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Dorado-Martínez C, Montiel-Flores E, Ordoñez-Librado JL, Gutierrez-Valdez AL, Garcia-Caballero CA, Sanchez-Betancourt J, Reynoso-Erazo L, Tron-Alvarez R, Rodríguez-Lara V, Avila-Costa MR. Histological and Memory Alterations in an Innovative Alzheimer's Disease Animal Model by Vanadium Pentoxide Inhalation. J Alzheimers Dis 2024:JAD230818. [PMID: 38640149 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Background Previous work from our group has shown that chronic exposure to Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) causes cytoskeletal alterations suggesting that V2O5 can interact with cytoskeletal proteins through polymerization and tyrosine phosphatases inhibition, causing Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like hippocampal cell death. Objective This work aims to characterize an innovative AD experimental model through chronic V2O5 inhalation, analyzing the spatial memory alterations and the presence of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), amyloid-β (Aβ) senile plaques, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and dendritic spine loss in AD-related brain structures. Methods 20 male Wistar rats were divided into control (deionized water) and experimental (0.02 M V2O5 1 h, 3/week for 6 months) groups (n = 10). The T-maze test was used to assess spatial memory once a month. After 6 months, histological alterations of the frontal and entorhinal cortices, CA1, subiculum, and amygdala were analyzed by performing Congo red, Bielschowsky, and Golgi impregnation. Results Cognitive results in the T-maze showed memory impairment from the third month of V2O5 inhalation. We also noted NFTs, Aβ plaque accumulation in the vascular endothelium and pyramidal neurons, dendritic spine, and neuronal loss in all the analyzed structures, CA1 being the most affected. Conclusions This model characterizes neurodegenerative changes specific to AD. Our model is compatible with Braak AD stage IV, which represents a moment where it is feasible to propose therapies that have a positive impact on stopping neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Dorado-Martínez
- Neuromorphology Lab, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Edo. Mex., Mexico
| | - Enrique Montiel-Flores
- Neuromorphology Lab, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Edo. Mex., Mexico
| | - Jose Luis Ordoñez-Librado
- Neuromorphology Lab, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Edo. Mex., Mexico
| | - Ana Luisa Gutierrez-Valdez
- Neuromorphology Lab, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Edo. Mex., Mexico
| | - Cesar Alfonso Garcia-Caballero
- Neuromorphology Lab, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Edo. Mex., Mexico
| | | | - Leonardo Reynoso-Erazo
- Health Education Project, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rocio Tron-Alvarez
- Health Education Project, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vianey Rodríguez-Lara
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Rosa Avila-Costa
- Neuromorphology Lab, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Edo. Mex., Mexico
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Jarek DJ, Mizerka H, Nuszkiewicz J, Szewczyk-Golec K. Evaluating p-tau217 and p-tau231 as Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis and Differentiation of Alzheimer's Disease: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2024; 12:786. [PMID: 38672142 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The escalating prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) highlights the urgent need to develop reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis and intervention. AD is characterized by the pathological accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles. Phosphorylated tau (p-tau) proteins, particularly p-tau217 and p-tau231, have been identified as promising biomarker candidates to differentiate the disease progression from preclinical stages. This narrative review is devoted to a critical evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of p-tau217 and p-tau231 levels in the detection of AD, measured in plasma, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid, compared to established biomarkers. Additionally, the efficacy of these markers in distinguishing AD from other neurodegenerative disorders is examined. The significant advances offered by p-tau217 and p-tau231 in AD diagnostics are highlighted, demonstrating their unique utility in early detection and differential diagnosis. This comprehensive analysis not only confirms the excellent diagnostic capabilities of these markers, but also deepens the understanding of the molecular dynamics of AD, contributing to the broader scientific discourse on neurodegenerative diseases. This review is aimed to provide key information for researchers and clinicians across disciplines, filling interdisciplinary gaps and highlighting the role of p-tau proteins in revolutionizing AD research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Julian Jarek
- Student Research Club of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Hubert Mizerka
- Student Research Club of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jarosław Nuszkiewicz
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Karolina Szewczyk-Golec
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Padala S, Setti S, Raymick J, Hanig J, Sarkar S. Evaluation and Characterization of Modified K114 Method to Localize Plaques in Rodent and Plaques and Tangles in Human Brain Tissue. Curr Alzheimer Res 2024; 21:CAR-EPUB-139480. [PMID: 38566375 DOI: 10.2174/0115672050295561240327055835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A plethora of studies has shown the utility of several chemical dyes due to their affinity to bind Aβ to enable visualization of plaques under light or fluorescence microscope, and some of them showed affinity to bind neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) as well. However, only a few of them have the propensity to bind both senile plaques (SP) and NFT simultaneously. OBJECTIVE In our current study, we aimed to modify the K114 dye and the staining procedure to substantially improve the staining of amyloid plaques in both human and rodent brains and neurofibrillary tangles in the human brain. METHODS We modified the K114 solution and the staining procedure using Sudan Black as a modifier. Additionally, to evaluate the target of the modified K114, we performed double labeling of K114 and increased Aβ against three different epitopes. We used 5 different antibodies to detect phosphorylated tau to understand the specific targets that modified K114 binds. RESULTS Dual labeling using hyperphosphorylated antibodies against AT8, pTau, and TNT1 revealed that more than 80% hyperphosphorylated tau colocalized with tangles that were positive for modified K114, whereas more than 70% of the hyperphosphorylated tau colocalized with modified K114. On the other hand, more than 80% of the plaques that were stained with Aβ MOAB-2 were colocalized with modified K114. CONCLUSION Our modified method can label amyloid plaques within 5 min in the rat brain and within 20 min in the human brain. Our results indicated that modified K114 could be used as a valuable tool for detecting amyloid plaques and tangles with high contrast and resolution relative to other conventional fluorescence markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Padala
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR72079, USA
| | - Sharay Setti
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR72079, USA
| | - James Raymick
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR72079, USA
| | - Joseph Hanig
- Office of Testing & Research, Center for Drug Evaluation Research/FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sumit Sarkar
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR72079, USA
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Serrano GE, Walker J, Nelson C, Glass M, Arce R, Intorcia A, Cline MP, Nabaty N, Acuña A, Huppert Steed A, Sue LI, Belden C, Choudhury P, Reiman E, Atri A, Beach TG. Correlation of Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Proteins with Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3130. [PMID: 38542104 PMCID: PMC10970005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Synaptic transmission is essential for nervous system function and the loss of synapses is a known major contributor to dementia. Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD) is characterized by synaptic loss in the mesial temporal lobe and cerebral neocortex, both of which are brain areas associated with memory and cognition. The association of synaptic loss and ADD was established in the late 1980s, and it has been estimated that 30-50% of neocortical synaptic protein is lost in ADD, but there has not yet been a quantitative profiling of different synaptic proteins in different brain regions in ADD from the same individuals. Very recently, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of synapses is being developed, accelerating the focus on the role of synaptic loss in ADD and other conditions. In this study, we quantified the densities of two synaptic proteins, the presynaptic protein Synaptosome Associated Protein 25 (SNAP25) and the postsynaptic protein postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) in the human brain, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Protein was extracted from the cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, frontal, primary visual, and entorhinal cortex from cognitively unimpaired controls, subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and subjects with dementia that have different levels of Alzheimer's pathology. SNAP25 is significantly reduced in ADD when compared to controls in the frontal cortex, visual cortex, and cingulate, while the hippocampus showed a smaller, non-significant reduction, and entorhinal cortex concentrations were not different. In contrast, all brain areas showed lower PSD95 concentrations in ADD when compared to controls without dementia, although in the hippocampus, this failed to reach significance. Interestingly, cognitively unimpaired cases with high levels of AD pathology had higher levels of both synaptic proteins in all brain regions. SNAP25 and PSD95 concentrations significantly correlated with densities of neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques, and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. Our results suggest that synaptic transmission is affected by ADD in multiple brain regions. The differences were less marked in the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus, most likely due to a ceiling effect imposed by the very early development of neurofibrillary tangles in older people in these brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geidy E. Serrano
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA; (J.W.); (R.A.); (A.I.); (M.P.C.); (N.N.); (A.A.); (A.H.S.)
| | - Jessica Walker
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA; (J.W.); (R.A.); (A.I.); (M.P.C.); (N.N.); (A.A.); (A.H.S.)
| | - Courtney Nelson
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA; (J.W.); (R.A.); (A.I.); (M.P.C.); (N.N.); (A.A.); (A.H.S.)
| | - Michael Glass
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA; (J.W.); (R.A.); (A.I.); (M.P.C.); (N.N.); (A.A.); (A.H.S.)
| | - Richard Arce
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA; (J.W.); (R.A.); (A.I.); (M.P.C.); (N.N.); (A.A.); (A.H.S.)
| | - Anthony Intorcia
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA; (J.W.); (R.A.); (A.I.); (M.P.C.); (N.N.); (A.A.); (A.H.S.)
| | - Madison P. Cline
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA; (J.W.); (R.A.); (A.I.); (M.P.C.); (N.N.); (A.A.); (A.H.S.)
| | - Natalie Nabaty
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA; (J.W.); (R.A.); (A.I.); (M.P.C.); (N.N.); (A.A.); (A.H.S.)
| | - Amanda Acuña
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA; (J.W.); (R.A.); (A.I.); (M.P.C.); (N.N.); (A.A.); (A.H.S.)
| | - Ashton Huppert Steed
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA; (J.W.); (R.A.); (A.I.); (M.P.C.); (N.N.); (A.A.); (A.H.S.)
| | - Lucia I. Sue
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA; (J.W.); (R.A.); (A.I.); (M.P.C.); (N.N.); (A.A.); (A.H.S.)
| | - Christine Belden
- Cleo Roberts Center, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA (P.C.)
| | - Parichita Choudhury
- Cleo Roberts Center, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA (P.C.)
| | - Eric Reiman
- The Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA
| | - Alireza Atri
- Cleo Roberts Center, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA (P.C.)
| | - Thomas G. Beach
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA; (J.W.); (R.A.); (A.I.); (M.P.C.); (N.N.); (A.A.); (A.H.S.)
