1
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Davis SN, Grindel SH, Viola JM, Liu GY, Liu J, Qian G, Porter CM, Hughes AJ. Nephron progenitors rhythmically alternate between renewal and differentiation phases that synchronize with kidney branching morphogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.21.568157. [PMID: 38045273 PMCID: PMC10690271 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.21.568157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian kidney achieves massive parallelization of function by exponentially duplicating nephron-forming niches during development. Each niche caps a tip of the ureteric bud epithelium (the future urinary collecting duct tree) as it undergoes branching morphogenesis, while nephron progenitors within niches balance self-renewal and differentiation to early nephron cells. Nephron formation rate approximately matches branching rate over a large fraction of mouse gestation, yet the nature of this apparent pace-maker is unknown. Here we correlate spatial transcriptomics data with branching 'life-cycle' to discover rhythmically alternating signatures of nephron progenitor differentiation and renewal across Wnt, Hippo-Yap, retinoic acid (RA), and other pathways. We then find in human stem-cell derived nephron progenitor organoids that Wnt/β-catenin-induced differentiation is converted to a renewal signal when it temporally overlaps with YAP activation. Similar experiments using RA activation indicate a role in setting nephron progenitor exit from the naive state, the spatial extent of differentiation, and nephron segment bias. Together the data suggest that nephron progenitor interpretation of consistent Wnt/β-catenin differentiation signaling in the niche may be modified by rhythmic activity in ancillary pathways to set the pace of nephron formation. This would synchronize nephron formation with ureteric bud branching, which creates new sites for nephron condensation. Our data bring temporal resolution to the renewal vs. differentiation balance in the nephrogenic niche and inform new strategies to achieve self-sustaining nephron formation in synthetic human kidney tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin N Davis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Samuel H Grindel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - John M Viola
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Grace Y Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Jiageng Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Grace Qian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Catherine M Porter
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Alex J Hughes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
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2
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Kolvenbach CM, Shril S, Hildebrandt F. The genetics and pathogenesis of CAKUT. Nat Rev Nephrol 2023; 19:709-720. [PMID: 37524861 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00742-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) comprise a large variety of malformations that arise from defective kidney or urinary tract development and frequently lead to kidney failure. The clinical spectrum ranges from severe malformations, such as renal agenesis, to potentially milder manifestations, such as vesicoureteral reflux. Almost 50% of cases of chronic kidney disease that manifest within the first three decades of life are caused by CAKUT. Evidence suggests that a large number of CAKUT are genetic in origin. To date, mutations in ~54 genes have been identified as monogenic causes of CAKUT, contributing to 12-20% of the aetiology of the disease. Pathogenic copy number variants have also been shown to cause CAKUT and can be detected in 4-11% of patients. Furthermore, environmental and epigenetic factors can increase the risk of CAKUT. The discovery of novel CAKUT-causing genes is challenging owing to variable expressivity, incomplete penetrance and variable genotype-phenotype correlation. However, such a discovery could ultimately lead to improvements in the accurate molecular genetic diagnosis, assessment of prognosis and multidisciplinary clinical management of patients with CAKUT, potentially including personalized therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Kolvenbach
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shirlee Shril
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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3
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DiKun KM, Gudas LJ. Vitamin A and retinoid signaling in the kidneys. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 248:108481. [PMID: 37331524 PMCID: PMC10528136 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A (VA, retinol) and its metabolites (commonly called retinoids) are required for the proper development of the kidney during embryogenesis, but retinoids also play key roles in the function and repair of the kidney in adults. Kidneys filter 180-200 liters of blood per day and each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons, which are often referred to as the 'functional units' of the kidney. Each nephron consists of a glomerulus and a series of tubules (proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct) surrounded by a network of capillaries. VA is stored in the liver and converted to active metabolites, most notably retinoic acid (RA), which acts as an agonist for the retinoic acid receptors ((RARs α, β, and γ) to regulate gene transcription. In this review we discuss some of the actions of retinoids in the kidney after injury. For example, in an ischemia-reperfusion model in mice, injury-associated loss of proximal tubule (PT) differentiation markers occurs, followed by re-expression of these differentiation markers during PT repair. Notably, healthy proximal tubules express ALDH1a2, the enzyme that metabolizes retinaldehyde to RA, but transiently lose ALDH1a2 expression after injury, while nearby myofibroblasts transiently acquire RA-producing capabilities after injury. These results indicate that RA is important for renal tubular injury repair and that compensatory mechanisms exist for the generation of endogenous RA by other cell types upon proximal tubule injury. ALDH1a2 levels also increase in podocytes, epithelial cells of the glomeruli, after injury, and RA promotes podocyte differentiation. We also review the ability of exogenous, pharmacological doses of RA and receptor selective retinoids to treat numerous kidney diseases, including kidney cancer and diabetic kidney disease, and the emerging genetic evidence for the importance of retinoids and their receptors in maintaining or restoring kidney function after injury. In general, RA has a protective effect on the kidney after various types of injuries (eg. ischemia, cytotoxic actions of chemicals, hyperglycemia related to diabetes). As more research into the actions of each of the three RARs in the kidney is carried out, a greater understanding of the actions of vitamin A is likely to lead to new insights into the pathology of kidney disorders and the development of new therapies for kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krysta M DiKun
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorraine J Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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Samrani LMM, Dumont F, Hallmark N, Bars R, Tinwell H, Pallardy M, Piersma AH. Retinoic acid signaling pathway perturbation impacts mesodermal-tissue development in the zebrafish embryo: Biomarker candidate identification using transcriptomics. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 119:108404. [PMID: 37207909 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish embryo (ZE) model provides a developmental model well conserved throughout vertebrate embryogenesis, with relevance for early human embryo development. It was employed to search for gene expression biomarkers of compound-induced disruption of mesodermal development. We were particularly interested in the expression of genes related to the retinoic acid signaling pathway (RA-SP), as a major morphogenetic regulating mechanism. We exposed ZE to teratogenic concentrations of valproic acid (VPA) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), using folic acid (FA) as a non-teratogenic control compound shortly after fertilization for 4 h, and performed gene expression analysis by RNA sequencing. We identified 248 genes specifically regulated by both teratogens but not by FA. Further analysis of this gene set revealed 54 GO-terms related to the development of mesodermal tissues, distributed along the paraxial, intermediate, and lateral plate sections of the mesoderm. Gene expression regulation was specific to tissues and was observed for somites, striated muscle, bone, kidney, circulatory system, and blood. Stitch analysis revealed 47 regulated genes related to the RA-SP, which were differentially expressed in the various mesodermal tissues. These genes provide potential molecular biomarkers of mesodermal tissue and organ (mal)formation in the early vertebrate embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M M Samrani
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Université Paris-Saclay, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, INSERM, Faculté Pharmacie, 91104 Orsay, France; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | - Marc Pallardy
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, INSERM, Faculté Pharmacie, 91104 Orsay, France
| | - Aldert H Piersma
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, the Netherlands
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5
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Sutherland MR, Black MJ. The impact of intrauterine growth restriction and prematurity on nephron endowment. Nat Rev Nephrol 2023; 19:218-228. [PMID: 36646887 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00668-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In humans born at term, maximal nephron number is reached by the time nephrogenesis is completed - at approximately 36 weeks' gestation. The number of nephrons does not increase further and subsequently remains stable until loss occurs through ageing or disease. Nephron endowment is key to the functional capacity of the kidney and its resilience to disease; hence, any processes that impair kidney development in the developing fetus can have lifelong adverse consequences for renal health and, consequently, for quality and length of life. The timing of nephrogenesis underlies the vulnerability of developing human kidneys to adverse early life exposures. Indeed, exposure of the developing fetus to a suboptimal intrauterine environment during gestation - resulting in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) - and/or preterm birth can impede kidney development and lead to reduced nephron endowment. Furthermore, emerging research suggests that IUGR and/or preterm birth is associated with an elevated risk of chronic kidney disease in later life. The available data highlight the important role of early life development in the aetiology of kidney disease and emphasize the need to develop strategies to optimize nephron endowment in IUGR and preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Sutherland
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mary Jane Black
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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6
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Anatomy and embryology of congenital surgical anomalies: Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract. Semin Pediatr Surg 2022; 31:151232. [PMID: 36423515 DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2022.151232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract or "CAKUT" describes a spectrum of developmental disorders with a range of associated clinical presentations and functional consequences. CAKUT underlies the majority of chronic kidney disease and kidney replacement therapy requirement in children, but functional deterioration can also emerge in adulthood. Understanding the normal embryological processes involved in kidney development allows us to appreciate the timing and sequence of critical events implicated when things go wrong. In this review, we will describe the normal developmental mechanisms and relate this to what we currently know about the pathological processes involved in various forms of CAKUT. We will also review the proposed etiological factors, in particular genetics, involved in CAKUT.
