/CBD-2 by the casting method; tests revealed that the introduction of MOFs improved the stabilities and σ values of the membranes, and their best σ could reach above 10-2 S cm-1 under 100 °C/98% RH. Further structural characterization and activation energy calculation revealed the conductive mechanism of the composite films. This investigation not only proposes a novel chemical modification method for optimizing the σ of MOFs but also promotes the development of MOF-doped composite membranes and provides a basis for future applications of MOFs in fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Centre, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Shuai-Long Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Centre, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Shang-Hao Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Centre, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Feng Li
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Centre, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Centre, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
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16
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Zhang SL, Guo ZC, Xu K, Li Z, Li G. Design, Preparation, and High Intrinsic Proton Conductivity of Two Highly Stable Hydrazone-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37384833 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Assembling crystalline materials with high stability and high proton conductivity as a potential alternative to the Nafion membrane is a challenging topic in the field of energy materials. Herein, we concentrated on the creation and preparation of hydrazone-linked COFs with super-high stability to explore their proton conduction. Fortunately, two hydrazone-linked COFs, TpBth and TaBth, were solvothermally prepared by using benzene-1,3,5-tricarbohydrazide (Bth), 2,4,6-trihydroxy-benzene-1,3,5-tricarbaldehyde (Tp), and 2,4,6-tris(4-formylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (Ta) as monomers. Their structures were simulated by Material Studio 8.0 software and confirmed by the PXRD pattern, demonstrating a two-dimensional framework with AA packing. The presence of a large number of carbonyl groups as well as -NH-NH2- groups on the backbone is responsible for their super-high water stability as well as high water absorption capacity. AC impedance tests demonstrated a positive correlation between the water-assisted proton conductivity (σ) of the two COFs and the temperature and humidity. Under 100 °C/98% RH, the highest σ values of TpBth and TaBth can reach 2.11 × 10-4 and 0.62 × 10-5 S·cm-1, which are among the high σ values of the reported COFs. Their proton-conductive mechanisms were highlighted by structural analyses as well as N2 and H2O vapor adsorption data and activation energy values. Our systematic research affords ideas for the synthesis of proton-conducting COFs with high σ values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Long Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhong-Cheng Guo
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Kaiyin Xu
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zifeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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17
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Zhong Y, Li C, Yang F, Guan L, Jin S. Covalent Pyrimidine Frameworks via a Tandem Polycondensation Method for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production and Proton Conduction. Small 2023; 19:e2204515. [PMID: 36635041 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of heteroaromatic conjugated porous polymers (H-CPPs) have received enormous research interests, because of the important functional roles of the heteroatoms in photocatalysis and proton conduction. However, due to the synthetic challenges deriving from the stable structures, the structural diversity and synthetic methods of them are still limited. Herein, a new type of H-CPPs, covalent pyrimidine frameworks (CPFs), via an efficient tandem polycondensation reaction between aldehyde, acetyl, and amidine monomers is reported. The resulting CPFs are bridged by pyrimidine units, rich of nitrogen atoms and can be structurally regulated on demand. The CPFs are shown to be active photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution from methanol via a photo-thermo-catalysis process, achieving an excellent hydrogen evolution rate of 5282.8 µmol h-1 g-1 . The CPFs can be further processed into a mixed matrix membrane, displaying an excellent proton conductivity of 1.30 × 10-2 S cm-1 at 413 K under anhydrous condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning Road 28, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning Road 28, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning Road 28, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Lijiang Guan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning Road 28, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Shangbin Jin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning Road 28, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
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18
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Cao Z, Iskhakova L, Sun X, Dong J. A Study on the Synthesis and Proton Transport Behavior of Multilayered ZSM-5 Zeolite Nanosheet Membranes Laminated on Polymer Substrates. Membranes (Basel) 2023; 13:305. [PMID: 36984692 PMCID: PMC10051930 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13030305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Single crystalline ZSM-5 ZNs with thicknesses around 6 nm were obtained by secondary growth of silicalite nanoparticles using diquaternary bis-1,5(tripropyl ammonium) pentamethylene diiodide (dC5) as a structure-directing agent (SDA). The dC5 could be effectively removed from the ZN pores by either high-temperature calcination or UV irradiation in air at room temperature but not by the piranha solution treatment. Ultrathin ZN-laminated membranes (ZNLMs) were fabricated by sandwiching a UV-activated multilayered ZN film between two recast Nafion® layers (ZNLM-Nafion) and by filtration coating from a suspension of thermally activated ZNs on a nonionic porous PVDF (ZNLM-PVDF). The ZNLMs on both supports demonstrated the ability of highly proton-selective ion conduction with low resistances in aqueous electrolyte solutions. The ZNLM-PVDF with PVDF binder was structurally stable, and it achieved a comparably low ASR but much higher proton selectivity compared with a Nafion membrane of same overall thickness. However, detachment between the ZNLM and Nafion layers occurred when the ZNLM-Nafion operated in aqueous electrolyte solutions. Results of this study show the potential for developing ZNLMs as efficient proton-conducting membranes without using expensive ionic polymer matrices. However, the development of polymer-supported ZNLMs is hindered by the current inefficiency in preparing well-dispersed suspensions of open-pore ZNs. Future development of efficient methods for synthesizing open-pore ZNs in dispersed states is key to realizing high-performance ZNLMs on polymers.
