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Raynal E, Schipper K, Brandner C, Ruggeri P, Barral J. Electrocortical correlates of attention differentiate individual capacity in associative learning. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2024; 9:20. [PMID: 38499525 PMCID: PMC10948854 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Associative learning abilities vary considerably among individuals, with attentional processes suggested to play a role in these variations. However, the relationship between attentional processes and individual differences in associative learning remains unclear, and whether these variations reflect in event-related potentials (ERPs) is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between attentional processes and associative learning by recording electrocortical activity of 38 young adults (18-32 years) during an associative learning task. Learning performance was assessed using the signal detection index d'. EEG topographic analyses and source localizations were applied to examine the neural correlates of attention and associative learning. Results revealed that better learning scores are associated with (1) topographic differences during early (126-148 ms) processing of the stimulus, coinciding with a P1 ERP component, which corresponded to a participation of the precuneus (BA 7), (2) topographic differences at 573-638 ms, overlapping with an increase of global field power at 530-600 ms, coinciding with a P3b ERP component and localized within the superior frontal gyrus (BA11) and (3) an increase of global field power at 322-507 ms, underlay by a stronger participation of the middle occipital gyrus (BA 19). These insights into the neural mechanisms underlying individual differences in associative learning suggest that better learners engage attentional processes more efficiently than weaker learners, making more resources available and displaying increased functional activity in areas involved in early attentional processes (BA7) and decision-making processes (BA11) during an associative learning task. This highlights the crucial role of attentional mechanisms in individual learning variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Raynal
- Brain Electrophysiology Attention Movement Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Kate Schipper
- Brain Electrophysiology Attention Movement Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Brandner
- Brain Electrophysiology Attention Movement Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Ruggeri
- Brain Electrophysiology Attention Movement Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Barral
- Brain Electrophysiology Attention Movement Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Qiu D, Ge Z, Mei Y, Wang W, Xiong Z, Li X, Yuan Z, Zhang P, Zhang M, Liu X, Zhang Y, Yu X, Tang H, Wang Y. Mapping brain functional networks topological characteristics in new daily persistent headache: a magnetoencephalography study. J Headache Pain 2023; 24:161. [PMID: 38053071 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brain functional network topology in new daily persistent headache (NDPH) is not well understood. In this study, we aim to assess the cortical functional network topological characteristics of NDPH using non-invasive neural signal recordings. METHODS Resting-state magnetoencephalography (MEG) was used to measure power fluctuations in neuronal oscillations from distributed cortical parcels in 35 patients with NDPH and 40 healthy controls (HCs). Their structural data were collected by 3T MRI. Functional connectivity (FC) of neural networks from 1 to 80 Hz frequency ranges was analyzed with topographic patterns and calculated network topological parameters with graph theory. RESULTS In the delta (1-4 Hz) and beta (13-30 Hz) bands, the lateral occipital cortex and superior frontal gyrus FC were increased in NDPH groups compared to HCs. Graph theory analysis revealed that the NDPH had significantly increased global efficiency in the delta band and decreased nodal clustering coefficient (left medial orbitofrontal cortex) in the theta (4-8 Hz) band. The clinical characteristics had a significant correlation with network topological parameters. Age at onset of patients showed a positive correlation with global efficiency in the delta band. The degree of depression of patients showed a negative correlation with the nodal clustering coefficient (left medial orbitofrontal cortex) in the theta band. CONCLUSION The FC and topology of NDPH in brain networks may be altered, potentially leading to cortical hyperexcitability. Moreover, medial orbitofrontal cortex is involved in the pathophysiological mechanism of depression in patients with NDPH. Increased FC observed in the lateral occipital cortex and superior frontal gyrus during resting-state MEG could serve as one of the imaging characteristics associated with NDPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Zhaoli Ge
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanliang Mei
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Zhonghua Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Li
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Ziyu Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Mantian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Xueying Yu
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Hefei Tang
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.
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Mori H, Yoshino Y, Iga JI, Ochi S, Funahashi Y, Yamazaki K, Kumon H, Ozaki Y, Ueno SI. Aberrant Expression of GABA-Related Genes in the Hippocampus of 3xTg-AD Model Mice from the Early to End Stages of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:177-188. [PMID: 37212113 PMCID: PMC10357162 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We explored the gene expression levels in the brain of 3xTg-AD model mice to elucidate the molecular pathological changes from the early to end stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE We re-analyzed our previously published microarray data obtained from the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD model mice at 12 and 52 weeks of age. METHODS Functional annotation and network analyses of the up- and downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in mice aged 12 to 52 weeks were performed. Validation tests for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-related genes were also performed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). RESULTS In total, 644 DEGs were upregulated and 624 DEGs were downregulated in the hippocampus of both the 12- and 52-week-old 3xTg-AD mice. In the functional analysis of the upregulated DEGs, 330 gene ontology biological process terms, including immune response, were found, and they interacted with each other in the network analysis. In the functional analysis of the downregulated DEGs, 90 biological process terms, including several terms related to membrane potential and synapse function, were found, and they also interacted with each other in the network analysis. In the qPCR validation test, significant downregulation was seen for Gabrg3 at the ages of 12 (p = 0.02) and 36 (p = 0.005) weeks, Gabbr1 at the age of 52 weeks (p = 0.001), and Gabrr2 at the age of 36 weeks (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Changes in immune response and GABAergic neurotransmission may occur in the brain of 3xTg mice from the early to end stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Mori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate, School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yuta Yoshino
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate, School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Iga
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate, School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Ochi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate, School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yu Funahashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate, School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kiyohiro Yamazaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate, School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kumon
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate, School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yuki Ozaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate, School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Shu-ichi Ueno
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate, School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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Ren J, Huang F, Gao C, Gott J, Schoch SF, Qin S, Dresler M, Luo J. Functional lateralization of the medial temporal lobe in novel associative processing during creativity evaluation. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:1186-1206. [PMID: 35353185 PMCID: PMC9930633 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hemispheric lateralization of creativity has been a longstanding topic of debate, the underlying neurocognitive mechanism remains poorly understood. Here we designed 2 types of novel stimuli-"novel useful and novel useless," adapted from "familiar useful" designs taken from daily life-to demonstrate how the left and right medial temporal lobe (MTL) respond to novel designs of different usefulness. Taking the "familiar useful" design as a baseline, we found that the right MTL showed increased activation in response to "novel useful" designs, followed by "novel useless" ones, while the left MTL only showed increased activation in response to "novel useful" designs. Calculating an asymmetry index suggests that usefulness processing is predominant in the left MTL, whereas the right MTL is predominantly involved in novelty processing. Moreover, the left parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) showed stronger functional connectivity with the anterior cingulate cortex when responding to "novel useless" designs. In contrast, the right PHG showed stronger connectivity with the amygdala, midbrain, and hippocampus. Critically, multivoxel representational similarity analyses revealed that the left MTL was more effective than the right MTL at distinguishing the usefulness differences in novel stimuli, while representational patterns in the left PHG positively predicted the post-behavior evaluation of "truly creative" products. These findings suggest an apparent dissociation of the left and right MTL in integrating the novelty and usefulness information and novel associative processing during creativity evaluation, respectively. Our results provide novel insights into a longstanding and controversial question in creativity research by demonstrating functional lateralization of the MTL in processing novel associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Ren
