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Nie B, Chen X, Hou Z, Guo M, Li C, Sun W, Ji J, Zang L, Yang S, Fan P, Zhang W, Li H, Tan Y, Li W, Wang L. Haplotype-phased genome unveils the butylphthalide biosynthesis and homoploid hybrid origin of Ligusticum chuanxiong. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj6547. [PMID: 38324681 PMCID: PMC10849598 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj6547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Butylphthalide is one of the first-line drugs for ischemic stroke therapy, while no biosynthetic enzyme for butylphthalide has been reported. Here, we present a haplotype-resolved genome of Ligusticum chuanxiong, a long-cultivated and phthalide-rich medicinal plant in Apiaceae. On the basis of comprehensive screening, four Fe(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases and two CYPs were mined and further biochemically verified as phthalide C-4/C-5 desaturases (P4,5Ds) that effectively promoted the forming of (S)-3-n-butylphthalide and butylidenephthalide. The substrate promiscuity and functional redundancy featured for P4,5Ds may contribute to the high phthalide diversity in L. chuanxiong. Notably, comparative genomic evidence supported L. chuanxiong as a homoploid hybrid with Ligusticum sinense as a potential parent. The two haplotypes demonstrated exceptional structure variance and diverged around 3.42 million years ago. Our study is an icebreaker for the dissection of phthalide biosynthetic pathway and reveals the hybrid origin of L. chuanxiong, which will facilitate the metabolic engineering for (S)-3-n-butylphthalide production and breeding for L. chuanxiong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Nie
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Xueqing Chen
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Zhuangwei Hou
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Miaoxian Guo
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Wenkai Sun
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ji
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Lanlan Zang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Song Yang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Pengxiang Fan
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310063, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuzhu Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Wei Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Li Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
- Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of [14C]Mefuparib (CVL218), a novel PARP1/2 inhibitor, in rats. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2022; 90:499-510. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-022-04485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rescue of Mitochondrial SIRT3 Ameliorates Ischemia-like Injury in Human Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169118. [PMID: 36012382 PMCID: PMC9409423 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional alterations of vasculature caused by age-related factors is critically involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. The longevity genes sirtuins (SIRTs) are extensively investigated in aging-associated pathologies, but their distinct roles in ischemic stroke still remain to be clarified. To address this question, we applied oxygen and glucose deprived/reperfusion (OGD/R) to induce ischemic injury in human endothelial cells (ECs), which are the main component of vasculature in the brain. The results showed that OGD/R led to various damages to ECs, including compromised cell viability, increased LDH release, overproduced ROS, enhanced apoptosis and caspase activity. Meanwhile, the expression of mitochondrial SIRT3 was robustly decreased in ECs after OGD/R treatment. Consistently, rescue of SIRT3 by ectopic expression, but not nuclear SIRT1, in ECs reversed the OGD/R-induced cell damage. Interestingly, some front-line drugs for ischemic stroke, including clopidogrel, aspirin and dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP), also rescued SIRT3 and reduced OGD/R-induced endothelial injury, suggesting that the recovery of SIRT3 expression was critical for the protection of these drugs. Moreover, our results demonstrated that 10-hydroxy-NBP (OHNBP), a major metabolite of NBP, showed better blood-brain barrier crossing capability than NBP, but still retained the effects on SIRT3 by NBP. Together, our results suggested that SIRT3 may serve as a potential novel target for treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Xie J, Zhong C, Wang T, He D, Lu L, Yang J, Yuan Z, Zhang J. Better Bioactivity, Cerebral Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of Natural Medicine and Its Advanced Version. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:937075. [PMID: 35833035 PMCID: PMC9271619 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.937075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, many people are afflicted by cerebral diseases that cause dysfunction in the brain and perturb normal daily life of people. Cerebral diseases are greatly affected by cerebral metabolism, including the anabolism and catabolism of neurotransmitters, hormones, neurotrophic molecules and other brain-specific chemicals. Natural medicines (NMs) have the advantages of low cost and low toxicity. NMs are potential treatments for cerebral diseases due to their ability to regulate cerebral metabolism. However, most NMs have low bioavailability due to their low solubility/permeability. The study is to summarize the better bioactivity, cerebral metabolism and pharmacokinetics of NMs and its advanced version. This study sums up research articles on the NMs to treat brain diseases. NMs affect cerebral metabolism and the related mechanisms are revealed. Nanotechnologies are applied to deliver NMs. Appropriate delivery systems (exosomes, nanoparticles, liposomes, lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, protein conjugation and nanosuspensions, etc.) provide better pharmacological and pharmacokinetic characteristics of NMs. The structure-based metabolic reactions and enzyme-modulated catalytic reactions related to advanced versions of NMs alter the pharmacological activities of NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Xie
