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Cooper CR, Lewis AM, Notey JS, Mukherjee A, Willard DJ, Blum PH, Kelly RM. Interplay between transcriptional regulators and VapBC toxin-antitoxin loci during thermal stress response in extremely thermoacidophilic archaea. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:1200-1215. [PMID: 36752722 PMCID: PMC10580297 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Thermoacidophilic archaea lack sigma factors and the large inventory of heat shock proteins (HSPs) widespread in bacterial genomes, suggesting other strategies for handling thermal stress are involved. Heat shock transcriptomes for the thermoacidophilic archaeon Saccharolobus (f. Sulfolobus) solfataricus 98/2 revealed genes that were highly responsive to thermal stress, including transcriptional regulators YtrASs (Ssol_2420) and FadRSs (Ssol_0314), as well as type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) loci VapBC6 (Ssol_2337, Ssol_2338) and VapBC22 (Ssol_0819, Ssol_0818). The role, if any, of type II TA loci during stress response in microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, is controversial. But, when genes encoding YtrASs , FadRSs , VapC22, VapB6, and VapC6 were systematically mutated in Sa. solfataricus 98/2, significant up-regulation of the other genes within this set was observed, implicating an interconnected regulatory network during thermal stress response. VapBC6 and VapBC22 have close homologues in other Sulfolobales, as well as in other archaea (e.g. Pyrococcus furiosus and Archaeoglobus fulgidus), and their corresponding genes were also heat shock responsive. The interplay between VapBC TA loci and heat shock regulators in Sa solfataricus 98/2 not only indicates a cellular mechanism for heat shock response that differs from bacteria but one that could have common features within the thermophilic archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte R. Cooper
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905
| | - April M. Lewis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905
| | - Jaspreet S. Notey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905
| | - Arpan Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905
| | - Daniel J. Willard
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905
| | - Paul H. Blum
- Beadle Center for Genetics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0666
| | - Robert M. Kelly
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905
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2
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Boshoff A. Chaperonin: Co-chaperonin Interactions. Subcell Biochem 2023; 101:213-246. [PMID: 36520309 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-14740-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Co-chaperonins function together with chaperonins to mediate ATP-dependent protein folding in a variety of cellular compartments. Chaperonins are evolutionarily conserved and form two distinct classes, namely, group I and group II chaperonins. GroEL and its co-chaperonin GroES form part of group I and are the archetypal members of this family of protein folding machines. The unique mechanism used by GroEL and GroES to drive protein folding is embedded in the complex architecture of double-ringed complexes, forming two central chambers that undergo conformational rearrangements that enable protein folding to occur. GroES forms a lid over the chamber and in doing so dislodges bound substrate into the chamber, thereby allowing non-native proteins to fold in isolation. GroES also modulates allosteric transitions of GroEL. Group II chaperonins are functionally similar to group I chaperonins but differ in structure and do not require a co-chaperonin. A significant number of bacteria and eukaryotes house multiple chaperonin and co-chaperonin proteins, many of which have acquired additional intracellular and extracellular biological functions. In some instances, co-chaperonins display contrasting functions to those of chaperonins. Human HSP60 (HSPD) continues to play a key role in the pathogenesis of many human diseases, in particular autoimmune diseases and cancer. A greater understanding of the fascinating roles of both intracellular and extracellular Hsp10 on cellular processes will accelerate the development of techniques to treat diseases associated with the chaperonin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Boshoff
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Makhanda/Grahamstown, South Africa.
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3
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Ghozlan H, Cox A, Nierenberg D, King S, Khaled AR. The TRiCky Business of Protein Folding in Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:906530. [PMID: 35602608 PMCID: PMC9117761 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.906530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of the cellular proteome or proteostasis is an essential process that when deregulated leads to diseases like neurological disorders and cancer. Central to proteostasis are the molecular chaperones that fold proteins into functional 3-dimensional (3D) shapes and prevent protein aggregation. Chaperonins, a family of chaperones found in all lineages of organisms, are efficient machines that fold proteins within central cavities. The eukaryotic Chaperonin Containing TCP1 (CCT), also known as Tailless complex polypeptide 1 (TCP-1) Ring Complex (TRiC), is a multi-subunit molecular complex that folds the obligate substrates, actin, and tubulin. But more than folding cytoskeletal proteins, CCT differs from most chaperones in its ability to fold proteins larger than its central folding chamber and in a sequential manner that enables it to tackle proteins with complex topologies or very large proteins and complexes. Unique features of CCT include an asymmetry of charges and ATP affinities across the eight subunits that form the hetero-oligomeric complex. Variable substrate binding capacities endow CCT with a plasticity that developed as the chaperonin evolved with eukaryotes and acquired functional capacity in the densely packed intracellular environment. Given the decades of discovery on the structure and function of CCT, much remains unknown such as the scope of its interactome. New findings on the role of CCT in disease, and potential for diagnostic and therapeutic uses, heighten the need to better understand the function of this essential molecular chaperone. Clues as to how CCT causes cancer or neurological disorders lie in the early studies of the chaperonin that form a foundational knowledgebase. In this review, we span the decades of CCT discoveries to provide critical context to the continued research on the diverse capacities in health and disease of this essential protein-folding complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Ghozlan
- Division of Cancer Research, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Amanda Cox
- Division of Cancer Research, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Daniel Nierenberg
- Division of Cancer Research, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Stephen King
- Division of Neuroscience, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Annette R. Khaled
- Division of Cancer Research, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Annette R. Khaled,
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4
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Lewis AM, Recalde A, Bräsen C, Counts JA, Nussbaum P, Bost J, Schocke L, Shen L, Willard DJ, Quax TEF, Peeters E, Siebers B, Albers SV, Kelly RM. The biology of thermoacidophilic archaea from the order Sulfolobales. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuaa063. [PMID: 33476388 PMCID: PMC8557808 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermoacidophilic archaea belonging to the order Sulfolobales thrive in extreme biotopes, such as sulfuric hot springs and ore deposits. These microorganisms have been model systems for understanding life in extreme environments, as well as for probing the evolution of both molecular genetic processes and central metabolic pathways. Thermoacidophiles, such as the Sulfolobales, use typical microbial responses to persist in hot acid (e.g. motility, stress response, biofilm formation), albeit with some unusual twists. They also exhibit unique physiological features, including iron and sulfur chemolithoautotrophy, that differentiate them from much of the microbial world. Although first discovered >50 years ago, it was not until recently that genome sequence data and facile genetic tools have been developed for species in the Sulfolobales. These advances have not only opened up ways to further probe novel features of these microbes but also paved the way for their potential biotechnological applications. Discussed here are the nuances of the thermoacidophilic lifestyle of the Sulfolobales, including their evolutionary placement, cell biology, survival strategies, genetic tools, metabolic processes and physiological attributes together with how these characteristics make thermoacidophiles ideal platforms for specialized industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- April M Lewis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University. Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Alejandra Recalde
- Institute for Biology, Molecular Biology of Archaea, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Bräsen
- Department of Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry, Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - James A Counts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University. Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Phillip Nussbaum
- Institute for Biology, Molecular Biology of Archaea, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Bost
- Institute for Biology, Molecular Biology of Archaea, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Larissa Schocke
- Department of Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry, Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry, Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel J Willard
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University. Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Tessa E F Quax