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Dallmeier JD, Gober R, Vontell RT, Barreda A, Dorfsman DA, Davis DA, Sun X, Brzostowicki D, Bennett I, Garamszegi SP, Wander CM, Cohen T, Scott WK. Corpora amylacea negatively correlate with hippocampal tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1286924. [PMID: 38486969 PMCID: PMC10937356 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1286924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Severity and distribution of aggregated tau and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) are strongly correlated with the clinical presentation of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Clearance of aggregated tau could decrease the rate of NFT formation and delay AD onset. Recent studies implicate corpora amylacea (CA) as a regulator of onset or accumulation of tau pathology. Normally, CA clear brain waste products by amassing cellular debris, which are then extruded into the cerebrospinal fluid to be phagocytosed. The proper functioning of CA may slow progression of AD-associated NFT pathology, and this relationship may be influenced by amount and distribution of phospho-tau (pTau) produced, age, sex, and genetic risk. Objective The goal of this study was to determine if CA size and number are associated with hippocampal location and local pTau severity while accounting for variations in age, sex, and genetic risk. Methods Postmortem brain hippocampal tissue sections from 40 AD and 38 unaffected donors were immunohistochemically stained with AT8 (pTau) and counter stained with periodic acid Schiff (PAS). Stained sections of the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus were analyzed. The percent area occupied (%AO) of CA, pTau, and NFT was calculated. Pairwise comparisons and regression modeling were used to analyze the influence of age, pTau %AO, and genetic risk on %AO by CA in each region, separately in donors with AD and unaffected donors. Results CA %AO was significantly higher in the CA3 region compared to CA1 in both groups. A significant negative correlation of CA %AO with both pTau %AO and neurofibrillary tangle %AO in the CA3 region of AD brain donors was found. Regression analysis in the CA3 region revealed a significant negative association between CA with both pTau and age. Conclusion We found an increase of CA in the CA3 region, compared to CA1 region, in AD and unaffected donors. This may suggest that the CA3 region is a hub for waste removal. Additionally, the negative correlation between %AO by CA and NFT in the CA3 region of the hippocampus in donors with AD suggests CA could play a role in AD pathologic progression by influencing tau clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian D. Dallmeier
- Brain Endowment Bank, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Ryan Gober
- Brain Endowment Bank, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Regina T. Vontell
- Brain Endowment Bank, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Ayled Barreda
- Brain Endowment Bank, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Daniel A. Dorfsman
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - David A. Davis
- Brain Endowment Bank, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Brain Endowment Bank, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Daniel Brzostowicki
- Brain Endowment Bank, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Illiana Bennett
- Brain Endowment Bank, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Susanna P. Garamszegi
- Brain Endowment Bank, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Connor M. Wander
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Todd Cohen
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - William K. Scott
- Brain Endowment Bank, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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Pádua MS, Guil-Guerrero JL, Prates JAM, Lopes PA. Insights on the Use of Transgenic Mice Models in Alzheimer's Disease Research. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2805. [PMID: 38474051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, presents a significant global health challenge with no known cure to date. Central to our understanding of AD pathogenesis is the β-amyloid cascade hypothesis, which underlies drug research and discovery efforts. Despite extensive studies, no animal models of AD have completely validated this hypothesis. Effective AD models are essential for accurately replicating key pathological features of the disease, notably the formation of β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. These pathological markers are primarily driven by mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PS1) genes in familial AD (FAD) and by tau protein mutations for the tangle pathology. Transgenic mice models have been instrumental in AD research, heavily relying on the overexpression of mutated APP genes to simulate disease conditions. However, these models do not entirely replicate the human condition of AD. This review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the historical and ongoing research efforts in AD, particularly through the use of transgenic mice models. It is focused on the benefits gathered from these transgenic mice models in understanding β-amyloid toxicity and the broader biological underpinnings of AD. Additionally, the review critically assesses the application of these models in the preclinical testing of new therapeutic interventions, highlighting the gap between animal models and human clinical realities. This analysis underscores the need for refinement in AD research methodologies to bridge this gap and enhance the translational value of preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Soares Pádua
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José L Guil-Guerrero
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - José A M Prates
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Alexandra Lopes
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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Nwadiugwu M, Onwuekwe I, Ezeanolue E, Deng H. Beyond Amyloid: A Machine Learning-Driven Approach Reveals Properties of Potent GSK-3β Inhibitors Targeting Neurofibrillary Tangles. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2646. [PMID: 38473895 PMCID: PMC10931970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) focus on slowing memory and cognitive decline, but none offer curative outcomes. This study aims to explore and curate the common properties of active, drug-like molecules that modulate glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β), a well-documented kinase with increased activity in tau hyperphosphorylation and neurofibrillary tangles-hallmarks of AD pathology. Leveraging quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) data from the PubChem and ChEMBL databases, we employed seven machine learning models: logistic regression (LogR), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), extreme gradient boosting (XGB), neural networks (NNs), and ensemble majority voting. Our goal was to correctly predict active and inactive compounds that inhibit GSK-3β activity and identify their key properties. Among the six individual models, the NN demonstrated the highest performance with a 79% AUC-ROC on unbalanced external validation data, while the SVM model was superior in accurately classifying the compounds. The SVM and RF models surpassed NN in terms of Kappa values, and the ensemble majority voting model demonstrated slightly better accuracy to the NN on the external validation data. Feature importance analysis revealed that hydrogen bonds, phenol groups, and specific electronic characteristics are important features of molecular descriptors that positively correlate with active GSK-3β inhibition. Conversely, structural features like imidazole rings, sulfides, and methoxy groups showed a negative correlation. Our study highlights the significance of structural, electronic, and physicochemical descriptors in screening active candidates against GSK-3β. These predictive features could prove useful in therapeutic strategies to understand the important properties of GSK-3β candidate inhibitors that may potentially benefit non-amyloid-based AD treatments targeting neurofibrillary tangles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Nwadiugwu
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ikenna Onwuekwe
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla 400001, Enugu, Nigeria;
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nsukka 400001, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Echezona Ezeanolue
- Center for Translation and Implementation Research (CTAIR), University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Enugu, Nigeria;
- Healthy Sunrise Foundation, Las Vegas, NV 89107, USA
| | - Hongwen Deng
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Urmila A, Kundlik R, Mathure D. Effectiveness of Novel Drug Delivery System using Curcumin in Alzheimer's Disease. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:CNSAMC-EPUB-138734. [PMID: 38409724 DOI: 10.2174/0118715249279534240214111155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a form of brain degeneration that gradually impairs a person's memory and cognitive skills, eventually making it harder for them to perform everyday activities. Its pathophysiology has been attributed to the deposition of amyloid β (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), and α-synuclein (A-s) in some cases. Presently, 4 drugs have been approved for the treatment. They are Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine and Memantine. The first three are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, while memantine is an NMDA receptor antagonist. Even though these medications are successful in treating mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease, they have not been able to reverse the disease or even slow its progression completely. Hence, natural products are gaining more popularity due to the advantage of the multitarget intervention effect. The most investigated spice, Curcuma longa's bioactive component, curcumin, has demonstrated anti-amyloid, anti-NFT, and anti-Lewy body properties and substantial antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic properties. However, its proven neuroprotective activity is hampered by many factors, such as poor water solubility and bioavailability. Therefore, many novel formulations have been designed to improve its bioavailability with methods such as 1) Micellar Solubilization, 2) Cyclodextrin Complexation, 3) Crystal Modification, and 4) Particle Size Reduction, etc. The current chapter aims to summarize various novel formulations of curcumin and their effectiveness in treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswar Urmila
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth, (Deemed to be University), India
| | - Rathod Kundlik
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth, (Deemed to be University), India
| | - Dyandevi Mathure
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth, (Deemed to be University), India
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Casciano F, Zauli E, Celeghini C, Caruso L, Gonelli A, Zauli G, Pignatelli A. Retinal Alterations Predict Early Prodromal Signs of Neurodegenerative Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1689. [PMID: 38338966 PMCID: PMC10855697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are an increasingly common group of diseases that occur late in life with a significant impact on personal, family, and economic life. Among these, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the major disorders that lead to mild to severe cognitive and physical impairment and dementia. Interestingly, those diseases may show onset of prodromal symptoms early after middle age. Commonly, the evaluation of these neurodegenerative diseases is based on the detection of biomarkers, where functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have shown a central role in revealing early or prodromal phases, although it can be expensive, time-consuming, and not always available. The aforementioned diseases have a common impact on the visual system due to the pathophysiological mechanisms shared between the eye and the brain. In Parkinson's disease, α-synuclein deposition in the retinal cells, as well as in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, alters the visual cortex and retinal function, resulting in modifications to the visual field. Similarly, the visual cortex is modified by the neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic amyloid β plaques typically seen in the Alzheimer's disease brain, and this may reflect the accumulation of these biomarkers in the retina during the early stages of the disease, as seen in postmortem retinas of AD patients. In this light, the ophthalmic evaluation of retinal neurodegeneration could become a cost-effective method for the early diagnosis of those diseases, overcoming the limitations of functional and structural imaging of the deep brain. This analysis is commonly used in ophthalmic practice, and interest in it has risen in recent years. This review will discuss the relationship between Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease with retinal degeneration, highlighting how retinal analysis may represent a noninvasive and straightforward method for the early diagnosis of these neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Casciano
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrico Zauli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudio Celeghini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Caruso
- Department of Environment and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Arianna Gonelli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh 12329, Saudi Arabia
| | - Angela Pignatelli
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
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Hoglund Z, Ruiz-Uribe N, del Sastre E, Woost B, Bailey J, Hyman BT, Zwang T, Bennett RE. Brain Vasculature Accumulates Tau and Is Spatially Related to Tau Tangle Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease. bioRxiv 2024:2024.01.27.577088. [PMID: 38328111 PMCID: PMC10849642 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.27.577088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Insoluble pathogenic proteins accumulate along blood vessels in conditions of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), exerting a toxic effect on vascular cells and impacting cerebral homeostasis. In this work we provide new evidence from three-dimensional human brain histology that tau protein, the main component of neurofibrillary tangles, can similarly accumulate along brain vascular segments. We quantitatively assessed n=6 Alzheimer's disease (AD), and n=6 normal aging control brains and saw that tau-positive blood vessel segments were present in all AD cases. Tau-positive vessels are enriched for tau at levels higher than the surrounding tissue and appear to affect arterioles across cortical layers (I-V). Further, vessels isolated from these AD tissues were enriched for N-terminal tau and tau phosphorylated at T181 and T217. Importantly, tau-positive vessels are associated with local areas of increased tau neurofibrillary tangles. This suggests that accumulation of tau around blood vessels may reflect a local clearance failure. In sum, these data indicate tau, like amyloid beta, accumulates along blood vessels and may exert a significant influence on vasculature in the setting of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Hoglund
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Nancy Ruiz-Uribe
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric del Sastre
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin Woost
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Joshua Bailey
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Bradley T. Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Theodore Zwang
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel E. Bennett
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Sande R, Godad A, Doshi G. Zebrafish Experimental Animal Models for AD: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Rev Clin Exp Pharmacol 2024; 19:CRCEP-EPUB-138024. [PMID: 38284707 DOI: 10.2174/0127724328279684240104094257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