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7
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Perl AJ, Schuh MP, Kopan R. Regulation of nephron progenitor cell lifespan and nephron endowment. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:683-695. [PMID: 36104510 PMCID: PMC11078284 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00620-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Low nephron number - resulting, for example, from prematurity or developmental anomalies - is a risk factor for the development of hypertension, chronic kidney disease and kidney failure. Considerable interest therefore exists in the mechanisms that regulate nephron endowment and contribute to the premature cessation of nephrogenesis following preterm birth. The cessation of nephrogenesis in utero or shortly after birth is synchronized across multiple niches in all mammals, and is coupled with the exhaustion of nephron progenitor cells. Consequently, no nephrons are formed after the cessation of developmental nephrogenesis, and lifelong renal function therefore depends on the complement of nephrons generated during gestation. In humans, a tenfold variation in nephron endowment between individuals contributes to differences in susceptibility to kidney disease; however, the mechanisms underlying this variation are not yet clear. Salient advances in our understanding of environmental inputs, and of intrinsic molecular mechanisms that contribute to the regulation of cessation timing or nephron progenitor cell exhaustion, have the potential to inform interventions to enhance nephron endowment and improve lifelong kidney health for susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Perl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Meredith P Schuh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Raphael Kopan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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8
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Connaughton DM, Hildebrandt F. Disease mechanisms of monogenic congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2022; 190:325-343. [PMID: 36208064 PMCID: PMC9618346 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.32006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract (CAKUT) is a developmental disorder of the kidney and/or genito-urinary tract that results in end stage kidney disease (ESKD) in up to 50% of children. Despite the congenital nature of the disease, CAKUT accounts for almost 10% of adult onset ESKD. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that CAKUT is a Mendelian disorder, including the observation of familial clustering of CAKUT. Pathogenesis in CAKUT is embryonic in origin, with disturbances of kidney and urinary tract development resulting in a heterogeneous range of disease phenotypes. Despite polygenic and environmental factors being implicated, a significant proportion of CAKUT is monogenic in origin, with studies demonstrating single gene defects in 10%-20% of patients with CAKUT. Here, we review monogenic disease causation with emphasis on the etiological role of gene developmental pathways in CAKUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dervla M Connaughton
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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Hoffman MJ, Takizawa A, Jensen ES, Schilling R, Grzybowski M, Geurts AM, Dwinell MR. Btg2 mutation induces renal injury and impairs blood pressure control in female rats. Physiol Genomics 2022; 54:231-241. [PMID: 35503009 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00167.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) is a complex disease influenced by heritable genetic elements and environmental interactions. Dietary salt is among the most influential modifiable factors contributing to increased blood pressure (BP). It is well established that men and women develop BP impairment in different patterns and a recent emphasis has been placed on identifying mechanisms leading to the differences observed between the sexes in HTN development. The current work reported here builds on an extensive genetic mapping experiment which sought to identify genetic determinants of salt sensitive (SS) HTN using the Dahl SS rat. BTG anti-proliferation factor 2 (Btg2) was previously identified by our group as a candidate gene contributing to SS HTN in female rats. In the current study, Btg2 was mutated using TALEN targeted gene disruption on the SSBN congenic rat background. The Btg2 mutated rats exhibited impaired BP and proteinuria responses to a high salt diet compared to wild type rats. Differences in body weight, mutant pup viability, skeletal morphology, and adult nephron density suggest a potential role for Btg2 in developmental signaling pathways. Subsequent cell cycle gene expression assessment provides several additional signaling pathways that Btg2 may function through during salt handling in the kidney. The expression analysis also identified several potential upstream targets that can be explored to further isolate therapeutic approaches for SS HTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Hoffman
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Akiko Takizawa
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Eric S Jensen
- Biomedical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Rebecca Schilling
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Michael Grzybowski
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Melinda R Dwinell
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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10
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Ozisik O, Ehrhart F, Evelo CT, Mantovani A, Baudot A. Overlap of vitamin A and vitamin D target genes with CAKUT-related processes. F1000Res 2022; 10:395. [PMID: 35528959 PMCID: PMC9051587 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.51018.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract (CAKUT) are a group of abnormalities affecting the kidneys and their outflow tracts. CAKUT patients display a large clinical variability as well as a complex aetiology. Only 5% to 20% of the cases have a monogenic origin. It is thereby suspected that interactions of both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the disease. Vitamins are among the environmental factors that are considered for CAKUT aetiology. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether vitamin A or vitamin D could have a role in CAKUT aetiology. For this purpose we collected vitamin A and vitamin D target genes and computed their overlap with CAKUT-related gene sets. We observed limited overlap between vitamin D targets and CAKUT-related gene sets. We however observed that vitamin A target genes significantly overlap with multiple CAKUT-related gene sets, including CAKUT causal and differentially expressed genes, and genes involved in renal system development. Overall, these results indicate that an excess or deficiency of vitamin A might be relevant to a broad range of urogenital abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Ozisik
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, MMG, Marseille, 13385, France
| | - Friederike Ehrhart
- Department of Bioinformatics - BiGCaT, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
- Department of Bioinformatics, NUTRIM/MHeNs, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Chris T. Evelo
- Department of Bioinformatics - BiGCaT, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anaïs Baudot
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, MMG, Marseille, 13385, France
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, 08034, Spain
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11
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Fukunaga S, Ogawa N, Matsumoto A, Ito T, Tanabe K, Otani H. Administration of retinoic acid to pregnant mice increases the number of fetal mouse glomeruli. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 30:101245. [PMID: 35280524 PMCID: PMC8907684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide, and CKD is a serious global health problem. Low glomerular number is one of the risk factors for CKD; therefore, the glomerular number is associated with the risk of CKD. Increasing the glomerular number above normal levels may reduce the risk of CKD. It has been reported that, in vitro, the addition of retinoic acid (RA) to the culture medium increases the glomerular number. However, there is no report of an increase in glomerular number above normal levels with the addition of RA in vivo. In this study, RA (20 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally to pregnant mice once at embryonic day (E) 10.5, E12.5, E14.5, or E16.5. The fetuses were harvested at E18.5 and fetal mouse kidneys were evaluated. Fetal kidney volume and weight were significantly increased in the E16.5 group compared to the control group. The total glomerular number in the E16.5 group was also approximately 1.46 times higher than that in the control group. In summary, we established a method to increase the glomerular number in the fetal kidney by administration of RA to pregnant mice at E16.5. These results will facilitate the investigation of whether CKD risk is reduced when the glomerular number increases above normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Fukunaga
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Noriko Ogawa
- Department of Developmental Biology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Developmental Biology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ito
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Tanabe
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Otani
- Department of Developmental Biology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
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12
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Zhang W, Gao C, Tsilosani A, Samarakoon R, Plews R, Higgins P. Potential renal stem/progenitor cells identified by in vivo lineage tracing. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F379-F391. [PMID: 35100814 PMCID: PMC8934668 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00326.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian kidneys consist of more than 30 different types of cells. A challenging task is to identify and characterize the stem/progenitor subpopulations that establish the lineage relationships among these cellular elements during nephrogenesis in the embryonic and neonate kidneys and during tissue homeostasis and/or injury repair in the mature kidney. Moreover, the potential clinical utility of stem/progenitor cells holds promise for development of new regenerative medicine approaches for the treatment of renal diseases. Stem cells are defined by unlimited self-renewal capacity and pluripotentiality. Progenitor cells have pluripotentiality, but no or limited self-renewal potential. Cre-LoxP-based in vivo genetic lineage tracing is a powerful tool to identify the stem/progenitor cells in their native environment. Hypothetically, this technique enables investigators to accurately track the progeny of a single cell, or a group of cells. The Cre/loxP system has been widely employed to uncover the function of genes in various mammalian tissues and to identify stem/progenitor cells through in vivo lineage tracing analyses. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the development and characterization of various Cre drivers, and their use in identifying potential renal stem/progenitor cells in both developing and mature mouse kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Zhang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Akaki Tsilosani
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Rohan Samarakoon
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Robert Plews
- Department of General Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Paul Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
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13
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Abstract
Mesangial cells are stromal cells that are important for kidney glomerular homeostasis and the glomerular response to injury. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that mesenchymal stromal cells, such as stromal fibroblasts, pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells, not only specify the architecture of tissues but also regulate developmental processes, vascularization and cell fate specification. In addition, through crosstalk with neighbouring cells and indirectly through the remodelling of the matrix, stromal cells can regulate a variety of processes such as immunity, inflammation, regeneration and in the context of maladaptive responses - fibrosis. Insights into the molecular phenotype of kidney mesangial cells suggest that they are a specialized stromal cell of the glomerulus. Here, we review our current understanding of mesenchymal stromal cells and discuss how it informs the function of mesangial cells and their role in disease. These new insights could lead to a better understanding of kidney disease pathogenesis and the development of new therapies for chronic kidney disease.