- Archaeal Virus–Host Interactions, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eveline Peeters
- Research Group of Microbiology, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bettina Siebers
- Department of Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry, Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Sonja-Verena Albers
- Institute for Biology, Molecular Biology of Archaea, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert M Kelly
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University. Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Zeng YC, Sobti M, Stewart AG. Structural analysis of the Sulfolobus solfataricus TF55β chaperonin by cryo-electron microscopy. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2021; 77:79-84. [PMID: 33682792 PMCID: PMC7938637 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x21002223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chaperonins are biomolecular complexes that assist in protein folding. Thermophilic factor 55 (TF55) is a group II chaperonin found in the archaeal genus Sulfolobus that has α, β and γ subunits. Using cryo-electron microscopy, structures of the β-only complex of S. solfataricus TF55 (TF55β) were determined to 3.6-4.2 Å resolution. The structures of the TF55β complexes formed in the presence of ADP or ATP highlighted an open state in which nucleotide exchange can occur before progressing in the refolding cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cheng Zeng
- Molecular, Structural and Computational Biology Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Meghna Sobti
- Molecular, Structural and Computational Biology Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Alastair G. Stewart
- Molecular, Structural and Computational Biology Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
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6
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Park JC, Kim DH, Lee Y, Lee MC, Kim TK, Yim JH, Lee JS. Genome-wide identification and structural analysis of heat shock protein gene families in the marine rotifer Brachionus spp.: Potential application in molecular ecotoxicology. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 36:100749. [PMID: 33065474 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsp) are class of conserved and ubiquitous stress proteins present in all living organisms from primitive to higher level. Various studies have demonstrated multiple cellular functions of Hsp in living organisms as an important biomarker in response to abiotic and biotic stressors including temperature, salinity, pH, hypoxia, environmental pollutants, and pathogens. However, full understanding on the mechanism and pathway involved in the induction of Hsp still remains challenging, especially in aquatic invertebrates. In this study, the entire Hsp family and subfamily members in the marine rotifers Brachionus spp., one of the cosmopolitan ecotoxicological model organisms, have been genome-widely identified. In Brachionus spp. Hsp family was comprised of Hsp10, small hsp (sHsp), Hsp40, Hsp60, Hsp70/105, and Hsp90, with highest number of genes found within Hsp40 DnaJ homolog subfamily C members. Also, the differences in the orientation of the conserved motifs within Hsp family may have induced differences in transcriptional gene modulation in response to thermal stress in Brachionus koreanus. Overall, Hsp family-specific domains were highly conserved in all three Brachionus spp., relative to Homo sapiens and across other animal taxa and these findings will be helpful for future ecotoxicological studies focusing on Hsps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chul Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Duck-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Yoseop Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Min-Chul Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Tai Kyoung Kim
- Division of Polar Life Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Joung Han Yim
- Division of Polar Life Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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7
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Matarredona L, Camacho M, Zafrilla B, Bonete MJ, Esclapez J. The Role of Stress Proteins in Haloarchaea and Their Adaptive Response to Environmental Shifts. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101390. [PMID: 33003558 PMCID: PMC7601130 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, in order to survive in their natural environment, microbial communities have acquired adaptations to nonoptimal growth conditions. These shifts are usually related to stress conditions such as low/high solar radiation, extreme temperatures, oxidative stress, pH variations, changes in salinity, or a high concentration of heavy metals. In addition, climate change is resulting in these stress conditions becoming more significant due to the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. The most relevant damaging effect of these stressors is protein denaturation. To cope with this effect, organisms have developed different mechanisms, wherein the stress genes play an important role in deciding which of them survive. Each organism has different responses that involve the activation of many genes and molecules as well as downregulation of other genes and pathways. Focused on salinity stress, the archaeal domain encompasses the most significant extremophiles living in high-salinity environments. To have the capacity to withstand this high salinity without losing protein structure and function, the microorganisms have distinct adaptations. The haloarchaeal stress response protects cells against abiotic stressors through the synthesis of stress proteins. This includes other heat shock stress proteins (Hsp), thermoprotectants, survival proteins, universal stress proteins, and multicellular structures. Gene and family stress proteins are highly conserved among members of the halophilic archaea and their study should continue in order to develop means to improve for biotechnological purposes. In this review, all the mechanisms to cope with stress response by haloarchaea are discussed from a global perspective, specifically focusing on the role played by universal stress proteins.
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8
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Rodriguez A, Von Salzen D, Holguin BA, Bernal RA. Complex Destabilization in the Mitochondrial Chaperonin Hsp60 Leads to Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:159. [PMID: 32766281 PMCID: PMC7381220 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Several neurological disorders have been linked to mutations in chaperonin genes and more specifically to the HSPD1 gene. In humans, HSPD1 encodes the mitochondrial Heat Shock Protein 60 (mtHsp60) chaperonin, which carries out essential protein folding reactions that help maintain mitochondrial and cellular homeostasis. It functions as a macromolecular complex that provides client proteins an environment that favors proper folding in an ATP-dependent manner. It has been established that mtHsp60 plays a crucial role in the proper folding of mitochondrial proteins involved in ATP producing pathways. Recently, various single-point mutations in the mtHsp60 encoding gene have been directly linked to neuropathies and paraplegias. Individuals who harbor mtHsp60 mutations that negatively impact its folding ability display phenotypes with highly compromised muscle and neuron cells. Carriers of these mutations usually develop neuropathies and paraplegias at different stages of their lives mainly characterized by leg stiffness and weakness as well as degeneration of spinal cord nerves. These phenotypes are likely due to hindered energy producing pathways involved in cellular respiration resulting in ATP deprived cells. Although the complete protein folding mechanism of mtHsp60 is not well understood, recent work suggests that several of these mutations act by destabilizing the oligomeric stability of mtHsp60. Here, we discuss recent studies that highlight key aspects of the mtHsp60 mechanism with a focus on some of the known disease-causing point mutations, D29G and V98I, and their effect on the protein folding reaction cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ricardo A. Bernal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
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9
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Singhal N, Sharma A, Kumari S, Garg A, Rai R, Singh N, Kumar M, Goel M. Biophysical and Biochemical Characterization of Nascent Polypeptide-Associated Complex of Picrophilus torridus and Elucidation of Its Interacting Partners. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:915. [PMID: 32528429 PMCID: PMC7264160 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neelja Singhal
- Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Archana Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Shobha Kumari
- Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Anjali Garg
- Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Ruchica Rai
- Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Nirpendra Singh
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Manisha Goel
- Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Manisha Goel,
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10
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Abstract
This chronologue seeks to document the discovery and development of an understanding of oligomeric ring protein assemblies known as chaperonins that assist protein folding in the cell. It provides detail regarding genetic, physiologic, biochemical, and biophysical studies of these ATP-utilizing machines from both in vivo and in vitro observations. The chronologue is organized into various topics of physiology and mechanism, for each of which a chronologic order is generally followed. The text is liberally illustrated to provide firsthand inspection of the key pieces of experimental data that propelled this field. Because of the length and depth of this piece, the use of the outline as a guide for selected reading is encouraged, but it should also be of help in pursuing the text in direct order.