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19
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Xu Z, Yuan S, An L, Shen S, Xu Q, Yan X, Zhang J. Effect of Substrate Surface Charges on Proton Conduction of Ultrathin Nafion Films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:10735-10743. [PMID: 36802482 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A potential approach to enhance the suppressed proton conductivity of nanoscale ultrathin Nafion films is to adjust the ionomer structure via regulating the catalyst-ionomer interaction. To understand the interaction between substrate surface charges and Nafion molecules, self-assembled ultrathin films (∼20 nm) were prepared on the SiO2 model substrates, which were modified with silane coupling agents to carry either negative (COO-) or positive (NH3+) charges. Specifically, the surface energy, phase separation, and proton conductivity were investigated by contact angle measurements, atomic force microscopy, and microelectrodes to illuminate the relationship between the substrate surface charge, thin-film nanostructure, and proton conduction. Compared to electrically neutral substrates, ultrathin films formed faster on the negatively charged substrate with an 83% increase in proton conductivity but formed more slowly on the positively charged substrate, with proton conductivity decreased by 35% at 50 °C. The surface charges interact with sulfonic acid groups of Nafion molecules to alter molecular orientation, resulting in different surface energies and phase separation, which are responsible for proton conductivity variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Xu
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shu Yuan
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lu An
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shuiyun Shen
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai 200240, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Power Machinery and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaohui Yan
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai 200240, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Power Machinery and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai 200240, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Power Machinery and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai 200240, China
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20
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Du Z, Zhang F, Lin H, Guo W, Tian M, Yu K, Gao D, Qu F. Thermal-Response Proton Conduction in Schiff Base-Incorporated Metal-Organic Framework Hybrid Membranes under Low Humidity Based on the Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer Mechanism. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:10064-10074. [PMID: 36763966 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Stimulus-responsive proton conduction materials have attracted enormous interest as a new kind of "smart material". It is desirable to develop the appropriate stimulus signal and high proton-conducting materials with an excellent proton-conducting switch ratio (γ), but it remains a great challenge. Here, it can be found for the first time that 4-((2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)benzenesulfonic acid (HBABSA) has obvious thermal isomerization when porous solids act as matrixes at the ambient temperatures, which is different from that in the crystalline state at 77 K. Therefore, we proposed a host-guest metal-organic framework (MOF) composite, namely, MOF-808 incorporated with HBABSA (HBABSA@MOF-808), which has a proton-conducting switch ratio (γ) of 16 between 338 and 343 K due to the thermally induced isomerization of HBABSA molecules in the MOF pores. The strong binding between the keto-type HBABSA and MOF at the relatively low temperatures can efficiently suppress the proton conduction, while the enol-type one provides more mobile protons for conduction at the high temperatures due to the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer mechanism. Further, the HBABSA@MOF-808 as a filler is blended into polyvinyl alcohol and poly(2-acrylamide-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid) to form hybrid membranes. The hybrid membrane with the highest content of the MOF composite displays a high proton conductivity of 5.57 × 10-3 S·cm-1 under 353 K and 57% RH along with a good switch ratio of 5.4. The development of thermal-response proton-conducting MOF materials is opening up a unique pathway for remote control, thermal sensing, intelligent batteries, and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Du
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province and Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, P.R. China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province and Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, P.R. China
| | - Huiming Lin
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province and Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, P.R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province and Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, P.R. China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province and Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, P.R. China
| | - Kai Yu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province and Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, P.R. China
| | - Dan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province and Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, P.R. China
| | - Fengyu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province and Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, P.R. China
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21
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Sun Y, Wei J, Fu Z, Zhang M, Zhao S, Xu G, Li C, Zhang J, Zhou T. Bio-Inspired Synthetic Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks for Efficient Proton Conduction. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2208625. [PMID: 36401823 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are a rising class of promising proton-conducting materials. However, they always suffer from the inherent contradiction between chemical stability and proton conduction. Herein, inspired by the self-assembly of lipid bilayer membranes, a series of aminomethylphosphonic acid-derived single-component HOFs are successfully developed with different substituents attached to the phosphonate oxygen group. They remain highly stable in strong acid or alkaline water solutions for one month owing to the presence of charge-assisted hydrogen bonds. Interestingly, in the absence of external proton carriers, the methyl-substituted phosphonate-based HOF exhibits a very high proton conductivity of up to 4.2 × 10-3 S cm-1 under 80 °C and 98% relative humidity. This value is not only comparable to that of HOFs consisting of mixed ligands but also is the highest reported in single-component HOFs. A combination of single-crystal structure analysis and density functional theory calculations reveals that the high conductivity is attributed to the strengthened H-bonding interactions between positively charged amines and negatively charged phosphonate groups in the channel of bio-inspired HOFs. This finding demonstrates that the well-defined molecular structure of proton conductors is of great importance in the precise understanding of the relationship between structure and property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Zhihua Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Minyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Sangen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Chunsen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tianhua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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22
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Han X, Zhao X, Zeng T, Yang Y, Yu H, Zhang C, Wang B, Liu X, Zhang T, Sun J, Li X, Zhao T, Zhang M, Ni Y, Tong Y, Tang Q, Liu Y. Multimodal-Synergistic-Modulation Neuromorphic Imaging Systems for Simulating Dry Eye Imaging. Small 2023; 19:e2206181. [PMID: 36504477 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by human eyes, the neuromorphic visual system employs a highly efficient imaging and recognition process, which offers tremendous advantages in image acquisition, data pre-processing, and dynamic storage. However, it is still an enormous challenge to simultaneously simulate the structure, function, and environmental adaptive behavior of the human eye based on one device. Here, a multimodal-synergistic-modulation neuromorphic imaging system based on ultraflexible synaptic transistors is successfully presented and firstly simulates the dry eye imaging behavior at the device level. Moreover, important functions of the human visual system in relation to optoelectronic synaptic plasticity, image erasure and enhancement, real-time preprocessing, and dynamic storage are simulated by versatile devices. This work not only simplifies the complexity of traditional neuromorphic visual systems, but also plays a positive role in the publicity of biomedical eye care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Yahan Yang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Hongyan Yu
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Tuo Zhao
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Mingxin Zhang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yanping Ni
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yanhong Tong
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Qingxin Tang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yichun Liu
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
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23
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Saleem MS, Chen Q, Shepelin NA, Dolabella S, Rossell MD, Zhang X, Kronawitter CX, La Mattina F, Braun A. The Role of Strain in Proton Conduction in Multi-Oriented BaZr 0.9Y 0.1O 3-δ Thin Film. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:55915-55924. [PMID: 36508578 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Within the emerging field of proton-conducting fuel cells, BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ (BZY10) is an attractive material due to its high conductivity and stability. The fundamentals of conduction in sintered pellets and thin films heterostructures have been explored in several studies; however, the role of crystallographic orientation, grains, and grain boundaries is poorly understood for proton conduction. This article reports proton conduction in a self-assembled multi-oriented BZY10 thin film grown on top of a (110) NdGaO3 substrate. The multiple orientations are composed of different lattices, which provide a platform to study the lattice-dependent conductivity through different orientations in the vicinity of grain boundary between them and the substrate. The crystalline stacking of each orientation is confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning transmission electron microscopy. The transport measurements are carried out under different gas atmospheres. The highest conductivity of 3.08 × 10-3 S cm-1 at 400 °C is found under a wet H2 environment together with an increased lattice parameter of 4.208 Å, while under O2 and Ar environments, the film shows lower conductivity and lattice parameter. Our findings not only demonstrate the role of crystal lattice for conduction properties but also illustrate the importance of self-assembled strategies to achieve high proton conduction in BZY10 thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahrukh Saleem
- Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf8600, Switzerland
| | - Qianli Chen
- University of Michigan─Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240, China
| | - Nick A Shepelin
- Laboratory for Multiscale Materials Experiments, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI5232, Switzerland
| | - Simone Dolabella
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf8600, Switzerland
| | - Marta D Rossell
- Electron Microscopy Center, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf8600, Switzerland
| | - Xuhai Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Coleman X Kronawitter
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California95616, United States
| | - Fabio La Mattina
- Laboratory for Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf8600, Switzerland
| | - Artur Braun
- Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf8600, Switzerland
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24
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He H, Zhu Y, Li T, Song S, Zhai L, Li X, Wu L, Li H. Supramolecular Anchoring of Polyoxometalate Amphiphiles into Nafion Nanophases for Enhanced Proton Conduction. ACS Nano 2022; 16:19240-19252. [PMID: 36315623 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Advanced proton exchange membranes (PEMs) are highly desirable in emerging sustainable energy technology. However, the further improvement of commercial perfluorosulfonic acid PEMs represented by Nafion is hindered by the lack of precise modification strategy due to their chemical inertness and low compatibility. Here, we report the robust assembly of polyethylene glycol grafted polyoxometalate amphiphile (GSiW11) into the ionic nanophases of Nafion, which largely enhances the comprehensive performance of Nafion. GSiW11 can coassemble with Nafion through multiple supramolecular interactions and realize a stable immobilization. The incorporation of GSiW11 can increase the whole proton content in the system and induce the hydrated ionic nanophase to form a wide channel for proton transport; meanwhile, GSiW11 can reinforce the Nafion ionic nanophase by noncovalent cross-linking. Based on these synergistic effects, the hybrid PEMs show multiple enhancements in proton conductivity, tensile strength, and fuel cell power density, which are all superior to the pristine Nafion. This work demonstrates the intriguing advantage of molecular nanoclusters as supramolecular enhancers to develop high-performance electrolyte materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
| | - Youliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
| | - Shihao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
| | - Liang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
| | - Lixin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
| | - Haolong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
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25
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Zhan Z, Song H, Yang X, Jiang P, Chen R, Harandi HB, Zhang H, Pan M. Microstructure Reconstruction and Multiphysics Dynamic Distribution Simulation of the Catalyst Layer in PEMFC. Membranes (Basel) 2022; 12:membranes12101001. [PMID: 36295760 PMCID: PMC9609320 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12101001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the complexity of both material composition and the structure of the catalyst layer (CL) used in the proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), conjugated heat and mass transfer as well as electrochemical processes simultaneously occur through the CL. In this study, a microstructure model of CL was first reconstructed using images acquired by Nano-computed tomography (Nano-CT) of a real sample of CL. Then, the multiphysics dynamic distribution (MPDD) simulation, which is inherently a multiscale approach made of a combination of pore-scale and homogeneous models, was conducted on the reconstructed microstructure model to compute the corresponded heat and mass transport, electrochemical reactions, and water phase-change processes. Considering a computational domain with the size of 4 um and cube shape, this model consisting of mass and heat transport as well as electrochemical reactions reached a stable solution within 3 s as the convergence time. In the presence of sufficient oxygen, proton conduction was identified as the dominant factor determining the strength of the electrochemical reaction. Additionally, it was concluded that current density, temperature, and the distribution of water all exhibit similar distribution trends, which decrease from the interface between CL and the proton-exchange membrane to the interface between CL and the gas-diffusion layer. The present study not only provides an in-depth understanding of the mass and heat transport and electrochemical reaction in the CL microstructure, but it also guides the optimal design and fabrication of CL components and structures, such as improving the local structure to reduce the number of dead pores and large agglomerates, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Xianhu Hydrogen Valley, Foshan 528200, China
- School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Panxing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Xianhu Hydrogen Valley, Foshan 528200, China
- School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Rui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Xianhu Hydrogen Valley, Foshan 528200, China
- School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hesam Bazargan Harandi
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Xianhu Hydrogen Valley, Foshan 528200, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Mu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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26
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Chi HY, Chen C, Zhao K, Villalobos LF, Schouwink PA, Piveteau L, Marshall KP, Liu Q, Han Y, Agrawal KV. Unblocking Ion-occluded Pore Channels in Poly(triazine imide) Framework for Proton Conduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207457. [PMID: 35906967 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Poly(triazine imide) or PTI is an ordered graphitic carbon nitride hosting Å-scale pores attractive for selective molecular transport. AA'-stacked PTI layers are synthesized by ionothermal route during which ions occupy the framework and occlude the pores. Synthesis of ion-free PTI hosting AB-stacked layers has been reported, however, pores in this configuration are blocked by the neighboring layer. The unavailability of open pore limits application of PTI in molecular transport. Herein, we demonstrate acid treatment for ion depletion which maintains AA' stacking and results in open pore structure. We provide first direct evidence of ion-depleted open pores by imaging with the atomic resolution using integrated differential phase-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy. Depending on the extent of ion-exchange, AA' stacking with open channels and AB stacking with closed channels are obtained and imaged for the first time. The accessibility of open channels is demonstrated by enhanced proton transport through ion depleted PTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Yu Chi
- Laboratory of Advanced Separations (LAS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Cailing Chen
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kangning Zhao
- Laboratory of Advanced Separations (LAS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Luis Francisco Villalobos
- Laboratory of Advanced Separations (LAS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Alexander Schouwink
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), EPFL, Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Laura Piveteau
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, NMR Platform, EPFL, Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth Paul Marshall
- Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Av. des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Qi Liu
- Laboratory of Advanced Separations (LAS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Yu Han
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kumar Varoon Agrawal
- Laboratory of Advanced Separations (LAS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950, Sion, Switzerland
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27
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Wang S, Tang X, Yang K, Chen B, Zhang K, Xu H, Wang W, Zhang G, Gu C. Facile, Direct, De Novo Synthesis of an Alkyl Phosphoric Acid-Decorated Covalent Organic Framework. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022:e2200678. [PMID: 36069655 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The development and understanding of proton conductors based on phosphoric acid are critical for the field of chemistry, biology, and energy. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), featuring highly crystalline structures and controllable pore sizes, are suitable for constructing phosphoric acid-based proton conductors. However, because of tedious and intricate synthesis, how to develop COFs based on phosphoric acid remains a substantial challenge. Herein, we contributed a side-chain decorated strategy to construct a phosphoric acid-functionalized, imine-linked COF by de novo synthesis. The phosphoric acid side chains with vigorous motion integrating with 1D nanochannels endow the resulting COF with intrinsic proton conductivity. This work expectantly provides a competitive alternative for producing phosphoric acid-functionalized COFs with high intrinsic proton conductivity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengdong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Kaijie Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Kun Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Hong Xu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Weitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Gen Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
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28