- Corresponding authors: Jingyuan Ren, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Trigon Building, Kapittelweg 29, Nijmegen 6525 EN, Netherlands, ; Jing Luo, Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Baiduizijia 23, Beijing 100048, China,
| | - Furong Huang
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Chuanji Gao
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 EN, Netherlands
| | - Jarrod Gott
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 EN, Netherlands
| | - Sarah F Schoch
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 EN, Netherlands
- Center of Competence Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Shaozheng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Faculty of Psychology at Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 EN, Netherlands
| | - Jing Luo
- Corresponding authors: Jingyuan Ren, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Trigon Building, Kapittelweg 29, Nijmegen 6525 EN, Netherlands, ; Jing Luo, Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Baiduizijia 23, Beijing 100048, China,
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Iriye H, Ehrsson HH. Perceptual illusion of body-ownership within an immersive realistic environment enhances memory accuracy and re-experiencing. iScience 2022; 25:103584. [PMID: 35005534 PMCID: PMC8717413 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our bodies provide a necessary scaffold for memories of past events. Yet, we are just beginning to understand how feelings of one's own body during the encoding of realistic events shape memory. Participants formed memories for immersive, lifelike events by watching pre-recorded 3D videos that involved a first-person view of a mannequin's body through head mounted displays. We manipulated feelings of body ownership over the mannequin using a perceptual full-body illusion. Participants completed cued recall questions and subjective ratings (i.e., degree of reliving, emotional intensity, vividness, and belief in memory accuracy) for each video immediately following encoding and one week later. Sensing the mannequin's body as one's own during encoding enhanced the following factors: memory accuracy across testing points, immediate reliving, delayed emotional intensity, vividness, and belief in memory accuracy. These findings demonstrate that a basic sense of bodily selfhood provides a crucial foundation for the accurate reliving of the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Iriye
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - H. Henrik Ehrsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
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6
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Jiménez-Balado J, Ycaza Herrera A, Igwe K, Klem L, Buyukturkoglu K, Irimia A, Chen L, Guo J, Brickman AM, Eich TS. Reduced Hippocampal GABA+ Is Associated With Poorer Episodic Memory in Healthy Older Women: A Pilot Study. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:695416. [PMID: 34512283 PMCID: PMC8427754 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.695416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The current pilot study was designed to examine the association between hippocampal γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration and episodic memory in older individuals, as well as the impact of two major risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD)—female sex and Apolipoprotein ε4 (ApoE ε4) genotype—on this relationship. Methods: Twenty healthy, community-dwelling individuals aged 50–71 (11 women) took part in the study. Episodic memory was evaluated using a Directed Forgetting task, and GABA+ was measured in the right hippocampus using a Mescher-Garwood point-resolved magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) sequence. Multiple linear regression models were used to quantify the relationship between episodic memory, GABA+, ApoE ɛ4, and sex, controlling for age and education. Results: While GABA+ did not interact with ApoE ɛ4 carrier status to influence episodic memory (p = 0.757), the relationship between GABA+ and episodic memory was moderated by sex: lower GABA+ predicted worse memory in women such that, for each standard deviation decrease in GABA+ concentration, memory scores were reduced by 11% (p = 0.001). Conclusions: This pilot study suggests that sex, but not ApoE ɛ4 genotype, moderates the relationship between hippocampal GABA+ and episodic memory, such that women with lower GABA+ concentration show worse memory performance. These findings, which must be interpreted with caution given the small sample size, may serve as a starting point for larger studies using multimodal neuroimaging to understand the contributions of GABA metabolism to age-related memory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Jiménez-Balado
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Alexandra Ycaza Herrera
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kay Igwe
- Department of Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lynda Klem
- Department of Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Andrei Irimia
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Corwin D. Denney Research Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Andrew Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Liu Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adam M Brickman
- Department of Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Teal S Eich
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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Jiménez-Balado J, Eich TS. GABAergic dysfunction, neural network hyperactivity and memory impairments in human aging and Alzheimer's disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 116:146-159. [PMID: 33573856 PMCID: PMC8292162 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we focus on the potential role of the γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) system in age-related episodic memory impairments in humans, with a particular focus on Alzheimer's disease (AD). Well-established animal models have shown that GABA plays a central role in regulating and synchronizing neuronal signaling in the hippocampus, a brain area critical for episodic memory that undergoes early and significant morphologic and functional changes in the course of AD. Neuroimaging research in humans has documented hyperactivity in the hippocampus and losses of resting state functional connectivity in the Default Mode Network, a network that itself prominently includes the hippocampus-presaging episodic memory decline in individuals at-risk for AD. Apolipoprotein ε4, the highest genetic risk factor for AD, is associated with GABAergic dysfunction in animal models, and episodic memory impairments in humans. In combination, these findings suggest that GABA may be the linchpin in a complex system of factors that eventually leads to the principal clinical hallmark of AD: episodic memory loss. Here, we will review the current state of literature supporting this hypothesis. First, we will focus on the molecular and cellular basis of the GABAergic system and its role in memory and cognition. Next, we report the evidence of GABA dysregulations in AD and normal aging, both in animal models and human studies. Finally, we outline a model of GABAergic dysfunction based on the results of functional neuroimaging studies in humans, which have shown hippocampal hyperactivity to episodic memory tasks concurrent with and even preceding AD diagnosis, along with factors that may modulate this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Jiménez-Balado
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Teal S Eich
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Grande X, Berron D, Maass A, Bainbridge WA, Düzel E. Content-specific vulnerability of recent episodic memories in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia 2021; 160:107976. [PMID: 34314781 PMCID: PMC8434425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Endel Tulving's episodic memory framework emphasizes the multifaceted re-experiencing of personal events. Indeed, decades of research focused on the experiential nature of episodic memories, usually treating recent episodic memory as a coherent experiential quality. However, recent insights into the functional architecture of the medial temporal lobe show that different types of mnemonic information are segregated into distinct neural pathways in brain circuits empirically associated with episodic memory. Moreover, recent memories do not fade as a whole under conditions of progressive neurodegeneration in these brain circuits, notably in Alzheimer's disease. Instead, certain memory content seem particularly vulnerable from the moment of their encoding while other content can remain memorable consistently across individuals and contexts. We propose that these observations are related to the content-specific functional architecture of the medial temporal lobe and consequently to a content-specific impairment of memory at different stages of the neurodegeneration. To develop Endel Tulving's inspirational legacy further and to advance our understanding of how memory function is affected by neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, we postulate that it is compelling to focus on the representational content of recent episodic memories. The functional anatomy of episodic memory segregates different memory content. Alzheimer's disease may cause content-specific loss of recent memories Content-specific memorability across individuals changes with Alzheimer's disease. Content-specific assessment could provide new insights into episodic memory in health and disease
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Grande
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - David Berron
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany; Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anne Maass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Emrah Düzel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, United Kingdom.