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The TRiC/CCT Chaperonin and Its Role in Uncontrolled Proliferation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1243:21-40. [PMID: 32297209 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-40204-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The cell cycle is a sophisticated space-time regulated mechanism where a wide variety of protein modules and complexes associate functioning in a concerted manner to regulate and transfer the genetic material to daughter cells. CCT (chaperonin containing TCP-1, also known as TRiC) is a molecular machine that forms a high molecular weight complex (1000 KDa). CCT is emerging as a key molecule during mitosis due to its essential role in the folding of many important proteins involved in cell division (Cdh1, Plk1, p27, Cdc20, PP2a regulatory subunits, tubulin or actin) suggesting its involvement in uncontrolled proliferation. The assembly is formed by eight different subunits called CCTα, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ, η and θ in mammals corresponding to CCT1-8 in yeast. CCT/TRiC is organized in a unique intra- and inter-ring arrangement. The chaperonin monomers share a common domain structure including an equatorial domain, which contains all the inter-ring contacts, most of the intra-ring contacts and the ATP binding site, whose binding and hydrolysis triggers the conformational changes that take place during the functional cycle. All chaperonins display an open substrate-receptive conformation, where the unfolded protein is recognized and trapped, and a closed conformation where the substrate is isolated from the bulk of the intracellular environment. In this chapter we discuss the complex set of intra- and inter-ring allosteric signals during chaperonin function.
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12
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Nasr MA, Dovbeshko GI, Bearne SL, El‐Badri N, Matta CF. Heat Shock Proteins in the “Hot” Mitochondrion: Identity and Putative Roles. Bioessays 2019; 41:e1900055. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Nasr
- Department of Chemistry and PhysicsMount Saint Vincent University Halifax Nova Scotia B3M 2J6 Canada
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC)Zewail City of Science and Technology 6th of October City 12588 Egypt
| | - Galina I. Dovbeshko
- Department of Physics of Biological SystemsInstitute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Prospekt Nauki 46 Kiev 03039 Ukraine
| | - Stephen L. Bearne
- Department of ChemistryDalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyDalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Nagwa El‐Badri
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC)Zewail City of Science and Technology 6th of October City 12588 Egypt
| | - Chérif F. Matta
- Department of Chemistry and PhysicsMount Saint Vincent University Halifax Nova Scotia B3M 2J6 Canada
- Department of ChemistryDalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
- Department of ChemistrySaint Mary's University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3C3 Canada
- Département de chimieUniversité Laval Québec Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
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13
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Abstract
Chaperonin is categorized as a molecular chaperone and mediates the formation of the native conformation of proteins by first preventing folding during synthesis or membrane translocation and subsequently by mediating the step-wise ATP-dependent release that result in proper folding. In the GroEL-GroES complex, a single heptameric GroEL ring binds one GroES ring in the presence of ATP/ADP, in this vein, the double ring GroEL tetradecamer is present in two distinct types of GroEL-GroES complexes: asymmetric 1:1 "bullet"-shaped GroEL:GroES and symmetric 1:2 "football" (American football)-shaped GroEL:GroES2. There have been debates as to which complex is critical to the productive protein folding mediated by the GroEL-GroES complex, and how GroES coordinates with GroEL in the chaperonin reaction cycle in association with regulation by adenine nucleotides and through the interplay of substrate proteins. A lot of knowledge on chaperonins has been accumulating as if expanding as ripples spread around the GroEL-GroES from Escherichia coli. In this article, an overview is presented on GroEL and the GroEL-GroES complex, with emphasis on their morphological variations, and some potential applications to the fabrication of nanocomposites using GroEL as a nano-block. In parallel, a guideline is presented that supports the recognition that the E. coli and its GroEL-GroES complex do not always receive in standard literature because the biochemical features of chaperonins derived from others special, such as mammals, are not always the same as those confirmed using GroEL-GroES derived from E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Ishii
- Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central-6, 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki, 305-8566, Tsukuba, Japan.
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14
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Artificial Fusion of mCherry Enhances Trehalose Transferase Solubility and Stability. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.03084-18. [PMID: 30737350 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03084-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
LeLoir glycosyltransferases are important biocatalysts for the production of glycosidic bonds in natural products, chiral building blocks, and pharmaceuticals. Trehalose transferase (TreT) is of particular interest since it catalyzes the stereo- and enantioselective α,α-(1→1) coupling of a nucleotide sugar donor and monosaccharide acceptor for the synthesis of disaccharide derivatives. Heterologously expressed thermophilic trehalose transferases were found to be intrinsically aggregation prone and are mainly expressed as catalytically active inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli To disfavor protein aggregation, the thermostable protein mCherry was explored as a fluorescent protein tag. The fusion of mCherry to trehalose transferase from Pyrobaculum yellowstonensis (PyTreT) demonstrated increased protein solubility. Chaotropic agents like guanidine or the divalent cations Mn(II), Ca(II), and Mg(II) enhanced the enzyme activity of the fusion protein. The thermodynamic equilibrium constant, K eq, for the reversible synthesis of trehalose from glucose and a nucleotide sugar was determined in both the synthesis and hydrolysis directions utilizing UDP-glucose and ADP-glucose, respectively. UDP-glucose was shown to achieve higher conversions than ADP-glucose, highlighting the importance of the choice of nucleotide sugars for LeLoir glycosyltransferases under thermodynamic control.IMPORTANCE The heterologous expression of proteins in Escherichia coli is of great relevance for their functional and structural characterization and applications. However, the formation of insoluble inclusion bodies is observed in approximately 70% of all cases, and the subsequent effects can range from reduced soluble protein yields to a complete failure of the expression system. Here, we present an efficient methodology for the production and analysis of a thermostable, aggregation-prone trehalose transferase (TreT) from Pyrobaculum yellowstonensis via its fusion with mCherry as a thermostable fluorescent protein tag. This fusion strategy allowed for increased enzyme stability and solubility and could be applied to other (thermostable) proteins, allowing rapid visualization and quantification of the mCherry-fused protein of interest. Finally, we have demonstrated that the enzymatic synthesis of trehalose from glucose and a nucleotide sugar is reversible by approaching the thermodynamic equilibrium in both the synthesis and hydrolysis directions. Our results show that uridine establishes an equilibrium constant which is more in favor of the product trehalose than when adenosine is employed as the nucleotide under identical conditions. The influence of different nucleotides on the reaction can be generalized for all LeLoir glycosyltransferases under thermodynamic control as the position of the equilibrium depends solely on the reaction conditions and is not affected by the nature of the catalyst.