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14
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Cwiek A, Suzuki M, deRonde K, Conaway M, Bennett KM, El Dahr S, Reidy KJ, Charlton JR. Premature differentiation of nephron progenitor cell and dysregulation of gene pathways critical to kidney development in a model of preterm birth. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21667. [PMID: 34737344 PMCID: PMC8569166 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity. Survivors have a greater risk for kidney dysfunction and hypertension. Little is known about the molecular changes that occur in the kidney of individuals born preterm. Here, we demonstrate that mice delivered two days prior to full term gestation undergo premature cessation of nephrogenesis, resulting in a lower glomerular density. Kidneys from preterm and term groups exhibited differences in gene expression profiles at 20- and 27-days post-conception, including significant differences in the expression of fat-soluble vitamin-related genes. Kidneys of the preterm mice exhibited decreased proportions of endothelial cells and a lower expression of genes promoting angiogenesis compared to the term group. Kidneys from the preterm mice also had altered nephron progenitor subpopulations, early Six2 depletion, and altered Jag1 expression in the nephrogenic zone, consistent with premature differentiation of nephron progenitor cells. In conclusion, preterm birth alone was sufficient to shorten the duration of nephrogenesis and cause premature differentiation of nephron progenitor cells. These candidate genes and pathways may provide targets to improve kidney health in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Cwiek
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Box 800386, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
- Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Masako Suzuki
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kimberly deRonde
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Box 800386, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Mark Conaway
- University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Division of Translational Research and Applied Statistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kevin M Bennett
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samir El Dahr
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kimberly J Reidy
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer R Charlton
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Box 800386, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
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15
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Abstract
The postnatal kidney is predominantly composed of nephron epithelia with the interstitial components representing a small proportion of the final organ, except in the diseased state. This is in stark contrast to the developing organ, which arises from the mesoderm and comprises an expansive stromal population with distinct regional gene expression. In many organs, the identity and ultimate function of an epithelium is tightly regulated by the surrounding stroma during development. However, although the presence of a renal stromal stem cell population has been demonstrated, the focus has been on understanding the process of nephrogenesis whereas the role of distinct stromal components during kidney morphogenesis is less clear. In this Review, we consider what is known about the role of the stroma of the developing kidney in nephrogenesis, where these cells come from as well as their heterogeneity, and reflect on how this information may improve human kidney organoid models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean B. Wilson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Melissa H. Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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16
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Abstract
While the uses of retinoids for cancer treatment continue to evolve, this review focuses on other therapeutic areas in which retinoids [retinol (vitamin A), all-trans retinoic acid (RA), and synthetic retinoic acid receptor (RAR)α-, β-, and γ-selective agonists] are being used and on promising new research that suggests additional uses for retinoids for the treatment of disorders of the kidneys, skeletal muscles, heart, pancreas, liver, nervous system, skin, and other organs. The most mature area, in terms of US Food and Drug Administration-approved, RAR-selective agonists, is for treatment of various skin diseases. Synthetic retinoid agonists have major advantages over endogenous RAR agonists such as RA. Because they act through a specific RAR, side effects may be minimized, and synthetic retinoids often have better pharmaceutical properties than does RA. Based on our increasing knowledge of the multiple roles of retinoids in development, epigenetic regulation, and tissue repair, other exciting therapeutic areas are emerging. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine J Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA;
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17
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Generation of patterned kidney organoids that recapitulate the adult kidney collecting duct system from expandable ureteric bud progenitors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3641. [PMID: 34131121 PMCID: PMC8206157 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Current kidney organoids model development and diseases of the nephron but not the contiguous epithelial network of the kidney’s collecting duct (CD) system. Here, we report the generation of an expandable, 3D branching ureteric bud (UB) organoid culture model that can be derived from primary UB progenitors from mouse and human fetal kidneys, or generated de novo from human pluripotent stem cells. In chemically-defined culture conditions, UB organoids generate CD organoids, with differentiated principal and intercalated cells adopting spatial assemblies reflective of the adult kidney’s collecting system. Aggregating 3D-cultured nephron progenitor cells with UB organoids in vitro results in a reiterative process of branching morphogenesis and nephron induction, similar to kidney development. Applying an efficient gene editing strategy to remove RET activity, we demonstrate genetically modified UB organoids can model congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract. Taken together, these platforms will facilitate an enhanced understanding of development, regeneration and diseases of the mammalian collecting duct system. Here, the authors model the collecting duct system in kidneys by taking ureteric bud (UB) progenitor cells from both mouse and human primary tissues, as well as from hESC and hiPSC to generate organoids, which can model congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract.
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18
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Hosseini-Jangjou SH, Dastgheib SA, Aflatoonian M, Amooee A, Bahrami R, Salehi E, Sadeghizadeh-Yazdi J, Neamatzadeh H. Association of Neuregulin 1 rs7835688 G > C, rs16879552 T > C and rs2439302 G > C Polymorphisms with Susceptibility to Non-Syndromic Hirschsprung's Disease. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2021; 40:198-205. [PMID: 31738640 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2019.1692113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a heterogeneous congenital malformation of the enteric nervous system with a complex genetic etiology. We investigated if there was an association between Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) rs7835688 G > C, rs16879552 T > C and rs2439302 G > C polymorphisms and the risk of HSCR. Methods: We determined and compared the frequency of NRG1 polymorphisms rs7835688 G > C, rs16879552 T > C and rs2439302 G > C in 70 children with HSCR and 90 controls by TaqMan SNPs genotyping assays. Results: No significant differences in allele or genotype frequencies of NRG1 rs7835688 G > C, rs16879552 T > C and rs2439302 G > C polymorphisms were observed between HSCR cases and controls. Analyses showed that the NRG1 rs7835688 G > C, rs16879552 T > C and rs2439302 G > C polymorphisms were not significantly associated with an increased risk of non-syndromic HSCR. Conclusions: Our findings suggested that NRG1 rs7835688 G > C, rs16879552 T > C and rs2439302 G > C polymorphisms are not a risk factor in development of HSCR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seyed Alireza Dastgheib
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Majid Aflatoonian
- Department of Pediatrics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Abdolhamid Amooee
- Department of Surgery, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Reza Bahrami
- Neonatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elham Salehi
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran
| | - Jalal Sadeghizadeh-Yazdi
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hossein Neamatzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Mother and Newborn Health Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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19
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Gao T, Wright-Jin EC, Sengupta R, Anderson JB, Heuckeroth RO. Cell-autonomous retinoic acid receptor signaling has stage-specific effects on mouse enteric nervous system. JCI Insight 2021; 6:145854. [PMID: 33848271 PMCID: PMC8262371 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.145854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) signaling is essential for enteric nervous system (ENS) development, since vitamin A deficiency or mutations in RA signaling profoundly reduce bowel colonization by ENS precursors. These RA effects could occur because of RA activity within the ENS lineage or via RA activity in other cell types. To define cell-autonomous roles for retinoid signaling within the ENS lineage at distinct developmental time points, we activated a potent floxed dominant-negative RA receptor α (RarαDN) in the ENS using diverse CRE recombinase–expressing mouse lines. This strategy enabled us to block RA signaling at premigratory, migratory, and postmigratory stages for ENS precursors. We found that cell-autonomous loss of RA receptor (RAR) signaling dramatically affected ENS development. CRE activation of RarαDN expression at premigratory or migratory stages caused severe intestinal aganglionosis, but at later stages, RarαDN induced a broad range of phenotypes including hypoganglionosis, submucosal plexus loss, and abnormal neural differentiation. RNA sequencing highlighted distinct RA-regulated gene sets at different developmental stages. These studies show complicated context-dependent RA-mediated regulation of ENS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gao
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Wright-Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rajarshi Sengupta
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jessica B Anderson
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert O Heuckeroth
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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20
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Ozisik O, Ehrhart F, Evelo CT, Mantovani A, Baudot A. Overlap of vitamin A and vitamin D target genes with CAKUT-related processes. F1000Res 2021; 10:395. [PMID: 35528959 PMCID: PMC9051587 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.51018.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract (CAKUT) are a group of abnormalities affecting the kidneys and their outflow tracts. CAKUT patients display a large clinical variability as well as a complex aetiology. Only 5% to 20% of the cases have a monogenic origin. It is thereby suspected that interactions of both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the disease. Vitamins are among the environmental factors that are considered for CAKUT aetiology. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether vitamin A or vitamin D could have a role in CAKUT aetiology. For this purpose we collected vitamin A and vitamin D target genes and computed their overlap with CAKUT-related gene sets. We observed limited overlap between vitamin D targets and CAKUT-related gene sets. We however observed that vitamin A target genes significantly overlap with multiple CAKUT-related gene sets, including CAKUT causal and differentially expressed genes, and genes involved in renal system development. Overall, these results indicate that an excess or deficiency of vitamin A might be relevant to a broad range of urogenital abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Ozisik
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, MMG, Marseille, 13385, France
| | - Friederike Ehrhart
- Department of Bioinformatics - BiGCaT, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
- Department of Bioinformatics, NUTRIM/MHeNs, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Chris T. Evelo
- Department of Bioinformatics - BiGCaT, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anaïs Baudot
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, MMG, Marseille, 13385, France
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, 08034, Spain
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21
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Arai H, Sato Y, Yanagita M. Fibroblast heterogeneity and tertiary lymphoid tissues in the kidney. Immunol Rev 2021; 302:196-210. [PMID: 33951198 PMCID: PMC8360208 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts reside in various organs and support tissue structure and homeostasis under physiological conditions. Phenotypic alterations of fibroblasts underlie the development of diverse pathological conditions, including organ fibrosis. Recent advances in single‐cell biology have revealed that fibroblasts comprise heterogeneous subpopulations with distinct phenotypes, which exert both beneficial and detrimental effects on the host organs in a context‐dependent manner. In the kidney, phenotypic alterations of resident fibroblasts provoke common pathological conditions of chronic kidney disease (CKD), such as renal anemia and peritubular capillary loss. Additionally, in aged injured kidneys, fibroblasts provide functional and structural supports for tertiary lymphoid tissues (TLTs), which serve as the ectopic site of acquired immune reactions in various clinical contexts. TLTs are closely associated with aging and CKD progression, and the developmental stages of TLTs reflect the severity of renal injury. In this review, we describe the current understanding of fibroblast heterogeneity both under physiological and pathological conditions, with special emphasis on fibroblast contribution to TLT formation in the kidney. Dissecting the heterogeneous characteristics of fibroblasts will provide a promising therapeutic option for fibroblast‐related pathological conditions, including TLT formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Sato
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Medical Innovation Center, TMK Project, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Motoko Yanagita
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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22
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Abstract
Renal epithelial cells show remarkable regenerative capacity to recover from acute injury, which involves specific phenotypic changes, but also significant profibrotic tubule-interstitial crosstalk. Tubule-derived profibrotic stimuli and subsequent myofibroblast activation and extracellular matrix deposition have been linked closely with decline of renal function and nephron loss. However, recent data have questioned the view of purely detrimental effects of myofibroblast activation in the injured kidney and even suggested its beneficial role for epithelial regeneration. This article reviews the current understanding of the underlying mechanisms of tubular cell turnover, new suggested pathways of proregenerative tubular-interstitial crosstalk, and relevant insights of proliferation-enhancing effects of myofibroblasts on epithelial cells in nonrenal tissues.