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cailing Zhong
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Experimental Teaching and Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan He
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Luyang Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziyi Yuan
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingqing Zhang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jingqing Zhang,
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ZHANG X, GUO D, ZHANG X, ZHANG W, WANG T, ZHANG L. Three-N-butyphthalide alleviates early brain injury caused via subarachnoid hemorrhage via activating the LKB-1/ (AMP-activated protein kinase) pathway. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.86321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Metabolite identification of iridin in rats by using UHPLC-MS/MS and pharmacokinetic study of its metabolite irigenin. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1181:122914. [PMID: 34492510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Iridin, one of the main bioactive components isolated from Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC, exerts various pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammation, antioxidant, and antitumor. However, the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of iridin are still unknown. After 100 mg/kg administration of iridin orally, the plasma, urine, and fecal bio-samples from Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were collected and detected by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The pharmacokinetics of the major metabolite irigenin (aglycon of iridin) and a total of thirteen metabolites of iridin were identified, including five metabolites in plasma, ten metabolites in urine, and six metabolites in feces. The most principal metabolic pathway of iridin was glucuronidation after demethylation and was mediated by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) 1A7, 1A8, 1A9 and 1A10. This study highlights the first-time investigation of the metabolism of iridin in vivo, and the pharmacokinetics of irigenin (the major metabolite of iridin) in rats. These results provide robust evidence for further research and clinical application of iridin.
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Tian J, Lei P, He Y, Zhang N, Ge X, Luo L, Yan S, Diao X. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of [ 14C]NBP (3-n-butylphthalide) in rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1181:122915. [PMID: 34500404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
3-n-Butylphthalide (NBP) has a considerable neuroprotective effect and is currently used for the treatment of ischemic stroke. NBP was launched on the market in 2004. However, information on its metabolism in humans and preclinical animal models is insufficient. Although the metabolism of unradiolabeled NBP in humans has been reported, the quantitative metabolite profile, blood-to-plasma radioactivity concentration ratio (B/P), and tissue distribution of this drug remain unclear. We evaluated the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, mass balance, and metabolism of NBP in rats after a single oral dose of 60 mg/kg (100 μCi/kg) [14C]NBP to understand the biotransformation of NBP comprehensively and to provide preclinical drug metabolism data prior to human mass balance studies with [14C]NBP in the near future. NBP absorption was rapid (Tmax = 0.75 h) and declined with a terminal half-life of 9.73 h. In rats, the B/P was 0.63 during the 48 h postdose period, indicating that drug-related substances did not tend to be distributed into blood cells. Tissue distribution was determined by using the oxidative combustion method. NBP-related components were widely distributed throughout the body, and high concentrations were detected in the stomach, small intestine, fat, bladder, kidney, liver and ovary. At 168 h after oral administration, the mean cumulative recovered radioactivity was 99.85% of the original dose, and was 85.12% in urine and 14.73% in feces. Metabolite profiles were detected via radiochromatography. A total of 49 metabolites were identified in rat plasma, urine, and feces. The main metabolic pathways were oxidation, glucuronidation, and sulfation. Overall, NBP was absorbed rapidly, distributed throughout the body, and excreted in the form of metabolites. Urine was the main excretion route, and the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of NBP showed no significant gender difference between male and female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Tian
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, PR China.
| | - Peng Lei
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, PR China.
| | - Yifei He
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, PR China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, PR China.
| | - Xinyu Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, PR China.
| | - Liqiang Luo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
| | - Shu Yan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, PR China.
| | - Xingxing Diao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, PR China.