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15
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Ranawat P, Rawat S. Stress response physiology of thermophiles. Arch Microbiol 2017; 199:391-414. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-016-1331-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Fares MA. Evolution of Multiple Chaperonins: Innovation of Evolutionary Capacitors. PROKARYOTIC CHAPERONINS 2017:149-170. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4651-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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17
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Rowland SE, Robb FT. Structure, Function and Evolution of the Hsp60 Chaperonins. PROKARYOTIC CHAPERONINS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4651-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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18
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Chaston JJ, Smits C, Aragão D, Wong ASW, Ahsan B, Sandin S, Molugu SK, Molugu SK, Bernal RA, Stock D, Stewart AG. Structural and Functional Insights into the Evolution and Stress Adaptation of Type II Chaperonins. Structure 2016; 24:364-74. [PMID: 26853941 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chaperonins are essential biological complexes assisting protein folding in all kingdoms of life. Whereas homooligomeric bacterial GroEL binds hydrophobic substrates non-specifically, the heterooligomeric eukaryotic CCT binds specifically to distinct classes of substrates. Sulfolobales, which survive in a wide range of temperatures, have evolved three different chaperonin subunits (α, β, γ) that form three distinct complexes tailored for different substrate classes at cold, normal, and elevated temperatures. The larger octadecameric β complexes cater for substrates under heat stress, whereas smaller hexadecameric αβ complexes prevail under normal conditions. The cold-shock complex contains all three subunits, consistent with greater substrate specificity. Structural analysis using crystallography and electron microscopy reveals the geometry of these complexes and shows a novel arrangement of the α and β subunits in the hexadecamer enabling incorporation of the γ subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Chaston
- Molecular, Structural and Computational Biology Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Callum Smits
- Molecular, Structural and Computational Biology Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - David Aragão
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Andrew S W Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Bilal Ahsan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Sara Sandin
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Sudheer K Molugu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Sanjay K Molugu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Ricardo A Bernal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Daniela Stock
- Molecular, Structural and Computational Biology Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Alastair G Stewart
- Molecular, Structural and Computational Biology Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Chundawat SPS, Paavola CD, Raman B, Nouailler M, Chan SL, Mielenz JR, Receveur-Brechot V, Trent JD, Dale BE. Saccharification of thermochemically pretreated cellulosic biomass using native and engineered cellulosomal enzyme systems. REACT CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00172f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tethering hydrolytic enzymes (e.g., cellulases) to protein scaffolds enhances biomass saccharification to sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishir P. S. Chundawat
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering
- The State University of New Jersey
- Piscataway
- USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC)
| | | | - Babu Raman
- Biosciences Division and BioEnergy Science Center
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Matthieu Nouailler
- LISM-UMR 7255 Institut De Microbiologie De La Mediterranee
- CNRS and Aix-Marseille University
- 13402 Marseille Cedex 20
- France
| | | | - Jonathan R. Mielenz
- Biosciences Division and BioEnergy Science Center
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | | | - Jonathan D. Trent
- Bioengineering Branch
- NASA Ames
- Moffett Field
- USA
- Biomolecular Engineering Department
| | - Bruce E. Dale
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC)
- Michigan State University
- East Lansing
- USA
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
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Yu K, Gong J, Huang C, Huang H, Ye H, Wang G, Zeng C. Characterization of CCTα and evaluating its expression in the mud crab Scylla paramamosain when challenged by low temperatures alone and in combination with high and low salinity. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:853-64. [PMID: 26122201 PMCID: PMC4529868 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chaperonin containing the T-complex polypeptide-1 (CCT), which is known to be involved in intracellular assembly and folding of proteins, is a class of chaperonin omnipresent in all forms of life. Previous studies showed that CCT played a vital role in cold hardiness of various animals. In order to understand the response of the polypeptide complex to low temperature challenge and other environmental stresses, a subunit of CCT (CCTα) was cloned from the mud crab Scylla paramamosain by expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The full-length cDNA SpCCTα was of 1972 bp and contained a 1668 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of 555 amino acids with four conserved motifs. The messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels of SpCCTα in ten tissues of adult S. paramamosain was subsequently examined and the highest expression was found in muscle, followed by gill, hepatopancreas, thoracic ganglion, hemocyte, heart, cerebral ganglion, stomach, eyestalk ganglion, and epidermis. The expressions of SpCCTα in the muscle of sub-adult crabs (pre-acclimated to 28 °C) subjected to the challenges of both lower temperatures (25, 20, 15, and 10 °C) alone and low temperatures (15 and 10 °C) in combination with salinity of 35 and 10 were further investigated by fluorescent quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). It was revealed that when exposed to lower temperatures alone, the mRNA transcripts of the SpCCTα gene in the muscle were generally induced for significant higher expression at 10 °C treatment than the 25, 20, and 15 °C treatments; meanwhile, exposure to 15 °C also frequently led to significantly higher expression than those at 20 and 25 °C. This finding indicated that the up-regulation of SpCCTα was closely related to the cold hardiness of S. paramamosain. The results of an additional experiment challenging the sub-adult crabs with various combinations of low temperatures with different salinity conditions generally demonstrated that at both 10 and 15 °C, the expression of SpCCTα under the high salinity of 35 was significantly lower than that at low salinity of 10, implying that the damages caused by low temperatures with high salinity were less than that under low salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yu
- />College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Jie Gong
- />College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Chencui Huang
- />College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Huiyang Huang
- />College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
- />College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - Haihui Ye
- />College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
- />College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - Guizhong Wang
- />College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Chaoshu Zeng
- />College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia
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Brandvold KR, Morimoto RI. The Chemical Biology of Molecular Chaperones--Implications for Modulation of Proteostasis. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:2931-47. [PMID: 26003923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is inextricably tied to cellular health and organismal lifespan. Aging, exposure to physiological and environmental stress, and expression of mutant and metastable proteins can cause an imbalance in the protein-folding landscape, which results in the formation of non-native protein aggregates that challenge the capacity of the proteostasis network (PN), increasing the risk for diseases associated with misfolding, aggregation, and aberrant regulation of cell stress responses. Molecular chaperones have central roles in each of the arms of the PN (protein synthesis, folding, disaggregation, and degradation), leading to the proposal that modulation of chaperone function could have therapeutic benefits for the large and growing family of diseases of protein conformation including neurodegeneration, metabolic diseases, and cancer. In this review, we will discuss the current strategies used to tune the PN through targeting molecular chaperones and assess the potential of the chemical biology of proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer R Brandvold
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Richard I Morimoto
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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Abstract
Co-chaperonins function together with chaperonins to mediate ATP-dependant protein folding in a variety of cellular compartments. GroEL and its co-chaperonin GroES are the only essential chaperones in Escherichia coli and are the archetypal members of this family of protein folding machines. The unique mechanism used by GroEL and GroES to drive protein folding is embedded in the complex architecture of double-ringed complexes, forming two central chambers that undergo structural rearrangements as part of the folding mechanism. GroES forms a lid over the chamber, and in doing so dislodges bound substrate into the chamber, thereby allowing non-native proteins to fold in isolation. GroES also modulates allosteric transitions of GroEL. A significant number of bacteria and eukaryotes house multiple chaperonin and co-chaperonin proteins, many of which have acquired additional intracellular and extracellular biological functions. In some instances co-chaperonins display contrasting functions to those of chaperonins. Human Hsp60 continues to play a key role in the pathogenesis of many human diseases, in particular autoimmune diseases and cancer. A greater understanding of the fascinating roles of both intracellular and extracellular Hsp10, in addition to its role as a co-chaperonin, on cellular processes will accelerate the development of techniques to treat diseases associated with the chaperonin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Boshoff
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, 6140, Grahamstown, South Africa,
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Azkargorta M, Wojtas MN, Abrescia NGA, Elortza F. Lysine methylation mapping of crenarchaeal DNA-directed RNA polymerases by collision-induced and electron-transfer dissociation mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2637-48. [PMID: 24625205 DOI: 10.1021/pr500084p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic machineries fundamental for information processing (e.g., transcription, replication, translation) in Archaea are simplified versions of their eukaryotic counterparts. This is clearly noticeable in the conservation of sequence and structure of corresponding enzymes (see for example the archaeal DNA-directed RNA polymerase (RNAP)). In Eukarya, post-translational modifications (PTMs) often serve as functional regulatory factors for various enzymes and complexes. Among the various PTMs, methylation and acetylation have been recently attracting most attention. Nevertheless, little is known about such PTMs in Archaea, and cross-methodological studies are scarce. We examined methylation and N-terminal acetylation of endogenously purified crenarchaeal RNA polymerase from Sulfolobus shibatae (Ssh) and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (Sac). In-gel and in-solution protein digestion methods were combined with collision-induced dissociation (CID) and electron-transfer dissociation (ETD) mass spectrometry analysis. Overall, 20 and 26 methyl-lysines for S. shibatae and S. acidocaldarius were identified, respectively. Furthermore, two N-terminal acetylation sites for each of these organisms were assessed. As a result, we generated a high-confidence data set for the mapping of methylation and acetylation sites in both Sulfolobus species, allowing comparisons with the data previously obtained for RNAP from Sulfolobus solfataricus (Sso). We confirmed that all observed methyl-lysines are on the surface of the RNAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Azkargorta
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, ProteoRed-ISCIII, CIBERehd, 48160 Derio, Spain
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Leuschner C, Antranikian G. Heat-stable enzymes from extremely thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microorganisms. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 11:95-114. [PMID: 24414414 DOI: 10.1007/bf00339139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Only in the last decade have microorganisms been discovered which grow near or above 100°C. The enzymes that are formed by these extremely thermophilic (growth temperature 65 to 85°C) and hyperthermophilic (growth temperature 85 to 110°C) microorganisms are of great interest. This review covers the extracellular and intracellular enzymes of these exotic microorganisms that have recently been described. Polymer-hydrolysing enzymes, such as amylolytic, cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic and proteolytic enzymes, will be discussed. In addition, the properties of the intracellular enzymes involved in carbohydrate and amino-acid metabolism and DNA-binding and chaperones and chaperone-like proteins from hyperthermophiles are described. Due to the unusual properties of these heat-stable enzymes, they are expected to fill the gap between biological and chemical processes.