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Trevani LN, Lépori CMO, Garro Linck Y, Monti GA, Abuin GC, Vaca Chávez F, Corti HR. Speciation and Proton Conductivity of Phosphoric Acid Confined in Mesoporous Silica. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:33248-33256. [PMID: 35849482 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoric acid (PA) confined in a commercial mesoporous silica (CARIACT G) with porous size in the range of 3 to 10 nm was studied in relation to its coordination with the silanol groups on the silica surface as a function of temperature, up to 180 °C, using 31P and 29Si MAS NMR spectroscopy. As the temperature increases, the coordination of Si and P in the mesopores depends on the pore size, that is, on the area/volume ratio of the silica matrix. In the mesoporous silica with the higher pore size (10 nm), a considerable fraction of PA is nonbonded to the silanol groups on the surface, and it seems to be responsible for its higher conductivity at temperatures above 120 °C as compared to the samples with a smaller pore size. The electrical conductivity of the functionalized mesoporous silica was higher than that reported for other silico-phosphoric composites synthesized by sol-gel methods using soft templates, which require high-temperature calcination and high-cost reagents and are close to that of the best PA-doped polybenzimidazole membranes used in high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs). The rate of PA release from the mesoporous silica matrix when the system is exposed to water has been measured, and it was found to be strongly dependent on the pore size. The low cost and simplicity of the PA-functionalized mesoporous silica preparation method makes this material a promising candidate to be used as an electrolyte in HT-PEMFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana N Trevani
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St. North, Oshawa L1H 7K4, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cristian M O Lépori
- CONICET. Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Yamila Garro Linck
- CONICET. Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), Córdoba 5000, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Gustavo A Monti
- CONICET. Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), Córdoba 5000, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Graciela C Abuin
- Departamento de Almacenamiento de la Energía, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial (INTI), Av. General Paz 5445, San Martín B1650KNA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabián Vaca Chávez
- CONICET. Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), Córdoba 5000, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Horacio R Corti
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada e Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (CNEA-CONICET), Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Avda. General Paz 1499, San Martín B1650KNA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Putilov L, Tsidilkovski V. Proton Conduction in Acceptor-Doped BaSnO 3: The Impact of the Interaction between Ionic Defects and Acceptor Impurities. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:4795. [PMID: 35888261 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Barium stannate is known as a promising proton-conducting material for clean energy applications. In this work, we elucidate the effect of the interaction of protons and oxygen vacancies with acceptor impurities on proton conduction in acceptor-doped BaSnO3. The analysis relies on our theoretical developments in hydration and proton hopping in proton-conducting perovskites. The transport theory, based on the master equation and effective medium approximation, provides the analytical description of hopping conduction considering the effects of disorder and changes in the potential energy landscape for protons caused by acceptor impurities. Using the proposed approach, we establish the dependence of the proton mobility and conductivity on the energies of the acceptor-bound states of ionic defects and external conditions. It is shown that the considered interactions can substantially affect the effective activation energies and prefactors of these transport coefficients. We also demonstrate that the correlation between the ionic radius rA of an acceptor impurity and the energies of its interaction with ionic defects leads to a non-monotonic dependence of the proton conductivity on rA. The obtained results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data on the bulk conductivity of BaSnO3 doped with different acceptors.
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30
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Szufla M, Choroś A, Nitek W, Matoga D. A Porous Sulfonated 2D Zirconium Metal-Organic Framework as a Robust Platform for Proton Conduction. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200835. [PMID: 35510822 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
By using the strategy of pre-assembly chlorosulfonation applied to a linker precursor, the first sulfonated zirconium metal-organic framework (JUK-14) with two-dimensional (2D) structure, was synthesized. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that the material is built of Zr6 O4 (OH)4 (COO)8 oxoclusters, doubly 4-connected by angular dicarboxylates, and stacked in layers spaced 1.5 nm apart by the presence of sulfonic groups. JUK-14 exhibits excellent hydrothermal stability, permanent porosity confirmed by gas adsorption studies, and shows high (>10-4 S/cm) and low (<10-8 S/cm) proton conductivity under humidified and anhydrous conditions, respectively. Post-synthesis inclusion of imidazole improves the overall conductivity increasing it to 1.7×10-3 S/cm at 60 °C and 90 % relative humidity, and by 3 orders of magnitude at 160 °C. The combination of 2D porous nature with robustness of zirconium MOFs offers new opportunities for exploration of the material towards energy and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Szufla
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Choroś
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, Poland
| | - Wojciech Nitek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, Poland
| | - Dariusz Matoga
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, Poland
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31
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Tang W, Ding H, Bian W, Regalado Vera CY, Gomez JY, Dong Y, Li J, Wu W, Fan W, Zhou M, Gore C, Blackburn BM, Luo H, Ding D. An Unbalanced Battle in Excellence: Revealing Effect of Ni/Co Occupancy on Water Splitting and Oxygen Reduction Reactions in Triple-Conducting Oxides for Protonic Ceramic Electrochemical Cells. Small 2022; 18:e2201953. [PMID: 35768285 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202201953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Porous electrodes that conduct electrons, protons, and oxygen ions with dramatically expanded catalytic active sites can replace conventional electrodes with sluggish kinetics in protonic ceramic electrochemical cells. In this work, a strategy is utilized to promote triple conduction by facilitating proton conduction in praseodymium cobaltite perovskite through engineering non-equivalent B-site Ni/Co occupancy. Surface infrared spectroscopy is used to study the dehydration behavior, which proves the existence of protons in the perovskite lattice. The proton mobility and proton stability are investigated by hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) isotope exchange and temperature-programmed desorption. It is observed that the increased nickel replacement on the B-site has a positive impact on proton defect stability, catalytic activity, and electrochemical performance. This doping strategy is demonstrated to be a promising pathway to increase catalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction and water splitting reactions. The chosen PrNi0.7 Co0.3 O3- δ oxygen electrode demonstrates excellent full-cell performance with high electrolysis current density of -1.48 A cm-2 at 1.3 V and a peak fuel-cell power density of 0.95 W cm-2 at 600 °C and also enables lower-temperature operations down to 350 °C, and superior long-term durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Energy and Environment Science & Technology, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, USA
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Hanping Ding
- Energy and Environment Science & Technology, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, USA
| | - Wenjuan Bian
- Energy and Environment Science & Technology, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, USA
| | - Clarita Y Regalado Vera
- Energy and Environment Science & Technology, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, USA
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Joshua Y Gomez
- Energy and Environment Science & Technology, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, USA
| | - Yanhao Dong
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Energy and Environment Science & Technology, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, USA
| | - WeiWei Fan
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Colin Gore
- Redox Power Systems, LLC, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | | | - Hongmei Luo
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Dong Ding
- Energy and Environment Science & Technology, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, USA
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Khaliullina A, Meshcherskikh A, Pankratov A, Dunyushkina L. Effect of Sr Deficiency on Electrical Conductivity of Yb-Doped Strontium Zirconate. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:4126. [PMID: 35744186 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of Sr-deficiency on microstructure, phase composition and electrical conductivity of SrxZr0.95Yb0.05O3-δ (x = 0.94–1.00) was investigated via X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and impedance spectroscopy. The samples were synthesized by a chemical solution method and sintered at 1600 °C. According to X-ray diffraction data, the samples with x = 0.96–1.00 were single-phase oxides possessing an orthorhombic perovskite-type structure; while zirconia-based minor phases arouse at x = 0.94, which was confirmed by the electron microscopy. Sr stoichiometry was shown to influence the electrical conductivity. The highest total and bulk conductivities, 6–10−4 Scm−1 and 3–10−3 Scm−1, respectively, at 600 °C in humid air (pH2O = 3.2 kPa), were observed for the x = 0.98 composition. In the temperature range of 300–600 °C, the conductivity of the samples with x = 0.96–1.00 increased with the increase in humidity, which indicates a significant contribution of protonic defects to the charge transport. Electrical conductivity of SrxZr0.95Yb0.05O3-δ was discussed in terms of the defect formation model and the secondary phases precipitation.
