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Abstract
Until recently, it was thought that only embryonic stem cells were pluripotent and that adult stem cells were restricted in their differentiative and regenerative potential to become the tissues in which they reside. However, the discovery that adult stem cells in one tissue can contribute to the formation of other tissues, especially after injury or cell damage, implies that stem cells have developmental plasticity. For example, haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from bone marrow can be used to regenerate diverse tissues at distant sites, including the lung. This article reviews the character of stem cells in the lung parenchyma and focuses on the potential uses of adult stem cells in research of lung injury and lung disease therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Yen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, and Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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2
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Wotherspoon S, Dolnikov A, Symonds G, Nordon R. Susceptibility of cell populations to transduction by retroviral vectors. J Virol 2004; 78:5097-102. [PMID: 15113891 PMCID: PMC400332 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.10.5097-5102.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviral transduction efficiency is related to the multiplicity of infection and the physiological state of the target cells. It is generally not known what proportion of a cell population is susceptible to transduction. We used coinfection with two retroviral vectors containing the marker genes for green fluorescent protein and the truncated human nerve growth factor receptor. In the CD34+ cell line TF-1 or human primary CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells, it was found that cells transduced with one vector had a better than random chance of transduction by the other vector. A probability model was developed to estimate target cell susceptibility; susceptibility was calculated as the product of the proportions of transgene-positive cells divided by the proportion of double-positive cells. By using this relationship, it was found that susceptibility was related to the target cell type and culture conditions but not the retroviral titer or the retroviral packaging envelope protein used in this study. Cotransduction with two vectors is a relatively simple procedure that provides a means to assess the maximum transduction level possible in a given cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wotherspoon
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
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Bhatia M. The ultimate source of human hematopoietic stem cells: thinking outside the marrow. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2003; 5:89-97. [PMID: 12713705 DOI: 10.1089/153623003321512201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The ability to reconstitute cellular components of the hematopoietic system has immense utility in several areas of clinical medicine. These include replacement of cells responsible for innate and acquired immunity, providing red cells for oxygen transport, and ultimately the ability to recover hematopoietic function by repopulating all lineages comprising the entire blood system. This latter property functionally defines the mammalian hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). Recently, human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been suggested to be a viable source of transplantable hematopoietic cells. Although the number of human ESCs is virtually unlimited, the ability to efficiently differentiate adequate numbers of cells that possess hematopoietic repopulating ability remains to be determined. Achieving this goal is confounded by the difficulty of experimentally generating murine hematopoietic cell types capable of in vivo reconstitution from mouse ESC, suggesting that similar limitations may arise using human counterparts. Although the use of human ESCs and adult somatic HSCs have their independent merits, a direct comparison between HSCs derived from each source using similar assays will ultimately be required to determine the best source for clinical use. Here we will summarize the results from efforts to differentiate and assay primitive hematopoietic cells derived from ESCs, and compare these findings to similar parameters using putative mammalian HSCs harvested from the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickie Bhatia
- Robarts Research Institute, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, London, Ontario, Canada.
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4
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Dolnikov A, Wotherspoon S, Millington M, Symonds G. Retrovirus vector production and transduction: modulation by the cell cycle. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:3131-3141. [PMID: 14573819 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the cell cycle modulation of retrovirus vector production and transduction was analysed. Retrovirus vector expression was found to be similar in all phases of the cell cycle and, in contrast to some other virus promoters shown previously to be upregulated by G(2)/M arrest, Moloney murine leukaemia virus LTR-driven expression was upregulated neither by G(2)/M growth arrest nor by G(1)/S growth arrest. In contrast, cultures enriched for S phase cells produced more infectious virions, apparently by modulation of stages consequent to provirus expression. In terms of retrovirus transduction, limitations appear to be slow progression through the cell cycle and short half-life of the virus. Synchronization of cells prior to mitosis can increase transduction efficiency. Cell cycle modulation can be used to modify retrovirus vector production and transduction and can allow short transduction periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Dolnikov
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia and Children's Cancer Institute, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Simon Wotherspoon
- Johnson and Johnson Research Laboratories, The Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh, NSW 1430, Australia
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2053, Australia
| | - Michelle Millington
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia and Children's Cancer Institute, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Geoff Symonds