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Nellessen N, Onur OA, Richter N, Jacobs HIL, Dillen KNH, Reutern BV, Langen KJ, Fink GR, Kukolja J. Differential neural structures, intrinsic functional connectivity, and episodic memory in subjective cognitive decline and healthy controls. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 105:159-173. [PMID: 34090179 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The neural correlates of subjective cognitive decline (SCD; i.e., without objectifiable deficit) remain to be elucidated. Possible causes of SCD include early neurodegeneration related to Alzheimer's disease or functional and structural changes related to sub-clinical depression. We investigated the relationship between episodic memory performance or memory complaints and structural or functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures in participants with SCD (n=18) but without psychiatric disorders and healthy controls (n=31). In SCD, memory complaints were not associated with memory performance but with sub-clinical depression and executive functions. SCD-associated memory complaints correlated with higher amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus (specifically subiculum) gray matter density. In controls, but not in SCD, mesiotemporal gray matter density and superior frontal gyrus functional connectivity predicted memory performance. In contrast, in SCD, only a trend toward a correlation between memory performance and gray matter density in the parietooccipital lobes was observed. In our memory-clinic sample of SCD, we did not observe incipient neurodegeneration (limited to structural and functional MRI) but rather sub-clinical depression underlying subjective cognitive complaints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Nellessen
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany; Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Oezguer A Onur
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Nils Richter
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heidi I L Jacobs
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centre Limburg; Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kim N H Dillen
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Boris von Reutern
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karl J Langen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Juraj Kukolja
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany; Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
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Lin YH, Dhanaraj V, Mackenzie AE, Young IM, Tanglay O, Briggs RG, Chakraborty AR, Hormovas J, Fonseka RD, Kim SJ, Yeung JT, Teo C, Sughrue ME. Anatomy and White Matter Connections of the Parahippocampal Gyrus. World Neurosurg 2021; 148:e218-e226. [PMID: 33412321 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.12.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The parahippocampal gyrus is understood to have a role in high cognitive functions including memory encoding and retrieval and visuospatial processing. A detailed understanding of the exact location and nature of associated white tracts could significantly improve postoperative morbidity related to declining capacity. Through diffusion tensor imaging-based fiber tracking validated by gross anatomic dissection as ground truth, we have characterized these connections based on relationships to other well-known structures. METHODS Diffusion imaging from the Human Connectome Project for 10 healthy adult controls was used for tractography analysis. We evaluated the parahippocampal gyrus as a whole based on connectivity with other regions. All parahippocampal gyrus tracts were mapped in both hemispheres, and a lateralization index was calculated with resultant tract volumes. RESULTS We identified 2 connections of the parahippocampal gyrus: inferior longitudinal fasciculus and cingulum. Lateralization of the cingulum was detected (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The parahippocampal gyrus is an important center for memory processing. Subtle differences in executive functioning following surgery for limbic tumors may be better understood in the context of the fiber-bundle anatomy highlighted by this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Hsin Lin
- Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vukshitha Dhanaraj
- Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alana E Mackenzie
- Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Onur Tanglay
- Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert G Briggs
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Arpan R Chakraborty
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jorge Hormovas
- Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - R Dineth Fonseka
- Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sihyong J Kim
- Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jacky T Yeung
- Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Charles Teo
- Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael E Sughrue
- Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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11
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Freschl J, Melcher D, Carter A, Kaldy Z, Blaser E. Seeing a Page in a Flipbook: Shorter Visual Temporal Integration Windows in 2-Year-Old Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Res 2020; 14:946-958. [PMID: 33174396 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience differences in visual temporal processing, the part of vision responsible for parsing continuous input into discrete objects and events. Here we investigated temporal processing in 2-year-old toddlers diagnosed with ASD and age-matched typically developing (TD) toddlers. We used a visual search task where the visibility of the target was determined by the pace of a display sequence. On integration trials, each display viewed alone had no visible target, but if integrated over time, the target became visible. On segmentation trials, the target became visible only when displays were perceptually segmented. We measured the percent of trials when participants fixated the target as a function of the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between displays. We computed the crossover point of the integration and segmentation performance functions for each group, an estimate of the temporal integration window (TIW), the period in which visual input is combined. We found that both groups of toddlers had significantly longer TIWs (125 ms) than adults (65 ms) from previous studies using the same paradigm, and that toddlers with ASD had significantly shorter TIWs (108 ms) than chronologically age-matched TD controls (142 ms). LAY SUMMARY: We investigated how young children, with and without autism, organize dynamic visual information across time, using a visual search paradigm. We found that toddlers with autism had higher temporal resolution than typically developing (TD) toddlers of the same age - that is, they are more likely to be able to detect rapid change across time, relative to TD toddlers. These differences in visual temporal processing can impact how one sees, interprets, and interacts with the world. Autism Res 2021, 14: 946-958. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Freschl
- University of Massachusetts Boston, Department of Psychology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Melcher
- University of Massachusetts Boston, Department of Psychology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,University of Trento, Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), Rovereto, Italy
| | - Alice Carter
- University of Massachusetts Boston, Department of Psychology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zsuzsa Kaldy
- University of Massachusetts Boston, Department of Psychology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erik Blaser
- University of Massachusetts Boston, Department of Psychology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Tacikowski P, Weijs ML, Ehrsson HH. Perception of Our Own Body Influences Self-Concept and Self-Incoherence Impairs Episodic Memory. iScience 2020; 23:101429. [PMID: 32853552 PMCID: PMC7520895 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
How does our body affect the way we think about our personality? We addressed this question by eliciting the perceptual illusion that pairs of friends swapped bodies with each other. We found that during the illusion, the participants rated their own personality characteristics more similarly to the way they previously rated their friend's personality, and this flexible adjustment of self-concept to the "new" bodily self was related to the strength of illusory ownership of the friend's body. Moreover, a subsequent memory test showed that personality traits rated during the friend-body-swap illusion were generally remembered worse than traits rated during the control conditions; importantly, however, this impairment of episodic recognition memory was reduced for the participants who considerably adjusted their self-concept during the illusory body swapping. These findings demonstrate that our beliefs about own personality are dynamically shaped by the perception of our body and that coherence between the bodily and conceptual self-representations is important for the normal encoding of episodic memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Tacikowski
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Solnavägen 9, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Neurosurgery, 300 Stein Plaza Drwy., 90024 Los Angeles, USA
| | - Marieke L. Weijs
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Solnavägen 9, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
- University of Zurich, Department of Psychology, Cognitive Neuropsychology, Binzmühlestrasse 14, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H. Henrik Ehrsson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Solnavägen 9, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Conner MR, Adeyemi OM, Anderson BJ, Kritzer MF. Domain-specific contributions of biological sex and sex hormones to what, where and when components of episodic-like memory in adult rats. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:2705-2723. [PMID: 31943448 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory involves the integration and recall of discrete events that include information about what happened, where it happened and when it occurred. Episodic memory function is critical to daily life, and its dysfunction is both a first identifiable indicator and an enduring core feature of cognitive decline in ageing and in neuropsychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Available evidence from human studies suggests that biological sex and sex hormones modulate episodic memory function in health and disease. However, knowledge of how this occurs is constrained by the limited availability and underutilization of validated animal models in investigating hormone impacts on episodic-like memory function. Here, adult female, adult male and gonadally manipulated adult male rats were tested on the what-where-when episodic-like memory task to determine whether rats model human sex differences in episodic memory and how the hormonal milieu impacts episodic-like memory processes in this species. These studies revealed salient ways in which rats model human sex differences in episodic memory, including a male advantage in spatial episodic memory performance. They also identified domain-specific roles for oestrogens and androgens in modulating what, where and when discriminations in male rats that were unlike those engaged in corresponding novel object recognition and novel object location tasks. These studies thus identify rats and the what-where-when task as suitable for investigating the neuroendocrine bases of episodic-like memory, and provide new information about the unique contributions that sex and sex hormones make to this complex mnemonic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan R Conner
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Brenda J Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Mary F Kritzer
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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14
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Johansson J, Salami A, Lundquist A, Wåhlin A, Andersson M, Nyberg L. Longitudinal evidence that reduced hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry predicts episodic-memory impairment in aging. Neuropsychologia 2019; 137:107329. [PMID: 31887310 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The HERA (Hemispheric Encoding/Retrieval Asymmetry) model captures hemispheric lateralization of prefrontal cortex (PFC) brain activity during memory encoding and retrieval. Reduced HERA has been observed in cross-sectional aging studies, but there is no longitudinal evidence, to our knowledge, on age-related changes in HERA and whether maintained or reduced HERA relates to well-preserved memory functioning. In the present study we set out to explore HERA in a longitudinal neuroimaging sample from the Betula study [3 Waves over 10 years; Wave-1: n = 363, W2: n = 227, W3: n = 101]. We used fMRI data from a face-name paired-associates task to derive a HERA index. In support of the HERA model, the mean HERA index was positive across the three imaging waves. The longitudinal age-HERA relationship was highly significant (p < 10-11), with a HERA decline occurring after age 60. The age-related HERA decline was associated with episodic memory decline (p < 0.05). Taken together, the findings provide large-scale support for the HERA model, and suggest that reduced HERA in the PFC reflects pathological memory aging possibly related to impaired ability to bias mnemonic processing according to the appropriate encoding or retrieval state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarkko Johansson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, S90187, Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Sweden.