AD disease (AD) is a multifaceted and intricate neurodegenerative disorder characterized by intracellular neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formation and the excessive production and deposition of Aβ senile plaques. While transgenic AD models have been found instrumental in unravelling AD pathogenesis, they involve cost and time constraints during the preclinical phase. Zebrafish, owing to their simplicity, well-defined behavioural patterns, and relevance to neurodegenerative research, have emerged as a promising complementary model. Zebrafish possess glutaminergic and cholinergic pathways implicated in learning and memory, actively contributing to our understanding of neural transmission processes. This review sheds light on the molecular mechanisms by which various neurotoxic agents, including okadaic acid (OKA), cigarette smoke extract, metals, and transgenic zebrafish models with genetic similarities to AD patients, induce cognitive impairments and neuronal degeneration in mammalian systems. These insights may facilitate the identification of effective neurotoxic agents for replicating AD pathogenesis in the zebrafish brain. In this comprehensive review, the pivotal role of zebrafish models in advancing our comprehension of AD is emphasized. These models hold immense potential for shaping future research directions and clinical interventions, ultimately contributing to the development of novel AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruksar Sande
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V L M Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai-400056, India
| | - Angel Godad
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V L M Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai-400056, India
| | - Gaurav Doshi
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V L M Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai-400056, India
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12
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Thangavel R, Kaur H, Dubova I, Selvakumar GP, Ahmed ME, Raikwar SP, Govindarajan R, Kempuraj D. Parkinson's Disease Dementia Patients: Expression of Glia Maturation Factor in the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1182. [PMID: 38256254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the presence of dopaminergic neuronal loss and motor disorders. PD dementia (PDD) is a cognitive disorder that affects many PD patients. We have previously demonstrated the proinflammatory role of the glia maturation factor (GMF) in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in AD, PD, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in human brains and animal models. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of the GMF in the human PDD brain. We analyzed the expression pattern of the GMF protein in conjunction with amyloid plaques (APs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum of PDD brains using immunostaining. We detected a large number of GMF-positive glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) reactive astrocytes, especially abundant in areas with degenerating dopaminergic neurons within the SN and striatum in PDD. Additionally, we observed excess levels of GMF in glial cells in the vicinity of APs, and NFTs in the SN and striatum of PDD and non-PDD patients. We found that the majority of GMF-positive immunoreactive glial cells were co-localized with GFAP-reactive astrocytes. Our findings suggest that the GMF may be involved in the pathogenesis of PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Harleen Kaur
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | | | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Raghav Govindarajan
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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13
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Macedo AC, Durço DFPA, Tissot C, Therriault J, Vilela de Faria AO, Aumont É, Servaes S, Rahmouni N, Fernandez-Arias J, Wang YT, Lussier FZ, Bieger A, Zimmer ER, Pascoal TA, Gauthier S, Rosa-Neto P. Clinical Correlates of the PET-based Braak Staging Framework in Alzheimer's Disease. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2024; 11:414-421. [PMID: 38374747 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2024.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
In vivo Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and staging is traditionally based on clinical features. However, the agreement between clinical and pathological Alzheimer's disease diagnosis, whose diagnosis assessment includes amyloid and Braak histopathological tau staging, is not completely convergent. The development of positron emission tomography (PET) tracers targeting neurofibrillary tangles offers prospects for advancing the staging of Alzheimer's disease from both biological and clinical perspectives. Recent advances in radiochemistry made it possible to apply the postmortem Braak staging framework to tau-PET images obtained in vivo. Here, our aim is to provide a narrative review of the current literature on the relationship between Alzheimer's disease clinical features and the PET-based Braak staging framework. Overall, the available studies support the stepwise increase in disease severity following the advance of PET-based Braak stages, with later stages being associated with worse cognitive and clinical symptoms. In line with this, there is a trend for unimpaired cognition, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease dementia to be compatible with early, intermediate, and late patterns of tau deposition based on PET-based Braak stages. Moreover, neuropsychiatric symptom severity seems to be linked to the extent of tau-PET signal across Braak areas. In sum, this framework seems to correspond well with the clinical progression of Alzheimer's disease, which is an indication of its potential utility in research and clinical practice, especially for detecting preclinical tau levels in individuals without symptoms. However, further research is needed to improve the generalizability of these findings and to better understand the applications of this staging framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Macedo
- Pedro Rosa-Neto, MD, PhD. The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Montréal, QC, Canada H4H 1R3, , tel: (+1) 514-761-6131 (ext. 3407)
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14
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Ramachandran AK, Das S, Shenoy GG, Mudgal J, Joseph A. Relation between Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's Disease and SARS-CoV-2 and their Treatment Strategy: A Review. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2024; 23:9-20. [PMID: 36573058 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666221226145141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19, which primarily affects the pulmonary system, turned out to be a global pandemic, whereas the effects on other systems are still unknown. SARS-CoV-2, binds to angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in the lungs, causing pneumonia-like symptoms. The same ACE receptors are also present in organs other than the lungs. Therefore, there is a need to study the impact of coronavirus on other human body organs. Recently, UK Biobank reports on the genetic risk factor of the virus attack. A double mutation in the apolipoprotein E (APOE4) allele has shown a significant role in COVID-19. The same APOE4 mutation has already been proven to hold a key role in developing early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). Despite this data, Alzheimer's disease is believed to be a comorbidity of COVID-19. Previous virus attacks on the same viral family, Coronaviridae, produced neurological effects like neurodegeneration, neuronal inflammation, and other central nervous system-related dysfunctions. Since the long-term implications of COVID-19 are unknown, more research into the impact of the virus on the central nervous system is needed. Both COVID-19 and AD share a common genetic factor, so that AD patients may have a greater risk of SARS-CoV-2. Here, in this review, we have briefly discussed the role of APOE4 in the pathogenesis of AD and SARS-CoV-2, along with their treatment strategy, current scenario, and possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Kunnath Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Subham Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
- Manipal McGill Centre for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Gurupur Gautham Shenoy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Alex Joseph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
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15
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Das S, Li Z, Wachter A, Alla S, Noori A, Abdourahman A, Tamm JA, Woodbury ME, Talanian RV, Biber K, Karran EH, Hyman BT, Serrano‐Pozo A. Distinct transcriptomic responses to Aβ plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and APOE in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:74-90. [PMID: 37461318 PMCID: PMC10792109 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Omics studies have revealed that various brain cell types undergo profound molecular changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) but the spatial relationships with plaques and tangles and APOE-linked differences remain unclear. METHODS We performed laser capture microdissection of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, the 50 μm halo around them, tangles with the 50 μm halo around them, and areas distant (> 50 μm) from plaques and tangles in the temporal cortex of AD and control donors, followed by RNA-sequencing. RESULTS Aβ plaques exhibited upregulated microglial (neuroinflammation/phagocytosis) and downregulated neuronal (neurotransmission/energy metabolism) genes, whereas tangles had mostly downregulated neuronal genes. Aβ plaques had more differentially expressed genes than tangles. We identified a gradient Aβ plaque > peri-plaque > tangle > distant for these changes. AD APOE ε4 homozygotes had greater changes than APOE ε3 across locations, especially within Aβ plaques. DISCUSSION Transcriptomic changes in AD consist primarily of neuroinflammation and neuronal dysfunction, are spatially associated mainly with Aβ plaques, and are exacerbated by the APOE ε4 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Das
- Neurology DepartmentMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterCharlestownMassachusettsUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Zhaozhi Li
- Neurology DepartmentMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterCharlestownMassachusettsUSA
| | - Astrid Wachter
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KGGenomics Research CenterLudwigshafenGermany
| | - Srinija Alla
- Neurology DepartmentMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ayush Noori
- Neurology DepartmentMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Joseph A. Tamm
- AbbVie, Cambridge Research CenterCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | | | | | - Knut Biber
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KGNeuroscience Research CenterLudwigshafenGermany
| | - Eric H. Karran
- AbbVie, Cambridge Research CenterCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Bradley T. Hyman
- Neurology DepartmentMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterCharlestownMassachusettsUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Alberto Serrano‐Pozo
- Neurology DepartmentMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterCharlestownMassachusettsUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
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16
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Mishra V, Yadav D, Solanki KS, Koul B, Song M. A Review on the Protective Effects of Probiotics against Alzheimer's Disease. Biology (Basel) 2023; 13:8. [PMID: 38248439 PMCID: PMC10813289 DOI: 10.3390/biology13010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
This review summarizes the protective effects of probiotics against Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders affecting older adults. This disease is characterized by the deposition of tau and amyloid β peptide (Aβ) in different parts of the brain. Symptoms observed in patients with AD include struggles with writing, speech, memory, and knowledge. The gut microbiota reportedly plays an important role in brain functioning due to its bidirectional communication with the gut via the gut-brain axis. The emotional and cognitive centers in the brain are linked to the functions of the peripheral intestinal system via this gut-brain axis. Dysbiosis has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders, indicating the significance of gut homeostasis for proper brain function. Probiotics play an important role in protecting against the symptoms of AD as they restore gut-brain homeostasis to a great extent. This review summarizes the characteristics, status of gut-brain axis, and significance of gut microbiota in AD. Review and research articles related to the role of probiotics in the treatment of AD were searched in the PubMed database. Recent studies conducted using animal models were given preference. Recent clinical trials were searched for separately. Several studies conducted on animal and human models clearly explain the benefits of probiotics in improving cognition and memory in experimental subjects. Based on these studies, novel therapeutic approaches can be designed for the treatment of patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhuti Mishra
- School of Studies in Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474003, India;
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kavita Singh Solanki
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Bhupendra Koul
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India;
| | - Minseok Song
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
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IWAIDE S, NAKAYAMA Y, CHAMBERS JK, UCHIDA K, NAKAGAWA D, YAMANASHI Y, BANDO H, MURAKAMI T. Senile plaques and phosphorylated tau deposition in a super-aged rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:1296-1300. [PMID: 37821381 PMCID: PMC10788178 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain of a rhesus monkey that died at 43 years of age with symptoms of suspected cognitive dysfunction was analyzed. pathological analyses revealed characteristic Alzheimer's disease-related lesions: the aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ) in the form of senile plaques and phosphorylated tau proteins. We also revealed that Aβ43, which is prone to aggregation and toxicity in humans, is involved in senile plaques in the brain of the rhesus monkey, as well as several other Aβ species. Comparative studies of neuropathology using aged nonhuman primates lack behavioral descriptions compared to human medicine. This case report showed behavioral abnormalities and the detailed pathological changes that may have caused it in a super-aged rhesus monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu IWAIDE
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, Tokyo University of
Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaro NAKAYAMA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, The University of Tokyo,
Tokyo, Japan
| | - James K CHAMBERS
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, The University of Tokyo,
Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki UCHIDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, The University of Tokyo,
Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Tomoaki MURAKAMI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, Tokyo University of
Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) was described in 1907, and since then it changed from a relatively rare condition to one of the most prevalent diseases. OBJECTIVE To describe the evolution of the notions of dementias and AD, and to investigate the reasons for the increase in scientific interest in AD. METHODS A historical analysis was carried out on knowledge about dementia, the site of mental activity, the relationships between brain diseases and mental activity, and on the advances in research about AD, since its discovery until the publication of the amyloid cascade hypothesis in 1992. A search was carried out in the National Library of Medicine (PubMed) for scientific articles that included the terms dementia or AD over 50 years, from 1972 to 2021. RESULTS The scientific research on AD increased from 615 papers with the term AD in the first decade (1972-1981), to 100,028 papers in the last decade (2012-2021): an increase of 162.6 times whereas publications with the term dementia increased 28.6 times in the same period. In the 1960s and 1970s, a consensus was reached that AD is responsible for the majority of cases of dementia previously known as senile dementia. In the 1980s, beta-amyloid peptide was identified in the core of the senile plaque, hyperphosphorylated tau protein was found in neurofibrillary tangles, and a mutation was discovered in a hereditary form of AD. CONCLUSION The expansion of the concept of AD to include senile dementia, and the discoveries that occurred in the 1980s greatly expanded research in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Nitrini
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
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19
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Mahady L, Perez SE, Malek-Ahmadi M, Mufson EJ. Oligomeric, phosphorylated, and truncated tau and spliceosome pathology within the entorhinal-hippocampal connectome across stages of Alzheimer's disease. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:2080-2108. [PMID: 36989381 PMCID: PMC10539478 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) contain abnormally phosphorylated tau proteins, which spread within components of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) memory circuit in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we used quantitative immunohistochemistry to determine the density of posttranslational oligomeric (TOC1 and TNT1), phosphorylated (AT8), and late truncated (TauC3) tau epitopes within the MTL subfields including entorhinal cortex (EC) layer II, subiculum, Cornu Ammonis (CA) subfields, and dentate gyrus (DG) in subjects who died with a clinical diagnosis of no cognitive impairment (NCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD. We also examined whether alterations of the nuclear alternative splicing protein, SRSF2, are associated with tau pathology. Although a significant increase in TOC1, TNT1, and AT8 neuron density occurred in the EC in MCI and AD, subicular, DG granule cell, and CA1 and CA3 densities were only significantly higher in AD. TauC3 counts were not different between connectome regions and clinical groups. SRSF2 intensity in AT8-positive cells decreased significantly in all regions independent of the clinical groups examined. CA1 and subicular AT8, TauC3, and oligomeric densities correlated across clinical groups. EC AT8 counts correlated with CA subfields and subicular and DG values across clinical groups. Oligomeric and AT8 CA1, EC, and subicular density correlated with Braak stage. Decreased nuclear SRSF2 in the presence of cytoplasmic phosphorylated tau suggests a dual-hit process in NFT formation within the entorhinal hippocampal connectome during the onset of AD. Although oligomeric and phosphorylated tau follow a stereotypical pattern, clinical disease stage determined density of tau deposition and not anatomic location within the entorhinal-hippocampal connectome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mahady
- Dept. of Translational Neuroscience, Phoenix, AZ
| | | | | | - Elliott J. Mufson
- Dept. of Translational Neuroscience, Phoenix, AZ
- Dept. of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013
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Burnham SC, Iaccarino L, Pontecorvo MJ, Fleisher AS, Lu M, Collins EC, Devous MD. A review of the flortaucipir literature for positron emission tomography imaging of tau neurofibrillary tangles. Brain Commun 2023; 6:fcad305. [PMID: 38187878 PMCID: PMC10768888 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is defined by the presence of β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles potentially preceding clinical symptoms by many years. Previously only detectable post-mortem, these pathological hallmarks are now identifiable using biomarkers, permitting an in vivo definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. 18F-flortaucipir (previously known as 18F-T807; 18F-AV-1451) was the first tau positron emission tomography tracer to be introduced and is the only Food and Drug Administration-approved tau positron emission tomography tracer (Tauvid™). It has been widely adopted and validated in a number of independent research and clinical settings. In this review, we present an overview of the published literature on flortaucipir for positron emission tomography imaging of neurofibrillary tau tangles. We considered all accessible peer-reviewed literature pertaining to flortaucipir through 30 April 2022. We found 474 relevant peer-reviewed publications, which were organized into the following categories based on their primary focus: typical Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment and pre-symptomatic populations; atypical Alzheimer's disease; non-Alzheimer's disease neurodegenerative conditions; head-to-head comparisons with other Tau positron emission tomography tracers; and technical considerations. The available flortaucipir literature provides substantial evidence for the use of this positron emission tomography tracer in assessing neurofibrillary tau tangles in Alzheimer's disease and limited support for its use in other neurodegenerative disorders. Visual interpretation and quantitation approaches, although heterogeneous, mostly converge and demonstrate the high diagnostic and prognostic value of flortaucipir in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ming Lu
- Avid, Eli Lilly and Company, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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21
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Wu N, Zhang L, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Liu J, Li Y, Yan XX, Liang Y, Zhang J, Cui M. Synthesis and Bioevaluation of 2-Styrylquinoxaline Derivatives as Tau-PET Tracers. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5865-5876. [PMID: 37852240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on designing and evaluating Tau-PET tracers for noninvasive positron emission computed tomography (PET) imaging of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), a hallmark pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The tracers were synthesized with a 2-styrylquinoxaline scaffold and varying lengths of FPEG chains. The compound [18F]15, which had two ethoxy units, showed high affinity for recombinant K18-Tau aggregates (Ki = 41.48 nM) and the highest selectivity versus Aβ1-42 aggregates (8.83-fold). In vitro autoradiography and fluorescent staining profiles further validated the binding of [18F]15 or 15 toward NFTs in brain sections from AD patients and Tau-transgenic mice. In normal ICR mice, [18F]15 exhibited an ideal initial brain uptake (11.21% ID/g at 2 min) and moderate washout ratio (2.29), and micro-PET studies in rats confirmed its ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier with the peak SUV value of 1.94 in the cortex. These results suggest that [18F]15 has the potential to be developed into a useful Tau-PET tracer for early AD diagnosis and evaluation of anti-Tau therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Longfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qilei Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuying Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Mengchao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
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22
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Terron HM, Parikh SJ, Abdul-Hay SO, Sahara T, Kang D, Dickson DW, Saftig P, LaFerla FM, Lane S, Leissring MA. Prominent tauopathy and intracellular β-amyloid accumulation triggered by genetic deletion of cathepsin D: Implications for Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-3464352. [PMID: 37961253 PMCID: PMC10635349 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3464352/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Cathepsin D (CatD) is a lysosomal protease that degrades both the amyloid-β protein (Aβ) and the microtubule-associated protein, tau, which accumulate pathognomonically in Alzheimer disease (AD), but few studies have examined the role of CatD in the development of Aβ pathology and tauopathy in vivo. Methods CatD knockout (KO) mice were crossed to human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) transgenic mice, and amyloid burden was quantified by ELISA and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Tauopathy in CatD-KO mice, as initially suggested by Gallyas silver staining, was further characterized by extensive IHC and biochemical analyses. Controls included human tau transgenic mice (JNPL3) and another mouse model characterized by pronounced lysosomal dysfunction (Krabbe A). Additional experiments examined the effects of CatD inhibition on tau catabolism in vitro and in cultured neuroblastoma cells with inducible expression of human tau. Results Deletion of CatD in hAPP transgenic mice triggers large increases in cerebral Aβ, manifesting as intense, exclusively intracellular aggregates; extracellular Aβ deposition, by contrast, is neither triggered by CatD deletion, nor affected in older, haploinsufficient mice. Unexpectedly, CatDKO mice were found to develop prominent tauopathy by just ~ 3 weeks of age, accumulating sarkosyl-insoluble, hyperphosphorylated tau exceeding the pathology in aged JNPL3 mice. CatDKO mice exhibit pronounced perinuclear Gallyas silver staining reminiscent of mature neurofibrillary tangles in human AD, together with widespread phospho-tau immunoreactivity. Striking increases in sarkosyl-insoluble phospho-tau (~ 1250%) are present in CatD-KO mice, but notably absent from Krabbe A mice collected at an identical antemortem interval. In vitro and in cultured cells, we show that tau catabolism is slowed by blockade of CatD proteolytic activity, including via competitive inhibition by Aβ42. Conclusions Our findings support a major role for CatD in the proteostasis of both Aβ and tau in vivo. To our knowledge, CatD-KO mice are the only model to develop detectable Aβ acumulation and profound tauopathy in the absence of overexpression of hAPP or human tau with disease-associated mutations. Given that tauopathy emerges from disruption of CatD, which can itself be potently inhibited by Aβ42, our findings suggest that impaired CatD activity may represent a key mechanism linking amyloid accumulation and tauopathy in AD.
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Goyal S, Singh M, Thirumal D, Sharma P, Mujwar S, Mishra KK, Singh TG, Singh R, Singh V, Singh T, Ahmad SF. In Silico Approaches to Developing Novel Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β (GSK-3β). Biomedicines 2023; 11:2784. [PMID: 37893156 PMCID: PMC10604233 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is caused by plaque agglomeration and entanglement in several areas of the neural cells, which leads to apoptosis. The main etiology of AD is senile dementia, which is linked to amyloid-beta (Aβ) deregulation and tau perivascular pathogeny. Hyperphosphorylated tau has a propensity for microtubules, which elevate the instability and tau-protein congregates, leading to accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Tau hyperphosphorylation is susceptible to GSK-3, which has led to an emerging hypothesis regarding the pathogenesis of AD. Accordingly, attempts have been made to conduct investigations and achieve further advancements on new analogues capable of inhibiting the GSK-3 protein, which are currently in the clinical trials. In this analysis, we have evaluated certain GSK-3 inhibitor variants utilising scaffolding and framework devised techniques with pharmacological characteristics, accompanied by computational screenings (pharmacokinetics and docking). The structure-based designed analogues interacted effectively with the active amino acids of GSK-3β target protein. The in silico pharmacokinetic studies revealed their drug-like properties. The analogues with best interactions and binding scores will be considered in the future to completely demonstrate their potential relevance as viable GSK-3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchi Goyal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (S.G.); (S.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Manjinder Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (S.G.); (S.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Divya Thirumal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (S.G.); (S.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Pratibha Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (S.G.); (S.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Somdutt Mujwar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (S.G.); (S.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Krishna Kumar Mishra
- Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India;
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (S.G.); (S.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Ravinder Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (S.G.); (S.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Varinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India;
| | - Tanveer Singh
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA;
| | - Sheikh F. Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Emmerson JT, Do Carmo S, Liu Y, Shalhoub A, Liu A, Bonomo Q, Malcolm JC, Breuillaud L, Cuello AC. Progressive human-like tauopathy with downstream neurodegeneration and neurovascular compromise in a transgenic rat model. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 184:106227. [PMID: 37454780 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies, including frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), clinically present with progressive cognitive decline and the deposition of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. Neurovascular compromise is also prevalent in AD and FTD however the relationship between tau and the neurovascular unit is less understood relative to other degenerative phenotypes. Current animal models confer the ability to recapitulate aspects of the CNS tauopathies, however, existing models either display overaggressive phenotypes, or do not develop neuronal loss or genuine neurofibrillary lesions. In this report, we communicate the longitudinal characterization of brain tauopathy in a novel transgenic rat model, coded McGill-R955-hTau. The model expresses the longest isoform of human P301S tau. Homozygous R955-hTau rats displayed a robust, progressive accumulation of mutated human tau leading to the detection of tau hyperphosphorylation and cognitive deficits accelerating from 14 months of age. This model features extensive tau hyperphosphorylation with endogenous tau recruitment, authentic neurofibrillary lesions, and tau-associated neuronal loss, ventricular dilation, decreased brain volume, and gliosis in aged rats. Further, we demonstrate how neurovascular integrity becomes compromised at aged life stages using a combination of electron microscopy, injection of the tracer horseradish peroxidase and immunohistochemical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Emmerson
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal H3G1Y6, Canada
| | - Sonia Do Carmo
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal H3G1Y6, Canada
| | - Yingying Liu
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal H3G1Y6, Canada
| | - Ali Shalhoub
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Ai Liu
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Quentin Bonomo
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Janice C Malcolm
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Lionel Breuillaud
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal H3G1Y6, Canada
| | - A Claudio Cuello
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal H3G1Y6, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A1, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Oxford OX13QT, UK.