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia and Children's Cancer Institute, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- Johnson and Johnson Research Laboratories, The Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh, NSW 1430, Australia
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5
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Murdoch B, Chadwick K, Martin M, Shojaei F, Shah KV, Gallacher L, Moon RT, Bhatia M. Wnt-5A augments repopulating capacity and primitive hematopoietic development of human blood stem cells in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:3422-7. [PMID: 12626754 PMCID: PMC152308 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0130233100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2002] [Accepted: 01/14/2003] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hematopoietic stem cells are defined by their ability to repopulate multiple hematopoietic lineages in the bone marrow of transplanted recipients and therefore are functionally distinct from hematopoietic progenitors detected in vitro. Although factors capable of regulating progenitors are well established, in vivo regulators of hematopoietic repopulating function are unknown. By using a member of the vertebrate Wnt family, Wnt-5A, the proliferation and differentiation of progenitors cocultured on stromal cells transduced with Wnt-5A or treated with Wnt-5A conditioned medium (CM) was unaffected. However, i.p. injection of Wnt-5A CM into mice engrafted with human repopulating cells increased multilineage reconstitution by >3-fold compared with controls. Furthermore, in vivo treatment of human repopulating cells with Wnt-5A CM produced a greater proportion of phenotypically primitive hematopoietic progeny that could be isolated and shown to possess enhanced progenitor function independent of continued Wnt-5A treatment. Our study demonstrates that Wnt-5A augments primitive hematopoietic development in vivo and represents an in vivo regulator of hematopoietic stem cell function in the human. Based on these findings, we suggest a potential role for activation of Wnt signaling in managing patients exhibiting poor hematopoietic recovery shortly after stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Murdoch
- Robarts Research Institute, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, 100 Perth Drive, London, ON, Canada N6A 5K8
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6
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Abstract
During human development, hematopoiesis is thought to be compartmentalized to the fetal circulation, liver, and bone marrow. Here, we show that combinations of cytokines together with bone morphogenetic protein-4 and erythropoietin could induce multiple blood lineages from human skeletal muscle or neural tissue. Under defined serum-free conditions, the growth factors requirements, proliferation, and differentiation capacity of muscle and neural hematopoiesis were distinct to that derived from committed hematopoietic sites and were uniquely restricted to CD45(-)CD34(-) cells expressing the prominin AC133. Our study defines epigenetic factors required for the emergence of hematopoiesis from unexpected tissue origins and illustrates that embyronically specified microenvironments do not limit cell fate in humans.
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MESH Headings
- AC133 Antigen
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, CD34/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation/analysis
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/pharmacology
- Brain/cytology
- Brain/embryology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured/transplantation
- Colony-Forming Units Assay
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Drug Synergism
- Erythropoietin/pharmacology
- Glycoproteins/analysis
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Hematopoiesis, Extramedullary/drug effects
- Humans
- Interleukin-3/pharmacology
- Interleukin-6/pharmacology
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/analysis
- Membrane Proteins/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Muscle Cells/drug effects
- Muscle Cells/metabolism
- Muscle Cells/transplantation
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/embryology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/transplantation
- Organ Specificity
- Peptides/analysis
- Radiation Chimera
- Stem Cell Factor/pharmacology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Jay
- John P. Robarts Research Institute, Developmental Stem Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, St. Joseph's Hospital and London Health Sciences, 100 Perth Drive, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
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7
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Hess DA, Levac KD, Karanu FN, Rosu-Myles M, White MJ, Gallacher L, Murdoch B, Keeney M, Ottowski P, Foley R, Chin-Yee I, Bhatia M. Functional analysis of human hematopoietic repopulating cells mobilized with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor alone versus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in combination with stem cell factor. Blood 2002; 100:869-78. [PMID: 12130497 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v100.3.869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using in vitro progenitor assays, serum-free in vitro cultures, and the nonobese diabetic/severe combined immune-deficient (NOD/SCID) ecotropic murine virus knockout xenotransplantation model to detect human SCID repopulating cells (SRCs) with multilineage reconstituting function, we have characterized and compared purified subpopulations harvested from the peripheral blood (PB) of patients receiving granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) alone or in combination with stem cell factor (SCF). Mobilized G-CSF plus SCF PB showed a 2-fold increase in total mononuclear cell content and a 5-fold increase in CD34-expressing cells depleted for lineage-marker expression (CD34(+)Lin(-)) as compared with patients treated with G-CSF alone. Functionally, G-CSF plus SCF-mobilized CD34(+)CD38(-)Lin(-) cells contained a 2-fold enhancement in progenitor frequency as compared with G-CSF-mobilized subsets. Despite enhanced cellularity and progenitor capacity, G-CSF plus SCF mobilization did not increase the frequency of SRCs as determined by limiting dilution analysis by means of unfractionated PB cells. Purification of SRCs from these sources demonstrated that as few as 1000 CD34(+)CD38(-)Lin(-) cells from G-CSF-mobilized PB contained SRC capacity while G-CSF plus SCF-mobilized CD34(+)CD38(-)Lin(-) cells failed to repopulate at doses up to 500 000 cells. In addition, primitive CD34(-)CD38(-)AC133(+)Lin(-) cells derived from G-CSF plus SCF-mobilized PB were capable of differentiation into CD34-expressing cells, while the identical subfractions from G-CSF PB were unable to produce CD34(+) cells in serum-free cultures. Our study defines qualitative and quantitative distinctions among subsets of primitive cells mobilized by means of G-CSF plus SCF versus G-CSF alone, and therefore has implications for the utility of purified repopulating cells from these sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hess