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Lee MTW, Mahy W, Rackham MD. The medicinal chemistry of mitochondrial dysfunction: a critical overview of efforts to modulate mitochondrial health. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1281-1311. [PMID: 34458736 PMCID: PMC8372206 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00113b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are subcellular organelles that perform a variety of critical biological functions, including ATP production and acting as hubs of immune and apoptotic signalling. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been extensively linked to the pathology of multiple neurodegenerative disorders, resulting in significant investment from the drug discovery community. Despite extensive efforts, there remains no disease modifying therapies for neurodegenerative disorders. This manuscript aims to review the compounds historically used to modulate the mitochondrial network through the lens of modern medicinal chemistry, and to offer a perspective on the evidence that relevant exposure was achieved in a representative model and that exposure was likely to result in target binding and engagement of pharmacology. We hope this manuscript will aid the community in identifying those targets and mechanisms which have been convincingly (in)validated with high quality chemical matter, and those for which an opportunity exists to explore in greater depth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Mahy
- MSD The Francis Crick Institute 1 Midland Road London NW1 1AT UK
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Zhang J, Guo Y, Li W, Li G, Chen Y. The Efficacy of N-Butylphthalide and Dexamethasone Combined with Hyperbaric Oxygen on Delayed Encephalopathy After Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:1333-1339. [PMID: 32308366 PMCID: PMC7135188 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s217010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a common health problem among people in many countries, primarily because of its severe clinical effects and high toxicological morbidity and mortality. Acute brain injury and delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning (DEACMP) are the most common neurological complications. This study was performed to assess the efficacy of N-butylphthalide (NBP) and dexamethasone (DXM) combined with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) in patients with DEACMP. Patients and Methods A total of 171 patients with DEACMP were recruited and assigned to the combined therapy group (receiving NBP and DXM 5 mg/day plus HBO therapy) or the control group (HBO therapy as monotherapy). Conventional treatments were provided for all patients. The cognition and movement changes in patients were evaluated by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale and the Barthel index of activities of daily living (ADL) before and after the treatment at 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year, respectively. Results At 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year after the treatment, the MMSE, MoCA and ADL scores were all significantly higher in the combined therapy group than those in the control group. There were no significant alterations in blood glucose, blood lipids, or liver and kidney function during the whole treatment session. Some patients experienced loss of appetite, mild headache and minor skin irritations. However, these patients recovered by themselves and needed no additional medications or special treatment. Conclusion These results indicated that NBP and DXM combined with HBO for the treatment of DEACMP can significantly improve the cognitive and motor functions of patients and is very safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefang Zhang
- Intensive Care Unit, Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze City, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuewen Guo
- Emergency Department, Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze City, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyao Li
- Intensive Care Unit, Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze City, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangli Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze City, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yankun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze City, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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Li W, Wei D, Lin J, Liang J, Xie X, Song K, Huang L. Dl-3-n-Butylphthalide Reduces Cognitive Impairment Induced by Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Through GDNF/GFRα1/Ret Signaling Preventing Hippocampal Neuron Apoptosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:351. [PMID: 31456664 PMCID: PMC6701226 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal neuron death is a key factor in vascular dementia (VD) induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH). Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) is a multiple-effects drug. Therefore, the potential molecular mechanisms underlying CCH and its feasible treatment should be investigated. This study had two main purposes: first, to identify a potential biomarker in a rat model of CCH induced VD using antibody microarrays; and second, to explore the neuroprotective role of NBP at targeting the potential biomarker. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)/GDNF family receptor alpha-1 (GFRα1)/receptor tyrosine kinase (Ret) signaling is altered in the hippocampus of CCH rats; however, NBP treatment improved cognitive function, protected against hippocampal neuron apoptosis via regulation of GDNF/GFRα1/Ret, and activated the phosphorylation AKT (p-AKT) and ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) signaling. We also found that 1 h oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by 48 h reperfusion (R) in cultured hippocampal neurons led to downregulation of GDNF/GFRα1/Ret. NBP upregulated the signaling and increased neuronal survival. Ret inhibitor (NVP-AST487) inhibits Ret and downstream effectors, including p-AKT and p-ERK1/2. Additionally, both GDNF and GFRα1 expression are markedly inhibited in hippocampal neurons by coincubation with NVP-AST487, particularly under conditions of OGD/R. GDNF/GFRα1/Ret signaling and neuronal viability can be maintained by NBP, which activates p-AKT and p-ERK1/2, increases expression of Bcl-2, and decreases expression of Bax and cleaved caspase-3. The current study showed that GDNF/GFRα1/Ret signaling plays an essential role in the CCH induced VD. NBP was protective against hippocampal neuron apoptosis, and this was associated with regulation of GDNF/GFRα1/Ret and AKT/ERK1/2 signaling pathways, thus reducing cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Di Wei
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiaxing Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianye Liang