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33
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Xiang F, Chen S, Yuan Z, Li L, Fan Z, Yao Z, Liu C, Xiang S, Zhang Z. Switched Proton Conduction in Metal-Organic Frameworks. JACS Au 2022; 2:1043-1053. [PMID: 35647587 PMCID: PMC9131472 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive materials can respond to external effects, and proton transport is widespread and plays a key role in living systems, making stimuli-responsive proton transport in artificial materials of particular interest to researchers due to its desirable application prospects. On the basis of the rapid growth of proton-conducting porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), switched proton-conducting MOFs have also begun to attract attention. MOFs have advantages in crystallinity, porosity, functionalization, and structural designability, and they can facilitate the fabrication of novel switchable proton conductors and promote an understanding of the comprehensive mechanisms. In this Perspective, we highlight the current progress in the rational design and fabrication of stimuli-responsive proton-conducting MOFs and their applications. The dynamic structural change of proton transfer pathways and the role of trigger molecules are discussed to elucidate the stimuli-responsive mechanisms. Subsequently, we also discuss the challenges and propose new research opportunities for further development.
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Guo ZC, You ML, Wang ZJ, Li ZF, Li G. Metal@COFs Possess High Proton Conductivity with Mixed Conducting Mechanisms. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:15687-15696. [PMID: 35315661 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The inherent porous structures and aligned functional units inside the skeleton of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) provide an extraordinary promise for post-modification and deservedly expand their application in the field of proton conduction. Herein, we tactfully introduced copper ions into a two-dimensional COF (TpTta) furnished with ample N,O-chelating sites by a post-modification strategy to achieve two copper(II)-modified products, namely, CuCl2@TpTta-3 and CuCl2@TpTta-10. Inspiringly, the two modified COFs demonstrated the higher conductivities of 1.77 × 10-3 and 8.81 × 10-3 S cm-1 under 100 °C and 98% relative humidity, respectively, among the previously reported COFs with higher σ values. In comparison to the pristine COFs, the σ values of CuCl2@TpTta-3 and CuCl2@TpTta-10 are boosted by 2 orders of magnitude. On the basis of structural analyses, nitrogen and water vapor adsorption tests, and proton conduction mechanism analysis, we deeply analyzed the reason why the conductivity of the modified COFs was significantly increased. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time to employ the CuCl2-modified strategy to boost the conductivity of COFs, which offers a wise idea for the fabrication of highly conductive materials in the field of fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Cheng Guo
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Lin You
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Jie Wang
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Feng Li
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
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35
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Song Y, Chen J, Yang M, Xu M, Liu D, Liang M, Wang Y, Ran R, Wang W, Ciucci F, Shao Z. Realizing Simultaneous Detrimental Reactions Suppression and Multiple Benefits Generation from Nickel Doping toward Improved Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cell Performance. Small 2022; 18:e2200450. [PMID: 35277919 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anode-supported protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) are highly promising and efficient energy conversion systems. However, several challenges need to be overcome before these systems are used more widely, including the poor sintering of recently developed proton-conducting oxides and the decreased proton conductivity due to detrimental reactions between the nickel from anode and the electrolyte occurring during high-temperature co-sintering. Herein, a Ni doping strategy to increase the electrolyte sintering, suppress the detrimental phase reactions, and generate stable Ni nanoparticles for enhanced performance is proposed. A nickel-doped perovskite oxide is developed with the nominal composition of Ba(Zr0.1 Ce0.7 Y0.1 Yb0.1 )0.95 Ni0.05 O3- δ . Acting as a sintering aid, such a small amount of nickel effectively improves the sintering of the electrolyte. Concomitantly, reactions between nickel and the Ni-doped ceramic phase are suppressed, turning detrimental phase reactions into benefits. The nickel doping further promotes the formation of Ni nanoparticles, which enhance the electrocatalytic activity of the anode toward the hydrogen oxidation reaction and improve the charge transfer across the anode-electrolyte interface. As a result, highly efficient PCFCs are developed. The innovative anode developed in this work also shows favorable activity toward ammonia decomposition, making it highly promising for use in direct ammonia fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jiaming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Meiting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Meigui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Dongliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Mingzhuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuhao Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ran Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Francesco Ciucci
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zongping Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering (WASM-MECE), Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
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36
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Li L. Multi-Bit Biomemristic Behavior for Neutral Polysaccharide Dextran Blended with Chitosan. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:nano12071072. [PMID: 35407190 PMCID: PMC9000225 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural biomaterials applicable for biomemristors have drawn prominent attention and are of benefit to sustainability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and metabolism. In this work, multi-bit biomemristors based on the neutral polysaccharide dextran were built using the spin-casting method, which was also employed to explore the effect of dextran on the ternary biomemristic behaviors of dextran–chitosan nanocomposites. The doping of 50 wt% dextran onto the bio-nanocomposite optimized the ratio of biomemristance in high-, intermediate-, and low-resistance states (105:104:1). The interaction between dextran and chitosan (hydrogen-bond network) was verified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy analysis; through this interaction, protons derived from the self-dissociation of water may migrate under the electric field, and so proton conduction may be the reason for the ternary biomemristic behaviors. Observations from X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis displayed that the 50 wt% dextran/50 wt% chitosan nanocomposite had the greatest amorphous ratio as well as the highest decomposition and peak transition temperatures in comparison with the other three dextran–chitosan nanocomposites. This work lays the foundation for neutral biomaterials applied to green ultra-high-density data-storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- HLJ Province Key Laboratories of Senior-Education for Electronic Engineering, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; ; Tel.: +86-451-8660-8504
- Research Center for Fiber Optic Sensing Technology National Local Joint Engineering, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
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37