| | - Alireza Salami
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden; Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm University, Gävlegatan 16, S11330, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Lundquist
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Sweden; Department of Statistics, USBE, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Anders Wåhlin
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, S90187, Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Micael Andersson
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Sweden; Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, S90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, S90187, Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Sweden; Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, S90187, Umeå, Sweden
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15
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Sevinc G, Hölzel BK, Greenberg J, Gard T, Brunsch V, Hashmi JA, Vangel M, Orr SP, Milad MR, Lazar SW. Strengthened Hippocampal Circuits Underlie Enhanced Retrieval of Extinguished Fear Memories Following Mindfulness Training. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 86:693-702. [PMID: 31303261 PMCID: PMC6788973 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of hippocampus in context-dependent recall of extinction is well recognized. However, little is known about how intervention-induced changes in hippocampal networks relate to improvements in extinction learning. In this study, we hypothesized that mindfulness training creates an optimal exposure condition by heightening attention and awareness of present moment sensory experience, leading to enhanced extinction learning, improved emotion regulation, and reduced anxiety symptoms. METHODS We tested this hypothesis in a randomized controlled longitudinal study design using a 2-day fear conditioning and extinction protocol. The mindfulness training group included 42 participants (28 women) and the control group included 25 participants (15 women). RESULTS We show that mindfulness training is associated with differential engagement of the right supramarginal gyrus as well as hippocampal-cortical reorganization. We also report enhanced hippocampal connectivity to the primary sensory cortex during retrieval of extinguished stimuli following mindfulness training. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest hippocampal-dependent changes in contextual retrieval as one plausible neural mechanism through which mindfulness-based interventions enhance fear extinction and foster stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunes Sevinc
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Britta K. Hölzel
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jonathan Greenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tim Gard
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vincent Brunsch
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Javaria A. Hashmi
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie University, Canada
| | - Mark Vangel
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott P. Orr
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Sara W. Lazar
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Raynal E, Schnider A, Manuel AL. Early signal from the hippocampus for memory encoding. Hippocampus 2019; 30:114-120. [PMID: 31298449 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The mediotemporal lobe (MTL), including the hippocampus, is involved in all stages of episodic memory including memory encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. However, the exact timing of the hippocampus' involvement immediately after stimulus encounter remains unclear. In this study, we used high-density 156-channel electroencephalography to study the processing of entirely new stimuli, which had to be encoded, in comparison to highly overlearned stimuli. Sixteen healthy subjects performed a continuous recognition task with meaningful pictures repeated up to four consecutive times. Waveform and topographic cluster analyses of event-related potentials revealed that new items, in comparison to repetitions, were processed significantly differently at 220-300 ms. Source estimation localized activation for processing new stimuli in the right MTL. Our study demonstrates the occurrence of a transient signal from the MTL in response to new information already at 200-300 ms poststimulus onset, which presumably reflects encoding as an initial step toward memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Raynal
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Armin Schnider
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie L Manuel
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
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17
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Freschl J, Melcher D, Kaldy Z, Blaser E. Visual temporal integration windows are adult-like in 5- to 7-year-old children. J Vis 2019; 19:5. [PMID: 31287859 PMCID: PMC6892607 DOI: 10.1167/19.7.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual system must organize dynamic input into useful percepts across time, balancing between stability and sensitivity to change. The temporal integration window (TIW) has been hypothesized to underlie this balance: If two or more stimuli fall within the same TIW, they are integrated into a single percept; those that fall in different windows are segmented (Arnett & Di Lollo, 1979; Wutz, Muschter, van Koningsbruggen, Weisz, & Melcher, 2016). Visual TIWs have been studied in adults, showing average windows of 65 ms (Wutz et al., 2016); however, it is unclear how windows develop through early childhood. Here we measured TIWs in 5- to 7-year-old children and adults, using a variant of the missing dot task (Di Lollo, 1980; Wutz et al. 2016), in which integration and segmentation thresholds were measured within the same participant, using the same stimuli. Participants saw a sequence of two displays separated by an interstimulus interval (ISI) that determined the visibility of a visual search target. Longer ISIs increased the likelihood of detecting a segmentation target (but decreased detection for the integration target) although shorter ISIs increased the likelihood of detecting the integration target (but decreased detection of the segmentation target). We could then estimate the TIW by measuring the point at which these two functions intersect. Children's TIWs (M = 68 ms) were comparable to adults' (M = 73 ms) with no appreciable age trend within our sample, indicating that TIWs reach adult levels by approximately 5 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Freschl
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Melcher
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Zsuzsa Kaldy
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erik Blaser
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Differential effects of unipolar versus bipolar depression on episodic memory updating. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 161:158-168. [PMID: 31004802 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memories, when reactivated, can be modified or updated by new learning. Since such dynamic memory processes remain largely unexplored in psychiatric disorders, we examined the impact of depression on episodic memory updating. Unipolar and bipolar depression patients, and age/education matched controls, first learned a set of objects (List-1). Two days later, participants in all three groups were either reminded of the first learning session or not followed by the learning of a new set of objects (List-2). Forty-eight hours later, List-1 recall was impaired in unipolar and bipolar patients compared to control participants. Further, as expected, control participants who received a reminder spontaneously recalled items from List-2 during recall of List-1, indicative of an updated List-1 memory. Such spontaneous intrusions were also seen in the unipolar and bipolar patients that received the reminder, suggesting that memory updating was unaffected in these two patient groups despite impaired recall of List 1. Unexpectedly, we observed a trend towards higher intrusions, albeit statistically insignificant, not only in the reminder but also in the no-reminder subgroups of bipolar patients. We probed this further in a second cohort by testing recall of List-2, which was also impaired in both depression groups. Again bipolar patients showed intrusions, but this time in the reverse order from List-1 into List-2, independent of a reminder. Taken together, despite impaired recall, updating of episodic memories was intact and unidirectional in unipolar depression. In contrast, indiscriminate updating, as evidenced by bidirectional interference between episodic memories, was seen in bipolar depression. These findings reveal a novel distinction between unipolar versus bipolar depression using a reactivation-dependent memory updating paradigm.
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19
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Cousins JN, Fernández G. The impact of sleep deprivation on declarative memory. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 246:27-53. [PMID: 31072562 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sleep plays a crucial role in memory stabilization and integration, yet many people obtain insufficient sleep. This review assesses what is known about the level of sleep deprivation that leads to impairments during encoding, consolidation and retrieval of declarative memories, and what can be determined about the underlying neurophysiological processes. Neuroimaging studies that deprived sleep after learning have provided some of the most compelling evidence for sleep's role in the long-term reorganization of memories in the brain (systems consolidation). However, the behavioral consequences of losing sleep after learning-shown by increased forgetting-appear to recover over time and are unaffected by more common forms of partial sleep restriction across several nights. The capacity to encode new memories is the most vulnerable to sleep loss, since long-term deficits have been observed after total and partial sleep deprivation, while retrieval mechanisms are relatively unaffected. The negative impact of sleep loss on memory has been explored extensively after a night of total sleep deprivation, but further research is needed on the consequences of partial sleep loss over many days so that impairments may be generalized to more common forms of sleep loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Cousins
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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20
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Tacikowski P, Berger CC, Ehrsson HH. Dissociating the Neural Basis of Conceptual Self-Awareness from Perceptual Awareness and Unaware Self-Processing. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:3768-3781. [PMID: 28119346 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Conceptual self-awareness is a mental state in which the content of one's consciousness refers to a particular aspect of semantic knowledge about oneself. This form of consciousness plays a crucial role in shaping human behavior; however, little is known about its neural basis. Here, we use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a visual masked priming paradigm to dissociate the neural responses related to the awareness of semantic autobiographical information (one's own name, surname, etc.) from the awareness of information related to any visual stimulus (perceptual awareness), as well as from the unaware processing of self-relevant stimuli. To detect brain activity that is highly selective for self-relevant information, we used the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) adaptation approach, which goes beyond the spatial limitations of conventional fMRI. We found that self-awareness was associated with BOLD adaptation in the medial frontopolar-retrosplenial areas, whereas perceptual awareness and unaware self-processing were associated with BOLD adaptation in the lateral fronto-parietal areas and the inferior temporal cortex, respectively. Thus, using a direct manipulation of conscious awareness we demonstrate for the first time that the neural basis of conceptual self-awareness is neuroanatomically distinct from the network mediating perceptual awareness of the sensory environment or unaware processing of self-related stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Tacikowski