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kangping Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li'an Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Tam C, Wong JH, Ng TB, Tsui SKW, Zuo T. Drugs for Targeted Therapies of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:335-359. [PMID: 29714133 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180430150940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one type of neurodegenerative diseases, which is prevalent in the elderly. Beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and phosphorylated tau-induced neurofibrillary tangles are two pathological hallmarks of this disease and the corresponding pathological pathways of these hallmarks are considered as the therapeutic targets. There are many drugs scheduled for pre-clinical and clinical trial that target to inhibit the initiators of pathological Aβ and tau aggregates as well as critical Aβ secretases and kinases in tau hyperphosphorylation. In addition, studies in disease gene variations, and detection of key prognostic effectors in early development are also important for AD control. The discovery of potential drug targets contributed to targeted therapy in a stage-dependent manner, However, there are still some issues that cause concern such as the low bioavailability and low efficacy of candidate drugs from clinical trial reports. Therefore, modification of drug candidates and development of delivery agents are essential and critical. With other medical advancements like cell replacement therapy, there is hope for the cure of Alzheimer's disease in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chit Tam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stephen Kwok Wing Tsui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tao Zuo
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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Diao X, Huestis MA. New Synthetic Cannabinoids Metabolism and Strategies to Best Identify Optimal Marker Metabolites. Front Chem 2019; 7:109. [PMID: 30886845 PMCID: PMC6409358 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) were initially developed as pharmacological tools to probe the endocannabinoid system and as novel pharmacotherapies, but are now highly abused. This is a serious public health and social problem throughout the world and it is highly challenging to identify which SC was consumed by the drug abusers, a necessary step to tie adverse health effects to the new drug's toxicity. Two intrinsic properties complicate SC identification, their often rapid and extensive metabolism, and their generally high potency relative to the natural psychoactive Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in cannabis. Additional challenges are the lack of reference standards for the major urinary metabolites needed for forensic verification, and the sometimes differing illicit and licit status and, in some cases, identical metabolites produced by closely related SC pairs, i.e., JWH-018/AM-2201, THJ-018/THJ-2201, and BB-22/MDMB-CHMICA/ADB-CHMICA. We review current SC prevalence, establish the necessity for SC metabolism investigation and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of multiple metabolic approaches. The human hepatocyte incubation model for determining a new SC's metabolism is highly recommended after comparison to human liver microsomes incubation, in silico prediction, rat in vivo, zebrafish, and fungus Cunninghamella elegans models. We evaluate SC metabolic patterns, and devise a practical strategy to select optimal urinary marker metabolites for SCs. New SCs are incubated first with human hepatocytes and major metabolites are then identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Although initially difficult to obtain, authentic human urine samples following the specified SC exposure are hydrolyzed and analyzed by high-resolution mass spectrometry to verify identified major metabolites. Since some SCs produce the same major urinary metabolites, documentation of the specific SC consumed may require identification of the SC parent itself in either blood or oral fluid. An encouraging trend is the recent reduction in the number of new SC introduced per year. With global collaboration and communication, we can improve education of the public about the toxicity of new SC and our response to their introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Diao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- The Lambert Center for the Study of Medicinal Cannabis and Hemp, Institute for Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Yang M, Dang R, Xu P, Guo Y, Han W, Liao D, Jiang P. Dl-3-n-Butylphthalide improves lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior in rats: involvement of Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2573-2585. [PMID: 29943092 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4949-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Dl-3-n-Butylphthalide (NBP), a small molecule compound extracted from the seeds of Apium graveolens, possesses a large range of biological effects. Here, we attempted to explore the therapeutic effects of NBP on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced major depressive disorder (MDD) and gain further insight into the underlying mechanisms of the antidepressant effects of NBP. METHODS We evaluated the effect of NBP against LPS-induced behavioral changes in rats. We also examined the inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis markers and analyzed the Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways in the hippocampus of rats following repeated peripheral immune challenge by LPS for 2 weeks (500 μg/kg every other day). RESULTS Our results indicated that repeated LPS administration induced the rats to a depressive-like state and activated inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and apoptosis reactions in the hippocampus. NBP treatment attenuated the LPS-induced abnormal behavior and ameliorated pathogenic processes in rats with MDD. NBP reduced the inflammatory response with inhibited expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β and IL-6 and downregulated the NF-κB signal pathway. Concurrent with the anti-inflammation action, NBP reduced LPS-induced oxidative reactions in the hippocampus and enhanced Nrf2-targeted signals, as evidenced by increased transcription of antioxidant enzymes and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) production. In addition, NBP inhibited LPS-induced neuronal apoptosis in the rat brain, as evidenced by decreased apoptosis marker Caspase-3 production and TUNEL assay. CONCLUSIONS These results provide more insight into pathogenesis of MDD and firstly demonstrated the potential antidepressant actions of NBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Yang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Ruili Dang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yujin Guo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Wenxiu Han
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Dehua Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China.
| | - Pei Jiang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.