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Reconstitution of the human chaperonin CCT by co-expression of the eight distinct subunits in mammalian cells. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 82:61-9. [PMID: 22133715 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic cytosolic chaperonin CCT (chaperonin-containing TCP-1) assists folding of newly synthesized polypeptides. The fully functional CCT is built from two identical rings, each composed of single copies of eight distinct subunits. To study the structure and function of the CCT complex and the role of each subunit, a rapid and efficient method for preparing a recombinant CCT complex is needed. In this work, we established an efficient expression and purification method to obtain human recombinant CCT. BHK-21 cells were infected with a vaccinia virus expressing T7 RNA polymerase and transfected with eight plasmids, each encoding any one of the eight CCT subunits in the T7 RNA polymerase promoter/terminator unit. The CCT1 subunit was engineered to carry a hexa-histidine tag or FLAG tag in the internal loop region. Three days later, cells were harvested for purification of the CCT complex through tag-dependent affinity chromatography and gel filtration. The purified recombinant CCT complexes were indistinguishable from the endogenous CCT purified from HeLa cells in terms of morphology and function. In conclusion, the co-expression system established in this study should be a simple and powerful tool for reconstitution of a large multi-subunit complex.
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Sarkar S, Singh MD, Yadav R, Arunkumar KP, Pittman GW. Heat shock proteins: Molecules with assorted functions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-011-1080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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A 'universal' type II chaperonin PCR detection system for the investigation of Archaea in complex microbial communities. ISME JOURNAL 2011; 6:430-9. [PMID: 21776031 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2011.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria and Archaea are evolutionarily and biochemically distinct domains found together in many environments. Robust 'universal' PCR primer sets targeting both the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and the type I chaperonin gene have been established. However, 'universal' PCR primers for Archaea are currently limited to the 16S rRNA gene. We investigated the type II chaperonin (known as the thermosome, TF55, CCT or TCP-1) as a potential universal target (UT) for Archaea. Reproducible amplification of thermosome gene sequences from all major phyla tested was achieved through the application of a mixture or 'cocktail' of two forward and two reverse primers. Phylogenies based on the ∼750-bp thermosome UT were congruent with 16S rRNA gene phylogenies while exhibiting longer branch lengths, improving resolution of closely related taxa. 'Universal' thermosome primers were applied to profiling the archaeal community of dairy cow rumen and results compared with profiles based on the 16S rRNA gene and methyl co-enzyme M reductase (methanogen-specific) gene. Clone libraries generated from each target gene, as well as a pyrosequencing profile of one thermosome rumen library, revealed that all three targets consistently detected Methanobrevibacter smithii, Methanobrevibacter ruminantium and Methanosphaera stadtmanae as the dominant constituents; however, thermosome gene sequences were more diverse than either of the other targets providing a higher resolution description of the archaeal community. These findings demonstrate that a 'universal' thermosome PCR protocol is a powerful metagenomic tool for detecting and characterizing Archaea and archaeal communities.
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Kabir MA, Uddin W, Narayanan A, Reddy PK, Jairajpuri MA, Sherman F, Ahmad Z. Functional Subunits of Eukaryotic Chaperonin CCT/TRiC in Protein Folding. JOURNAL OF AMINO ACIDS 2011; 2011:843206. [PMID: 22312474 PMCID: PMC3268035 DOI: 10.4061/2011/843206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are a class of proteins responsible for proper folding of a large number of polypeptides in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Newly synthesized polypeptides are prone to nonspecific interactions, and many of them make toxic aggregates in absence of chaperones. The eukaryotic chaperonin CCT is a large, multisubunit, cylindrical structure having two identical rings stacked back to back. Each ring is composed of eight different but similar subunits and each subunit has three distinct domains. CCT assists folding of actin, tubulin, and numerous other cellular proteins in an ATP-dependent manner. The catalytic cooperativity of ATP binding/hydrolysis in CCT occurs in a sequential manner different from concerted cooperativity as shown for GroEL. Unlike GroEL, CCT does not have GroES-like cofactor, rather it has a built-in lid structure responsible for closing the central cavity. The CCT complex recognizes its substrates through diverse mechanisms involving hydrophobic or electrostatic interactions. Upstream factors like Hsp70 and Hsp90 also work in a concerted manner to transfer the substrate to CCT. Moreover, prefoldin, phosducin-like proteins, and Bag3 protein interact with CCT and modulate its function for the fine-tuning of protein folding process. Any misregulation of protein folding process leads to the formation of misfolded proteins or toxic aggregates which are linked to multiple pathological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Anaul Kabir
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala 673601, India
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Maezato Y, Daugherty A, Dana K, Soo E, Cooper C, Tachdjian S, Kelly RM, Blum P. VapC6, a ribonucleolytic toxin regulates thermophilicity in the crenarchaeote Sulfolobus solfataricus. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 17:1381-1392. [PMID: 21622901 PMCID: PMC3138573 DOI: 10.1261/rna.2679911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The phylum Crenarchaeota includes hyperthermophilic micro-organisms subjected to dynamic thermal conditions. Previous transcriptomic studies of Sulfolobus solfataricus identified vapBC6 as a heat-shock (HS)-inducible member of the Vap toxin-antitoxin gene family. In this study, the inactivation of the vapBC6 operon by targeted gene disruption produced two recessive phenotypes related to fitness, HS sensitivity and a heat-dependent reduction in the rate of growth. In-frame vapBC6 deletion mutants were analyzed to examine the respective roles of each protein. Since vapB6 transcript abundance was elevated in the vapC6 deletion, the VapC6 toxin appears to regulate abundance of its cognate antitoxin. In contrast, vapC6 transcript abundance was reduced in the vapB6 deletion. A putative intergenic terminator may underlie these observations by coordinating vapBC6 expression. As predicted by structural modeling, recombinant VapC6 produced using chaperone cosynthesis exhibited heat-dependent ribonucleolytic activity toward S. solfataricus total RNA. This activity could be blocked by addition of preheated recombinant VapB6. In vivo transcript targets were identified by assessing the relative expression of genes that naturally respond to thermal stress in VapBC6-deficient cells. Preferential increases were observed for dppB-1 and tetR, and preferential decreases were observed for rpoD and eIF2 gamma. Specific VapC6 ribonucleolytic action could also be demonstrated in vitro toward RNAs whose expression increased in the VapBC6-deficient strain during heat shock. These findings provide a biochemical mechanism and identify cellular targets underlying VapBC6-mediated control over microbial growth and survival at temperature extremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Maezato