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23
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Abstract
The kidney plays an integral role in filtering the blood-removing metabolic by-products from the body and regulating blood pressure. This requires the establishment of large numbers of efficient and specialized blood filtering units (nephrons) that incorporate a system for vascular exchange and nutrient reabsorption as well as a collecting duct system to remove waste (urine) from the body. Kidney development is a dynamic process which generates these structures through a delicately balanced program of self-renewal and commitment of nephron progenitor cells that inhabit a constantly evolving cellular niche at the tips of a branching ureteric "tree." The former cells build the nephrons and the latter the collecting duct system. Maintaining these processes across fetal development is critical for establishing the normal "endowment" of nephrons in the kidney and perturbations to this process are associated both with mutations in integral genes and with alterations to the fetal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Smyth
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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24
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Li H, Hohenstein P, Kuure S. Embryonic Kidney Development, Stem Cells and the Origin of Wilms Tumor. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020318. [PMID: 33672414 PMCID: PMC7926385 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult mammalian kidney is a poorly regenerating organ that lacks the stem cells that could replenish functional homeostasis similarly to, e.g., skin or the hematopoietic system. Unlike a mature kidney, the embryonic kidney hosts at least three types of lineage-specific stem cells that give rise to (a) a ureter and collecting duct system, (b) nephrons, and (c) mesangial cells together with connective tissue of the stroma. Extensive interest has been raised towards these embryonic progenitor cells, which are normally lost before birth in humans but remain part of the undifferentiated nephrogenic rests in the pediatric renal cancer Wilms tumor. Here, we discuss the current understanding of kidney-specific embryonic progenitor regulation in the innate environment of the developing kidney and the types of disruptions in their balanced regulation that lead to the formation of Wilms tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Peter Hohenstein
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Satu Kuure
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- GM-Unit, Laboratory Animal Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-2941-59395
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25
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Weiss AC, Rivera-Reyes R, Englert C, Kispert A. Expansion of the renal capsular stroma, ureteric bud branching defects and cryptorchidism in mice with Wilms tumor 1 gene deletion in the stromal compartment of the developing kidney. J Pathol 2020; 252:290-303. [PMID: 32715478 DOI: 10.1002/path.5518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Development of the mammalian kidney is orchestrated by reciprocal interactions of stromal and nephrogenic mesenchymal cells with the ureteric bud epithelium. Previous work showed that the transcription factor Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) acts in the nephrogenic lineage to maintain precursor cells, to drive the epithelial transition of aggregating precursors into a renal vesicle and to specify and maintain the podocyte fate. However, WT1 is expressed not only in the nephrogenic lineage but also transiently in stromal progenitors in the renal cortex. Here we report that specific deletion of Wt1 in the stromal lineage using the Foxd1cre driver line results at birth in cryptorchidism and hypoplastic kidneys that harbour fewer and enlarged ureteric bud tips and display an expansion of capsular stroma into the cortical region. In vivo and ex vivo analysis at earlier stages revealed that stromal loss of Wt1 reduces stromal proliferation, and delays and alters branching morphogenesis, resulting in a variant architecture of the collecting duct tree with an increase of single at the expense of bifurcated ureteric bud tips. Molecular analysis identified a transient reduction of Aldh1a2 expression and of retinoic acid signalling activity in stromal progenitors, and of Ret in ureteric bud tips. Administration of retinoic acid partly rescued the branching defects of mutant kidneys in culture. We propose that WT1 maintains retinoic acid signalling in the cortical stroma, which, in turn, assures proper levels and dynamics of Ret expression in the ureteric bud tips, and thus normal ramification of the ureteric tree. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Carina Weiss
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Englert
- Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Kispert
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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26
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How Dietary Deficiency Studies Have Illuminated the Many Roles of Vitamin A During Development and Postnatal Life. Subcell Biochem 2020; 95:1-26. [PMID: 32297294 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42282-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency studies have been carried out since the early 1900s. Initially, these studies led to the identification of fat soluble A as a unique and essential component of the diet of rodents, birds, and humans. Continuing work established that vitamin A deficiency produces biochemical and physiological dysfunction in almost every vertebrate organ system from conception to death. This chapter begins with a review of representative historical and current studies that used the nutritional vitamin A deficiency research model to gain an understanding of the many roles vitamin A plays in prenatal and postnatal development and well-being. This is followed by a discussion of recent studies that show specific effects of vitamin A deficiency on prenatal development and postnatal maintenance of the olfactory epithelium, brain, and heart. Vitamin A deficiency studies have helped define the necessity of vitamin A for the health of all vertebrates, including farm animals, but the breadth of deficient states and their individual effects on health have not been fully determined. Future work is needed to develop tools to assess the complete vitamin A status of an organism and to define the levels of vitamin A that optimally support molecular and systems level processes during all ages and stages of life.
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27
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Li Y, Gong H, Ding J, Zhao F, Du J, Wan J, Zhang J, Liu S, Li J, Wang L, Zhou B. Inhibition of GSK3 Represses the Expression of Retinoic Acid Synthetic Enzyme ALDH1A2 via Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in WiT49 Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:94. [PMID: 32258025 PMCID: PMC7092725 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Organogenesis, including renal development, requires an appropriate retinoic acid concentration, which is established by differential expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A2 (ALDH1A2) and cytochrome P450 family 26 subfamily A/B/C member 1 (CYP26A1/B1/C1). In the fetal kidney, ALDH1A2 expresses in the developing stroma and renal vesicle and its derivatives but does not present in the ureteric bud. It remains unclear what may contribute to this expression pattern. Here we show that the glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha/beta (GSK3A/B) inhibitor CHIR99021 significantly represses ALDH1A2 expression in WiT49, which is a Wilms’ tumor cell line that exhibits “triphasic” differential potential and is used as a fetal kidney cell model. CHIR99021 fails to suppress ALDH1A2 as β-catenin is inhibited, suggesting that the downregulation of ALDH1A2 by CHIR99021 is through Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Ectopic expression of mouse Wnt1, Wnt3a, Wnt4, and Wnt9b represses ALDH1A2 expression in WiT49 cells. Using immunohistochemistry, we show an inverse correlation of Aldh1a2 expression with β-catenin in rat E18.5 kidney. ChIP demonstrated that β-catenin is recruited to the ALDH1A2 promoter, the conserved intron1G, and another site within intron 1 of ALDH1A2. Using a luciferase assay, we further show that the ALDH1A2 promoter and the intron1G element are involved in the repression of ALDH1A2 expression by CHIR99021. Our work demonstrates that ALDH1A2 expression can be directly repressed by the Wnt/β-catenin signaling in fetal kidney cells, suggesting that Wnt/β-catenin may play a role in maintaining the expression pattern of ALDH1A2 in the fetal kidney, thus controlling the availability and localization of retinoic acid and regulating aspects of kidney development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Li
- Central Laboratory, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital and the Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital and the Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Central Laboratory, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital and the Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiangfeng Ding
- Department of Stomotology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital and the Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fujuan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital and the Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jihui Du
- Central Laboratory, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital and the Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Wan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital and the Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaoxiong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital and the Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital and the Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Central Laboratory, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital and the Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bei Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital and the Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
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28
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Roberts C. Regulating Retinoic Acid Availability during Development and Regeneration: The Role of the CYP26 Enzymes. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8010006. [PMID: 32151018 PMCID: PMC7151129 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of the Cytochrome p450 subfamily 26 (CYP26) retinoic acid (RA) degrading enzymes during development and regeneration. Cyp26 enzymes, along with retinoic acid synthesising enzymes, are absolutely required for RA homeostasis in these processes by regulating availability of RA for receptor binding and signalling. Cyp26 enzymes are necessary to generate RA gradients and to protect specific tissues from RA signalling. Disruption of RA homeostasis leads to a wide variety of embryonic defects affecting many tissues. Here, the function of CYP26 enzymes is discussed in the context of the RA signalling pathway, enzymatic structure and biochemistry, human genetic disease, and function in development and regeneration as elucidated from animal model studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Roberts
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects, UCL-GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford St, London WC1N 1EH, UK;
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London SW17 0RE, UK
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29
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Akison LK, Probyn ME, Gray SP, Cullen-McEwen LA, Tep K, Steane SE, Gobe GC, Wlodek ME, Bertram JF, Moritz KM. Moderate prenatal ethanol exposure in the rat promotes kidney cell apoptosis, nephron deficits, and sex-specific kidney dysfunction in adult offspring. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 303:2632-2645. [PMID: 31984647 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol during pregnancy can impair fetal development and result in offspring with neurodevelopmental deficits. Less is known about how low to moderate alcohol exposure can affect other organs, such as the kidney. Here, the effects of moderate ethanol exposure throughout pregnancy on kidney development were examined using a rat model. Rats were fed a liquid diet containing 6% ethanol (vol/vol) or control (0% ethanol) throughout pregnancy. Kidneys were collected at embryonic day (E) 20 or postnatal day (PN) 30 and total glomerular (nephron) number determined using unbiased stereology. Kidney function was examined in offspring at 8 and 19 months. At E20, fetuses exposed to ethanol had fewer nephrons with increased apoptosis. Alcohol exposure caused kidney dysregulation of pro- (Bax) and anti- (Bcl-2) apoptotic factors, and reduced expression of the cell proliferation marker, Ki67. Prenatal alcohol decreased expression of Gdnf and Tgfb1, important regulators of branching morphogenesis, in male fetuses. At PN30, kidney volume and nephron number were lower in offspring exposed to prenatal alcohol. Urine flow and osmolality were normal in offspring exposed to alcohol however sodium excretion tended to be lower in females prenatally exposed to alcohol. Findings suggest exposure to moderate levels of alcohol during pregnancy results in impaired kidney development and leads to a permanent nephron deficit. Although the impact on adult kidney function was relatively minor, these data highlight that even at moderate levels, alcohol consumption during pregnancy can have deleterious long-term outcomes and should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Akison
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Megan E Probyn
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephen P Gray
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Louise A Cullen-McEwen
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Karrona Tep
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah E Steane
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Glenda C Gobe
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mary E Wlodek
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - John F Bertram
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Karen M Moritz
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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30