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25
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Ferreira MJC, Soares Martins T, Alves SR, Rosa IM, Vogelgsang J, Hansen N, Wiltfang J, da Cruz E Silva OAB, Vitorino R, Henriques AG. Bioinformatic analysis of the SPs and NFTs proteomes unravel putative biomarker candidates for Alzheimer's disease. Proteomics 2023; 23:e2200515. [PMID: 37062942 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Aging is the main risk factor for the appearance of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is the most common form of dementia, characterized by the presence of senile plaques (SPs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), the main histopathological hallmarks in AD brains. The core of these deposits are predominantly amyloid fibrils in SPs and hyperphosphorylated Tau protein in NFTs, but other molecular components can be found associated with these pathological lesions. Herein, an extensive literature review was carried out to obtain the SPs and NFTs proteomes, followed by a bioinformatic analysis and further putative biomarker validation. For SPs, 857 proteins were recovered, and, for NFTs, 627 proteins of which 375 occur in both groups and represent the common proteome. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis permitted the identification of biological processes and the molecular functions most associated with these lesions. Analysis of the SPs and NFTs common proteins unraveled pathways and molecular targets linking both histopathological events. Further, validation of a putative phosphotarget arising from the in silico analysis was performed in serum-derived extracellular vesicles from AD patients. This bioinformatic approach contributed to the identification of putative molecular targets, valuable for AD diagnostic or therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Cardoso Ferreira
- Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tânia Soares Martins
- Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Steven R Alves
- Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ilka Martins Rosa
- Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jonathan Vogelgsang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August University, Goettingen, Germany
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Niels Hansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August University, Goettingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Goettingen, Germany
| | - Odete A B da Cruz E Silva
- Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Gabriela Henriques
- Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Limpengco RR, Liang C, Sandhu YK, Mukherjee J. [ 125I]INFT: Synthesis and Evaluation of a New Imaging Agent for Tau Protein in Post-Mortem Human Alzheimer's Disease Brain. Molecules 2023; 28:5769. [PMID: 37570739 PMCID: PMC10421386 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of Tau protein into paired helical filaments causing neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) is a neuropathological feature in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aimed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a novel radioiodinated tracer, 4-[125I]iodo-3-(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridine-1-yl)pyridine ([125I]INFT), for binding to Tau protein in postmortem human AD brain. Radiosynthesis of [125I]INFT was carried out using electrophilic destannylation by iodine-125 and purified chromatographically. Computational modeling of INFT binding on Tau fibril was compared with IPPI. In vitro, autoradiography studies were conducted with [125I]INFT for Tau in AD and cognitively normal (CN) brains. [125I]INFT was produced in >95% purity. Molecular modeling of INFT revealed comparable binding energies to IPPI at site-1 of the Tau fibril with an affinity of IC50 = 7.3 × 10-8 M. Binding of [125I]INFT correlated with the presence of Tau in the AD brain, confirmed by anti-Tau immunohistochemistry. The ratio of average grey matter (GM) [125I]INFT in AD versus CN was found to be 5.9, and AD GM/white matter (WM) = 2.5. Specifically bound [125I]INFT to Tau in AD brains was displaced by IPPI (>90%). Monoamine oxidase inhibitor deprenyl had no effect and clorgyline had little effect on [125I]INFT binding. [125I]INFT is a less lipophilic imaging agent for Tau in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roz R Limpengco
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Christopher Liang
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yasmin K Sandhu
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jogeshwar Mukherjee
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Donato L, Mordà D, Scimone C, Alibrandi S, D'Angelo R, Sidoti A. How Many Alzheimer-Perusini's Atypical Forms Do We Still Have to Discover? Biomedicines 2023; 11:2035. [PMID: 37509674 PMCID: PMC10377159 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer-Perusini's (AD) disease represents the most spread dementia around the world and constitutes a serious problem for public health. It was first described by the two physicians from whom it took its name. Nowadays, we have extensively expanded our knowledge about this disease. Starting from a merely clinical and histopathologic description, we have now reached better molecular comprehension. For instance, we passed from an old conceptualization of the disease based on plaques and tangles to a more modern vision of mixed proteinopathy in a one-to-one relationship with an alteration of specific glial and neuronal phenotypes. However, no disease-modifying therapies are yet available. It is likely that the only way to find a few "magic bullets" is to deepen this aspect more and more until we are able to draw up specific molecular profiles for single AD cases. This review reports the most recent classifications of AD atypical variants in order to summarize all the clinical evidence using several discrimina (for example, post mortem neurofibrillary tangle density, cerebral atrophy, or FDG-PET studies). The better defined four atypical forms are posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia (LvPPA), behavioral/dysexecutive variant and AD with corticobasal degeneration (CBS). Moreover, we discuss the usefulness of such classifications before outlining the molecular-genetic aspects focusing on microglial activity or, more generally, immune system control of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Donato
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Via Michele Miraglia, 98139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenico Mordà
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Via Michele Miraglia, 98139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Concetta Scimone
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Via Michele Miraglia, 98139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Alibrandi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia D'Angelo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonina Sidoti
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
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28
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Macedo AC, Tissot C, Therriault J, Servaes S, Wang YT, Fernandez-Arias J, Rahmouni N, Lussier FZ, Vermeiren M, Bezgin G, Vitali P, Ng KP, Zimmer ER, Guiot MC, Pascoal TA, Gauthier S, Rosa-Neto P. The Use of Tau PET to Stage Alzheimer Disease According to the Braak Staging Framework. J Nucl Med 2023:jnumed.122.265200. [PMID: 37321820 PMCID: PMC10394315 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.122.265200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are the 2 histopathologic hallmarks of Alzheimer disease (AD). On the basis of the pattern of NFT distribution in the brain, Braak and Braak proposed a histopathologic staging system for AD. Braak staging provides a compelling framework for staging and monitoring of NFT progression in vivo using PET imaging. Because AD staging remains based on clinical features, there is an unmet need to translate neuropathologic staging to a biologic clinical staging system. Such a biomarker staging system might play a role in staging preclinical AD or in improving recruitment strategies for clinical trials. Here, we review the literature regarding AD staging with the Braak framework using tau PET imaging, here called PET-based Braak staging. Our aim is to summarize the efforts of implementing Braak staging using PET and assess correspondence with the Braak histopathologic descriptions and with AD biomarkers. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search in May 2022 on PubMed and Scopus combining the terms "Alzheimer" AND "Braak" AND ("positron emission tomography" OR "PET"). Results: The database search returned 262 results, and after assessment for eligibility, 21 studies were selected. Overall, most studies indicate that PET-based Braak staging may be an efficient method to stage AD since it presents an adequate ability to discriminate between phases of the AD continuum and correlates with clinical, fluid, and imaging biomarkers of AD. However, the translation of the original Braak descriptions to tau PET was done taking into account the limitations of this imaging technique. This led to important interstudy variability in the anatomic definitions of Braak stage regions of interest. Conclusion: Refinements in this staging system are necessary to incorporate atypical variants and Braak-nonconformant cases. Further studies are needed to understand the possible applications of PET-based Braak staging to clinical practice and research. Furthermore, there is a need for standardization in the topographic definitions of Braak stage regions of interest to guarantee reproducibility and methodologic homogeneity across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur C Macedo
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Cécile Tissot
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Joseph Therriault
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Stijn Servaes
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yi-Ting Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jaime Fernandez-Arias
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nesrine Rahmouni
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Firoza Z Lussier
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marie Vermeiren
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gleb Bezgin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Paolo Vitali
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kok Pin Ng
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and
| | | | - Tharick A Pascoal
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Serge Gauthier
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada;
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Rudge JD. The Lipid Invasion Model: Growing Evidence for This New Explanation of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD221175. [PMID: 37302030 PMCID: PMC10357195 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Lipid Invasion Model (LIM) is a new hypothesis for Alzheimer's disease (AD) which argues that AD is a result of external lipid invasion to the brain, following damage to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The LIM provides a comprehensive explanation of the observed neuropathologies associated with the disease, including the lipid irregularities first described by Alois Alzheimer himself, and accounts for the wide range of risk factors now identified with AD, all of which are also associated with damage to the BBB. This article summarizes the main arguments of the LIM, and new evidence and arguments in support of it. The LIM incorporates and extends the amyloid hypothesis, the current main explanation of the disease, but argues that the greatest cause of late-onset AD is not amyloid-β (Aβ) but bad cholesterol and free fatty acids, let into the brain by a damaged BBB. It suggests that the focus on Aβ is the reason why we have made so little progress in treating the disease in the last 30 years. As well as offering new perspectives for further research into the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of AD, based on protecting and repairing the BBB, the LIM provides potential new insights into other neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease.