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Otsubo K, Nagayama S, Kawaguchi S, Sugimoto K, Kitagawa H. A Preinstalled Protic Cation as a Switch for Superprotonic Conduction in a Metal-Organic Framework. JACS Au 2022; 2:109-115. [PMID: 35098227 PMCID: PMC8790730 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), made from various metal nodes and organic linkers, provide diverse research platforms for proton conduction. Here, we report on the superprotonic conduction of a Pt dimer based MOF, [Pt2(MPC)4Cl2Co(DMA)(HDMA)·guest] (H2MPC, 6-mercaptopyridine-3-carboxylic acid; DMA, dimethylamine). In this framework, a protic dimethylammonium cation (HDMA+) is trapped inside a pore through hydrogen bonding with an MPC ligand. Proton conductivity and X-ray measurements revealed that trapped HDMA+ works as a preinstalled switch, where HDMA+ changes its relative position and forms an effective proton-conducting pathway upon hydration, resulting in more than 105 times higher proton conductivity in comparison to that of the dehydrated form. Moreover, the anisotropy of single-crystal proton conductivity reveals the proton-conducting direction within the crystal. The present results offer insights into functional materials having a strong coupling of molecular dynamic motion and transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Otsubo
- Division
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shuya Nagayama
- Division
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shogo Kawaguchi
- Japan
Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Sugimoto
- Japan
Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Division
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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38
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He Y, Dong J, Liu Z, Li MQ, Hu J, Zhou Y, Xu Z, He J. Dense Dithiolene Units on Metal-Organic Frameworks for Mercury Removal and Superprotonic Conduction. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:1070-1076. [PMID: 34955027 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With 2-COOH and 4-SH donors all packed onto the benzene ring, tetrasulfanyl terephthalic acid (TST) is a simple yet fully equipped ligand to move the field of metal-coordination materials─it is now accomplished. The hard-soft carboxyl-thiol synergy is leveraged here in selectively bonding the carboxyl units to Zr(IV) ions to form the same cubic net of UiO-66 (this being based on the terephthalic linker)─with the free-standing dithiolene units equipping the grid of ZrTST. The 3D network of ZrTST averages about 7.6 connections [as in Zr6O4(OH)4(C8H4O4S4)3.8], with the other 4.4 sealed by acetate ions. The ZrTST solid is stable in boiling water (it is formed in water/acetic acid/ethane dithiol) and remains ordered even above 300 °C. The thiol-enabled ZrTST (powder) takes up mercury from water with a high distribution coefficient Kd (e.g., 1.2 × 106 mL·g-1); it also shows proton conductivity (1.9 × 10-3 S·cm-1 at 90 °C and 90% relative humidity), which, most notably, increases to a highest value of 3.7 × 10-1 S·cm-1 after oxidizing the -SH into the -SO3H groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghe He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Jiale Dong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Mu-Qing Li
- Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jieying Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Zhengtao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
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Fu Y, Wu Y, Chen S, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Yan T, Yang B, Ma H. Zwitterionic Covalent Organic Frameworks: Attractive Porous Host for Gas Separation and Anhydrous Proton Conduction. ACS Nano 2021; 15:19743-19755. [PMID: 34846130 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ionic covalent organic frameworks (COFs) consisting of an anionic or cationic skeleton and corresponding counterions have demonstrated great potential in many application fields such as ion conduction, molecular separation, and catalysis. However, arranging anionic and cationic groups into the same COF to form zwitterionic materials is still unexplored. Herein we design the synthesis of three zwitterionic COFs as attractive porous hosts for SO2/CO2 separation and anhydrous proton conduction. The separated cationic and anionic groups in zwitterionic COFs' channels can act as two different polar sites for SO2 adsorption, allowing zwitterionic COFs to achieve a high SO2 adsorption capacity (216 mL/g, 298 K) and impressive SO2/CO2 selectivity (118, 298 K). Furthermore, after loading with triazole/imidazole, the zwitterionic groups in COFs' channels can induce complete proton carrier deprotonation, producing more freely migrating protons. The free protons migrate along a continuous hydrogen-bonding network in zwitterionic COFs' channels, leading to outstanding anhydrous proton conductivity up to 4.38 × 10-2 S/cm, which is much higher than other N-heterocyclic-doped porous materials under anhydrous conditions. Proton dissociation energy calculations combined with frequency-dependent dielectric analysis give insight into the role of zwitterionic COFs for proton conductivity. Our work provides the possibility to design well-defined zwitterionic frameworks for gas separation and ion conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhui Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxiang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Yan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Bolun Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Heping Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
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Zhang J, Zhang R, Liu Y, Kong YR, Luo HB, Zou Y, Zhai L, Ren XM. Acidic Groups Functionalized Carbon Dots Capping Channels of a Proton Conductive Metal-Organic Framework by Coordination Bonds to Improve the Water-Retention Capacity and Boost Proton Conduction. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:60084-60091. [PMID: 34889608 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline porous materials, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), have been demonstrated to be versatile material platforms for the development of solid proton conductors. However, most crystalline porous proton conductors suffer from decreasing proton conductivity with increasing temperature due to releasing water molecules, and this disadvantage severely restricts their practical application in electrochemical devices. In this work, for the first time, hydrophilic carbon dots (CDs) were utilized to hybridize with high proton conductivity MOF-802, which is a model of MOF proton conductors, aiming to improve its water-retention capacity and thus enhance proton conduction. The resultant CDs@MOF-802 exhibits impregnable proton conduction with increasing temperature, and the proton conductivity reaches 10-1 S cm-1, much superior to that of MOF-802, making CDs@MOF-802 one of the most efficient MOF proton conductors reported so far. This study provides a new strategy to improve the water-retention capacity of porous proton conductors and further realize excellent proton conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Ru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, California 90032-8202, United States
| | - Ya-Ru Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Bin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Lu Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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41
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Ho WH, Li SC, Wang YC, Chang TE, Chiang YT, Li YP, Kung CW. Proton-Conductive Cerium-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:55358-55366. [PMID: 34757712 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, proton-conducting behaviors of a cerium-based metal-organic framework (MOF), Ce-MOF-808, its zirconium-based isostructural MOF, and bimetallic MOFs with various Zr-to-Ce ratios are investigated. The significantly increased proton conductivity (σ) and decreased activation energy (Ea) are obtained by substituting Zr with Ce in the nodes of MOF-808. Ce-MOF-808 achieves a σ of 4.4 × 10-3 S/cm at 25 °C under 99% relative humidity and an Ea of 0.14 eV; this value is among the lowest-reported Ea of proton-conductive MOFs. Density functional theory calculations are utilized to probe the proton affinities of these MOFs. As the first study reporting the proton conduction in cerium-based MOFs, the finding here suggests that cerium-based MOFs should be a better platform for the design of proton conductors compared to the commonly reported zirconium-based MOFs in future studies on energy-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huan Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Cheng Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-En Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Pei Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Wei Kung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
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42