- Beadle Center for Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0666, USA
| | - Amanda Daugherty
- Beadle Center for Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0666, USA
| | - Karl Dana
- Beadle Center for Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0666, USA
| | - Edith Soo
- Beadle Center for Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0666, USA
| | - Charlotte Cooper
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, USA
| | - Sabrina Tachdjian
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, USA
| | - Robert M. Kelly
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, USA
| | - Paul Blum
- Beadle Center for Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0666, USA
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Knee KM, Goulet DR, Zhang J, Chen B, Chiu W, King JA. The group II chaperonin Mm-Cpn binds and refolds human γD crystallin. Protein Sci 2011; 20:30-41. [PMID: 20981710 DOI: 10.1002/pro.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chaperonins assist in the folding of nascent and misfolded proteins, though the mechanism of folding within the lumen of the chaperonin remains poorly understood. The archeal chaperonin from Methanococcus marapaludis, Mm-Cpn, shares the eightfold double barrel structure with other group II chaperonins, including the eukaryotic TRiC/CCT, required for actin and tubulin folding. However, Mm-Cpn is composed of a single species subunit, similar to group I chaperonin GroEL, rather than the eight subunit species needed for TRiC/CCT. Features of the β-sheet fold have been identified as sites of recognition by group II chaperonins. The crystallins, the major components of the vertebrate eye lens, are β-sheet proteins with two homologous Greek key domains. During refolding in vitro a partially folded intermediate is populated, and partitions between productive folding and off-pathway aggregation. We report here that in the presence of physiological concentrations of ATP, Mm-Cpn suppressed the aggregation of HγD-Crys by binding the partially folded intermediate. The complex was sufficiently stable to permit recovery by size exclusion chromatography. In the presence of ATP, Mm-Cpn promoted the refolding of the HγD-Crys intermediates to the native state. The ability of Mm-Cpn to bind and refold a human β-sheet protein suggests that Mm-Cpn may be useful as a simplified model for the substrate recognition mechanism of TRiC/CCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Knee
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Abstract
It is now well understood that, although proteins fold spontaneously (in a thermodynamic sense), many nevertheless require the assistance of helpers called molecular chaperones to reach their correct and active folded state in living cells. This is because the pathways of protein folding are full of traps for the unwary: the forces that drive proteins into their folded states can also drive them into insoluble aggregates, and, particularly when cells are stressed, this can lead, without prevention or correction, to cell death. The chaperonins are a family of molecular chaperones, practically ubiquitous in all living organisms, which possess a remarkable structure and mechanism of action. They act as nanoboxes in which proteins can fold, isolated from their environment and from other partners with which they might, with potentially deleterious consequences, interact. The opening and closing of these boxes is timed by the binding and hydrolysis of ATP. The chaperonins which are found in bacteria are extremely well characterized, and, although those found in archaea (also known as thermosomes) and eukaryotes have received less attention, our understanding of these proteins is constantly improving. This short review will summarize what we know about chaperonin function in the cell from studies on the archaeal chaperonins, and show how recent work is improving our understanding of this essential class of molecular chaperones.
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Rinker K, Han C, Kelly R. Continuous culture as a tool for investigating the growth physiology of heterotrophic hyperthermophiles and extreme thermoacidophiles. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 85 Suppl 1:118S-127S. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1998.tb05290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Peeples TL, Kelly RM. Bioenergetic Response of the Extreme Thermoacidophile Metallosphaera sedula to Thermal and Nutritional Stresses. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 61:2314-21. [PMID: 16535051 PMCID: PMC1388469 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.6.2314-2321.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioenergetic response of the extremely thermoacidophilic archaeon Metallosphaera sedula to thermal and nutritional stresses was examined. Continuous cultures (pH 2.0, 70(deg)C, and dilution rate of 0.05 h(sup-1)) in which the levels of Casamino Acids and ferrous iron in growth media were reduced by a step change of 25 to 50% resulted in higher levels of several proteins, including a 62-kDa protein immunologically related to the molecular chaperone designated thermophilic factor 55 in Sulfolobus shibatae (J. D. Trent, J. Osipiuk, and T. Pinkau, J. Bacteriol. 172:1478-1484, 1990), on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The 62-kDa protein was also noted at elevated levels in cells that had been shifted from 70 to either 80 or 85(deg)C. The proton motive force ((Delta)p), transmembrane pH ((Delta)pH), and membrane potential ((Delta)(psi)) were determined for samples obtained from continuous cultures (pH 2.0, 70(deg)C, and dilution rate of 0.05 h(sup-1)) and incubated under nutritionally and/or thermally stressed and unstressed conditions. At 70(deg)C under optimal growth conditions, M. sedula was typically found to have a (Delta)p of approximately -190 to -200 mV, the result of an intracellular pH of 5.4 (extracellular pH, 2.0) and a (Delta)(psi) of +40 to +50 mV (positive inside). After cells had been shifted to either 80 or 85(deg)C, (Delta)(psi) decreased to nearly 0 mV and internal pH approached 4.0 within 4 h of the shift; respiratory activity, as evidenced by iron speciation in parallel temperature-shifted cultures on iron pyrite, had ceased by this point. If cultures shifted from 70 to 80(deg)C were shifted back to 70(deg)C after 4 h, cells were able to regain pyrite oxidation capacity and internal pH increased to nearly normal levels after 13 h. However, (Delta)(psi) remained close to 0 mV, possibly the result of enhanced ionic exchange with media upon thermal damage to cell membranes. Further, when M. sedula was subjected to an intermediate temperature shift from 73 to 79(deg)C, an increase in pyrite dissolution (ferric iron levels doubled) over that of the unshifted control at 73(deg)C was noted. The improvement in leaching was attributed to the synergistic effect of chemical and biological factors. As such, periodic exposure to higher temperatures, followed by a suitable recovery period, may provide a basis for improving bioleaching rates of acidophilic chemolithotrophs.