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14
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Wang H, Shi H, Pang J, Song X, Xu C, Sun Z. STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TRIPTOLIDE AND BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN (BSA) BY SPECTROSCOPIC AND MOLECULAR MODELING METHODS. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES : AJTCAM 2017; 13:121-129. [PMID: 28480368 PMCID: PMC5412182 DOI: 10.21010/ajtcam.v13i6.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background: Triptolide is a major active constituent isolated from Tripterygiumwilfordii Hook F, a Chinese herbal medicine. This study investigated the intermolecular interaction between triptolide and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Materials and Methods: The fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) and molecular docking methods were used to investigate the intermolecular interaction between triptolide and BSA. The binding constant, the number of binding sites, binding subdomain and the thermodynamic parameters were measured. Results: The results of this experiment revealed that the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA was effectively quenched by triptolide via static quenching. The experimental results of synchronous fluorescence and CD spectra showed that the conformation of BSA was changed in the presence of triptolide. Conclusion: It indicated that triptolide could spontaneously bind on site II (subdomain IIIA) of BSA mainly via hydrogen bonding interactions and Van der Waals force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Jiangsu, Lianyungang 222002, PR China
| | - Hailang Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Yanqi Hospital of Xinjiang Agriculture second Division Xinjiang, Yanqi 841100, PR China
| | - Jie Pang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Jiangsu, Lianyungang 222002, PR China
| | - Xingfa Song
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Jiangsu, Lianyungang 222002, PR China
| | - Caiyun Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Jiangsu, Lianyungang 222002, PR China
| | - Zengxian Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Jiangsu, Lianyungang 222002, PR China
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15
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Diao X, Carlier J, Zhu M, Pang S, Kronstrand R, Scheidweiler KB, Huestis MA. In vitro and in vivo human metabolism of a new synthetic cannabinoid NM-2201 (CBL-2201). Forensic Toxicol 2017; 35:20-32. [PMID: 28286577 PMCID: PMC5342258 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-016-0326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In 2014, NM-2201 (CBL-2201), a novel synthetic cannabinoid (SC), was detected by Russian and United States laboratories. It was already added to the scheduled drugs list in Japan, Sweden and Germany. Unfortunately, no human metabolism data are currently available, making it challenging to confirm its intake because all previous investigated SCs were extensively metabolized. The present study aims to recommend appropriate marker metabolites by investigating NM-2201 metabolism in human hepatocytes and confirm the results in authentic human urine specimens. For the metabolic stability assay, 1 μM NM-2201 was incubated in human liver microsomes (HLMs) for up to 1 h; for metabolite profiling, 10 μM of NM-2201 was incubated in human hepatocytes for 3 h. Two authentic urine specimens from NM-2201 positive cases were analyzed after β-glucuronidase hydrolysis. Metabolite identification in hepatocyte samples and urine specimens was achieved with high-resolution mass spectrometry via information-dependent acquisition. NM-2201 was quickly metabolized in HLMs with an 8.0 min half-life. In human hepatocyte incubation samples, a total of thirteen NM-2201 metabolites were identified, generated mainly from ester hydrolysis and further hydroxylation, oxidative defluorination and subsequent glucuronidation. M13 (5-fluoro PB-22 3-carboxyindole) was the major metabolite. In the urine specimens, the parent drug NM-2201 was not detected; M13 was the predominant metabolite after β-glucuronidase hydrolysis. Therefore, based on our study, we recommend the M13 as a suitable urinary marker metabolite for confirming NM-2201 and/or 5F-PB-22 intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Diao
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Room 05A727, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jeremy Carlier
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Room 05A727, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Mingshe Zhu
- Department of Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | | | - Robert Kronstrand
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, 58758 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Drug Research, University of Linköping, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karl B. Scheidweiler
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Room 05A727, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Room 05A727, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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16
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Wang H, Li Y, Wu Q, Xu C, Liu Q. Combination of butylphthalide with umbilical mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of delayed encephalopathy after carbon monoxide poisoning. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e5412. [PMID: 27930518 PMCID: PMC5265990 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed encephalopathy after carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning (DEACMP) is still a clinical challenge. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of combined therapy of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation and butylphthalide in DEACMP patients.Forty-two DEACMP patients were treated with 1 of the 3 therapies: combined therapy of MSC transplantation and butylphthalide; MSC transplantation alone; or hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The MSCs were alternatively injected into the subarachnoid space and the carotid artery using a self-made high-pressure injector. The Mini-Mental State Examination and the Barthel index of activities of daily living were administered before the treatment, and at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after the treatment. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging results before and after the treatment were compared.At 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after the treatment, the Mini-Mental State Examination scores and the Barthl scores were significantly higher in patients with the combined therapy of MSC transplantation and butylphthalide than those in patients with MSC transplantation alone or hyperbaric oxygen therapy (all P < 0.0001). No significant adverse events occurred.The combination of MSC transplantation and butylphthalide is safe and effective in treating DEACMP.