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Walton-Raaby M, Woods R, Kalyaanamoorthy S. Investigating the Theranostic Potential of Graphene Quantum Dots in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119476. [PMID: 37298426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with no definitive diagnosis or known cure. The aggregation of Tau protein into neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which contain straight filaments (SFs) and paired helical filaments (PHFs), is a major hallmark of AD. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are a type of nanomaterial that combat many of the small-molecule therapeutic challenges in AD and have shown promise in similar pathologies. In this study, two sizes of GQDs, GQD7 and GQD28, were docked to various forms of Tau monomers, SFs, and PHFs. From the favorable docked poses, we simulated each system for at least 300 ns and calculated the free energies of binding. We observed a clear preference for GQD28 in the PHF6 (306VQIVYK311) pathological hexapeptide region of monomeric Tau, while GQD7 targeted both the PHF6 and PHF6* (275VQIINK280) pathological hexapeptide regions. In SFs, GQD28 had a high affinity for a binding site that is available in AD but not in other common tauopathies, while GQD7 behaved promiscuously. In PHFs, GQD28 interacted strongly near the protofibril interface at the putative disaggregation site for epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and GQD7 largely interacted with PHF6. Our analyses revealed several key GQD binding sites that may be used for detecting, preventing, and disassembling the Tau aggregates in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Walton-Raaby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Riley Woods
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Hernandez CM, Barkey RE, Craven KM, Pedemonte KA, Alisantosa B, Sanchez JO, Flinn JM. Transfusion with Blood Plasma from Young Mice Affects rTg4510 Transgenic Tau Mice Modeling of Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Sci 2023; 13:841. [PMID: 37371321 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the buildup of plaques and tangles in the brain. Tangles are formed when the stabilizing protein, tau, becomes hyperphosphorylated and clumps together. There are limited treatments for AD; therefore, the exploration of new treatments is warranted. Previous research showed that plasma transfusion from young donor mice improved spatial memory and increased synaptic proteins in old transgenic APP/PS1 mice, suggesting a remediation of memory and synaptic function. In the current study, plasma was transfused from 2-3-month-old young wildtype mice (WT) to 8-month-old rTg4510 mice expressing human tau (Tau). One week after the transfusions, behavior and tau pathology were examined. We found that Tau mice injected with plasma had lower expression of phosphorylated tau (ptau) in the brain, accompanied by fewer tau tangles in the cortex and CA1 region of the hippocampus and smaller tau tangles in the cortex, when compared to Tau mice injected with saline. Despite no improvement in behavior, the decreased level of ptau and tangles open the door to future studies involving plasma transfusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Hernandez
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Rachel E Barkey
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Kristen M Craven
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Karin A Pedemonte
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Bernadette Alisantosa
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Jonathan O Sanchez
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Jane M Flinn
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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32
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Abbate C. The Adult Neurogenesis Theory of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD221279. [PMID: 37182879 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease starts in neural stem cells (NSCs) in the niches of adult neurogenesis. All primary factors responsible for pathological tau hyperphosphorylation are inherent to adult neurogenesis and migration. However, when amyloid pathology is present, it strongly amplifies tau pathogenesis. Indeed, the progressive accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β deposits in the brain triggers a state of chronic inflammation by microglia. Microglial activation has a significant pro-neurogenic effect that fosters the process of adult neurogenesis and supports neuronal migration. Unfortunately, this "reactive" pro-neurogenic activity ultimately perturbs homeostatic equilibrium in the niches of adult neurogenesis by amplifying tau pathogenesis in AD. This scenario involves NSCs in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus in late-onset AD (LOAD) and NSCs in the ventricular-subventricular zone along the lateral ventricles in early-onset AD (EOAD), including familial AD (FAD). Neuroblasts carrying the initial seed of tau pathology travel throughout the brain via neuronal migration driven by complex signals and convey the disease from the niches of adult neurogenesis to near (LOAD) or distant (EOAD) brain regions. In these locations, or in close proximity, a focus of degeneration begins to develop. Then, tau pathology spreads from the initial foci to large neuronal networks along neural connections through neuron-to-neuron transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Abbate
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
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M Sose P, Mahesh Doshi G, P Kale P. An Update on Autophagy as a Target in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Drug Targets 2023:CDT-EPUB-131016. [PMID: 37070441 DOI: 10.2174/1389450124666230417104325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Proteostasis is crucial for the maintenance and proper operation of cells. Under typical circumstances, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and the autophagy-lysosome pathway are used to clean out undesired, damaged, misfolded, or aggregated proteins. Any dysregulation in the above-mentioned pathways leads to neurodegeneration. One of the most renowned neurodegenerative disorders is AD. This condition is more prevalent in senior people and is frequently linked to dementia, progressive memory loss, and cognitive function decline, which further contributes to cholinergic neuron degradation and synaptic plasticity loss. Extracellular accumulation of amyloid beta plaques and the intraneuronal deposition of misfolded neurofibrillary tangles are two prime pathological reasons for AD. At present, there is no treatment for AD. All that remains available is the symptomatic treatment of this disease. Autophagy is the major mechanism by which the cells degrade the protein aggregates. Deposited immature autophagic vacuoles (AVs) in AD brains suggest interruption of a person's normal autophagy process. This review has briefly covered various forms and mechanisms of autophagy. Furthermore, the discussion in the article is supported by different ways and mechanisms via which autophagy can be stimulated in a beneficial way and can emerge as a novel target in the treatment of various metabolic CNS related disorders. In the current review article, the mTOR-dependent ones are PI3K/Akt/TSC/mTOR, AMPK/TSC/mTOR, and Rag/mTOR pathways and mTOR-independent ones which include Ca2+/calpain, inositol-dependent, cAMP/EPAC/PLC, and JNK1/Beclin-1/PI3K pathways have been discussed in details. The article sheds light on drugs which are validated with details in tabular form from recent updates in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnika M Sose
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V.M. Road, Vile Parle West, Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Gaurav Mahesh Doshi
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V.M. Road, Vile Parle West, Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Pravin P Kale
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V.M. Road, Vile Parle West, Mumbai, 400056, India
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Singh M, Jindal D, Kumar R, Pancham P, Haider S, Gupta V, Mani S, R R, Tiwari RK, Chanda S. Molecular Docking and Network Pharmacology Interaction Analysis of Gingko Biloba (EGB761) Extract with Dual Target Inhibitory Mechanism in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 93:705-726. [PMID: 37066913 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of neurodegenerative dementia affecting people in their later years of life. The AD prevalence rate has significantly increased due to a lack of early detection technology and low therapeutic efficacy. Despite recent scientific advances, some aspects of AD pathological targets still require special attention. Certain traditionally consumed phytocompounds have been used for thousands of years to treat such pathologies. The standard extract of Gingko biloba (EGB761) is a combination of 13 macro phyto-compounds and various other micro phytocompounds that have shown greater therapeutic potential against the pathology of AD. OBJECTIVE Strong physiological evidence of cognitive health preservation has been observed in elderly people who keep an active lifestyle. According to some theories, consuming certain medicinal extracts helps build cognitive reserve. We outline the research employing EGB761 as a dual target for AD. METHODS This study investigates various inhibitory targets against AD using computational approaches such as molecular docking, network pharmacology, ADMET (full form), and bioactivity prediction of the selected compounds. RESULTS After interaction studies were done for all the phytoconstituents of EGB761, it was concluded that all four of the phytocompounds (kaempferol, isorhamnetin, quercetin, and ginkgotoxin) showed the maximum inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and GSK3β. CONCLUSION The highly active phytocompounds of EGB761, especially quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin, have better activity against AChE and GSK3β than its reported synthetic drug, according to molecular docking and network pharmacology research. These compounds may act on multiple targets in the protein network of AD. The AChE theory was primarily responsible for EGB761's therapeutic efficacy in treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT), Noida, India
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Divya Jindal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT), Noida, India
| | - Rupesh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT), Noida, India
| | - Pranav Pancham
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT), Noida, India
| | - Shazia Haider
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT), Noida, India
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shalini Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT), Noida, India
| | - Rachana R
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT), Noida, India
| | - Raj Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Era College of Pharmacy, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Silpi Chanda
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow, Amity University, UttarPradesh, Noida, India
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Llamas-Rodríguez J, Oltmer J, Marshall M, Champion S, Frosch MP, Augustinack JC. TDP-43 and tau concurrence in the entorhinal subfields in primary age-related tauopathy and preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol 2023:e13159. [PMID: 37037195 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylated tau (p-tau) pathology correlates strongly with cognitive decline and is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). In recent years, phosphorylated transactive response DNA-binding protein (pTDP-43) has emerged as a common comorbidity, found in up to 70% of all AD cases (Josephs et al., Acta Neuropathol, 131(4), 571-585; Josephs, Whitwell, et al., Acta Neuropathol, 127(6), 811-824). Current staging schemes for pTDP-43 in AD and primary age-related tauopathy (PART) track its progression throughout the brain, but the distribution of pTDP-43 within the entorhinal cortex (EC) at the earliest stages has not been studied. Moreover, the exact nature of p-tau and pTDP-43 co-localization is debated. We investigated the selective vulnerability of the entorhinal subfields to phosphorylated pTDP-43 pathology in preclinical AD and PART postmortem tissue. Within the EC, posterior-lateral subfields showed the highest semi-quantitative pTDP-43 density scores, while the anterior-medial subfields had the lowest. On the rostrocaudal axis, pTDP-43 scores were higher posteriorly than anteriorly (p < 0.010), peaking at the posterior-most level (p < 0.050). Further, we showed the relationship between pTDP-43 and p-tau in these regions at pathology-positive but clinically silent stages. P-tau and pTDP-43 presented a similar pattern of affected subregions (p < 0.0001) but differed in density magnitude (p < 0.0001). P-tau burden was consistently higher than pTDP-43 at every anterior-posterior level and in most EC subfields. These findings highlight pTDP-43 burden heterogeneity within the EC and the posterior-lateral subfields as the most vulnerable regions within stage II of the current pTDP-43 staging schemes for AD and PART. The EC is a point of convergence for p-tau and pTDP-43 and identifying its most vulnerable neuronal populations will prove key for early diagnosis and disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Llamas-Rodríguez
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jan Oltmer
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Marshall
- Department of Neuropathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samantha Champion
- Department of Neuropathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- Department of Neuropathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jean C Augustinack
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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Song Z, Gatch A, Sun Y, Ding F. Differential Binding and Conformational Dynamics of Tau Microtubule-Binding Repeats with a Preformed Amyloid-β Fibril Seed. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:1321-1330. [PMID: 36975100 PMCID: PMC10119806 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Both senile plaques formed by amyloid-β (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) comprised of tau are pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The accumulation of NFTs better correlates with the loss of cognitive function than senile plaques, but NFTs are rarely observed without the presence of senile plaques. Hence, cross-seeding of tau by preformed Aβ amyloid fibril seeds has been proposed to drive the aggregation of tau and exacerbate AD progression, but the molecular mechanism remains unknown. Here, we first identified cross-interaction hotspots between Aβ and tau using atomistic discrete molecular dynamics simulations (DMD) and confirmed the critical role of the four microtubule-binding repeats of tau (R1-R4) in the cross-interaction with Aβ. We further investigated the binding structure and dynamics of each tau repeat with a preformed Aβ fibril seed. Specifically, R1 and R3 preferred to bind the Aβ fibril lateral surface instead of the elongation end. In contrast, R2 and R4 had higher binding propensities to the fibril elongation end than the lateral surface, enhancing β-sheet content by forming hydrogen bonds with the exposed hydrogen bond donors and acceptors. Together, our results suggest that the four repeats play distinct roles in driving the binding of tau to different surfaces of an Aβ fibril seed. Binding of tau to the lateral surface of Aβ fibril can increase the local concentration, while the binding to the elongation surface promotes β-sheet formation, both of which reduce the free energy barrier for tau aggregation nucleation and subsequent fibrillization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Song
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
| | - Adam Gatch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
| | - Yunxiang Sun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Feng Ding
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