- Developmental Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, John P. Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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Schiedlmeier B, Schilz AJ, Kühlcke K, Laufs S, Baum C, Zeller WJ, Eckert HG, Fruehauf S. Multidrug resistance 1 gene transfer can confer chemoprotection to human peripheral blood progenitor cells engrafted in immunodeficient mice. Hum Gene Ther 2002; 13:233-42. [PMID: 11812280 DOI: 10.1089/10430340252769761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelosuppression is the main side effect of cancer chemotherapy. An improved rate of retroviral vector-mediated gene transfer to hematopoietic stem cells, shown in more recent clinical trials, has created the basis to test the concept of myeloprotective gene therapy. We transplanted clinical-scale human peripheral blood progenitor cell grafts (n = 2) transduced with retroviral vector SF91m3, which contains the human multidrug resistance 1 gene (MDR1), into nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice. Engrafted mice of one cohort were protected from paclitaxel toxicity (p < 0.05) and we noted a similar trend in the second cohort. In paclitaxel-treated mice that had received gene-transduced cells we found a significant increase in gene marking (p < 0.05 - p < 0.01) or P-glycoprotein expression (p < 0.01) compared with their chemotherapy-naive counterparts. This is the first report showing that cytostatic drug resistance gene therapy can mediate chemoprotection of human clinically relevant stem cell populations with marrow engraftment potential.
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Pollok KE, van Der Loo JC, Cooper RJ, Hartwell JR, Miles KR, Breese R, Williams EP, Montel A, Seshadri R, Hanenberg H, Williams DA. Differential transduction efficiency of SCID-repopulating cells derived from umbilical cord blood and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood. Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12:2095-108. [PMID: 11747599 DOI: 10.1089/10430340152677430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene transfer efficiency into nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID)-repopulating cells (SRCs) derived from umbilical cord blood (UCB) (n = 11 NOD/SCID mice) and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilized peripheral blood (MPB) (n = 64 NOD/SCID mice) was compared using a clinically relevant protocol and a retrovirus vector expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). At 6-9 weeks after transplantation, the frequency of transduced human cells in the bone marrow (BM) (40.5% +/- 2.4% [mean +/- SE]) and spleen (SPL) (36.4% +/- 3.2%) in recipients of UCB cells was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that observed in the BM (2.2% +/- 1.8%) and SPL (2.0% +/- 2.6%) in recipients of MPB. In subsequent studies, MPB was cultured for 2-8 days in cytokines prior to transduction to determine if longer prestimulation was required for optimal gene transfer. A significant increase in gene transfer into CD45(+) human cells and clonogenic cells derived from MPB SRCs was observed when cells were prestimulated for 6 days compared to 2 days prior to transduction (p = 0.019). However, even after 6 days of prestimulation, transduction was still significantly less than UCB. A substantial discrepancy exists in the ability to introduce genes effectively via retrovirus vectors into SRCs derived from MPB as compared to UCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Pollok
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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10
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Schilz AJ, Kühlcke K, Fauser AA, Eckert HG. Optimization of retroviral vector generation for clinical application. J Gene Med 2001; 3:427-36. [PMID: 11601756 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For many inherited and acquired diseases of the blood system, gene transfer into hematopoietic cells is a promising strategy to alleviate disease-related symptoms or even correct genetic alterations. In clinical gene therapy applications, low transduction efficiencies have been a major limitation mainly because of insufficient effective titers of the retroviral supernatants used. Thus, optimization of clinical-grade vector production under current 'Good Manufacturing Practice' (GMP) conditions is a prerequisite for successful gene therapy trials. METHODS We established stable retroviral producer clones with single integrations of a retroviral vector encoding for the multidrug-resistance gene 1 (MDR1). Optimization of vector production in multi-tray cell factories (MTCFs) was studied with particular regard to harvest medium, cell density and harvest time point. RESULTS We demonstrated that high-titer vector stocks could be produced in serum-free medium. By reducing the volume of harvest medium, titers could be increased up to four-fold. Plating optimal cell densities of 1 x 10(4) cells/cm2, repetitive harvests of vector supernatant were feasible over four consecutive days. Combining the most advantageous culture and harvest parameters tested, we were able to produce large quantities of serum-free vector supernatant in 40-tray MTCFs. Highly efficient gene transfer into primary human CD34+ progenitor cells demonstrated the quality of these vector stocks. CONCLUSION The large-scale vector-production protocol in MTCFs described here is easy to handle, is applicable to a wide range of adherent producer cell lines and, most importantly, complies with current GMP guidelines.