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Movellan KT, Dervişoğlu R, Becker S, Andreas LB. Pore-Bound Water at the Key Residue Histidine 37 in Influenza A M2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24075-24079. [PMID: 34477305 PMCID: PMC8597138 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Atomic details of structured water molecules are indispensable to understand the thermodynamics of important biological processes including the proton conduction mechanism of the M2 protein. Despite the expectation of structured water molecules based on crystal structures of Influenza A M2, only two water populations have been observed by NMR in reconstituted lipid bilayer samples. These are the bulk‐ and lipid‐associated water populations typically seen in membrane samples. Here, we detect a bound water molecule at a chemical shift of 11 ppm, located near the functional histidine 37 residue in the M2 conductance domain, which comprises residues 18 to 60. Combining 100 kHz magic‐angle spinning NMR, dynamic nuclear polarization and density functional theory calculations, we show that the bound water forms a hydrogen bond to the δ1 nitrogen of histidine 37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Tekwani Movellan
- NMR based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Rıza Dervişoğlu
- NMR based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- NMR based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Loren B Andreas
- NMR based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
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43
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Yang Y, Zhang P, Hao L, Cheng P, Chen Y, Zhang Z. Grotthuss Proton-Conductive Covalent Organic Frameworks for Efficient Proton Pseudocapacitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21838-21845. [PMID: 34369054 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the synthesis of two highly crystalline, robust, hydrophilic covalent organic frameworks (COFs) that display intrinsic proton conduction by the Grotthuss mechanism. The enriched redox-active azo groups in the COFs can undergo a proton-coupled electron transfer reaction for energy storage, making the COFs ideal candidates for pseudocapacitance electrode materials. After in situ hybridization with carbon nanotubes, the composite exhibited a high three-electrode specific capacitance of 440 F g-1 at the current density of 0.5 A g-1 , among the highest for COF-based supercapacitors, and can retain 90 % capacitance even after 10 000 charge-discharge cycles. This is the first example using Grotthuss proton-conductive organic materials to create pseudocapacitors that exhibited both high power density and energy density. The assembled asymmetric two-electrode supercapacitor showed a maximum energy density of 71 Wh kg-1 with a maximum power density of 42 kW kg-1 , surpassing that of all reported COF-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Penghui Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Liqin Hao
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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44
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Zhou HQ, Zheng SL, Wu CM, Ye XH, Liao WM, He J. Structure, Luminescent Sensing and Proton Conduction of a Boiling-Water-Stable Zn(II) Metal-Organic Framework. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165044. [PMID: 34443631 PMCID: PMC8401761 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel Zn(II) metal-organic framework [Zn4O(C30H12F4O4S8)3]n, namely ZnBPD-4F4TS, has been constructed from a fluoro- and thiophenethio-functionalized ligand 2,2',5,5'-tetrafluoro-3,3',6,6'-tetrakis(2-thiophenethio)-4,4'-biphenyl dicarboxylic acid (H2BPD-4F4TS). ZnBPD-4F4TS shows a broad green emission around 520 nm in solid state luminescence, with a Commission International De L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinate at x = 0.264, y = 0.403. Since d10-configured Zn(II) is electrochemically inert, its photoluminescence is likely ascribed to ligand-based luminescence which originates from the well-conjugated system of phenyl and thiophenethio moieties. Its luminescent intensities diminish to different extents when exposed to various metal ions, indicating its potential as an optical sensor for detecting metal ion species. Furthermore, ZnBPD-4F4TS and its NH4Br-loaded composite, NH4Br@ZnBPD-4F4TS, were used for proton conduction measurements in different relative humidity (RH) levels and temperatures. Original ZnBPD-4F4TS shows a low proton conductivity of 9.47 × 10-10 S cm-1 while NH4Br@ZnBPD-4F4TS shows a more than 25,000-fold enhanced value of 2.38 × 10-5 S cm-1 at 40 °C and 90% RH. Both of the proton transport processes in ZnBPD-4F4TS and NH4Br@ZnBPD-4F4TS belong to the Grotthuss mechanism with Ea = 0.40 and 0.32 eV, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jun He
- Correspondence: (W.-M.L.); (J.H.)
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45
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Zhang J, He X, Kong YR, Luo HB, Liu M, Liu Y, Ren XM. Efficiently Boosting Moisture Retention Capacity of Porous Superprotonic Conducting MOF-802 at Ambient Humidity via Forming a Hydrogel Composite Strategy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:37231-37238. [PMID: 34324287 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) provided a versatile platform for the development of new solid protonic electrolytes but faced great challenges regarding their low chemical stability and poor moisture retention capacity. Herein, we presented the proton-conducting study for zirconium-based MOF-802, revealing that MOF-802 possessed excellent features of extra aqueous and acidic stabilities and room-temperature superprotonic conduction with a proton conductivity of 1.05 × 10-2 S cm-1 at 288 K under 98% relative humidity (RH). Unfortunately, due to the liberation of water molecules from pores/channels, the proton conductivity of MOF-802 dropped significantly at the temperature above 318 K. To solve this issue, for the first time, MOF-802 was hybridized with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to form MOF-802@PVA hydrogel composites, where the moisture retention capacity of MOF-802 was greatly improved, giving the high room-temperature proton conductivity over 10-3 S cm-1 under ambient humidity. This work paves a new way to improve the moisture retention capacity and proton-conducting performances of porous proton conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xin He
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Ru Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Bin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Meng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, California 90032-8202, United States
| | - Xiao-Ming Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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46
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Chandresh A, Zhang Z, Heinke L. Insights in the Ionic Conduction inside Nanoporous Metal-Organic Frameworks by Using an Appropriate Equivalent Circuit. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14164352. [PMID: 34442873 PMCID: PMC8399861 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The conduction of protons and other ions in nanoporous materials, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), is intensively explored with the aim of enhancing the performance of energy-related electrochemical systems. The ionic conductivity, as a key property of the material, is typically determined by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in connection with a suitable equivalent circuit. Often, equivalent circuits are used where the physical meaning of each component is debatable. Here, we present an equivalent circuit for the ionic conduction of electrolytes in nanoporous, nonconducting materials between inert and impermeable electrodes without faradaic electrode reactions. We show the equivalent circuit perfectly describes the impedance spectra measured for the ion conduction in MOFs in the form of powders pressed into pellets as well as for MOF thin films. This is demonstrated for the ionic conduction of an aprotic ionic liquid, and of various protic solvents in different MOF structures. Due to the clear physical meaning of each element of the equivalent circuit, further insights into the electrical double layer forming at the MOF-electrode interface can be obtained. As a result, EIS combined with the appropriate reference circuit allows us to make statements of the quality of the MOF-substrate interface of different MOF-film samples.