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17
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Diao X, Huestis MA. Approaches, Challenges, and Advances in Metabolism of New Synthetic Cannabinoids and Identification of Optimal Urinary Marker Metabolites. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 101:239-253. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X Diao
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - MA Huestis
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; Baltimore Maryland USA
- University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland USA
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18
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Tian X, Li HM, Wei JY, Liu BJ, Zhang YH, Wang GJ, Chang JB, Qiao HL. Preclinical Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution, and Plasma Protein Binding of Sodium (±)-5-Bromo-2-(α-Hydroxypentyl) Benzoate (BZP), an Innovative Potent Anti-ischemic Stroke Agent. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:255. [PMID: 27588003 PMCID: PMC4990024 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium (±)-5-bromo-2-(α-hydroxypentyl) benzoate (BZP) is a potential cardiovascular drug and exerts potent neuroprotective effect against transient and long-term ischemic stroke in rats. BZP could convert into 3-butyl-6-bromo-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone (Br-NBP) in vitro and in vivo. However, the pharmacokinetic profiles of BZP and Br-NBP still have not been evaluated. For the purpose of investigating the pharmacokinetic profiles, tissue distribution, and plasma protein binding of BZP and Br-NBP, a rapid, sensitive, and specific method based on liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been developed for determination of BZP and Br-NBP in biological samples. The results indicated that BZP and Br-NBP showed a short elimination half-life, and pharmacokinetic profile in rats (3, 6, and 12 mg/kg; i.v.) and beagle dogs (1, 2, and 4 mg/kg; i.v.gtt) were obtained after single dosing of BZP. After multiple dosing of BZP, there was no significant accumulation of BZP and Br-NBP in the plasma of rats and beagle dogs. Following i.v. single dose (6 mg/kg) of BZP to rats, BZP and Br-NBP were distributed rapidly into all tissues examined, with the highest concentrations of BZP and Br-NBP in lung and kidney, respectively. The brain distribution of Br-NBP in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats was more than in normal rats (P < 0.05). The plasma protein binding degree of BZP at three concentrations (8000, 20,000, and 80,000 ng/mL) from rat, beagle dog, and human plasma were 98.1–98.7, 88.9–92.7, and 74.8–83.7% respectively. In conclusion, both BZP and Br-NBP showed short half-life, good dose-linear pharmacokinetic profile, wide tissue distribution, and different degree protein binding to various species plasma. This was the first preclinical pharmacokinetic investigation of BZP and Br-NBP in both rats and beagle dogs, which provided vital guidance for further preclinical research and the subsequent clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tian
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou UniversityHenan, China; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityHenan, China
| | - Hong-Meng Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University Henan, China
| | - Jing-Yao Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University Henan, China
| | - Bing-Jie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Hai Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gao-Ju Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University Henan, China
| | - Jun-Biao Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hai-Ling Qiao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University Henan, China
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Holm KMD, Linnet K. Determination of the unbound fraction of R- and S-methadone in human brain. Int J Legal Med 2016; 130:1519-1526. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-016-1365-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Diao X, Scheidweiler KB, Wohlfarth A, Zhu M, Pang S, Huestis MA. Strategies to distinguish new synthetic cannabinoid FUBIMINA (BIM-2201) intake from its isomer THJ-2201: metabolism of FUBIMINA in human hepatocytes. Forensic Toxicol 2016; 34:256-267. [PMID: 27547265 PMCID: PMC4971051 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-016-0312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Since 2013, a new drugs-of-abuse trend attempts to bypass drug legislation by marketing isomers of scheduled synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), e.g., FUBIMINA (BIM-2201) and THJ-2201. It is much more challenging to confirm a specific isomer’s intake and distinguish it from its structural analog because the isomers and their major metabolites usually have identical molecular weights and display the same product ions. Here, we investigated isomers FUBIMINA and THJ-2201 and propose strategies to distinguish their consumption. THJ-2201 was scheduled in the US, Japan, and