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Han CJ, Park SH, Kelly RM. Acquired Thermotolerance and Stressed-Phase Growth of the Extremely Thermoacidophilic Archaeon Metallosphaera sedula in Continuous Culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 63:2391-6. [PMID: 16535631 PMCID: PMC1389186 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.6.2391-2396.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of an extremely thermoacidophilic archaeon, Metallosphaera sedula (growth temperature range, 50 to 79(deg)C; optimum temperature, 74(deg)C; optimum pH, 2.0), to thermal stress was investigated by using a 10-liter continuous cultivation system. M. sedula, growing at 74(deg)C, pH 2.0, and a dilution rate of 0.04 hr(sup-1), was subjected to both abrupt and gradual temperature shifts in continuous culture to determine the responses of cell density levels and protein synthesis patterns. An abrupt temperature shift from 74 to 79(deg)C resulted in little, if any, changes in cell density and a small increase in total protein per cell. When the culture temperature was shifted further to 80.5(deg)C, cell density dropped to below 5 x 10(sup6) cells/ml from 10(sup8) cells/ml, leading to washout of the culture. Operation at this temperature and slightly higher temperatures, however, could be achieved by exposing the culture to thermal stress more gradually (0.5(deg)C increments). As a result, stable operation could be maintained at temperatures of up to 81(deg)C, and the washout temperature could be increased to 82.5(deg)C. Continuous culture operation at 81(deg)C for 100 h (stressed phase) led to an approximately sevenfold lower steady-state cell density than that observed for operation at or below 79(deg)C. However, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis (both one and two dimensional) revealed significantly higher levels (sixfold increase) of a 66-kDa stress response protein (MseHSP60), immunologically related to Thermophilic Factor 55 from Sulfolobus shibatae (J. D. Trent, J. Osipiuk, and T. Pinkau, J. Bacteriol. 172:1478-1484, 1990). If the acclimated culture was returned to a lower temperature (i.e., 74(deg)C), the amount of MseHSP60 returned to levels observed prior to thermal acclimation. Furthermore, when the previously acclimated culture (at 81(deg)C) was shifted back from 74 to 81(deg)C, without going through gradual acclimation steps, the result was the immediate onset of washout, suggesting no residual thermotolerance. This study shows that gradual thermal acclimation of M. sedula could only extend the temperature range of stable growth for this organism by 2(deg)C above its maximal growth temperature, albeit at reduced cell densities. Also, this investigation illustrates the utility of continuous culture for characterizing heat shock response and assessing maximum growth temperatures for extremely thermophilic microorganisms.
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Mukherjee K, Conway de Macario E, Macario AJL, Brocchieri L. Chaperonin genes on the rise: new divergent classes and intense duplication in human and other vertebrate genomes. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:64. [PMID: 20193073 PMCID: PMC2846930 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chaperonin proteins are well known for the critical role they play in protein folding and in disease. However, the recent identification of three diverged chaperonin paralogs associated with the human Bardet-Biedl and McKusick-Kaufman Syndromes (BBS and MKKS, respectively) indicates that the eukaryotic chaperonin-gene family is larger and more differentiated than previously thought. The availability of complete genome sequences makes possible a definitive characterization of the complete set of chaperonin sequences in human and other species. Results We identified fifty-four chaperonin-like sequences in the human genome and similar numbers in the genomes of the model organisms mouse and rat. In mammal genomes we identified, besides the well-known CCT chaperonin genes and the three genes associated with the MKKS and BBS pathological conditions, a newly-defined class of chaperonin genes named CCT8L, represented in human by the two sequences CCT8L1 and CCT8L2. Comparative analyses from several vertebrate genomes established the monophyletic origin of chaperonin-like MKKS and BBS genes from the CCT8 lineage. The CCT8L gene originated from a later duplication also in the CCT8 lineage at the onset of mammal evolution and duplicated in primate genomes. The functionality of CCT8L genes in different species was confirmed by evolutionary analyses and in human by expression data. Detailed sequence analysis and structural predictions of MKKS, BBS and CCT8L proteins strongly suggested that they conserve a typical chaperonin-like core structure but that they are unlikely to form a CCT-like oligomeric complex. The characterization of many newly-discovered chaperonin pseudogenes uncovered the intense duplication activity of eukaryotic chaperonin genes. Conclusions In vertebrates, chaperonin genes, driven by intense duplication processes, have diversified into multiple classes and functionalities that extend beyond their well-known protein-folding role as part of the typical oligomeric chaperonin complex, emphasizing previous observations on the involvement of individual CCT monomers in microtubule elongation. The functional characterization of newly identified chaperonin genes will be a challenge for future experimental analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishanu Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, 1660 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Prevention of in Vitro thermal aggregation and inactivation of foreign proteins by the hyperthermophilic group II chaperonin α-subunit from Aeropyrum pernix K1. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-009-0093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Isolation, Purification, and Properties of a Novel Small Heat Shock Protein from the Hyperthermophile Sulfolobus solfataricus. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 162:476-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8809-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hirtreiter AM, Calloni G, Forner F, Scheibe B, Puype M, Vandekerckhove J, Mann M, Hartl FU, Hayer-Hartl M. Differential substrate specificity of group I and group II chaperonins in the archaeon Methanosarcina mazei. Mol Microbiol 2009; 74:1152-68. [PMID: 19843217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chaperonins are macromolecular machines that assist in protein folding. The archaeon Methanosarcina mazei has acquired numerous bacterial genes by horizontal gene transfer. As a result, both the bacterial group I chaperonin, GroEL, and the archaeal group II chaperonin, thermosome, coexist. A proteome-wide analysis of chaperonin interactors was performed to determine the differential substrate specificity of GroEL and thermosome. At least 13% of soluble M. mazei proteins interact with chaperonins, with the two systems having partially overlapping substrate sets. Remarkably, chaperonin selectivity is independent of phylogenetic origin and is determined by distinct structural and biochemical features of proteins. GroEL prefers well-conserved proteins with complex alpha/beta domains. In contrast, thermosome substrates comprise a group of faster-evolving proteins and contain a much wider range of different domain folds, including small all-alpha and all-beta modules, and a greater number of large multidomain proteins. Thus, the group II chaperonins may have facilitated the evolution of the highly complex proteomes characteristic of eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Hirtreiter
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Nováková Z, Bobálová J, Vidová M, Hapala I, Smigán P. Tributyltin-resistant Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus mutant with mutational substitutions in the A1A0-ATP synthase operon. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009; 298:255-9. [PMID: 19663915 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A spontaneous mutant of Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus resistant to tributyltin chloride (TBT) was isolated. TBT, the inhibitor of the A(0) domain of A(1)A(0)-ATP synthase, inhibits methanogenesis in the wild-type cells; however, the TBT-resistant mutant exhibited methanogenesis even in the presence of 800 microM TBT. ATP synthesis driven by methanogenic electron transport was markedly diminished in the mutant strain. While TBT profoundly inhibited ATP synthesis driven by methanogenic electron transport in the wild type, only a slight inhibition was observed in the mutant strain. These results suggested a modification in the ATP-synthesizing system of the mutant strain. The sequence of the complete A(1)A(0)-ATP synthase operon (Mth952-Mth961) in the wild-type and mutant strains was determined and compared. Three mutations leading to amino acid substitutions in two A(1)A(0)-ATP synthase subunits were identified - Val(338)Ala in subunit A and Leu(252)Ile and Ser(293)Ala in subunit B. Moreover, this study revealed the differential expression of several proteins that may contribute to TBT resistance. The results imply that change of TBT sensitivities of TBT-resistant mutant is due to mutational substitutions in the A(1)A(0)-ATP synthase operon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Nováková