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47
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Nandi R, Agam Y, Amdursky N. A Protein-Based Free-Standing Proton-Conducting Transparent Elastomer for Large-Scale Sensing Applications. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2101208. [PMID: 34219263 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A most important endeavor in modern materials' research is the current shift toward green environmental and sustainable materials. Natural resources are one of the attractive building blocks for making environmentally friendly materials. In most cases, however, the performance of nature-derived materials is inferior to the performance of carefully designed synthetic materials. This is especially true for conductive polymers, which is the topic here. Inspired by the natural role of proteins in mediating protons, their utilization in the creation of a free-standing transparent polymer with a highly elastic nature and proton conductivity comparable to that of synthetic polymers, is demonstrated. Importantly, the polymerization process relies on natural protein crosslinkers and is spontaneous and energy-efficient. The protein used, bovine serum albumin, is one of the most affordable proteins, resulting in the ability to create large-scale materials at a low cost. Due to the inherent biodegradability and biocompatibility of the elastomer, it is promising for biomedical applications. Here, its immediate utilization as a solid-state interface for sensing of electrophysiological signals, is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Nandi
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Yuval Agam
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Nadav Amdursky
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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48
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Das P, Mukherjee D, Mandal B, Gumma S. Engineering of Interfacial Energy Bands for Synthesis of Photoluminescent 0D/2D Coupled MOF Heterostructure with Enhanced Selectivity toward the Proton-Exchange Membrane. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:29619-29630. [PMID: 34110764 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Engineering of the interface for tuning the structural, functional, and electronic properties of materials via the formation of heterostructure composites exhibits immense potential in the current research scenario. This study reports a novel ternary composite synthesized by decoration of zero-dimensional Pd nanoparticles (NPs) and two-dimensional (2D) graphite oxide (GO) sheets in the UiO-66 metal-organic framework (MOF). A mixed matrix membrane was fabricated by incorporating this composite in the SPEEK polymer matrix, which exhibited higher selectivity compared to commercial Nafion 117. The synthesized composite and fabricated membranes were thoroughly characterized in terms of their chemical structures, microstructural morphologies, physicochemical, thermal, photo-electrochemical, and optical properties, ion-exchange capacity, proton conductivity, and methanol permeability. As per our knowledge, this is the first study which explores the effect of noble metal NPs and carbon 2D material simultaneously on the electronic structure of the MOF, resulting in improved selectivity. The electron-accepting nature of GO and surface plasmon resonance effect of Pd alter the energy band positions and scavenge the electrons, improving the proton conduction of the composite. The introduction of oxygen vacancies in lattice leads to efficient charge separation. The formation of a Schottky junction results in the localized electric field effect due to electron density fluctuation which aids in ion transport. The current study opens up a new route to overcome the major challenge associated with direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), that is, high/low methanol crossover by improving the proton conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, India Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Debarati Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, India Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Bishnupada Mandal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, India Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Sasidhar Gumma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati 517506, India
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49
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Liu L, Yin L, Cheng D, Zhao S, Zang HY, Zhang N, Zhu G. Surface-Mediated Construction of an Ultrathin Free-Standing Covalent Organic Framework Membrane for Efficient Proton Conduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14875-14880. [PMID: 33877733 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
As a new class of crystalline porous organic materials, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have attracted considerable attention for proton conduction owing to their regular channels and tailored functionality. However, most COFs are insoluble and unprocessable, which makes membrane preparation for practical use a challenge. In this study, we used surface-initiated condensation polymerization of a trialdehyde and a phenylenediamine for the synthesis of sulfonic COF (SCOF) coatings. The COF layer thickness could be finely tuned from 10 to 100 nm by controlling the polymerization time. Moreover, free-standing COF membranes were obtained by sacrificing the bridging layer without any decomposition of the COF structure. Benefiting from the abundant sulfonic acid groups in the COF channels, the proton conductivity of the SCOF membrane reached 0.54 S cm-1 at 80 °C in pure water. To our knowledge, this is one of the highest values for a pristine COF membrane in the absence of additional additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Liying Yin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Dongming Cheng
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Ying Zang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Guangshan Zhu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
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50
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Xu C, Kandel N, Qiao X, Khan MI, Pratakshya P, Tolouei NE, Chen B, Gorodetsky AA. Long-Range Proton Transport in Films from a Reflectin-Derived Polypeptide. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:20938-20946. [PMID: 33938723 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein- and peptide-based proton conductors have been extensively studied because of their important roles in biological processes and established potential for bioelectronic device applications. However, despite much progress, the demonstration of long-range proton transport for such materials has remained relatively rare. Herein, we fabricate, electrically interrogate, and physically characterize films from a reflectin-derived polypeptide. The electrical measurements indicate that device-integrated films exhibit proton conductivities with values of ∼0.4 mS/cm and sustain proton transport over distances of ∼1 mm. The accompanying physical characterization indicates that the polypeptide possesses characteristics analogous to those of the parent protein class and furnishes insight into the relationship between the polypeptide's electrical functionality and structure in the solid state. When considered together, our findings hold significance for the continued development and engineering of not only reflectin-based materials but also other bioinspired proton conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Nabin Kandel
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Xin Qiao
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Md Imran Khan
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Preeta Pratakshya
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Nadia E Tolouei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Alon A Gorodetsky
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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