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, SE-17177Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - H Henrik Ehrsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, SE-17177Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Miranda M, Bekinschtein P. Plasticity Mechanisms of Memory Consolidation and Reconsolidation in the Perirhinal Cortex. Neuroscience 2018; 370:46-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Li Y, Dong H, Li F, Wang G, Zhou W, Yu R, Zhang L. Microstructures in striato-thalamo-orbitofrontal circuit in methamphetamine users. Acta Radiol 2017; 58:1378-1385. [PMID: 28181466 DOI: 10.1177/0284185117692170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Striato-thalamo-orbitofrontal (STO) circuit plays a key role in the development of drug addiction. Few studies have investigated its microstructural abnormalities in methamphetamine (MA) users. Purpose To evaluate the microstructural changes and relevant clinical relevance of the STO circuit in MA users using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Material and Methods Twenty-eight MA users and 28 age-matched normal volunteers were enrolled. 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was employed to obtain structural T1-weighted (T1W) imaging and diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) data. Freesurfer software was used for automated segmentation of the bilateral nucleus accumbens (NAc), thalami, and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Four DTI measures maps, fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusion (AD), and radial diffusion (RD) were generated and non-linearly co-registered to structural space. Comparisons of DTI measures of the STO circuit were carried out between MA and controls using repeated measures analysis of variance. Correlation analyses were performed between STO circuit DTI measures and clinical characteristics. Results The MA group had significant FA reduction in the bilateral NAc, OFC, and right thalamus ( P < 0.05). Lower left OFC FA and right NAc FA/AD were associated with longer duration of MA use. Lower right OFC FA was associated with younger age at first MA use. Higher FA and lower MD/RD in the thalamus, as well as higher left OFC RD, were associated with increased psychiatric symptoms. Conclusion The STO circuit has reduced microstructural integrity in MA users. Microstructural changes in the thalamus may compensate for dysfunction in functionally connected cortices, which needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Li
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo Medical Treatment Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Haibo Dong
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo Medical Treatment Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo Medical Treatment Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Gaoyan Wang
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo Medical Treatment Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Wenhua Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Rongbin Yu
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo Medical Treatment Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Lingjun Zhang
- College of Science & Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
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Persson J, Stening E, Nordin K, Söderlund H. Predicting episodic and spatial memory performance from hippocampal resting-state functional connectivity: Evidence for an anterior-posterior division of function. Hippocampus 2017; 28:53-66. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Persson
- Department of Neuroscience; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Eva Stening
- Department of Psychology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Kristin Nordin
- Department of Psychology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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24
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Berkers RMWJ, van der Linden M, de Almeida RF, Müller NCJ, Bovy L, Dresler M, Morris RGM, Fernández G. Transient medial prefrontal perturbation reduces false memory formation. Cortex 2017; 88:42-52. [PMID: 28068640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge extracted across previous experiences, or schemas, benefit encoding and retention of congruent information. However, they can also reduce specificity and augment memory for semantically related, but false information. A demonstration of the latter is given by the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, where the studying of words that fit a common semantic schema are found to induce false memories for words that are congruent with the given schema, but were not studied. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been ascribed the function of leveraging prior knowledge to influence encoding and retrieval, based on imaging and patient studies. Here, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to transiently perturb ongoing mPFC processing immediately before participants performed the DRM-task. We observed the predicted reduction in false recall of critical lures after mPFC perturbation, compared to two control groups, whereas veridical recall and recognition memory performance remained similar across groups. These data provide initial causal evidence for a role of the mPFC in biasing the assimilation of new memories and their consolidation as a function of prior knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud M W J Berkers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive & Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Marieke van der Linden
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rafael F de Almeida
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Nils C J Müller
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leonore Bovy
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G M Morris
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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25
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Abstract
The episodic long-term memory system supports remembering of events. It is considered to be the most age-sensitive system, with an average onset of decline around 60 years of age. However, there is marked interindividual variability, such that some individuals show faster than average change and others show no or very little change. This variability may be related to the risk of developing dementia, with elevated risk for individuals with accelerated episodic memory decline. Brain imaging with functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signalling or positron emission tomography (PET) has been used to reveal the brain bases of declining episodic memory in ageing. Several studies have demonstrated a link between age-related episodic memory decline and the hippocampus during active mnemonic processing, which is further supported by studies of hippocampal functional connectivity in the resting state. The hippocampus interacts with anterior and posterior neocortical regions to support episodic memory, and alterations in hippocampus-neocortex connectivity have been shown to contribute to impaired episodic memory. Multimodal MRI studies and more recently hybrid MRI/PET studies allow consideration of various factors that can influence the association between the hippocampal BOLD signal and memory performance. These include neurovascular factors, grey and white matter structural alterations, dopaminergic neurotransmission, amyloid-Β and glucose metabolism. Knowledge about the brain bases of episodic memory decline can guide interventions to strengthen memory in older adults, particularly in those with an elevated risk of developing dementia, with promising results for combinations of cognitive and physical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nyberg
- Departments of Radiation Sciences and Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University and Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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26
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Prospective memory in subjective cognitive decline: a preliminary study on the role of early cognitive marker in dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2016; 29:229-35. [PMID: 25187222 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows that subjective cognitive decline (SCD) without impairment on conventional neuropsychological tests may indicate increased risk for Alzheimer disease. Previous studies of mild cognitive impairment have demonstrated the potential role of prospective memory (PM) in the early detection of cognitive decline. We thus aimed to investigate the performance of people with SCD on PM tasks relative to their healthy controls (HCs). Forty-one participants with SCD and demographically matched HCs received regular cognitive testing as well as 2 single-trial naturalistic time-based and event-based PM tasks. Statistical analyses showed that the individuals with SCD performed worse on the time-based PM task, especially on the prospective component, when compared with their HCs. Our findings suggest that PM, especially the time-based one on the prospective component, may be an early cognitive marker of dementia. This implies an underlying difficulty among subjects with SCD in self-initiation that exacerbates their memory difficulties. Further investigation on a large scale is needed.
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27
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Dopamine D2 receptor availability is linked to hippocampal-caudate functional connectivity and episodic memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:7918-23. [PMID: 27339132 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606309113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
D1 and D2 dopamine receptors (D1DRs and D2DRs) may contribute differently to various aspects of memory and cognition. The D1DR system has been linked to functions supported by the prefrontal cortex. By contrast, the role of the D2DR system is less clear, although it has been hypothesized that D2DRs make a specific contribution to hippocampus-based cognitive functions. Here we present results from 181 healthy adults between 64 and 68 y of age who underwent comprehensive assessment of episodic memory, working memory, and processing speed, along with MRI and D2DR assessment with [(11)C]raclopride and PET. Caudate D2DR availability was positively associated with episodic memory but not with working memory or speed. Whole-brain analyses further revealed a relation between hippocampal D2DR availability and episodic memory. Hippocampal and caudate D2DR availability were interrelated, and functional MRI-based resting-state functional connectivity between the ventral caudate and medial temporal cortex increased as a function of caudate D2DR availability. Collectively, these findings indicate that D2DRs make a specific contribution to hippocampus-based cognition by influencing striatal and hippocampal regions, and their interactions.
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28
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Gómez RL, Edgin JO. The extended trajectory of hippocampal development: Implications for early memory development and disorder. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2016; 18:57-69. [PMID: 26437910 PMCID: PMC4808499 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampus has an extended developmental trajectory, with refinements occurring in the trisynaptic circuit until adolescence. While structural change should suggest a protracted course in behavior, some studies find evidence of precocious hippocampal development in the first postnatal year and continuity in memory processes beyond. However, a number of memory functions, including binding and relational inference, can be cortically supported. Evidence from the animal literature suggests that tasks often associated with hippocampus (visual paired comparison, binding of a visuomotor response) can be mediated by structures external to hippocampus. Thus, a complete examination of memory development will have to rule out cortex as a source of early memory competency. We propose that early memory must show properties associated with full function of the trisynaptic circuit to reflect "adult-like" memory function, mainly (1) rapid encoding of contextual details of overlapping patterns, and (2) retention of these details over sleep-dependent delays. A wealth of evidence suggests that these functions are not apparent until 18-24 months, with behavioral discontinuities reflecting shifts in the neural structures subserving memory beginning approximately at this point in development. We discuss the implications of these observations for theories of memory and for identifying and measuring memory function in populations with typical and atypical hippocampal function.