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovak Republic
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Guagliardi A, Cerchia L, Camardella L, Rossi M, Bartolucci S. DBF (Disulfide Bond Forming) Enzyme from the Hyperthermophilic ArchaebacteriumSulfolobus SolfataricusBehaves Like a Molecular Chaperone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242429409034387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Guagliardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biologica, Università di Napoli, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy
| | - Laura Cerchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biologica, Università di Napoli, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy
| | - Laura Camardella
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine ed Enzimologia, C.N.R., Via Marconi 10, 80127, Napoli, Italy
| | - Mose Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biologica, Università di Napoli, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine ed Enzimologia, C.N.R., Via Marconi 10, 80127, Napoli, Italy
| | - Simonetta Bartolucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biologica, Università di Napoli, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy
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Mitsuzawa S, Kagawa H, Li Y, Chan SL, Paavola CD, Trent JD. The rosettazyme: a synthetic cellulosome. J Biotechnol 2009; 143:139-44. [PMID: 19559062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose is an attractive feedstock for biofuel production because of its abundance, but the cellulose polymer is extremely stable and its constituent sugars are difficult to access. In nature, extracellular multi-enzyme complexes known as cellulosomes are among the most effective ways to transform cellulose to useable sugars. Cellulosomes consist of a diversity of secreted cellulases and other plant cell-wall degrading enzymes bound to a protein scaffold. These scaffold proteins have cohesin modules that bind conserved dockerin modules on the enzymes. It is thought that the localization of these diverse enzymes on the scaffold allows them to function synergistically. In order to understand and harness this synergy smaller, simplified cellulosomes have been constructed, expressed, and reconstituted using truncated cohesin-containing scaffolds. Here we show that an 18-subunit protein complex called a rosettasome can be genetically engineered to bind dockerin-containing enzymes and function like a cellulosome. Rosettasomes are thermostable, group II chaperonins from the hyperthermo-acidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus shibatae, which in the presence of ATP/Mg(2+) assemble into 18-subunit, double-ring structures. We fused a cohesin module from Clostridium thermocellum to a circular permutant of a rosettasome subunit, and we demonstrate that the cohesin-rosettasomes: (1) bind dockerin-containing endo- and exo-gluconases, (2) the bound enzymes have increased cellulose-degrading activity compared to their activity free in solution, and (3) this increased activity depends on the number and ratio of the bound glucanases. We call these engineered multi-enzyme structures rosettazymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenobu Mitsuzawa
- Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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Abstract
A survey of archaeal genomes for the presence of homologues of bacterial and eukaryotic chaperones reveals several interesting features. All archaea contain chaperonins, also known as Hsp60s (where Hsp is heat-shock protein). These are more similar to the type II chaperonins found in the eukaryotic cytosol than to the type I chaperonins found in bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts, although some archaea also contain type I chaperonin homologues, presumably acquired by horizontal gene transfer. Most archaea contain several genes for these proteins. Our studies on the type II chaperonins of the genetically tractable archaeon Haloferax volcanii have shown that only one of the three genes has to be present for the organisms to grow, but that there is some evidence for functional specialization between the different chaperonin proteins. All archaea also possess genes for prefoldin proteins and for small heat-shock proteins, but they generally lack genes for Hsp90 and Hsp100 homologues. Genes for Hsp70 (DnaK) and Hsp40 (DnaJ) homologues are only found in a subset of archaea. Thus chaperone-assisted protein folding in archaea is likely to display some unique features when compared with that in eukaryotes and bacteria, and there may be important differences in the process between euryarchaea and crenarchaea.
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Chapter 3 History of the STEM at Brookhaven National Laboratory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1076-5670(09)59003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Roh BH, Kim DH, Cho MK, Park YL, Whang KU. Expression of Heat Shock Protein 70 in Human Skin Cells as a Photoprotective Function after UV Exposure. Ann Dermatol 2008; 20:184-9. [PMID: 27303188 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2008.20.4.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human skin is exposed to various environmental stresses, such as heat, cold, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) induced by temperature elevations, as a physiologic response to mediate repair mechanisms and reduce cellular damage. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the induction of HSPs in human skin cells after UV exposure. METHODS We performed immunoblotting using a specific monoclonal antibody to the HSP70 family, one of the best-conserved stress proteins in humans, with cultured normal human keratinocytes, A431 cells, human melanocytes, SK30 cells, and human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). RESULTS Our results indicated that high expression of HSP70 in the unstressed state was noted in epidermal cells, including normal human keratinocytes, A431 cells, human melanocytes, and SK30 cells, but epidermal cells showed no additional up-regulation of HSP70 after UV irradiation. On the other hand, HDF expressed very small amounts of HSP70 at baseline, but significantly higher amounts of HSP70 after UV exposure. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that constitutive expression of HSP70 in epidermal cells may be an important mechanism for protection of the human epidermis from environmental stresses, such as sunlight exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Hwa Roh
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon Kyun Cho
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Lip Park
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Uang Whang
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Korea
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Kabir MA, Sherman F. Overexpressed ribosomal proteins suppress defective chaperonins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2008; 8:1236-44. [PMID: 18680526 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2008.00425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The chaperonin Cct complex of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is composed of eight different subunits encoded by eight essential genes, CCT1-CCT8. This Cct complex is responsible for the folding of a number of proteins including actin and tubulin. We have isolated and characterized 22 multicopy suppressors of the temperature-sensitive allele, cct4-1, which encodes an altered protein with a G345D replacement that diminishes ATP hydrolysis. Fourteen of the suppressors encode ribosomal proteins, four have roles in ribosome biogenesis, two have phosphatase activities, one is involved in protein synthesis and one of the suppressors corresponded to Cct4p. Some of the suppressors also acted on certain cct1, cct2, cct3 and cct6 mutations. We suggest that certain overexpressed ribosomal and other proteins can act as weak chaperones, phenotypically alleviating the partial defects of mutationally altered Cct subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Anaul Kabir
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Bigotti MG, Clarke AR. Chaperonins: The hunt for the Group II mechanism. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 474:331-9. [PMID: 18395510 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chaperonins are multi-subunit complexes that enhance the efficiency of protein-folding reactions by capturing protein substrates in their central cavities. They occur in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types and, alone amongst molecular chaperones, chaperonin knockouts are always lethal. Chaperonins come in two forms; the Group I are found in bacteria, mitochondria and plastids [W.A. Fenton, A.L. Horwich, Q. Rev. Biophys. 36 (2003) 229-256, [1]] and the Group II in the eukaryotic cytoplasm and in archaea [N.J. Cowan, S.A. Lewis, Adv. Protein Chem. 59 (2001) 73-104, [2]]. Both use energy derived from ATP binding and hydrolysis to drive a series of structural rearrangements that enable them to capture, engulf and then release polypeptide chains that have either not yet acquired the native, biologically active state or have been denatured in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giulia Bigotti
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol B58 1TD, UK.
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