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Kuure S, Sariola H. Mouse Models of Congenital Kidney Anomalies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1236:109-136. [PMID: 32304071 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2389-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are common birth defects, which cause the majority of chronic kidney diseases in children. CAKUT covers a wide range of malformations that derive from deficiencies in embryonic kidney and lower urinary tract development, including renal aplasia, hypodysplasia, hypoplasia, ectopia, and different forms of ureter abnormalities. The majority of the genetic causes of CAKUT remain unknown. Research on mutant mice has identified multiple genes that critically regulate renal differentiation. The data generated from this research have served as an excellent resource to identify the genetic bases of human kidney defects and have led to significantly improved diagnostics. Furthermore, genetic data from human CAKUT studies have also revealed novel genes regulating kidney differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Kuure
- GM-Unit, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hannu Sariola
- Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Paediatric Pathology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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31
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Nakamura J, Sato Y, Kitai Y, Wajima S, Yamamoto S, Oguchi A, Yamada R, Kaneko K, Kondo M, Uchino E, Tsuchida J, Hirano K, Sharma K, Kohno K, Yanagita M. Myofibroblasts acquire retinoic acid-producing ability during fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition following kidney injury. Kidney Int 2019; 95:526-539. [PMID: 30661714 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tubular injury and interstitial fibrosis are the hallmarks of chronic kidney disease. While recent studies have verified that proximal tubular injury triggers interstitial fibrosis, the impact of fibrosis on tubular injury and regeneration remains poorly understood. We generated a novel mouse model expressing diphtheria toxin receptor on renal fibroblasts to allow for the selective disruption of renal fibroblast function. Administration of diphtheria toxin induced upregulation of the tubular injury marker Ngal and caused tubular proliferation in healthy kidneys, whereas administration of diphtheria toxin attenuated tubular regeneration in fibrotic kidneys. Microarray analysis revealed down-regulation of the retinol biosynthesis pathway in diphtheria toxin-treated kidneys. Healthy proximal tubules expressed retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (RALDH2), a rate-limiting enzyme in retinoic acid biosynthesis. After injury, proximal tubules lost RALDH2 expression, whereas renal fibroblasts acquired strong expression of RALDH2 during the transition to myofibroblasts in several models of kidney injury. The retinoic acid receptor (RAR) RARγ was expressed in proximal tubules both with and without injury, and αB-crystallin, the product of an RAR target gene, was strongly expressed in proximal tubules after injury. Furthermore, BMS493, an inverse agonist of RARs, significantly attenuated tubular proliferation in vitro. In human biopsy tissue from patients with IgA nephropathy, detection of RALDH2 in the interstitium correlated with older age and lower kidney function. These results suggest a role of retinoic acid signaling and cross-talk between fibroblasts and tubular epithelial cells during tubular injury and regeneration, and may suggest a beneficial effect of fibrosis in the early response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Nakamura
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Sato
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; TMK Project, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kitai
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuichi Wajima
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Nephrology Research Laboratories, Nephrology R&D Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akiko Oguchi
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamada
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiichi Kaneko
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makiko Kondo
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Uchino
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junichi Tsuchida
- TMK Project, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Research Unit/Nephrological & Endocrinological Science, Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keita Hirano
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kumar Sharma
- Center for Renal Precision Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio
| | - Kenji Kohno
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Research Initiatives, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Motoko Yanagita
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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32
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Immature megalin expression in the preterm neonatal kidney is associated with urinary loss of vitamin carrier proteins. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:405-411. [PMID: 30659269 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0261-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin A and D deficiencies are common in preterm infants. Megalin is an endocytic receptor in the proximal tubule, which reabsorbs retinol-binding protein (RBP) and vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP). Although the proximal tubule is immature in preterm infants, little is known about megalin expression during kidney development. In this study, we establish the abundance of megalin in the developing human kidney and its relationship to the urinary excretion of vitamin carriers in preterm infants. METHODS We analyzed a postmortem group (20-40 weeks gestation), where we used morphometric means of measuring megalin and its ligands in kidney tissue and a living group of patients (28-40 weeks), where urinary RBP and VDBP were measured. RESULTS The presence of megalin, RBP, and VDBP increased in the proximal tubule through gestation. At birth the urinary concentration of RBP and VDBP were higher in the 28-32 week group compared to the 38-40 week group and a significant inverse correlation of tissue megalin and urinary loss of RBP and VDBP existed. CONCLUSIONS Preterm infants experience vitamin carrier protein losses, which are associated with decreased megalin expression. This developmental expression of megalin in the kidney has clinical implications in the prevention of vitamin deficiencies in preterm babies.
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33
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Verbitsky M, Westland R, Perez A, Kiryluk K, Liu Q, Krithivasan P, Mitrotti A, Fasel DA, Batourina E, Sampson MG, Bodria M, Werth M, Kao C, Martino J, Capone VP, Vivante A, Shril S, Kil BH, Marasà M, Zhang JY, Na YJ, Lim TY, Ahram D, Weng PL, Heinzen EL, Carrea A, Piaggio G, Gesualdo L, Manca V, Masnata G, Gigante M, Cusi D, Izzi C, Scolari F, van Wijk JAE, Saraga M, Santoro D, Conti G, Zamboli P, White H, Drozdz D, Zachwieja K, Miklaszewska M, Tkaczyk M, Tomczyk D, Krakowska A, Sikora P, Jarmoliński T, Borszewska-Kornacka MK, Pawluch R, Szczepanska M, Adamczyk P, Mizerska-Wasiak M, Krzemien G, Szmigielska A, Zaniew M, Dobson MG, Darlow JM, Puri P, Barton DE, Furth SL, Warady BA, Gucev Z, Lozanovski VJ, Tasic V, Pisani I, Allegri L, Rodas LM, Campistol JM, Jeanpierre C, Alam S, Casale P, Wong CS, Lin F, Miranda DM, Oliveira EA, Simões-E-Silva AC, Barasch JM, Levy B, Wu N, Hildebrandt F, Ghiggeri GM, Latos-Bielenska A, Materna-Kiryluk A, Zhang F, Hakonarson H, Papaioannou VE, Mendelsohn CL, Gharavi AG, Sanna-Cherchi S. The copy number variation landscape of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. Nat Genet 2018; 51:117-127. [PMID: 30578417 PMCID: PMC6668343 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are a major cause of pediatric kidney failure. We performed a genome-wide analysis of copy number variants (CNVs) in 2,824 cases and 21,498 controls. Affected individuals carried a significant burden of rare exonic (i.e. affecting coding regions) CNVs and were enriched for known genomic disorders (GD). Kidney anomaly (KA) cases were most enriched for exonic CNVs, encompassing GD-CNVs and novel deletions; obstructive uropathy (OU) had a lower CNV burden and an intermediate prevalence of GD-CNVs; vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) had the fewest GD-CNVs but was enriched for novel exonic CNVs, particularly duplications. Six loci (1q21, 4p16.1-p16.3, 16p11.2, 16p13.11, 17q12, and 22q11.2) accounted for 65% of patients with GD-CNVs. Deletions at 17q12, 4p16.1-p16.3, and 22q11.2 were specific for KA; the 16p11.2 locus showed extensive pleiotropy. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we identified TBX6 as a driver for the CAKUT subphenotypes in the 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Verbitsky
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rik Westland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alejandra Perez
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Krzysztof Kiryluk
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qingxue Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Priya Krithivasan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adele Mitrotti
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David A Fasel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ekaterina Batourina
- Department of Urology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew G Sampson
- University of Michigan School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics-Nephrology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Monica Bodria
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, and Laboratory on Pathophysiology of Uremia, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Max Werth
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charlly Kao
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeremiah Martino
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Valentina P Capone
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Asaf Vivante
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Pediatric Department B and Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shirlee Shril
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Byum Hee Kil
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maddalena Marasà
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jun Y Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Young-Ji Na
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tze Y Lim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dina Ahram
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patricia L Weng
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, UCLA Medical Center and UCLA Medical Center-Santa Monica, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erin L Heinzen
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alba Carrea
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, and Laboratory on Pathophysiology of Uremia, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giorgio Piaggio
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, and Laboratory on Pathophysiology of Uremia, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Valeria Manca
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Masnata
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maddalena Gigante
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniele Cusi
- National Research Council of Italy, Inst. Biomedical Technologies Milano Bio4dreams Scientific Unit, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Izzi
- Dipartimento Ostetrico-Ginecologico e Seconda Divisione di Nefrologia ASST, Spedali Civili e Presidio di Montichiari, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Scolari
- Cattedra di Nefrologia, Università di Brescia, Seconda Divisione di Nefrologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Spedali Civili di Brescia Presidio di Montichiari, Brescia, Italy
| | - Joanna A E van Wijk
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marijan Saraga
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Split, Split, Croatia.,School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Conti
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria "G. Martino", Messina, Italy
| | - Pasquale Zamboli
- Division of Nephrology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitell", Naples, Italy
| | - Hope White
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dorota Drozdz
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, Dialysis Unit, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zachwieja
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, Dialysis Unit, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Miklaszewska
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Tkaczyk
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology and Nephrology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Daria Tomczyk
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology and Nephrology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Krakowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology and Nephrology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Sikora
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Maria K Borszewska-Kornacka
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Robert Pawluch
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Maria Szczepanska
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Adamczyk
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Grazyna Krzemien
- Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szmigielska
- Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Zaniew
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Mark G Dobson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John M Darlow
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Prem Puri
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,National Children's Hospital Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David E Barton
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,University College Dublin UCD School of Medicine, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susan L Furth
- Departments of Pediatrics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bradley A Warady
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Zoran Gucev
- University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty of Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Vladimir J Lozanovski
- University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty of Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia.,University Clinic for General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Velibor Tasic
- University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty of Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Isabella Pisani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Landino Allegri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Lida M Rodas
- Renal Division, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Campistol
- Renal Division, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cécile Jeanpierre
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Inserm UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Shumyle Alam
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pasquale Casale