Europe; however, FUBIMINA is easily available on the Internet. We previously investigated THJ-2201 metabolism in human hepatocytes, but human FUBIMINA metabolism is unknown. We aim to characterize FUBIMINA metabolism in human hepatocytes, recommend optimal metabolites to confirm its consumption, and propose strategies to distinguish between intakes of FUBIMINA and THJ-2201. FUBIMINA (10 μM) was incubated in human hepatocytes for 3 h, and metabolites were characterized with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS). We identified 35 metabolites generated by oxidative defluorination, further carboxylation, hydroxylation, dihydrodiol formation, glucuronidation, and their combinations. We recommend 5′-OH-BIM-018 (M34), BIM-018 pentanoic acid (M33), and BIM-018 pentanoic acid dihydrodiol (M7) as FUBIMINA specific metabolites. THJ-2201 produced specific metabolite markers 5′-OH-THJ-018 (F26), THJ-018 pentanoic acid (F25), and hydroxylated THJ-2201 (F13). Optimized chromatographic conditions to achieve different retention times and careful selection of specific product ion spectra enabled differentiation of isomeric metabolites, in this case FUBIMINA from THJ-2201. Our HR-MS approach should be applicable for differentiating future isomeric SCs, which is especially important when different isomers have different legal status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Diao
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Room 05A721, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Karl B. Scheidweiler
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Room 05A721, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Ariane Wohlfarth
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, 58758 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Drug Research, University of Linköping, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mingshe Zhu
- Department of Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA
| | | | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Room 05A721, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
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21
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Diao X, Scheidweiler KB, Wohlfarth A, Pang S, Kronstrand R, Huestis MA. In Vitro and In Vivo Human Metabolism of Synthetic Cannabinoids FDU-PB-22 and FUB-PB-22. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:455-64. [PMID: 26810398 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9867-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In 2014, FDU-PB-22 and FUB-PB-22, two novel synthetic cannabinoids, were detected in herbal blends in Japan, Russia, and Germany and were quickly added to their scheduled drugs list. Unfortunately, no human metabolism data are currently available, making it challenging to confirm their intake. The present study aims to identify appropriate analytical markers by investigating FDU-PB-22 and FUB-PB-22 metabolism in human hepatocytes and confirm the results in authentic urine specimens. For metabolic stability, 1 μM FDU-PB-22 and FUB-PB-22 was incubated with human liver microsomes for up to 1 h; for metabolite profiling, 10 μM was incubated with human hepatocytes for 3 h. Two authentic urine specimens from FDU-PB-22 and FUB-PB-22 positive cases were analyzed after β-glucuronidase hydrolysis. Metabolite identification in hepatocyte samples and urine specimens was accomplished by high-resolution mass spectrometry using information-dependent acquisition. Both FDU-PB-22 and FUB-PB-22 were rapidly metabolized in HLM with half-lives of 12.4 and 11.5 min, respectively. In human hepatocyte samples, we identified seven metabolites for both compounds, generated by ester hydrolysis and further hydroxylation and/or glucuronidation. After ester hydrolysis, FDU-PB-22 and FUB-PB-22 yielded the same metabolite M7, fluorobenzylindole-3-carboxylic acid (FBI-COOH). M7 and M6 (hydroxylated FBI-COOH) were the major metabolites. In authentic urine specimens after β-glucuronidase hydrolysis, M6 and M7 also were the predominant metabolites. Based on our study, we recommend M6 (hydroxylated FBI-COOH) and M7 (FBI-COOH) as suitable urinary markers for documenting FDU-PB-22 and/or FUB-PB-22 intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Diao
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Room 05A721, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
| | - Karl B Scheidweiler
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Room 05A721, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
| | - Ariane Wohlfarth
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, 58758, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Drug Research, University of Linköping, 58185, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Robert Kronstrand
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, 58758, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Drug Research, University of Linköping, 58185, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Room 05A721, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA.
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