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Vacher MC, Durrant CS, Rose J, Hall AJ, Spires‐Jones TL, Gunn‐Moore F, Dagleish MP. Alzheimer's disease-like neuropathology in three species of oceanic dolphin. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:1161-1179. [PMID: 36514861 PMCID: PMC10947196 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and the primary cause of disability and dependency among elderly humans worldwide. AD is thought to be a disease unique to humans although several other animals develop some aspects of AD-like pathology. Odontocetes (toothed whales) share traits with humans that suggest they may be susceptible to AD. The brains of 22 stranded odontocetes of five different species were examined using immunohistochemistry to investigate the presence or absence of neuropathological hallmarks of AD: amyloid-beta plaques, phospho-tau accumulation and gliosis. Immunohistochemistry revealed that all aged animals accumulated amyloid plaque pathology. In three animals of three different species of odontocete, there was co-occurrence of amyloid-beta plaques, intraneuronal accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau, neuropil threads and neuritic plaques. One animal showed well-developed neuropil threads, phospho-tau accumulation and neuritic plaques, but no amyloid plaques. Microglia and astrocytes were present as expected in all brain samples examined, but we observed differences in cell morphology and numbers between individual animals. The simultaneous occurrence of amyloid-beta plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau pathology in the brains of odontocetes shows that these three species develop AD-like neuropathology spontaneously. The significance of this pathology with respect to the health and, ultimately, death of the animals remains to be determined. However, it may contribute to the cause(s) of unexplained live-stranding in some odontocete species and supports the 'sick-leader' theory whereby healthy conspecifics in a pod mass strand due to high social cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire S. Durrant
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Jamie Rose
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Ailsa J. Hall
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans InstituteUniversity of St. AndrewsFifeUK
| | - Tara L. Spires‐Jones
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Mark P. Dagleish
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, Pathology DepartmentUniversity of GlasgowScotlandUK
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Das S, Li Z, Wachter A, Alla S, Noori A, Abdourahman A, Tamm JA, Woodbury ME, Talanian RV, Biber K, Karran EH, Hyman BT, Serrano-Pozo A. Distinct Transcriptomic Responses to Aβ plaques, Neurofibrillary Tangles, and APOE in Alzheimer's Disease. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.20.533303. [PMID: 36993332 PMCID: PMC10055287 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.20.533303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Omics studies have revealed that various brain cell types undergo profound molecular changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) but the spatial relationships with plaques and tangles and APOE -linked differences remain unclear. METHODS We performed laser capture microdissection of Aβ plaques, the 50μm halo around them, tangles with the 50μm halo around them, and areas distant (>50μm) from plaques and tangles in the temporal cortex of AD and control donors, followed by RNA-sequencing. RESULTS Aβ plaques exhibited upregulated microglial (neuroinflammation/phagocytosis) and downregulated neuronal (neurotransmission/energy metabolism) genes, whereas tangles had mostly downregulated neuronal genes. Aβ plaques had more differentially expressed genes than tangles. We identified a gradient Aβ plaque>peri-plaque>tangle>distant for these changes. AD APOE ε4 homozygotes had greater changes than APOE ε3 across locations, especially within Aβ plaques. DISCUSSION Transcriptomic changes in AD consist primarily of neuroinflammation and neuronal dysfunction, are spatially associated mainly with Aβ plaques, and are exacerbated by the APOE ε4 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Das
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Neurology Dept. Boston, MA 02114
- Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA 02129
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Zhaozhi Li
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Neurology Dept. Boston, MA 02114
- Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Astrid Wachter
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Genomics Research Center, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen
| | - Srinija Alla
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Neurology Dept. Boston, MA 02114
| | - Ayush Noori
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Neurology Dept. Boston, MA 02114
| | - Aicha Abdourahman
- AbbVie, Cambridge Research Center, 200 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Joseph A. Tamm
- AbbVie, Cambridge Research Center, 200 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Maya E. Woodbury
- AbbVie, Cambridge Research Center, 200 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Robert V. Talanian
- AbbVie, Cambridge Research Center, 200 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Knut Biber
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Neuroscience Research Center, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen
| | - Eric H. Karran
- AbbVie, Cambridge Research Center, 200 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Bradley T. Hyman
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Neurology Dept. Boston, MA 02114
- Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA 02129
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Alberto Serrano-Pozo
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Neurology Dept. Boston, MA 02114
- Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA 02129
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Sreenivasamurthy S, Laul M, Zhao N, Kim T, Zhu D. Current progress of cerebral organoids for modeling Alzheimer's disease origins and mechanisms. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10378. [PMID: 36925717 PMCID: PMC10013781 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease that has emerged as a leading risk factor for dementia associated with increasing age. Two-dimensional (2D) cell culture and animal models, which have been used to analyze AD pathology and search for effective treatments for decades, have significantly contributed to our understanding of the mechanism of AD. Despite their successes, 2D and animal models can only capture a fraction of AD mechanisms due to their inability to recapitulate human brain-specific tissue structure, function, and cellular diversity. Recently, the emergence of three-dimensional (3D) cerebral organoids using tissue engineering and induced pluripotent stem cell technology has paved the way to develop models that resemble features of human brain tissue more accurately in comparison to prior models. In this review, we focus on summarizing key research strategies for engineering in vitro 3D human brain-specific models, major discoveries from using AD cerebral organoids, and its future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Sreenivasamurthy
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Mahek Laul
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Nan Zhao
- Institute for NanobiotechnologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Tiffany Kim
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Donghui Zhu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence for the presence of pathological forms of tau in tissues of both Huntington's disease (HD) patients and animal models of this condition. While cumulative studies of the past decade have led to the proposition that this disorder could also be considered a tauopathy, the implications of tau in cellular toxicity and consequent behavioral impairments are largely unknown. In fact, recent animal work has challenged the contributory role of tau in HD pathogenesis/pathophysiology. This review presents the supporting and opposing arguments for the involvement of tau in HD, highlighting the discrepancies that have emerged. Reflecting on what is known in other tauopathies, the putative mechanisms through which tau could initiate and/or contribute to pathology are discussed, shedding light on the future research directions that could be considered to confirm, or rule out, the clinical relevance of tau in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Salem
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Francesca Cicchetti
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Mukherjee S, Dubois C, Perez K, Varghese S, Birchall IE, Leckey M, Davydova N, McLean C, Nisbet RM, Roberts BR, Li QX, Masters CL, Streltsov VA. Quantitative proteomics of tau and Aβ in detergent fractions from Alzheimer's disease brains. J Neurochem 2023; 164:529-552. [PMID: 36271678 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The two hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles marked by phosphorylated tau. Increasing evidence suggests that aggregating Aβ drives tau accumulation, a process that involves synaptic degeneration leading to cognitive impairment. Conversely, there is a realization that non-fibrillar (oligomeric) forms of Aβ mediate toxicity in AD. Fibrillar (filamentous) aggregates of proteins across the spectrum of the primary and secondary tauopathies were the focus of recent structural studies with a filament structure-based nosologic classification, but less emphasis was given to non-filamentous co-aggregates of insoluble proteins in the fractions derived from post-mortem human brains. Here, we revisited sarkosyl-soluble and -insoluble extracts to characterize tau and Aβ species by quantitative targeted mass spectrometric proteomics, biochemical assays, and electron microscopy. AD brain sarkosyl-insoluble pellets were greatly enriched with Aβ42 at almost equimolar levels to N-terminal truncated microtubule-binding region (MTBR) isoforms of tau with multiple site-specific post-translational modifications (PTMs). MTBR R3 and R4 tau peptides were most abundant in the sarkosyl-insoluble materials with a 10-fold higher concentration than N-terminal tau peptides. This indicates that the major proportion of the enriched tau was the aggregation-prone N-terminal and proline-rich region (PRR) of truncated mixed 4R and 3R tau with more 4R than 3R isoforms. High concentration and occupancies of site-specific phosphorylation pT181 (~22%) and pT217 (~16%) (key biomarkers of AD) along with other PTMs in the PRR and MTBR indicated a regional susceptibility of PTMs in aggregated tau. Immunogold labelling revealed that tau may exist in globular non-filamentous form (N-terminal intact tau) co-localized with Aβ in the sarkosyl-insoluble pellets along with tau filaments (N-truncated MTBR tau). Our results suggest a model that Aβ and tau interact forming globular aggregates, from which filamentous tau and Aβ emerge. These characterizations contribute towards unravelling the sequence of events which lead to end-stage AD changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Mukherjee
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Celine Dubois
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Keyla Perez
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shiji Varghese
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian E Birchall
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miranda Leckey
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalia Davydova
- National Deuteration Facility, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, Lucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catriona McLean
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca M Nisbet
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Blaine R Roberts
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Qiao-Xin Li
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Victor A Streltsov
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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42
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Montalto G, Ricciarelli R. Tau, tau kinases, and tauopathies: An updated overview. Biofactors 2023. [PMID: 36688478 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tau is a macrotubule-associated protein primarily involved in the stabilization of the cytoskeleton. Under normal conditions, phosphorylation reduces the affinity of tau for tubulin, allowing the protein to detach from microtubules and ensuring the system dynamics in neuronal cells. However, hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates into paired helical filaments, the main constituents of neurofibrillary tangles found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. In this review, we provide an overview of the structure of tau and the pathophysiological roles of tau phosphorylation. We also evaluate the major protein kinases involved and discuss the progress made in the development of drug therapies aimed at inhibiting tau kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Montalto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberta Ricciarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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Monge FA, Fanni AM, Donabedian PL, Hulse J, Maphis NM, Jiang S, Donaldson TN, Clark BJ, Whitten DG, Bhaskar K, Chi EY. Selective In Vitro and Ex Vivo Staining of Brain Neurofibrillary Tangles and Amyloid Plaques by Novel Ethylene Ethynylene-Based Optical Sensors. Biosensors (Basel) 2023; 13:151. [PMID: 36831917 PMCID: PMC9953543 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The identification of protein aggregates as biomarkers for neurodegeneration is an area of interest for disease diagnosis and treatment development. In this work, we present novel super luminescent conjugated polyelectrolyte molecules as ex vivo sensors for tau-paired helical filaments (PHFs) and amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques. We evaluated the use of two oligo-p-phenylene ethynylenes (OPEs), anionic OPE12- and cationic OPE24+, as stains for fibrillar protein pathology in brain sections of transgenic mouse (rTg4510) and rat (TgF344-AD) models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) tauopathy, and post-mortem brain sections from human frontotemporal dementia (FTD). OPE12- displayed selectivity for PHFs in fluorimetry assays and strong staining of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in mouse and human brain tissue sections, while OPE24+ stained both NFTs and Aβ plaques. Both OPEs stained the brain sections with limited background or non-specific staining. This novel family of sensors outperformed the gold-standard dye Thioflavin T in sensing capacities and co-stained with conventional phosphorylated tau (AT180) and Aβ (4G8) antibodies. As the OPEs readily bind protein amyloids in vitro and ex vivo, they are selective and rapid tools for identifying proteopathic inclusions relevant to AD. Such OPEs can be useful in understanding pathogenesis and in creating in vivo diagnostically relevant detection tools for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia A. Monge
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Adeline M. Fanni
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Patrick L. Donabedian
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Nanoscience and Microsystems Engineering Graduate Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jonathan Hulse
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Nicole M. Maphis
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Shanya Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Sartorius, Bohemia, NY 11716, USA
| | - Tia N. Donaldson
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - David G. Whitten
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Kiran Bhaskar
- Department of Neuroscience, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Eva Y. Chi
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Rajbanshi B, Guruacharya A, Mandell JW, Bloom GS. Localization, induction, and cellular effects of tau phosphorylated at threonine 217. Alzheimers Dement 2023. [PMID: 36633254 PMCID: PMC10336182 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tau phosphorylation at T217 is a promising Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarker, but its functional consequences were unknown. METHODS Human brain and cultured mouse neurons were analyzed by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence for total tau, taupT217 , taupT181 , taupT231 , and taupS396/pS404 . Direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) super resolution microscopy was used to localize taupT217 in cultured neurons. Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tau was expressed in fibroblasts as wild type and T217E pseudo-phosphorylated tau, and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) reported tau turnover rates on microtubules. RESULTS In the brain, taupT217 appears in neurons at Braak stages I and II, becomes more prevalent later, and co-localizes partially with other phospho-tau epitopes. In cultured neurons, taupT217 is increased by extracellular tau oligomers (xcTauOs) and is associated with developing post-synaptic sites. FRAP recovery was fastest for EGFP-tauT217E . CONCLUSION TaupT217 increases in the brain as AD progresses and is induced by xcTauOs. Post-synaptic taupT217 suggests a role for T217 phosphorylation in synapse impairment. T217 phosphorylation reduces tau's affinity for microtubules. HIGHLIGHTS Validation of anti-tau phosphorylated at threonine-217 (taupT217 ) specificity is essential due to epitope redundancy. taupT217 increases as Alzheimer's disease progresses and is found throughout diseased neurons. taupT217 is associated with developing post-synaptic sites in cultured neurons. Extracellular oligomers of tau, but not amyloid beta, increase intracellular taupT217 . T217E pseudo-phosphorylation reduces tau's affinity for microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binita Rajbanshi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Anuj Guruacharya