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.,Mount Sinai Medical Center, Kravis Children's Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Craig S Wong
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of New Mexico Children's Hospital, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Fangming Lin
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Débora M Miranda
- Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Pediatric Nephrology, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A Oliveira
- Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Pediatric Nephrology, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões-E-Silva
- Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Pediatric Nephrology, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jonathan M Barasch
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brynn Levy
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, all at Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gian Marco Ghiggeri
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, and Laboratory on Pathophysiology of Uremia, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Latos-Bielenska
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, and NZOZ Center for Medical Genetics GENESIS, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Materna-Kiryluk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, and NZOZ Center for Medical Genetics GENESIS, Poznan, Poland
| | - Feng Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Virginia E Papaioannou
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Cathy L Mendelsohn
- Department of Urology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Ali G Gharavi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Simone Sanna-Cherchi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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34
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Trasino SE, Tang XH, Shevchuk MM, Choi ME, Gudas LJ. Amelioration of Diabetic Nephropathy Using a Retinoic Acid Receptor β2 Agonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 367:82-94. [PMID: 30054312 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.249375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A (VA) and its derivatives, known as retinoids, play critical roles in renal development through retinoic acid receptor β2 (RARβ2). Disruptions in VA signaling pathways are associated with the onset of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Despite the known role of RARβ2 in renal development, the effects of selective agonists for RARβ2 in a high-fat diet (HFD) model of DN are unknown. Here we examined whether AC261066 (AC261), a highly selective agonist for RARβ2, exhibited therapeutic effects in a HFD model of DN in C57BL/6 mice. Twelve weeks of AC261 administration to HFD-fed mice was well tolerated with no observable side effects. Compared with HFD-fed mice, HFD + AC261-treated mice had improved glycemic control and reductions in proteinuria and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Several cellular hallmarks of DN were mitigated in HFD + AC261-treated mice, including reductions in tubule lipid droplets, podocyte (POD) effacement, endothelial cell collapse, mesangial expansion, and glomerular basement membrane thickening. Mesangial and tubule interstitial expression of the myofibroblast markers α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and type IV collagen (Col-IV) was lower in HFD + AC261-treated mice compared with HFD alone. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemistry analyses showed that, compared with HFD-fed mice, HFD + AC261-treated mice showed preservation of POD foot process and slit-diaphragm morphology, an increase in the levels of slit-diagram protein podocin, and the transcription factor Wilms tumor-suppressor gene 1 in PODs. Given the need for novel DN therapies, our results warrant further studies of the therapeutic properties of AC261 in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Trasino
- Departments of Pharmacology (S.E.T., X.-H.T., L.J.G.) and Pathology (M.M.S.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (M.E.C.), Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, School of Urban Public Health, Nutrition Program, Hunter College, City University of New York (S.E.T.), and NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center (M.E.C.), New York, New York
| | - Xiao-Han Tang
- Departments of Pharmacology (S.E.T., X.-H.T., L.J.G.) and Pathology (M.M.S.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (M.E.C.), Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, School of Urban Public Health, Nutrition Program, Hunter College, City University of New York (S.E.T.), and NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center (M.E.C.), New York, New York
| | - Maria M Shevchuk
- Departments of Pharmacology (S.E.T., X.-H.T., L.J.G.) and Pathology (M.M.S.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (M.E.C.), Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, School of Urban Public Health, Nutrition Program, Hunter College, City University of New York (S.E.T.), and NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center (M.E.C.), New York, New York
| | - Mary E Choi
- Departments of Pharmacology (S.E.T., X.-H.T., L.J.G.) and Pathology (M.M.S.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (M.E.C.), Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, School of Urban Public Health, Nutrition Program, Hunter College, City University of New York (S.E.T.), and NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center (M.E.C.), New York, New York
| | - Lorraine J Gudas
- Departments of Pharmacology (S.E.T., X.-H.T., L.J.G.) and Pathology (M.M.S.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (M.E.C.), Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, School of Urban Public Health, Nutrition Program, Hunter College, City University of New York (S.E.T.), and NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center (M.E.C.), New York, New York
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35
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Modeling Renal Disease "On the Fly". BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:5697436. [PMID: 29955604 PMCID: PMC6000847 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5697436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Detoxification is a fundamental function for all living organisms that need to excrete catabolites and toxins to maintain homeostasis. Kidneys are major organs of detoxification that maintain water and electrolyte balance to preserve physiological functions of vertebrates. In insects, the renal function is carried out by Malpighian tubules and nephrocytes. Due to differences in their circulation, the renal systems of mammalians and insects differ in their functional modalities, yet carry out similar biochemical and physiological functions and share extensive genetic and molecular similarities. Evolutionary conservation can be leveraged to model specific aspects of the complex mammalian kidney function in the genetic powerhouse Drosophila melanogaster to study how genes interact in diseased states. Here, we compare the human and Drosophila renal systems and present selected fly disease models.
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36
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Yun K, Hurwitz AA, Perantoni AO. Constitutive metanephric mesenchyme-specific expression of interferon-gamma causes renal dysplasia by regulating Sall1 expression. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197356. [PMID: 29771971 PMCID: PMC5957351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplacental viral and parasitic infections have been shown to initiate an innate response in the mammalian embryo by increasing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma (Ifng). However, the developmental consequences of an activated innate immunity and, in particular, the effects of induction of Ifng expression independent of infection have been largely overlooked. Here, we demonstrate in vivo that the conditional overexpression of Ifng in metanephric mesenchymal (MM) progenitors results in renal agenesis or hypoplasia. Cell death was observed in and around the MM region of E10.5-11.5 mutants where Ifng was constitutively expressed during early kidney development and resulted in a retardation of branching morphogenesis. Furthermore, isolated mutant or normal Ifng-treated metanephroi replicated this phenotype in culture, demonstrating the inherent nature of the aberrant morphogenesis. The expression of renal progenitor marker Sall1 was significantly decreased in the MM of mutant kidneys, suggesting that a reduction in Sall1 may be the cause of cell death in the MM during early kidney development and that, in turn, retards UB branching in the mutants. Therefore, the aberrant induction of Ifng expression, as part of an innate immune response, may contribute to renal agenesis or hypoplasia during early metanephric development by regulating the MM progenitor population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangsun Yun
- National Cancer Institute/NIH, Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Arthur A. Hurwitz
- National Cancer Institute/NIH, Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Alan O. Perantoni
- National Cancer Institute/NIH, Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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37
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Muthukrishnan SD, Ryzhov S, Karolak M, Oxburgh L. Nephron progenitor cell death elicits a limited compensatory response associated with interstitial expansion in the neonatal kidney. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.030544. [PMID: 29196442 PMCID: PMC5818074 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.030544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The final nephron number in an adult kidney is regulated by nephron progenitor cell availability and collecting duct branching in the fetal period. Fetal environmental perturbations that cause reductions in cell numbers in these two compartments result in low nephron endowment. Previous work has shown that maternal dietary factors influence nephron progenitor cell availability, with both caloric restriction and protein deprivation leading to reduced cell numbers through apoptosis. In this study, we evaluate the consequences of inducing nephron progenitor cell death on progenitor niche dynamics and on nephron endowment. Depletion of approximately 40% of nephron progenitor cells by expression of diphtheria toxin A at embryonic day 15 in the mouse results in 10-20% nephron reduction in the neonatal period. Analysis of cell numbers within the progenitor cell pool following induction of apoptosis reveals a compensatory response in which surviving progenitor cells increase their proliferation and replenish the niche. The proliferative response is temporally associated with infiltration of macrophages into the nephrogenic zone. Colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) has a mitogenic effect on nephron progenitor cells, providing a potential explanation for the compensatory proliferation. However, CSF1 also promotes interstitial cell proliferation, and the compensatory response is associated with interstitial expansion in recovering kidneys which can be pharmacologically inhibited by treatment with clodronate liposomes. Our findings suggest that the fetal kidney employs a macrophage-dependent compensatory regenerative mechanism to respond to acute injury caused by death of nephron progenitor cells, but that this regenerative response is associated with neonatal interstitial expansion. Editor's choice: Formation of the kidney relies on maintaining progenitor cells throughout development. The authors find that apoptotic loss of nephron progenitor cells provokes compensatory proliferation mediated by trophic factors released by phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sree Deepthi Muthukrishnan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Sergey Ryzhov
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Michele Karolak
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Leif Oxburgh
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
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38
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Sheybani-Deloui S, Chi L, Staite MV, Cain JE, Nieman BJ, Henkelman RM, Wainwright BJ, Potter SS, Bagli DJ, Lorenzo AJ, Rosenblum ND. Activated Hedgehog-GLI Signaling Causes Congenital Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 29:532-544. [PMID: 29109083 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017050482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic ureteropelvic junction obstruction is the most common cause of congenital hydronephrosis, yet the underlying pathogenesis is undefined. Hedgehog proteins control morphogenesis by promoting GLI-dependent transcriptional activation and inhibiting the formation of the GLI3 transcriptional repressor. Hedgehog regulates differentiation and proliferation of ureteric smooth muscle progenitor cells during murine kidney-ureter development. Histopathologic findings of smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and stroma-like cells, consistently observed in obstructing tissue at the time of surgical correction, suggest that Hedgehog signaling is abnormally regulated during the genesis of congenital intrinsic ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Here, we demonstrate that constitutively active Hedgehog signaling in murine intermediate mesoderm-derived renal progenitors results in hydronephrosis and failure to develop a patent pelvic-ureteric junction. Tissue obstructing the ureteropelvic junction was marked as early as E13.5 by an ectopic population of cells expressing Ptch2, a Hedgehog signaling target. Constitutive expression of GLI3 repressor in Ptch1-deficient mice rescued ectopic Ptch2 expression and obstructive hydronephrosis. Whole transcriptome analysis of isolated Ptch2+ cells revealed coexpression of genes characteristic of stromal progenitor cells. Genetic lineage tracing indicated that stromal cells blocking the ureteropelvic junction were derived from intermediate mesoderm-derived renal progenitors and were distinct from the smooth muscle or epithelial lineages. Analysis of obstructive ureteric tissue resected from children with congenital intrinsic ureteropelvic junction obstruction revealed a molecular signature similar to that observed in Ptch1-deficient mice. Together, these results demonstrate a Hedgehog-dependent mechanism underlying mammalian intrinsic ureteropelvic junction obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lijun Chi
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology
| | - Marian V Staite
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology.,Departments of Physiology
| | | | - Brian J Nieman
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, and.,Medical Biophysics and Medical Imaging, and.,Mouse Imaging Centre, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Mark Henkelman