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29
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Batini F, Toti G, Bartolucci M. Neuropsychological benefits of a narrative cognitive training program for people living with dementia: A pilot study. Dement Neuropsychol 2016; 10:127-133. [PMID: 29213443 PMCID: PMC5642403 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-5764-2016dn1002008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many areas in the cortex are active during reading of narrative material, and these activations in the brain produce significant changes in connectivity. Following previous results showing cognitive benefits in memory domains of a narrative training program in nursing home patients living with dementia, the aim of the present study was to perform a more in depth investigation of the effects of this training on memory domains and other cognitive areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Batini
- University of Perugia, FISSUF, Piazza Ermini 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulia Toti
- University of Perugia, FISSUF, Piazza Ermini 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Bartolucci
- University of Perugia, FISSUF, Piazza Ermini 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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30
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FDG-PET Contributions to the Pathophysiology of Memory Impairment. Neuropsychol Rev 2015; 25:326-55. [PMID: 26319237 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-015-9297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Guterstam A, Björnsdotter M, Bergouignan L, Gentile G, Li TQ, Ehrsson HH. Decoding illusory self-location from activity in the human hippocampus. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:412. [PMID: 26236222 PMCID: PMC4502353 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of research have demonstrated a role for the hippocampus in spatial navigation and episodic and spatial memory. However, empirical evidence linking hippocampal activity to the perceptual experience of being physically located at a particular place in the environment is lacking. In this study, we used a multisensory out-of-body illusion to perceptually ‘teleport’ six healthy participants between two different locations in the scanner room during high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The participants were fitted with MRI-compatible head-mounted displays that changed their first-person visual perspective to that of a pair of cameras placed in one of two corners of the scanner room. To elicit the illusion of being physically located in this position, we delivered synchronous visuo-tactile stimulation in the form of an object moving toward the cameras coupled with touches applied to the participant’s chest. Asynchronous visuo-tactile stimulation did not induce the illusion and served as a control condition. We found that illusory self-location could be successfully decoded from patterns of activity in the hippocampus in all of the participants in the synchronous (P < 0.05) but not in the asynchronous condition (P > 0.05). At the group-level, the decoding accuracy was significantly higher in the synchronous than in the asynchronous condition (P = 0.012). These findings associate hippocampal activity with the perceived location of the bodily self in space, which suggests that the human hippocampus is involved not only in spatial navigation and memory but also in the construction of our sense of bodily self-location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvid Guterstam
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Sweden
| | - Malin Björnsdotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Sweden ; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping Sweden
| | - Loretxu Bergouignan
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Sweden ; Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia Spain
| | - Giovanni Gentile
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Sweden ; Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Tie-Qiang Li
- Department of Medical Physics, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm Sweden
| | - H Henrik Ehrsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Sweden
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32
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Pisoni A, Turi Z, Raithel A, Ambrus GG, Alekseichuk I, Schacht A, Paulus W, Antal A. Separating recognition processes of declarative memory via anodal tDCS: boosting old item recognition by temporal and new item detection by parietal stimulation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123085. [PMID: 25816233 PMCID: PMC4376742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is emerging evidence from imaging studies that parietal and temporal cortices act together to achieve successful recognition of declarative information; nevertheless, the precise role of these regions remains elusive. To evaluate the role of these brain areas in declarative memory retrieval, we applied bilateral tDCS, with anode over the left and cathode over the right parietal or temporal cortices separately, during the recognition phase of a verbal learning paradigm using a balanced old-new decision task. In a parallel group design, we tested three different groups of healthy adults, matched for demographic and neurocognitive status: two groups received bilateral active stimulation of either the parietal or the temporal cortex, while a third group received sham stimulation. Accuracy, discriminability index (d') and reaction times of recognition memory performance were measurements of interest. The d' sensitivity index and accuracy percentage improved in both active stimulation groups, as compared with the sham one, while reaction times remained unaffected. Moreover, the analysis of accuracy revealed a different effect of tDCS for old and new item recognition. While the temporal group showed enhanced performance for old item recognition, the parietal group was better at correctly recognising new ones. Our results support an active role of both of these areas in memory retrieval, possibly underpinning different stages of the recognition process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pisoni
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail: (AP); (ZT)
| | - Zsolt Turi
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (AP); (ZT)
| | - Almuth Raithel
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Géza Gergely Ambrus
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Ivan Alekseichuk
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Walter Paulus
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Antal
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
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33
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Ryals AJ, Wang JX, Polnaszek KL, Voss JL. Hippocampal contribution to implicit configuration memory expressed via eye movements during scene exploration. Hippocampus 2015; 25:1028-41. [PMID: 25620526 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although hippocampus unequivocally supports explicit/declarative memory, fewer findings have demonstrated its role in implicit expressions of memory. We tested for hippocampal contributions to an implicit expression of configural/relational memory for complex scenes using eye-movement tracking during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning. Participants studied scenes and were later tested using scenes that resembled study scenes in their overall feature configuration but comprised different elements. These configurally similar scenes were used to limit explicit memory, and were intermixed with new scenes that did not resemble studied scenes. Scene configuration memory was expressed through eye movements reflecting exploration overlap (EO), which is the viewing of the same scene locations at both study and test. EO reliably discriminated similar study-test scene pairs from study-new scene pairs, was reliably greater for similarity-based recognition hits than for misses, and correlated with hippocampal fMRI activity. In contrast, subjects could not reliably discriminate similar from new scenes by overt judgments, although ratings of familiarity were slightly higher for similar than new scenes. Hippocampal fMRI correlates of this weak explicit memory were distinct from EO-related activity. These findings collectively suggest that EO was an implicit expression of scene configuration memory associated with hippocampal activity. Visual exploration can therefore reflect implicit hippocampal-related memory processing that can be observed in eye-movement behavior during naturalistic scene viewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Ryals
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jane X Wang
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kelly L Polnaszek
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joel L Voss
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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34
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Blankenship TL, Bell MA. Frontotemporal Coherence and Executive Functions Contribute to Episodic Memory During Middle Childhood. Dev Neuropsychol 2015; 40:430-44. [PMID: 27043829 PMCID: PMC4894647 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2016.1153099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Contributions of differential behavioral (executive functions) and electrophysiological (frontal-temporal electroencephalogram or EEG coherence) measures to episodic memory performance were examined during middle childhood. Cognitive flexibility and right frontotemporal functional connectivity during encoding (F4/T8), as well as left frontotemporal functional connectivity during retrieval (Fp1/T7), contributed to episodic memory performance in a sample of 9-12-year-olds. These results suggest that executive functions differentially influence episodic memory, as does left and right frontotemporal functional connectivity during different portions of the memory task.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martha Ann Bell
- a Department of Psychology , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia
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35
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Grady CL, Luk G, Craik FIM, Bialystok E. Brain network activity in monolingual and bilingual older adults. Neuropsychologia 2014; 66:170-81. [PMID: 25445783 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bilingual older adults typically have better performance on tasks of executive control (EC) than do their monolingual peers, but differences in brain activity due to language experience are not well understood. Based on studies showing a relation between the dynamic range of brain network activity and performance on EC tasks, we hypothesized that life-long bilingual older adults would show increased functional connectivity relative to monolinguals in networks related to EC. We assessed intrinsic functional connectivity and modulation of activity in task vs. fixation periods in two brain networks that are active when EC is engaged, the frontoparietal control network (FPC) and the salience network (SLN). We also examined the default mode network (DMN), which influences behavior through reduced activity during tasks. We found stronger intrinsic functional connectivity in the FPC and DMN in bilinguals than in monolinguals. Although there were no group differences in the modulation of activity across tasks and fixation, bilinguals showed stronger correlations than monolinguals between intrinsic connectivity in the FPC and task-related increases of activity in prefrontal and parietal regions. This bilingual difference in network connectivity suggests that language experience begun in childhood and continued throughout adulthood influences brain networks in ways that may provide benefits in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Grady