- Instructor Group, Software Carpentry, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - James W Mandell
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - George S Bloom
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Kiani Z, Asadikaram G, Faramarz S, Salimi F, Ebrahimi H. Pesticide Exposure and Alzheimer's Disease: A Case-control Study. Curr Alzheimer Res 2023; 19:892-903. [PMID: 36744686 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666230206142738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aim / Objective: This study aimed to investigate the levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the serum of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. METHODS 63 AD patients and 50 healthy individuals participated, and the levels of some OCPs derivatives (including; α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, 2,4-DDT, 4,4-DDT, 2,4-DDE, and 4,4-DDE), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), protein carbonyl (PC), malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric oxide (NO) along with the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), paraoxonase 1(PON1), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were measured. RESULTS The mean OCP level of OCPs in AD patients was significantly higher than in the control group. However, the patients' mean levels of TAC, PC, MDA and activity of SOD, GPx, PON1 and AChE were significantly lower than controls. A significant positive correlation was also observed between 2,4-DDE and MDA and between γ-HCH and PC in AD patients. These findings showed that pesticide exposure is associated with an increased risk of AD. Furthermore, the mean levels of oxidative stress markers, which may result from pesticide exposure, were significantly lower in AD patients compared to healthy individuals. CONCLUSION Therefore, it may conclude that pesticides, at least in part, contribute to AD development through several mechanisms, including the induction of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Kiani
- Neurology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Asadikaram
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sanaz Faramarz
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Endocrinology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fouzieh Salimi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Physiology research center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hosseinali Ebrahimi
- 1Neurology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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46
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Shuping JL, Matthews DC, Adamczuk K, Scott D, Rowe CC, Kreisl WC, Johnson SC, Lukic AS, Johnson KA, Rosa‐Neto P, Andrews RD, Van Laere K, Cordes L, Ward L, Wilde CL, Barakos J, Purcell DD, Devanand DP, Stern Y, Luchsinger JA, Sur C, Price JC, Brickman AM, Klunk WE, Boxer AL, Mathotaarachchi SS, Lao PJ, Evelhoch JL. Development, initial validation, and application of a visual read method for [ 18F]MK-6240 tau PET. Alzheimers Dement (N Y) 2023; 9:e12372. [PMID: 36873926 PMCID: PMC9983143 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Background The positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer [18F]MK-6240 exhibits high specificity for neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of tau protein in Alzheimer's disease (AD), high sensitivity to medial temporal and neocortical NFTs, and low within-brain background. Objectives were to develop and validate a reproducible, clinically relevant visual read method supporting [18F]MK-6240 use to identify and stage AD subjects versus non-AD and controls. Methods Five expert readers used their own methods to assess 30 scans of mixed diagnosis (47% cognitively normal, 23% mild cognitive impairment, 20% AD, 10% traumatic brain injury) and provided input regarding regional and global positivity, features influencing assessment, confidence, practicality, and clinical relevance. Inter-reader agreement and concordance with quantitative values were evaluated to confirm that regions could be read reliably. Guided by input regarding clinical applicability and practicality, read classifications were defined. The readers read the scans using the new classifications, establishing by majority agreement a gold standard read for those scans. Two naïve readers were trained and read the 30-scan set, providing initial validation. Inter-rater agreement was further tested by two trained independent readers in 131 scans. One of these readers used the same method to read a full, diverse database of 1842 scans; relationships between read classification, clinical diagnosis, and amyloid status as available were assessed. Results Four visual read classifications were determined: no uptake, medial temporal lobe (MTL) only, MTL and neocortical uptake, and uptake outside MTL. Inter-rater kappas were 1.0 for the naïve readers gold standard scans read and 0.98 for the independent readers 131-scan read. All scans in the full database could be classified; classification frequencies were concordant with NFT histopathology literature. Discussion This four-class [18F]MK-6240 visual read method captures the presence of medial temporal signal, neocortical expansion associated with disease progression, and atypical distributions that may reflect different phenotypes. The method demonstrates excellent trainability, reproducibility, and clinical relevance supporting clinical use. Highlights A visual read method has been developed for [18F]MK-6240 tau positron emission tomography.The method is readily trainable and reproducible, with inter-rater kappas of 0.98.The read method has been applied to a diverse set of 1842 [18F]MK-6240 scans.All scans from a spectrum of disease states and acquisitions could be classified.Read classifications are consistent with histopathological neurofibrillary tangle staging literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Christopher C. Rowe
- Department of Molecular Imaging and TherapyAustin HealthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - William C. Kreisl
- Department of NeurologyThe Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Columbia University Irving Medical CenterVagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Sterling C. Johnson
- Department of MedicineDivision of GeriatricsAlzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of WisconsinMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | | | - Keith A. Johnson
- The Gordon Center for Medical ImagingDepartment of NeurologyCenter for Alzheimer Research and TreatmentBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of RadiologyAthinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical ImagingMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMassachusettsUSA
| | - Pedro Rosa‐Neto
- Montreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontréalQuebecCanada
| | | | - Koen Van Laere
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingDepartment of Imaging and Pathology KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | | | - Larry Ward
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | | | | | | | - Davangere P. Devanand
- Department of NeurologyThe Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Columbia University Irving Medical CenterVagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Yaakov Stern
- Department of NeurologyThe Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Columbia University Irving Medical CenterVagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of NeurologyGertrude H. Sergievsky CenterColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Jose A. Luchsinger
- Columbia University Irving Medical CenterVagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Medicine and EpidemiologyColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew York, NY, 10032 USA For Dr. LuchsingerUSA
| | | | - Julie C. Price
- Department of RadiologyAthinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical ImagingMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMassachusettsUSA
| | - Adam M. Brickman
- Department of NeurologyThe Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Columbia University Irving Medical CenterVagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of NeurologyGertrude H. Sergievsky CenterColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - William E. Klunk
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Adam L. Boxer
- Department of NeurologyMemory and Aging CenterUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Patrick J. Lao
- Department of NeurologyThe Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Columbia University Irving Medical CenterVagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of NeurologyGertrude H. Sergievsky CenterColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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Shah AJ, Mohi-Ud-Din R, Sabreen S, Wani TU, Jan R, Javed MN, Mir PA, Mir RH, Masoodi MH. Clinical Biomarkers and Novel Drug Targets to Cut Gordian Knots of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2023; 16:254-279. [PMID: 36056834 DOI: 10.2174/1874467215666220903095837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD), the primary cause of dementia, escalating worldwide, has no proper diagnosis or effective treatment. Neuronal cell death and impairment of cognitive abilities, possibly triggered by several brain mechanisms, are the most significant characteristic of this disorder. METHODS A multitude of pharmacological targets have been identified for potential drug design against AD. Although many advances in treatment strategies have been made to correct various abnormalities, these often exhibit limited clinical significance because this disease aggressively progresses into different regions of the brain, causing severe deterioration. RESULTS These biomarkers can be game-changers for early detection and timely monitoring of such disorders. CONCLUSION This review covers clinically significant biomarkers of AD for precise and early monitoring of risk factors and stages of this disease, the potential site of action and novel targets for drugs, and pharmacological approaches to clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Jalil Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar- 190006, Kashmir, India
| | - Roohi Mohi-Ud-Din
- Department of General Medicine, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar- 190011, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Saba Sabreen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar- 190006, Kashmir, India
| | - Taha Umair Wani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Lab, School of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006, Kashmir India
| | - Rafia Jan
- Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Hospital, Khonmoh, Srinagar 190001, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Md Noushad Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, KR Mangalam University, Gurugram, India
| | - Prince Ahad Mir
- Khalsa College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Amritsar-143002, Punjab, India
| | - Reyaz Hassan Mir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar- 190006, Kashmir, India
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali, Punjab 140307, India
| | - Mubashir Hussain Masoodi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar- 190006, Kashmir, India
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Flynn CM, Yuan Q. Probiotic supplement as a promising strategy in early tau pathology prevention: Focusing on GSK-3β? Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1159314. [PMID: 37034173 PMCID: PMC10073452 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1159314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) is one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent research suggests that pretangle tau, the soluble precursor of NFT, is an initiator for AD pathogenesis, thus targeting pretangle tau pathology may be a promising early intervention focus. The bidirectional communications between the gut and the brain play a crucial role in health. The compromised gut-brain axis is involved in various neurodegenerative diseases including AD. However, most research on the relationship between gut microbiome and AD have focused on amyloid-β. In this mini review, we propose to target preclinical pretangle tau stages with gut microbiota interventions such as probiotic supplementation. We discuss the importance of targeting pretangle tau that starts decades before the onset of clinical symptoms, and potential intervention focusing on probiotic regulation of tau hyperphosphorylation. A particular focus is on GSK-3β, a protein kinase that is at the interface between tau phosphorylation, AD and diabetes mellitus.
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49
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Rong G, Hongrong W, Qingqi L, Jianfeng Z. Roles of Microglia in AD Pathology. Curr Alzheimer Res 2023; 19:854-869. [PMID: 36740796 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666230203112351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are two main characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD). As cerebral resident phagocytes, microglia have different roles in Aβ pathology and tau pathology. In this review, we discuss microglial functions in the formation, clearance, and spread of Aβ and tau. Many receptors and enzymes, which are related to microglia, participate in AD pathologies and thus are thought to be potential targets of AD. So, making use of microglia can be beneficial to confine AD pathologies. To sum up, this article review the roles of microglia in AD pathology and possible corresponding treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Rong
- Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, P.R. China
| | - Wu Hongrong
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, P.R. China
| | - Li Qingqi
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Jianfeng
- Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, P.R. China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, P.R. China
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50
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Kushwah S, Maurya NS, Kushwaha S, Scotti L, Chawade A, Mani A. Herbal Therapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease: Ancient Indian Medicine System from the Modern Viewpoint. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:764-776. [PMID: 36797613 PMCID: PMC10227917 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230216094353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's is a chronic neurodegenerative disease where amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are formed inside the brain. It is also characterized by progressive memory loss, depression, neuroinflammation, and derangement of other neurotransmitters. Due to its complex etiopathology, current drugs have failed to completely cure the disease. Natural compounds have been investigated as an alternative therapy for their ability to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). Traditional herbs and formulations which are used in the Indian ayurvedic system are rich sources of antioxidant, anti-amyloidogenic, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory compounds. They promote quality of life by improving cognitive memory and rejuvenating brain functioning through neurogenesis. A rich knowledge base of traditional herbal plants (Turmeric, Gingko, Ashwagandha, Shankhpushpi, Giloy, Gotu kola, Garlic, Tulsi, Ginger, and Cinnamon) combined with modern science could suggest new functional leads for Alzheimer's drug discovery. In this article Ayurveda, the ancient Indian herbal medicine system based on multiple clinical and experimental, evidence have been reviewed for treating AD and improving brain functioning. This article presents a modern perspective on the herbs available in the ancient Indian medicine system as well as their possible mechanisms of action for AD treatment. The main objective of this research is to provide a systematic review of herbal drugs that are easily accessible and effective for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Kushwah
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, 211004, India
| | - Neha Shree Maurya
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, 211004, India
| | | | - Luciana Scotti
- Federal University of Paraiba, Cidade Universittária, Joao Pessoa, BR 58102100, Brazil
| | - Aakash Chawade
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ashutosh Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, 211004, India
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