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11
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Murdoch B, Gallacher L, Awaraji C, Hess DA, Keeney M, Jay K, Chadwick K, Fowley SR, Howson-Jan K, Chin Yee I, Wu D, Srour ED, Fellows F, Bhatia M. Circulating hematopoietic stem cells serve as novel targets for in utero gene therapy. FASEB J 2001; 15:1628-30. [PMID: 11427508 DOI: 10.1096/fj.00-0654fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Murdoch
- The John P. Robarts Research Institute, Developmental Stem Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5K8, Canada
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12
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Schmidt M, Hoffmann G, Wissler M, Lemke N, Müssig A, Glimm H, Williams DA, Ragg S, Hesemann CU, von Kalle C. Detection and direct genomic sequencing of multiple rare unknown flanking DNA in highly complex samples. Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12:743-9. [PMID: 11339891 DOI: 10.1089/104303401750148649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
By identifying the sequence of retro- and lentiviral integration sites in peripheral blood leukocytes, the clonal composition and fate of genetically modified hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells could be mapped in vitro and in vivo. Previously available methods have been limited to the analysis of mono- or oligoclonal integration sites present in high copy numbers. Here, we perform characterization of multiple rare retroviral and lentiviral integration sites in highly complex DNA samples. The reliability of this method results from nontarget DNA removal via magnetic extension primer tag selection (EPTS) preceding solid-phase ligation-mediated PCR. EPTS/LM-PCR allowed the simultaneous direct genomic sequencing of multiple proviral LTR-flanking sequences of retro- and lentiviral vectors even if only 1 per 100 to 1000 cells contained the provirus. A primer walking "around" the integration locus demonstrated the adaptability of EPTS/LM-PCR to study unknown flanking DNA regions unrelated to proviruses. The technique is fast, inexpensive, and sensitive in minimal samples. It enables studies of retro- and lentiviral integration, viral vector tracking in gene therapy, insertional mutagenesis, transgene integration, and direct genomic sequencing that until now have been difficult or impossible to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schmidt
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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13
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Bhardwaj G, Murdoch B, Wu D, Baker DP, Williams KP, Chadwick K, Ling LE, Karanu FN, Bhatia M. Sonic hedgehog induces the proliferation of primitive human hematopoietic cells via BMP regulation. Nat Immunol 2001; 2:172-80. [PMID: 11175816 DOI: 10.1038/84282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A pool of stem cells that arise from the mesoderm during embryogenesis initiates hematopoiesis. However, factors that regulate the expansion of blood stem cells are poorly understood. We show here that cytokine-induced proliferation of primitive human hematopoietic cells could be inhibited with antibodies to hedgehog (Hh). Conversely, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) treatment induced the expansion of pluripotent human hematopoietic repopulating cells detected in immunodeficient mice. Noggin, a specific inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4), was capable of inhibiting Shh-induced proliferation in a similar manner to anti-Hh; however, anti-Hh had no effect on BMP-4-induced proliferation. Our study shows that Shh functions as a regulator of primitive hematopoietic cells via mechanisms that are dependent on downstream BMP signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bhardwaj
- John P. Robarts Research Institute, Developmental Stem Cell Biology, 100 Perth Drive, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
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14
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Anichini A, Cascinelli N. Stem Cells Research: Impact on Molecular Biology of Cancer and Prospects for Therapy of Neoplastic Diseases. TUMORI JOURNAL 2000; 86:375-80. [PMID: 11130564 DOI: 10.1177/030089160008600501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Anichini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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