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6A2E1; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Gigi Luk
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fergus I M Craik
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6A2E1; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ellen Bialystok
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6A2E1; York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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36
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Lagner P, Kliegel M, Phillips LH, Ihle A, Hering A, Ballhausen N, Schnitzspahn KM. Mood effects on memory and executive control in a real-life situation. Cogn Emot 2014; 29:1107-16. [PMID: 25265294 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2014.962486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In the laboratory, studies have shown an inconsistent pattern of whether, and how, mood may affect cognitive functions indicating both mood-related enhancement as well as decline. Surprisingly, little is known about whether there are similar effects in everyday life. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate possible mood effects on memory and executive control in a real-life situation. Mood effects were examined in the context of winning in a sports competition. Sixty-one male handball players were tested with an extensive cognitive test battery (comprising memory and executive control) both after winning a match and after training as neutral baseline. Mood differed significantly between the two testing situations, while physiological arousal and motivation were comparable. Results showed lowered performance after the win compared with training in selected cognitive measures. Specifically, short-term and episodic memory performance was poorer following a win, whereas executive control performance was unaffected by condition. Differences in memory disappeared when emotional states after the match were entered as covariates into the initial analyses. Thus, findings suggest mood-related impairments in memory, but not in executive control processes after a positive real-life event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prune Lagner
- a Department of Psychology , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
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37
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Robin J, Hirshhorn M, Rosenbaum RS, Winocur G, Moscovitch M, Grady CL. Functional connectivity of hippocampal and prefrontal networks during episodic and spatial memory based on real-world environments. Hippocampus 2014; 25:81-93. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Robin
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Psychology; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Marnie Hirshhorn
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Psychology; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - R. Shayna Rosenbaum
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program; York University; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Gordon Winocur
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Psychology; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Psychology; Trent University; ON Canada
| | - Morris Moscovitch
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Psychology; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Cheryl L. Grady
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Psychology; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
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38
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López Zunini RA, Scherling C, Wallis N, Collins B, MacKenzie J, Bielajew C, Smith AM. Differences in verbal memory retrieval in breast cancer chemotherapy patients compared to healthy controls: a prospective fMRI study. Brain Imaging Behav 2014; 7:460-77. [PMID: 23242968 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-012-9213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive complaints by breast cancer survivors receiving chemotherapy have led to an increasing interest in elucidating the possible causes of such impairment. Although a number of neuroimaging studies have been conducted, only a handful of them have taken into account cognitive status pre-chemotherapy. The current study included pre-chemotherapy and post-chemotherapy assessment. In addition, various factors such as depression, anxiety, fatigue and days since surgery were considered during analyses. Breast cancer patients performed an fMRI verbal recall task before and an average of 1 month after chemotherapy. Well matched controls also performed the task with a similar timeline. Pre-chemotherapy analyses revealed that patients activated the anterior cingulate less than controls during memory retrieval when anxiety and fatigue scores were added as covariates during group comparisons. In addition, there were also changes in brain activation from pre- to post-chemotherapy in patients but not in controls. Post-chemotherapy, patients had less activation in the bilateral insula, the left inferior orbitofrontal cortex and the left middle temporal gyrus. Finally, patients also showed significantly less activation when compared to controls. Brain regions included: the right middle and superior temporal gyrus, the right medial frontal gyrus, the right inferior orbitofrontal cortex, the left insula and left superior temporal pole. Importantly, depression, anxiety, and particularly fatigue accounted for some of brain activation differences. Our results suggest that chemotherapy in part plays a role in brain activation differences and it also highlights the importance of rigorously controlling for confounding variables. Only by controlling such factors can we understand the role that chemotherapy may play on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío A López Zunini
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5,
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39
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Turnbull OH, Bowman CH, Shanker S, Davies JL. Emotion-based learning: insights from the Iowa Gambling Task. Front Psychol 2014; 5:162. [PMID: 24711796 PMCID: PMC3968745 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in the cognitive and/or emotional basis of complex decision-making, and the related phenomenon of emotion-based learning, has been heavily influenced by the Iowa Gambling Task. A number of psychological variables have been investigated as potentially important in understanding emotion-based learning. This paper reviews the extent to which humans are explicitly aware of how we make such decisions; the biasing influence of pre-existing emotional labels; and the extent to which emotion-based systems are anatomically and functionally independent of episodic memory. Review of literature suggests that (i) an aspect of conscious awareness does appear to be readily achieved during the IGT, but as a relatively unfocused emotion-based "gut-feeling," akin to intuition; (ii) Several studies have manipulated the affective pre-loading of IGT tasks, and make it clear that such labeling has a substantial influence on performance, an experimental manipulation similar to the phenomenon of prejudice. (iii) Finally, it appears that complex emotion-based learning can remain intact despite profound amnesia, at least in some neurological patients, a finding with a range of potentially important clinical implications: in the management of dementia; in explaining infantile amnesia; and in understanding of the possible mechanisms of psychotherapy.
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Nellessen N, Rottschy C, Eickhoff SB, Ketteler ST, Kuhn H, Shah NJ, Schulz JB, Reske M, Reetz K. Specific and disease stage-dependent episodic memory-related brain activation patterns in Alzheimer's disease: a coordinate-based meta-analysis. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:1555-71. [PMID: 24633738 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0744-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory is typically affected during the course of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Due to the pronounced heterogeneity of functional neuroimaging studies on episodic memory impairments in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD regarding their methodology and findings, we aimed to delineate consistent episodic memory-related brain activation patterns. We performed a systematic, quantitative, coordinate-based whole-brain activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of 28 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies comprising 292 MCI and 102 AD patients contrasted to 409 age-matched control subjects. We included episodic encoding and/or retrieval phases, investigated the effects of group, verbal or image stimuli and correlated mean Mini-Mental-Status-Examination (MMSE) scores with the modelled activation estimates. MCI patients presented increased right hippocampal activation during memory encoding, decreased activation in the left hippocampus and fusiform gyrus during retrieval tasks, as well as attenuated activation in the right anterior insula/inferior frontal gyrus during verbal retrieval. In AD patients, however, stronger activation within the precuneus during encoding tasks was accompanied by attenuated right hippocampal activation during retrieval tasks. Low cognitive performance (MMSE scores) was associated with stronger activation of the precuneus and reduced activation of the right (para)hippocampus and anterior insula/inferior frontal gyrus. This meta-analysis provides evidence for a specific and probably disease stage-dependent brain activation pattern related to the pathognomonic AD characteristic of episodic memory loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Nellessen
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Abstract
Theoretical models have suggested an association between the ongoing experience of the world from the perspective of one's own body and hippocampus-based episodic memory. This link has been supported by clinical reports of long-term episodic memory impairments in psychiatric conditions with dissociative symptoms, in which individuals feel detached from themselves as if having an out-of-body experience. Here, we introduce an experimental approach to examine the necessary role of perceiving the world from the perspective of one's own body for the successful episodic encoding of real-life events. While participants were involved in a social interaction, an out-of-body illusion was elicited, in which the sense of bodily self was displaced from the real body to the other end of the testing room. This condition was compared with a well-matched in-body illusion condition, in which the sense of bodily self was colocalized with the real body. In separate recall sessions, performed ∼1 wk later, we assessed the participants' episodic memory of these events. The results revealed an episodic recollection deficit for events encoded out-of-body compared with in-body. Functional magnetic resonance imaging indicated that this impairment was specifically associated with activity changes in the posterior hippocampus. Collectively, these findings show that efficient hippocampus-based episodic-memory encoding requires a first-person perspective of the natural spatial relationship between the body and the world. Our observations have important implications for theoretical models of episodic memory, neurocognitive models of self, embodied cognition, and clinical research into memory deficits in psychiatric disorders.