- Medical Biophysics and Medical Imaging, and.,Mouse Imaging Centre, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brandon J Wainwright
- Genomics of Development and Disease Division, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - S Steven Potter
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Darius J Bagli
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology.,Departments of Physiology.,Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Armando J Lorenzo
- Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Norman D Rosenblum
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, .,Departments of Physiology.,Division of Nephrology.,Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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39
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van der Ven AT, Vivante A, Hildebrandt F. Novel Insights into the Pathogenesis of Monogenic Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 29:36-50. [PMID: 29079659 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017050561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUT) comprise a large spectrum of congenital malformations ranging from severe manifestations, such as renal agenesis, to potentially milder conditions, such as vesicoureteral reflux. CAKUT causes approximately 40% of ESRD that manifests within the first three decades of life. Several lines of evidence indicate that CAKUT is often caused by recessive or dominant mutations in single (monogenic) genes. To date, approximately 40 monogenic genes are known to cause CAKUT if mutated, explaining 5%-20% of patients. However, hundreds of different monogenic CAKUT genes probably exist. The discovery of novel CAKUT-causing genes remains challenging because of this pronounced heterogeneity, variable expressivity, and incomplete penetrance. We here give an overview of known genetic causes for human CAKUT and shed light on distinct renal morphogenetic pathways that were identified as relevant for CAKUT in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie T van der Ven
- Divison of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Asaf Vivante
- Divison of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Divison of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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40
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Li Y, Wang L, Ai W, He N, Zhang L, Du J, Wang Y, Mao X, Ren J, Xu D, Zhou B, Li R, Mai L. Regulation of retinoic acid synthetic enzymes by WT1 and HDAC inhibitors in 293 cells. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:661-672. [PMID: 28677722 PMCID: PMC5547963 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (atRA), which is mainly generated endogenously via two steps of oxidation from vitamin A (retinol), plays an indispensible role in the development of the kidney and many other organs. Enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of retinol to generate atRA, including aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family (ALDH1)A1, ALDH1A2 and ALDH1A3, exhibit complex expression patterns at different stages of renal development. However, molecular triggers that control these differential expression levels are poorly understood. In this study, we provide in vitro evidence to demonstrate that Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) negatively regulates the expression of the atRA synthetic enzymes, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A2 and ALDH1A3, in the 293 cell line, leading to significant blockage of atRA production. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the suppression of ALDH1A1 by WT1 can be markedly attenuated by histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis). Taken together, we provide evidence to indicate that WT1 and HDACs are strong regulators of endogenous retinoic acid synthetic enzymes in 293 cells, indicating that they may be involved in the regulation of atRA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Li
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital/Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital/Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Weipeng Ai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital/Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Nianhui He
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital/Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Jihui Du
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital/Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital/Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Xingjian Mao
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital/Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Junqi Ren
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital/Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital/Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Bei Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital/Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Rong Li
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital/Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Liwen Mai
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital/Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
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41
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Vivante A, Mann N, Yonath H, Weiss AC, Getwan M, Kaminski MM, Bohnenpoll T, Teyssier C, Chen J, Shril S, van der Ven AT, Ityel H, Schmidt JM, Widmeier E, Bauer SB, Sanna-Cherchi S, Gharavi AG, Lu W, Magen D, Shukrun R, Lifton RP, Tasic V, Stanescu HC, Cavaillès V, Kleta R, Anikster Y, Dekel B, Kispert A, Lienkamp SS, Hildebrandt F. A Dominant Mutation in Nuclear Receptor Interacting Protein 1 Causes Urinary Tract Malformations via Dysregulation of Retinoic Acid Signaling. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:2364-2376. [PMID: 28381549 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016060694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are the most common cause of CKD in the first three decades of life. However, for most patients with CAKUT, the causative mutation remains unknown. We identified a kindred with an autosomal dominant form of CAKUT. By whole-exome sequencing, we identified a heterozygous truncating mutation (c.279delG, p.Trp93fs*) of the nuclear receptor interacting protein 1 gene (NRIP1) in all seven affected members. NRIP1 encodes a nuclear receptor transcriptional cofactor that directly interacts with the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) to modulate retinoic acid transcriptional activity. Unlike wild-type NRIP1, the altered NRIP1 protein did not translocate to the nucleus, did not interact with RARα, and failed to inhibit retinoic acid-dependent transcriptional activity upon expression in HEK293 cells. Notably, we also showed that treatment with retinoic acid enhanced NRIP1 binding to RARα RNA in situ hybridization confirmed Nrip1 expression in the developing urogenital system of the mouse. In explant cultures of embryonic kidney rudiments, retinoic acid stimulated Nrip1 expression, whereas a pan-RAR antagonist strongly reduced it. Furthermore, mice heterozygous for a null allele of Nrip1 showed a CAKUT-spectrum phenotype. Finally, expression and knockdown experiments in Xenopus laevis confirmed an evolutionarily conserved role for NRIP1 in renal development. These data indicate that dominant NRIP1 mutations can cause CAKUT by interference with retinoic acid transcriptional signaling, shedding light on the well documented association between abnormal vitamin A levels and renal malformations in humans, and suggest a possible gene-environment pathomechanism in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaf Vivante
- Departments of Medicine and.,Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Hagith Yonath
- Department of Internal Medicine A and Genetics Institute, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anna-Carina Weiss
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maike Getwan
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Michael M Kaminski
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Tobias Bohnenpoll
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Catherine Teyssier
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Montpellier, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France; Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eugen Widmeier
- Departments of Medicine and.,Department of Medicine, Renal Division, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Stuart B Bauer
- Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Ali G Gharavi
- Division of Nephrology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Weining Lu
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniella Magen
- Pediatric Nephrology Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rachel Shukrun
- Department of Pediatrics, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Richard P Lifton
- Department of Human Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
| | - Velibor Tasic
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Medical Faculty Skopje, University Children's Hospital, Skopje, Macedonia; and
| | - Horia C Stanescu
- Centre for Nephrology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Cavaillès
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Montpellier, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France; Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert Kleta
- Centre for Nephrology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yair Anikster
- Department of Pediatrics, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Benjamin Dekel
- Department of Pediatrics, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Andreas Kispert
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Soeren S Lienkamp
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, and.,Center for Biological Signaling Studies (BIOSS), Albert Ludwig University, Freiburg, Germany
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42
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Wang X, Garrett MR. Nephron number, hypertension, and CKD: physiological and genetic insight from humans and animal models. Physiol Genomics 2017; 49:180-192. [PMID: 28130427 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00098.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidneys play a vital role in the excretion of waste products and the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid-base balance, regulation of blood pressure, and production of several hormones. Any alteration in the structure of the nephron (basic functional unit of the kidney) can have a major impact on the kidney's ability to work efficiently. Progressive decline in kidney function can lead to serious illness and ultimately death if not treated by dialysis or transplantation. While there have been numerous studies that implicate lower nephron numbers as being an important factor in influencing susceptibility to developing hypertension and chronic kidney disease, a direct association has been difficult to establish because of three main limitations: 1) the large variation in nephron number observed in the human population; 2) no established reliable noninvasive methods to determine nephron complement; and 3) to date, nephron measurements have been done after death, which doesn't adequately account for potential loss of nephrons with age or disease. In this review, we will provide an overview of kidney structure/function, discuss the current literature for both humans and other species linking nephron deficiency and cardio-renal complications, as well as describe the major molecular signaling factors involved in nephrogenesis that modulate variation in nephron number. As more detailed knowledge about the molecular determinants of nephron development and the role of nephron endowment in the cardio-renal system is obtained, it will hopefully provide clinicians the ability to accurately identify people at risk to develop CKD/hypertension and lead to a shift in patient care from disease treatment to prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; and
| | - Michael R Garrett
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; and .,Department of Medicine (Nephrology) and Pediatrics (Genetics), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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43
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In Vitro Propagation and Branching Morphogenesis from Single Ureteric Bud Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:401-416. [PMID: 28089670 PMCID: PMC5311471 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A method to maintain and rebuild ureteric bud (UB)-like structures from UB cells in vitro could provide a useful tool for kidney regeneration. We aimed in our present study to establish a serum-free culture system that enables the expansion of UB progenitor cells, i.e., UB tip cells, and reconstruction of UB-like structures. We found that fibroblast growth factors or retinoic acid (RA) was sufficient for the survival of UB cells in serum-free condition, while the proliferation and maintenance of UB tip cells required glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor together with signaling from either WNT-β-catenin pathway or RA. The activation of WNT-β-catenin signaling in UB cells by endogenous WNT proteins required R-spondins. Together with Rho kinase inhibitor, our culture system facilitated the expansion of UB tip cells to form UB-like structures from dispersed single cells. The UB-like structures thus formed retained the original UB characteristics and integrated into the native embryonic kidneys. FGFs and RA signaling sustain UB cell survival in serum-free culture condition WNT-β-catenin and RA signaling maintain the expansion of UB tip cells WNT proteins in UB cells activate WNT-β-catenin signaling through R-spondins Single UB cells form UB-like structures in vitro that integrate into native kidneys
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44
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Abstract
New nephrons are induced by the interaction between mesenchymal progenitor cells and collecting duct tips, both of which are located at the outer edge of the kidney. This leading edge of active nephron induction is known as the nephrogenic zone. Cell populations found within this zone include collecting duct tips, cap mesenchyme cells, pretubular aggregates, nephrogenic zone interstitium, hemoendothelial progenitor cells, and macrophages. The close association of these dynamic progenitor cell compartments enables the intricate and synchronized patterning of the epithelial and the vascular components of the nephron. Understanding signaling interactions between the distinct progenitor cells of the nephrogenic zone are essential to determining the basis for new nephron formation, an important goal in regenerative medicine. A variety of technologies have been applied to define essential signaling pathways, including organ culture, mouse genetics, and primary cell culture. This chapter provides an overview of essential signaling pathways and discusses how these may be integrated.
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45
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Rowan CJ, Sheybani-Deloui S, Rosenblum ND. Origin and Function of the Renal Stroma in Health and Disease. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 60:205-229. [PMID: 28409347 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-51436-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The renal stroma is defined as a heterogeneous population of cells that serve both as a supportive framework and as a source of specialized cells in the renal capsule, glomerulus, vasculature, and interstitium. In this chapter, we review published evidence defining what, where, and why stromal cells are important. We describe the functions of the renal stroma andhow stromal derivatives are crucial for normal kidney function. Next, we review the specification of stromal cells from the Osr1+ intermediate mesoderm and T+ presomitic mesoderm during embryogenesis and stromal cell differentiation. We focus on stromal signaling mechanisms that act in both a cell and non-cell autonomous manner in communication with the nephron progenitor and ureteric lineages. To conclude, stromal cells and the contribution of stromal cells to renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Rowan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sepideh Sheybani-Deloui
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Norman D Rosenblum
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St., Rm 16-9-706, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.
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Abstract
The treatment of renal failure has seen little change in the past 70 years. Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are treated with renal replacement therapy, including dialysis or organ transplantation. The growing imbalance between the availability of donor organs and prevalence of ESRD is pushing an increasing number of patients to undergo dialysis. Although the prospect of new treatment options for patients through regenerative medicine has long been suggested, advances in the generation of human kidney cell types through the directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells over the past 2 years have brought this prospect closer to delivery. These advances are the result of careful research into mammalian embryogenesis. By understanding the decision points made within the embryo to pattern the kidney, it is now possible to recreate self-organizing kidney tissues in vitro. In this Review, we describe the key decision points in kidney development and how these decisions have been mimicked experimentally. Recreation of human nephrons from human pluripotent stem cells opens the door to patient-derived disease models and personalized drug and toxicity screening. In the long term, we hope that these efforts will also result in the generation of bioengineered organs for the treatment of kidney disease.
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Kirita Y, Kami D, Ishida R, Adachi T, Tamagaki K, Matoba S, Kusaba T, Gojo S. Preserved Nephrogenesis Following Partial Nephrectomy in Early Neonates. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26792. [PMID: 27244673 PMCID: PMC4886582 DOI: 10.1038/srep26792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstitution of total nephron segments after resection in the adult kidney has not been achieved; however, whether the neonatal kidney can maintain the capacity for neo-nephrogenesis after resection is unknown. We performed partial resection of the kidney in neonatal rats on postnatal days 1 (P1x kidney) and 4 (P4x kidney) and examined morphological changes and relevant factors. The P1x kidney bulged into the newly formed cortex from the wound edge, while nephrogenesis failure was prominent in the P4x kidney. Twenty-eight days post-resection, the glomerular number, cortex area, and collecting duct were preserved in the P1x kidney, whereas these parameters were markedly decreased in the P4x kidney. During normal development, Six2 expression and Six2+ nephron progenitor cells in the cap mesenchyme both rapidly disappear after birth. However, time course analysis for the P1x kidney showed that Six2 expression and Six2+ cells were well preserved in the tissue surrounding the resected area even 2 days after resection. In conclusion, our results indicate that kidneys in early neonate rats retain the capability for neo-nephrogenesis after resection; however, this ability is lost soon after birth, which may be attributed to a declining amount of Six2+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Kirita
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii cho, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kami
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii cho, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ryo Ishida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii cho, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takaomi Adachi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii cho, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tamagaki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii cho, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Satoaki Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii cho, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kusaba
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii cho, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Satoshi Gojo
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii cho, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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48
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Vitamin A Inhibits Development of Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis and Colon Cancer in a Mouse Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4874809. [PMID: 27298823 PMCID: PMC4889797 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4874809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A is essential to mucosal immunity and cell differentiation. The fact that lack of it might involve chronic inflammation and increased risk of cancer has been reported. Little is known about the mechanism of vitamin A deficiency in the development of colitis and its influence on development of colorectal cancer. To determine the influence of vitamin A deficiency on colitis and colorectal cancer development, an experimental study using a colitis mouse model was performed. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis was induced in vitamin A-deficient and vitamin A-supplemented mice. Further, colorectal carcinoma was induced by a combination of azoxymethane preinjection and DSS colitis. Results were compared between the two groups mainly by immunohistochemical analysis. Colitis was more severe and recovery from colitis was slower in vitamin A-deficient mice than in vitamin A-supplemented mice. Compared with vitamin A-supplemented mice, vitamin A-deficient mice had decreases in colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts and the ratio of mucosal IgA(+)/IgG(+) cells, increases in CD11c(+) dendritic cells, and a higher rate of development of colorectal carcinoma with colitis following azoxymethane. Vitamin A lipid droplets in subepithelial myofibroblasts were decreased in vitamin A-deficient mice, suggesting alterations in colonic crypt niche function. Thus, vitamin A inhibited colitis and the development of colorectal cancer.
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49
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Bagherie-Lachidan M, Reginensi A, Pan Q, Zaveri HP, Scott DA, Blencowe BJ, Helmbacher F, McNeill H. Stromal Fat4 acts non-autonomously with Dchs1/2 to restrict the nephron progenitor pool. Development 2015; 142:2564-73. [PMID: 26116661 DOI: 10.1242/dev.122648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the balance between progenitor self-renewal and differentiation is crucial to development. In the mammalian kidney, reciprocal signalling between three lineages (stromal, mesenchymal and ureteric) ensures correct nephron progenitor self-renewal and differentiation. Loss of either the atypical cadherin FAT4 or its ligand Dachsous 1 (DCHS1) results in expansion of the mesenchymal nephron progenitor pool, called the condensing mesenchyme (CM). This has been proposed to be due to misregulation of the Hippo kinase pathway transcriptional co-activator YAP. Here, we use tissue-specific deletions to prove that FAT4 acts non-autonomously in the renal stroma to control nephron progenitors. We show that loss of Yap from the CM in Fat4-null mice does not reduce the expanded CM, indicating that FAT4 regulates the CM independently of YAP. Analysis of Six2(-/-);Fat4(-/-) double mutants demonstrates that excess progenitors in Fat4 mutants are dependent on Six2, a crucial regulator of nephron progenitor self-renewal. Electron microscopy reveals that cell organisation is disrupted in Fat4 mutants. Gene expression analysis demonstrates that the expression of Notch and FGF pathway components are altered in Fat4 mutants. Finally, we show that Dchs1, and its paralogue Dchs2, function in a partially redundant fashion to regulate the number of nephron progenitors. Our data support a model in which FAT4 in the stroma binds to DCHS1/2 in the mouse CM to restrict progenitor self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazdak Bagherie-Lachidan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8 Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Antoine Reginensi
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Qun Pan
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Hitisha P Zaveri
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daryl A Scott
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin J Blencowe
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8 Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | | | - Helen McNeill
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8 Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
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50
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Chiba T, Skrypnyk NI, Skvarca LB, Penchev R, Zhang KX, Rochon ER, Fall JL, Paueksakon P, Yang H, Alford CE, Roman BL, Zhang MZ, Harris R, Hukriede NA, de Caestecker MP. Retinoic Acid Signaling Coordinates Macrophage-Dependent Injury and Repair after AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:495-508. [PMID: 26109319 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014111108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) has been used therapeutically to reduce injury and fibrosis in models of AKI, but little is known about the regulation of this pathway and what role it has in regulating injury and repair after AKI. In these studies, we show that RA signaling is activated in mouse and zebrafish models of AKI, and that these responses limit the extent of injury and promote normal repair. These effects were mediated through a novel mechanism by which RA signaling coordinated the dynamic equilibrium of inflammatory M1 spectrum versus alternatively activated M2 spectrum macrophages. Our data suggest that locally synthesized RA represses proinflammatory macrophages, thereby reducing macrophage-dependent injury post-AKI, and activates RA signaling in injured tubular epithelium, which in turn promotes alternatively activated M2 spectrum macrophages. Because RA signaling has an essential role in kidney development but is repressed in the adult, these findings provide evidence of an embryonic signaling pathway that is reactivated after AKI and involved in reducing injury and enhancing repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuto Chiba
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology, and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Haichun Yang
- Pathology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Catherine E Alford
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Veteran Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | | | | | | | - Neil A Hukriede
- Departments of Developmental Biology, Center for Critical Care Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark P de Caestecker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology, and
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