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Guenzel FM, Wolf OT, Schwabe L. Sex differences in stress effects on response and spatial memory formation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 109:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Altenmüller E, Siggel S, Mohammadi B, Samii A, Münte TF. Play it again, Sam: brain correlates of emotional music recognition. Front Psychol 2014; 5:114. [PMID: 24634661 PMCID: PMC3927073 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Music can elicit strong emotions and can be remembered in connection with these emotions even decades later. Yet, the brain correlates of episodic memory for highly emotional music compared with less emotional music have not been examined. We therefore used fMRI to investigate brain structures activated by emotional processing of short excerpts of film music successfully retrieved from episodic long-term memory. Methods: Eighteen non-musicians volunteers were exposed to 60 structurally similar pieces of film music of 10 s length with high arousal ratings and either less positive or very positive valence ratings. Two similar sets of 30 pieces were created. Each of these was presented to half of the participants during the encoding session outside of the scanner, while all stimuli were used during the second recognition session inside the MRI-scanner. During fMRI each stimulation period (10 s) was followed by a 20 s resting period during which participants pressed either the “old” or the “new” button to indicate whether they had heard the piece before. Results: Musical stimuli vs. silence activated the bilateral superior temporal gyrus, right insula, right middle frontal gyrus, bilateral medial frontal gyrus and the left anterior cerebellum. Old pieces led to activation in the left medial dorsal thalamus and left midbrain compared to new pieces. For recognized vs. not recognized old pieces a focused activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus and the left cerebellum was found. Positive pieces activated the left medial frontal gyrus, the left precuneus, the right superior frontal gyrus, the left posterior cingulate, the bilateral middle temporal gyrus, and the left thalamus compared to less positive pieces. Conclusion: Specific brain networks related to memory retrieval and emotional processing of symphonic film music were identified. The results imply that the valence of a music piece is important for memory performance and is recognized very fast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckart Altenmüller
- Institute of Music Physiology and Musicians's Medicine, University of Music, Drama and Media Hannover, Germany
| | - Susann Siggel
- Institute of Music Physiology and Musicians's Medicine, University of Music, Drama and Media Hannover, Germany
| | - Bahram Mohammadi
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck Lübeck, Germany ; CNS Laboratory, International Neuroscience Institute Hannover, Germany
| | - Amir Samii
- CNS Laboratory, International Neuroscience Institute Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas F Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck Lübeck, Germany
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Mattli F, Schnitzspahn KM, Studerus-Germann A, Brehmer Y, Zöllig J. Prospective memory across the lifespan: Investigating the contribution of retrospective and prospective processes. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2013; 21:515-43. [DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2013.837860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zamboni G, Wilcock GK, Douaud G, Drazich E, McCulloch E, Filippini N, Tracey I, Brooks JCW, Smith SM, Jenkinson M, Mackay CE. Resting functional connectivity reveals residual functional activity in Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74:375-83. [PMID: 23726515 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has great potential for measuring mechanisms of functional changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment, but task fMRI studies have produced conflicting results, partly due to failure to account for underlying morphological changes and to variations in patients' ability to perform the tasks. Resting fMRI has potential for assessing brain function independently from a task, but greater understanding of how networks of resting functional connectivity relate to the functioning of the brain is needed. We combined resting fMRI and task fMRI to examine the correspondence between these methods in individuals with cognitive impairment. METHODS Eighty elderly (25 control subjects, 25 mild cognitive impairment, 30 AD) underwent a combined multimodal magnetic resonance imaging protocol including task fMRI and resting fMRI. Task fMRI data were acquired during the execution of a memory paradigm designed to account for differences in task performance. Structural and physiological confounds were modeled for both fMRI modalities. RESULTS Successful recognition was associated with increased task fMRI activation in lateral prefrontal regions in AD relative to control subjects; this overlapped with increased resting fMRI functional connectivity in the same regions. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that task fMRI and resting fMRI are sensitive markers of residual ability over the known changes in brain morphology and cognition occurring in AD and suggest that resting fMRI has a potential to measure the effect of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Zamboni
- Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Wagner AD, Desmond JE, Demb JB, Glover GH, Gabrieli JD. Semantic repetition priming for verbal and pictorial knowledge: a functional MRI study of left inferior prefrontal cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 2013; 9:714-26. [PMID: 23964594 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.1997.9.6.714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging studies of single-word processing have demonstrated decreased activation in left inferior prefrontal cortex (LIPC) during repeated semantic processing relative to initial semantic processing. This item-specific memory effect occurs under implicit test instructions and represents word-toword semantic repetition priming. The present study examined the stimulus generality of LIPC function by measuring prefrontal cortical activation during repeated relative to initial semantic processing of words (word-to-word semantic repetition priming) and of pictures (picture-to-picture semantic repetition priming). For both words and pictures, LIPC activation decreased with repetition, suggesting that this area subserves semantic analysis of stimuli regardless of perceptual form. Decreased activation was greater in extent for words than for pictures. The LIPC area may act as a semantic executive system that mediates on-line retrieval of long-term conceptual knowledge necessary for guiding task performance.
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Tuladhar AM, Snaphaan L, Shumskaya E, Rijpkema M, Fernandez G, Norris DG, de Leeuw FE. Default Mode Network Connectivity in Stroke Patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66556. [PMID: 23824302 PMCID: PMC3688936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of episodic memory dysfunction after infarction is not completely understood. It has been suggested that infarctions located anywhere in the brain can induce widespread effects causing disruption of functional networks of the cortical regions. The default mode network, which includes the medial temporal lobe, is a functional network that is associated with episodic memory processing. We investigated whether the default mode network activity is reduced in stroke patients compared to healthy control subjects in the resting state condition. We assessed the whole brain network properties during resting state functional MRI in 21 control subjects and 20 ‘first-ever’ stroke patients. Patients were scanned 9–12 weeks after stroke onset. Stroke lesions were located in various parts of the brain. Independent component analyses were conducted to identify the default mode network and to compare the group differences of the default mode network. Furthermore, region-of-interest based analysis was performed to explore the functional connectivity between the regions of the default mode network. Stroke patients performed significantly worse than control subjects on the delayed recall score on California verbal learning test. We found decreased functional connectivity in the left medial temporal lobe, posterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortical areas within the default mode network and reduced functional connectivity between these regions in stroke patients compared with controls. There were no significant volumetric differences between the groups. These results demonstrate that connectivity within the default mode network is reduced in ‘first-ever’ stroke patients compared to control subjects. This phenomenon might explain the occurrence of post-stroke cognitive dysfunction in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Man Tuladhar
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Liselore Snaphaan
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Shumskaya
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognition, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Rijpkema
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Guillén Fernandez
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David G. Norris
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Frank-Erik de Leeuw
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Satler C, Tomaz C. Cognitive anosognosia and behavioral changes in probable Alzheimer's disease patients. Dement Neuropsychol 2013; 7:197-205. [PMID: 29213840 PMCID: PMC5619518 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-57642013dn70200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anosognosia, impairment insight and unawareness of deficits are used as
equivalent terms in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Satler
- PhD, Adjunct Professor, Faculty of Ceilandia, UnB, Brasilia DF, Brazil
| | - Carlos Tomaz
- PhD, Full Professor, Laboratory of Neurosciences and Behavior, Institute of Biology, UnB, Brasília DF, Brazil
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Pause BM, Zlomuzica A, Kinugawa K, Mariani J, Pietrowsky R, Dere E. Perspectives on episodic-like and episodic memory. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:33. [PMID: 23616754 PMCID: PMC3629296 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Episodic memory refers to the conscious recollection of a personal experience that contains information on what has happened and also where and when it happened. Recollection from episodic memory also implies a kind of first-person subjectivity that has been termed autonoetic consciousness. Episodic memory is extremely sensitive to cerebral aging and neurodegenerative diseases. In Alzheimer’s disease deficits in episodic memory function are among the first cognitive symptoms observed. Furthermore, impaired episodic memory function is also observed in a variety of other neuropsychiatric diseases including dissociative disorders, schizophrenia, and Parkinson disease. Unfortunately, it is quite difficult to induce and measure episodic memories in the laboratory and it is even more difficult to measure it in clinical populations. Presently, the tests used to assess episodic memory function do not comply with even down-sized definitions of episodic-like memory as a memory for what happened, where, and when. They also require sophisticated verbal competences and are difficult to apply to patient populations. In this review, we will summarize the progress made in defining behavioral criteria of episodic-like memory in animals (and humans) as well as the perspectives in developing novel tests of human episodic memory which can also account for phenomenological aspects of episodic memory such as autonoetic awareness. We will also define basic behavioral, procedural, and phenomenological criteria which might be helpful for the development of a valid and reliable clinical test of human episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina M Pause
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, University of Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
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50
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Structural and functional bases of visuospatial associative memory in older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:961-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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